Cyril Connolly

Cyril Vernon Connolly (10 September 1903 – 26November 1974) was a literary critic and writer. Hewas the editor of the influential literary magazineHorizon(1940–49) and wrote Enemies of Promise (1938), whichcombined literary criticism with an autobiographical ex-ploration of why he failed to become the successful authorof fiction that he had aspired to be in his youth.

1 Early life

Cyril Connolly was born in Coventry, Warwickshire, theonly child of Major Matthew William Kemble Connolly(1872–1947), an officer in the King’s Own YorkshireLight Infantry, by his Anglo-Irish wife, MurielMaudVer-non, daughter of Colonel Edward Vernon (1838–1913)J.P., D.L., of Clontarf Castle, Co. Dublin. His parentshad met while his father was serving in Ireland, and hisfather’s next posting was to South Africa.[2] Connolly’sfather was also a malacologist and mineral collector ofsome reputation and collected many samples in Africa.[3]Cyril Connolly’s childhood days were spent with his fa-ther in South Africa, with his mother’s family at ClontarfCastle, and with his paternal grandmother in Bath andother parts of England.[4]

Connolly was educated at St Cyprian’s School,Eastbourne, where he enjoyed the company of GeorgeOrwell and Cecil Beaton. He was a favourite of theformidable Mrs Wilkes but was later to criticise the“character-building” ethos of the school. He wrote“Orwell proved to me that there existed an alternativeto character, Intelligence. Beaton showed me another,Sensibility.”[4] Connolly won the Harrow History Prize,pushing Orwell into second place, and the Englishprize leaving Orwell with Classics.[5] He then won ascholarship to Eton a year after Orwell.

2 Eton

At Eton, after a traumatic first few terms, he settled intoa comfortable routine. He won over his early tormentorGodfrey Meynell and became a popular wit. In 1919 hisparents moved to The Lock House on the BasingstokeCanal at Frimley Green. At Eton Connolly was involvedin romantic intrigues and school politics which he de-scribed in Enemies of Promise.[4] He established a rep-utation as an intellectual and earned the respect of DadieRylands and Denis King-Farlow. Connolly’s particu-

lar circle included Denis Dannreuther, Bobbie Longdenand Roger Mynors. In summer 1921 his father tookhim on a holiday to France, initiating Connolly’s love oftravel. The following winter he went with his mother toMürren, where he became friends with Anthony Kneb-worth. By this time his parents were living separatelives, his mother having established a relationship withanother army officer, and his father becoming an increas-ingly heavy drinker and absorbed in his study of slugsand snails. In 1922 Connolly achieved academic successwinning the Rosebery History Prize, and followed thisup with the Brackenbury History scholarship to BalliolCollege, Oxford. In the spring he visited St Cyprian’s toreport his achievement to his old headmaster, before set-ting off on a trip to Spain with a school friend. Returningmoneyless, he spent the night in a kip at St Martins, Lon-don. In his last term at Eton he was elected to Pop, whichbrought him into contact with others he respected, in-cluding Nico Davies, Teddy Jessel and Lord Dunglass.[2]He established rapport with Brian Howard, but, he con-cluded, “moral cowardice and academic outlook debarredhim frommaking friends with Harold Acton, Oliver Mes-sel, Robert Byron, Henry Green and Anthony Powell".Connolly was for years afterwards nostalgic about histime at Eton.[4]

3 Oxford

Connolly undertook a tour of Germany, Austria andHungary before starting at Oxford University. After hiscloistered existence as a King’s Scholar at Eton, Connollyfelt uncomfortable with the hearty beer-drinking rugbyand rowing types at Oxford. His own circle included hisEton friends Mynors and Dannruthers, who were at Bal-liol with him, and Kenneth Clark, whom he met throughBobbie Longden at Kings.[2] He wrote: “The only ex-ercise we took was running up bills.”[6] His intellectualmentors were the Dean of Balliol, “Sligger” Urquhart,who organised reading parties on the continent, and theDean of Wadham, Maurice Bowra. Connolly’s academiccareer languished while his Oxford years were charac-terised by his travel adventures. In January 1923 he wentwith Urquhart and other collegers to Italy. In March heundertook his annual visit to Spain and in September wenton the annual trip with the college group to Urquhart’schalet in French Alps. On his return he visited his fathernow in a hotel in South Kensington close to the NaturalHistory Museum. At the end of the year he went to Italyand Tunis. At Oxford in 1924 he made a new friend

