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February 17-18, 2011 Thomas M. Siebel Center
for Computer Science
Cyber-Physical Co-Design of Wireless Monitoring and Control
for Civil Infrastructure
Cyber-Physical Co-Design of Wireless Monitoring and Control
for Civil Infrastructure
February 17-18, 2011 Thomas M. Siebel Center
for Computer Science
1
Workshop on Cyber-Physical Co-Design of Wireless Monitoring and Control
for Civil Infrastructure
February 17-18, 2011
Thursday, February 17—3405 Siebel Center
8:00-9:00 Continental Breakfast
9:00-9:10 Welcoming Remarks - Gul Agha
9:10-10:40 Session 1
10:40-11:00 Coffee Break
11:00-12:00 Session 2
12:25-1:15 pm Lunch
1:15-1:30 Group Photo
1:30-2:50 Session 3
3:10-3:30 Coffee Break
3:30-5:30 Session 4
6:30 Dinner for Students and PIs
Friday, February 18—3403 Siebel Center 10:00-12:00 Strategy Discussion for CPS Project
12:00-1:00 Lunch
1:00-3:00 Strategy Discussion for CPS Project
3:00 Departure
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Presentation Schedule
Thursday, February 17
9:10-10:40 Session 1, Session Chair: Greg Hackman
9:10-9:30 Shirley Dyke
Overview: Cyber-Physical Co-Design of Wireless Monitoring and Control for Civil Infrastructure
9:30-10:00 Kirill Mechitov ISHMP Services Toolsuite Overview
10:00-10:20 Hongki Jo Overview of Imote2 Sensor Board
Development
10:20-10:40 Robin Kim Validation Testing of V3.0 of the ISHMP
Services Toolsuite
1:30- 2:50 Session 3, Session Chair: Zhuxiong (Charlie) Sun
1:30-1:50 Sriram Krishnan Evaluating the Performance of Distributed
Approaches for Modal Identification"
1:50-2:10 Jian Li Autonomous WSSN Operation
2:10-2:30 Sung-Han Sim Decentralized Data Aggregation in Wireless
Smart Sensor Networks
2:30-2:50 Lauren Linderman Implementation of Near Real-time Wireless
Data Acquisition
11:00-12:00 Session 2, Session Chair: Sung-Han Sim
11:00-11:20
Zhuxiong (Charlie) Sun
Review of Recent Smart Sensor Research for SHM using the Truss in the SSTL at Illinois
11:20-11:40 Greg Hackmann
A Holistic Approach to Decentralized Structural Damage Localization using Wireless Sensor Networks
11:40-12:00 Greg Hackmann
Cyber-Physical Codesign of Distributed Structural Health Monitoring with Wireless Sensor Networks
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3:10-5:00 Session 4, Session Chair: Kirill Mechitov
3:10-3:30 Parya Moinzadeh Multi-Hop Reliable Communication
Protocol
3:30-3:50 JongWoong Park
Deployment of Wireless Smart Sensor-based Structural Health Monitoring System for a Cable-Stayed Bridge in 2010
3:50-4:20 Chenyang Lu Sensor Network and System Research at
WUSTL 4:20-4:40 Bill Spencer Overview of the Next Generation Imote2
4:40-5:30 All General Discussion
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This research uses a cyber-physical co-design of wireless sensor-actuator networks and structural monitoring and control algorithms. The unified system architecture and abstractions employ reusable middleware services to de-velop hierarchical structural monitoring and control sys-tems. The goals include: (1) a unified middleware architec-ture and abstractions for hierarchical sensing and control; (2) a reusable middleware service library for hierarchical structural monitoring and control; (3) customizable time synchronization and synchronized sensing routines; (4) a holistic energy management scheme that maps structural monitoring and control onto a distributed wireless sensor-actuator architecture; (5) dynamic sensor and actuator acti-vation strategies to optimize for the requirements of moni-toring, computing, and control; and (6) deployment and empirical validation of structural health monitoring and control systems on representative lab structures and in- ser-vice multi-span bridges.