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2 5 BEGINNING OF LITERARY CAREER

Patrick Balfour, in the spring he went to Spain and in thesummer of 1924 went successively to Greece and Crete,Urquhart’s chalet in the Alps and Naples. Christmas hespent with his parents in a rare get-together at the LockHouse in Hampshire and at the beginning of 1925 wentwith the college group to Minehead with Urquhart. Inhis last year at Oxford he was cultivating friendships withyounger students Anthony Powell, Henry Yorke and PeterQuennell. In spring he was back in Spain, before return-ing to Oxford to take his final exams.[2]

4 Drifting

Connolly left Balliol in 1925 with a third class degreein history. He struggled to find employment, whilehis friends and family sought to pay off his extensivedebts. In summer he went for his annual stay at “Sligger”Urquhart’s chalet in the French Alps, and in the autumnwent to Spain and Portugal. He obtained a post tutoring aboy in Jamaica and set sail for the Caribbean in Novem-ber 1925. He returned to England in April 1926 on abanana boat in the company of Alwyn Williams, head-master of Winchester College. He enrolled as a specialconstable in the General Strike,[7] but it was over beforehe was actively involved. He responded to an advertise-ment to work as a secretary for Montague Summers butwas warned off by his friends. Then in June 1926 hefound a post as a secretary/companion to Logan PearsallSmith. Pearsall Smith was based in Chelsea and also hada house called “Big Chilling” in Hampshire overlookingthe Solent. Pearsall Smith was to give Connolly an im-portant introduction to literary life, and he influenced hisideas on the role of a writer with a distaste for journal-ism. Pearsall Smith gave Connolly £8 a week, whetherhe was around or not, and moreover gave him the run of“Big Chilling”.[2]

5 Beginning of literary career

In August 1926 Connolly met DesmondMacCarthy, whohad come to stay at “Big Chilling”. MacCarthy was lit-erary editor of the New Statesman and was to be anothermajor influence on Connolly’s development. MacCarthyinvited Connolly to write book reviews for theNew States-man. Later that year Connolly made a trip to Budapestand Eastern Europe and then spent the winter of 1926/27in London. Pearsall Smith took Connolly with him toSpain in the spring, and Connolly then set off on his ownto North Africa and Italy. They met up again in Florence,where Kenneth Clark was working with Bernard Beren-son who had married Pearsall Smith’s sister. Connollythen departed for Sicily and then returned to Englandvia Vienna, Prague and Dresden. Connolly’s first signedwork in the New Statesman, a review of Lawrence Sterne,appeared in June 1927. In July he set off to Normandy

with his mother and then for his last stay at the chalet inthe Alps. In August 1927, he was invited to become aregular reviewer and joined the staff of the New States-man. His first review in September was of The Hotel byElizabeth Bowen. Also in September, Connolly movedinto a flat at Yeoman’s Row with Patrick Balfour. He wasworking on various works that never saw the light of day– a novel Green Endings, a travel book on Spain, his di-ary and A Partial Guide to the Balkans. He approachedCecil Beaton to draw the cover design for the last and hereceived an advance for the work although it was even-tually lost. However, he did start contributing pieces tovarious publications that appeared under his own nameand various pen-names. At this time he developed a fas-cination with low-life and prostitution and spent time inthe poorer parts of London seeking them out (while othercontemporaries were seeking out tramps). At the sametime he had developed an infatuation with Alix Kilroywhom he had met on a train back from the continent andused to wait outside her office for a sight of her. Hethen made a more positive romantic approach to RacyFisher, one of a pair of nieces of Desmond MacCarthy’swife Molly. However, their father Admiral Fisher wantedthem to have nothing to do with a penniless writer and inFebruary 1928 forbade further contact.[2]

Sharing a flat with Balfour, Connolly’s social circle ex-panded with new friends like Bob Boothby and GladwynJebb. However, he was ill at ease and in April 1928 set offfor Paris, where he met Pearsall Smith and Cecil Beatonand visited brothels posing as a journalist. He went onto Italy, where he stayed with Berenson and Mrs Kep-pel where he was taken with her daughter Violet Trefu-sis. Then via Venice and East European cities he madehis way to Berlin to meet up with Jebb. Jebb and Con-nolly stayed with Harold Nicolson in the company of IvorNovello and Christopher Sykes and then made a tour ofGermany. Connolly returned to Paris in May, borrow-ing money off Pearsall Smith so he could live cheaply inthe rue Delambre. In Paris he met Mara Andrews, a po-etic lesbian who was in love with an absent American girlcalled Jean Bakewell. On the way back to London, Con-nolly stayed with Nicolson and his wife Vita Sackville-West at Sissinghurst. In August Connolly set off on histravels again to Germany, this time with Bobbie Long-den and Raymond Mortimer and the experience gave riseto the essay “Conversations in Berlin” which MacCarthypublished in his new magazine Life and Letters. Connollytravelled separately to Villefranche and spent five weeksin Barcelona with Longden before returning to London.Boothby lent him his London flat and he shared GeraldBrenan's fascination with working-class prostitutes withexperiences that appeared in his fragment for a novel TheEnglish Malady. He spent Christmas at Sledmere withthe Sykes family.[2]

At the beginning of 1929 Connolly went briefly to Parisand just before returning to London met Jean Bakewelland stayed an extra night to get to know her. After a while

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he was drawn to Paris again and through Jean and Marabecame acquainted with the bohemian Montparnasse set,including Alfred Perles and Gregor Michonze who was tobecome the basis for Rascasse in The Rock Pool. He alsomet James Joyce about whom he wrote The Position ofJoyce which appeared in Life and Letters. Connolly andBakewell went to Spain together where they met up withPeter Quennell.[2] Connolly then went to Berlin to staywith Nicolson until the latter managed to remove him as“not perhaps the ideal guest”[8] Unable to return to “BigChilling”, he was stuck in Berlin for a month before re-turning to London. John Betjeman had moved into hisroom at Yeoman’s Row, so he went to stay with Enid Bag-nold at Rottingdean before visiting Dorset with Quennell.Bakewell had returned to America in the summer and wasplanning to return to Paris in the autumn to start a courseat the Sorbonne. She had agreed before her departure tomarry Connolly and Connolly established himself in Parisin September. They spent most of the rest of the year inParis, and started their collection of exotic pets – first fer-rets and then lemurs. Connolly spent Christmas again atSledmere.[2]

6 Marriage

In February 1930, Connolly and Bakewell set off forAmerica. They married in New York on 5 April1930. Jean Bakewell “was to prove one of the moreliberating forces in his life... an uncomplicated he-donist, independent, adventurous, celebrating the mo-ment...an attractive personality: warm, generous, wittyand approachable....”[9] She provided modest financialsupport that enabled him to enjoy travels, particularlyaround the Mediterranean, hospitality and good food anddrink.[10] The newly married couple lived in various spotsin England including the Cavendish Hotel, Bury Street,Bath and Big Chilling before settling in July 1930 atSanary near Toulon in France. There their close neigh-bours were Edith Wharton and Aldous Huxley. Al-though Connolly admired Huxley, the two men failedto establish a rapport, and the wives fell out. Con-nolly’s bohemian home with the disorder of the lemurswas shunned and with debts rising they were forced toscrounge off Jean’s mother. Some time in 1931 theyleft Sanary and toured Provence, Normandy, Brittany,Spain, Morocco and Majorca, before returning to Chag-for, Devon. In November they found a flat near BelgraveSquare, and Connolly made his first contribution to theNew Statesman for two years. Connolly was also ap-proached by John Betjeman of the Architectural Reviewto act as an art critic.[2]

Connolly’s art critiques appeared in the magazine in 1932and he visited Betjeman at his home at Uffington. Therehe would meet Evelyn Waugh, who delighted in teasingConnolly. The Connollys enjoyed being part of a sophis-ticated literary social scene in London, but towards the

end of the year, Jean had to undergo a gynaecologicaloperation. As a result, she could not have a child, and itwas hard for her to control her weight.[2]

In February 1933 Connolly took Jean to Greece to re-cover, where they met Brian Howard. While they were inAthens there was an attempted coup d'état, which Con-nolly later reported in the New Statesman as “Spring Rev-olution”. The Connollys then went with Howard andhis boyfriend to Spain and the Algarve. After a row ina bar they were incarcerated in a police cell and weresent back to England with the help of the British Em-bassy. In June, encouraged by Enid Bagnold, they renteda house at Rottingdean. Writing to Bagnold from Cannesin September, Jean complained that their cheques werebeing bounced and she asked Bagnold to appeal to herhusband Sir fr:Roderick Jones of Reuters for help inwork. This was dismissed and in November the lettingagents for the Rottingdean property wrote an appallingreport on the state in which the Connollys had left theplace.[2]

Early in 1934 the Connollys took a flat at 312A KingsRoad, where they entertained their friends, includingWaugh and Quennell. Elizabeth Bowen arranged a din-ner with Virginia Woolf and her husband when Connollyand Virginia Woolf took an instant dislike to each other.During the year the Connollys went to Mallow and Corkin Ireland. At the end of the year Connolly met DylanThomas at a party and early in 1935 invited him in thecompany of Anthony Powell, Waugh, Robert Byron andDesmond and Mollie McCarthy. By this time Connolly’sfather was finding himself short of funds and was nolonger prepared to bail out his son. HoweverMrsWarner,Jean’s mother, funded an expedition to Paris, Juan-les-Pins, Venice, Yugoslavia and Budapest. In Paris, Con-nolly spent some time with Jack Kahane, the avant gardepublisher, and Henry Miller, with whom he establisheda strong rapport after an initial unsuccessful meeting.In Budapest they found themselves in the same hotel asEdward, Prince ofWales andMrs Simpson. In 1934Con-nolly was working on a trilogy: Humane Killer, The En-glish Malady and The Rock Pool. Only The Rock Pool wascompleted, the others remaining as fragments.[2]

7 First books

Connolly’s only novel, The Rock Pool (1936), is a satiri-cal work describing a covey of dissolute drifters at an endof season French seaside resort, which was based on hisexperiences in the south of France. It was initially ac-cepted by a London publishing house but they changedtheir minds. Faber and Faber was one of the publisherswho rejected it, and so Connolly took it to Jack Kahane,who published it in Paris in 1936.[2]

Connolly followed this up with a book of non-fiction,Enemies of Promise (1938), the second half of which is

4 11 REFERENCES IN POPULAR CULTURE

autobiographical. In it he attempted to explain his fail-ure to produce the literary masterpiece that he and othersbelieved he should have been capable of writing.

8 Horizon

In 1940 Connolly founded the influential literary maga-zine Horizon, with Peter Watson, its financial backer andde facto art editor. He edited Horizon until 1950, withStephen Spender as an uncredited associate editor untilearly 1941. He was briefly (1942–43) the literary editorfor The Observer, until a disagreement with David Astor.During World War II he wrote The Unquiet Grave un-der the pseudonym 'Palinurus', which is a noteworthy col-lection of observations and quotes. From 1952 until hisdeath, he was joint chief book reviewer (with RaymondMortimer) for the Sunday Times.In 1962 Connolly wrote Bond Strikes Camp, a spoof ac-count of Ian Fleming's character engaged in heroic es-capades of dubious propriety as suggested by the title, andwritten with Fleming’s support. It appeared in the LondonMagazine and in an expensive limited edition printed bythe Shenval Press, Frith Street, London. It later appearedin Previous Convictions.[2] Connolly had previously col-laborated with Ian Fleming in 1952, writing an account ofthe Cambridge Spies Guy Burgess and Donald MacLeanentitled The Missing Diplomats, which was an early pub-lication for Fleming’s Queen Anne Press.

9 Personal life

Connolly was married three times. His first wife JeanBakewell (1910–1950) left him in 1939, moving backto the United States. She later became the wife of Lau-rence Vail (former husband of Peggy Guggenheim andKay Boyle) but, following years of health problems, diedof a stroke while on a trip to Paris at the age of 39. Con-nolly married his second wife, Barbara Skelton, in 1950.His third wife, whom he married in 1959, was DeirdreCraven, a granddaughter of James Craig, 1st ViscountCraigavon, by whom he had two children later in life. Af-ter Connolly’s death in 1974 she married Peter Levi.In 1967 Connolly settled in Eastbourne, to the amuse-ment of Beaton who suggested he was lured back by thecakes they had enjoyed in school outings to the town.[11]He died suddenly in 1974, having continued to the end asa Sunday Times journalist.Since 1976, Connolly’s papers and personal library ofover 8,000 books have been housed at the University ofTulsa.

10 Assessment

Connolly did his best work as a critic. Like EdmundWil-son in the United States, he wielded enormous influence.An astute and often witty commentator, with great giftsfor often cruel mimicry, Connolly informed the think-ing and attitudes of a generation. In The Unquiet Gravehe writes: “Approaching forty, sense of total failure: ...Never will I make that extra effort to live according toreality which alone makes good writing possible: hencethe manic-depressiveness of my style,—which is eitherbright, cruel and superficial; or pessimistic; moth-eatenwith self-pity.”As editor of Horizon, Connolly gave a platform to awide range of distinguished and emerging writers. Hewas robust in his criticism of the decline of the Man-darin and perhaps too effusive in his welcome of theNewVernacular.[12] Kenneth Tynan, writing in theMarch1954 Harper’s Bazaar, praised Connolly’s style as 'one ofthe most glittering of English literary possessions.'

11 References in popular culture

• Cyril Connolly’s name appears in a coda to theMonty Python song "Eric the Half-a-Bee", as a mis-hearing of the words “semi-carnally”. Despite be-ing corrected, the backing vocalists then sing “CyrilConnolly” to the melody of the song.[13] The samecomedians made another reference to Connolly inThe Brand NewMonty Python Bok, which includes afacsimile Penguin paperback, Norman Henderson’sDiary, complete with (invented) praise from Con-nolly.

• The critic and publisher Everard Spruce in EvelynWaugh’s Sword of Honour trilogy is a satire of Con-nolly.

• Ed Spain, “the Captain” in Nancy Mitford’s 1951novel The Blessing is a satire of Connolly.

• Michael Nelson’s novel A Room in Chelsea Square(1958) is a thinly disguised homosexualised accountabout Connolly’s time editing Horizon.

• Elaine Dundy’s novel The Old Man and Me (1964)is based on her affair with Connolly.

• A film producer in Julian MacLaren-Ross’s 1964thriller My Name is Love is based on Connolly.MacLaren-Ross repeated many of the descriptionsverbatim in his later memoir of Connolly.

• Connolly is quoted as saying “Better to write foryourself and have no public than to write for thepublic and have no self” in Season 5, Episode 7 ofCriminal Minds.

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• Since the film A Business Affair (1994) is adaptedfrom Barbara Skelton’s memoirs of her marriageto Cyril Connolly, Jonathan Pryce’s character AlecBolton in the film is based on Cyril Connolly

• Connolly is also fictionalised in Ian McEwan’s novelAtonement. The principal character, eighteen-year-old Briony Tallis, sends the draft of a novella shehas written to Horizonmagazine and Cyril Connollyis shown as replying at length as to why the novellahad to be rejected, apart from explaining to Brionyher strong andweak points and alsomentioning Eliz-abeth Bowen.

• Michael Lewis’s book Moneyball: The Art of Win-ning an Unfair Game cites Connolly at the top of thefirst chapter - “Whom the gods wish to destroy theyfirst call promising.” (Enemies of Promise)

• Donna Tartt’s novel The Secret History referencesCyril Connolly in Chapter 5-"...Cyril Connolly, whowas notorious for being a hard guest to please...”.[14]

• In William Boyd’s James Bond novel Solo Bond re-calls Connolly’s description of Chelsea as “that tran-quil cultivated spielraum... where I worked and wan-dered” (Connolly, Boyd - and the fictional Bond - alllived in Chelsea), although Bond can not rememberthe author of the quote.

An Englishman Abroad (by Alan Bennett) Guy Burgesskeeps asking Coral Brown “How is Cyril Connolly ?"

12 Quotes

Connolly coined many witty epithets and insightful ob-servations, which have been extensively quoted. A fewof his best known quotes are listed:

• “Better to write for yourself and have no public, thanto write for the public and have no self.”

• “Slums may well be breeding grounds of crime, butthe middle-class suburbs are incubators of apathyand delirium.”

• “No city should be so large that a man cannot walkout of it in a morning.”

• “Imprisoned in every fat man a thin one is wildlysignalling to be let out.”

• “We must select the illusion which appeals to ourtemperament, and embrace it with passion, if wewant to be happy.”

• “Truth is a river that is always splitting up into armsthat reunite. Islanded between the arms, the inhab-itants argue for a lifetime as to which is the mainriver.”

• “There is no more sombre enemy of good art thanthe pram in the hall.”

• “A lazy person, whatever the talents with which hestarts forth, will have condemned himself to second-hand thoughts, and to second-rate friends.”

• “Perfect taste always implies an insolent dismissal ofother people’s.”

• “We are all serving a life sentence in the dungeon ofthe self.”

• “Life is a maze in which we take the wrong turn be-fore we have learnt to walk.”

13 Works

• The Rock Pool, 1935 (novel)

• Enemies of Promise, 1938

• The Unquiet Grave, 1944

• The Condemned Playground, 1945 (collection)

• The Missing Diplomats, 1952

• TheGoldenHorizon, 1953 (editor; compilation fromHorizon)

• Ideas and Places, 1953 (collection)

• Les Pavillons: French Pavilions of the EighteenthCentury, 1962 (with Jerome Zerbe)

• Previous Convictions, 1963 (collection)

• The Modern Movement: 100 Key Books From Eng-land, France, and America, 1880–1950, 1965

• The Evening Colonnade 1973 (collection)

• A Romantic Friendship, 1975 (letters to Noel Blak-iston)

• Cyril Connolly: Journal and Memoir, 1983 (editedby D. Pryce-Jones)

• Shade Those Laurels, 1990 (fiction, completed byPeter Levi)

• The Selected Works of Cyril Connolly, 2002 (editedby Matthew Connolly), Volume One: The ModernMovement; Volume Two: The Two Natures

6 16 EXTERNAL LINKS

14 Notes

[1] “Cyril Connolly” at Britannica Online Encyclopedia

[2] Jeremy Lewis, Cyril Connolly: A Life, Jonathan Cape,1997.

[3] Obituary “Matthew William Kemble Connolly 1872–1947”, Journal of Molluscan Studies, Volume 28, Number1.

[4] Cyril Connolly, Enemies of Promise, Routledge & KeganPaul, 1938.

[5] St Cyprian’s Chronicle, 1916.

[6] Cyril Connolly, “Oxford in our Twenties”, Harpers &Queen, 1973.

[7] Ferrall, C., & McNeill, D., Writing the 1926 GeneralStrike, p. 11. New York: Cambridge University Press,2015.

[8] Nigel Nicolson (ed.), Vita and Harold: The Letters of VitaSackville West and Harold Nicolson, Weidenfeld & Nicol-son, 1992.

[9] Clive Fisher, Cyril Connolly: A Nostalgic Life.

[10] Peter Quennell, Introduction to The Rock Pool, 1981.Persea Books. ISBN 978-0-89255-059-3

[11] Cecil Beaton Beaton in the Sixties: More unexpurgated di-ariesWeidenfield & Nicholson 2003

[12] Michael Shelden (1989): Friends of Promise: Cyril Con-nolly and the World of “Horizon”, Hamish Hamilton /Harper & Row, ISBN 0-06-016138-8

[13] Cleese, Idle, Jones: “Eric the Half a Bee”,Monty Python’sPrevious Record, 1972, Charisma Records.

[14] Donna Tartt (2 May 2013). The Secret History. Little,Brown Book Group. pp. 237–. ISBN 978-1-4055-2963-1. Retrieved 24 August 2013. This was, in fact, the basisof his acquaintance with most of the famous people in hislife. ... Laughton to the Duchess of Windsor to GertrudeStein; Cyril Connolly, who was notorious for being a hardguest to please, told Harold Acton that Julian ...

15 References

• Clive Fisher (1995): Cyril Connolly, New York: StMartin’s Press, ISBN 0-312-13953-5

• Jeremy Lewis (1995): Cyril Connolly, A Life, Lon-don: Jonathan Cape, ISBN 0-224-03710-2

16 External links• 100 key books

• Bibliography and critical checklist

• University of Tulsa McFarlin Library’s inventoryof the Cyril Vernon Connolly papers and libraryhoused in their special collections department

• Guardian profile of Connolly by William Boyd(writer)

• Cyril Connolly at Find a Grave

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