Overview: Cyber-physical Co-design of Wireless Sensor-Actuator Networks for Civil Infrastructure Shirley Dyke ([email protected])
Welcoming Remarks Gul Agha ([email protected])
Welcome to the first workshop on Cyber-Physical Co-Design of Wireless Monitoring and Control for Civil In-frastructure, which is being held in the Thomas M. Siebel Center for Computer Science on the campus of the Uni-versity of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
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Overview of Imote2 Sensor Board Development Hongki Jo ([email protected])
Basic information regarding the SHM sensor board series for the Imote2 platform, which have been developed or are under development as part of the Illinois Structural Health Monitoring Project (ISHMP), is introduced. The SHM-A board, a versatile acceleration sensor board for structural health monitoring, was developed in 2009 (commercially available as ISM400 from MEMSIC). The key component of the SHM-A board is the Quickfilter ADC (QF4A512), which provides the user-selectable sampling rates and cus-tomizable digital filters. Using the same ADC, a high-sensitivity acceleration board (SHM-H ), a 4-channel SHM-DAQ board, a strain sensor board (SHM-S ), a pressure sensor board (SHM-P) have been developed. Additionally, the SHM-D2A board was developed to provide digital-to-analog signal conversion. Currently, development of the SHM-GPS board is underway. And the performances of the series of SHM boards have been verified through lab-scale tests or full-scale deployments.
ISHMP Services Toolsuite Overview Kirill Mechitov ([email protected])
The aim of the Illinois SHM Project Services Toolsuite is to facilitate development of accurate and continuous structural health monitoring (SHM) using a dense array of inexpen-sive sensors. The ISHMP Toolsuite is based on a service-oriented architecture and provides a collection of modular, composable middleware services as well as tools and appli-cations built on this foundation. It allows civil engineers to design and build complete SHM applications by assembling them from ready-made components or by customizing the provided applications to suit their needs. The Toolsuite contents can be divided into three primary categories: foun-dation services, numerical services, and tools and utilities. Foundation services include network infrastructure. Nu-merical services implement algorithms necessary to per-form modal analysis and damage detection. Sensor net-work application development with applications for cam-paign-type and long-term synchronized data collection are facilitated. Validation has been achieved with over 100 sensor on the Jindo Bridge in South Korea.
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Due to their low implementation costs and embedded com-putational capacities of WSSN, monitoring of structural condition at unprecedented spatial resolution is a near-term possibility. However, distributed processing techniques capable of detecting damage must be co-implemented in parallel with power and communication requirements. We have proposed a distributed damage detection system and experimentally validated it using a wireless sensor network deployed on a scale three-dimensional truss structures in the SSTL at Illinois. On-board processing capabilities of the wireless motes are exploited to significantly reduce the communication load and power consumption. The Damage Location Assurance Criterion (DLAC) is adopted as the damage detection technique. Processing of the raw data is conducted locally at the sensor level, and a reduced data set is transmitted to the base station for decision-making. The results indicate that this distributed implementation can be used to successfully detect and localize regions of damage in a structure.
Review of Recent Smart Sensor Research for SHM using the Truss in the SSTL at Illinois
Charlie (Zhuxiong) Sun ([email protected])
Active control methods have been applied to numerous civil structures in recent years. A significant amount of the research on active control methods have been based on full-state feedback using the linear quadratic regulator (LQR) control algorithm; because measurement of the full state (i.e., the displacements and velocities of all degrees of free-dom) is difficult, such algorithms are impractical. Output feedback strategies based on measured acceleration has been proposed and validated. However, a thorough under-standing of the dissipative nature of the associated control forces and the way in which these forces protect the struc-ture have been elusive. This research considers the hysteric behavior of the control forces produced by LQG-based acceleration feedback control strategies. Numerical simula-tion carried out on a three-story building with active brac-ing show that the LQG-based algorithms are quite versatile and can produce controllers with a variety of behaviors, depending upon the control objectives chosen.
Validation Testing of the ISHMP Services Toolsuite Robin Kim ([email protected])
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Our deteriorating civil infrastructure faces the critical chal-lenge of long-term structural health monitoring for damage detection and localization. In contrast to existing research that often separates the designs of wireless sensor net-works and structural engineering algorithms, we propose a cyber-physical co-design approach to structural health monitoring based on wireless sensor networks. Our ap-proach closely integrates (1) flexibility-based damage lo-calization methods that allow a tradeoff between the num-ber of sensors and the resolution of damage localization, and (2) an energy-efficient, multi-level computing archi-tecture specifically designed to leverage the multi-resolution feature of the flexibility-based approach. The proposed approach has been implemented on the Intel Imote2 platform. Experiments on a physical beam and simulations of a truss structure demonstrate the system's efficacy in damage localization and energy efficiency.
Cyber-Physical Codesign of Distributed Structural Health Moni-toring with Wireless Sensor Networks
Greg Hackmann ([email protected])
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have become an in-creasingly compelling platform for SHM applications, since they can be installed relatively inexpensively onto existing infrastructure. A holistic approach is proposed to SHM that integrates a decentralized computing architec-ture with the DLAC algorithm. In contrast to traditional centralized approaches, our system pushes the execution of portions of the damage localization algorithm onto the sensor nodes, reducing communication costs by an order of magnitude in exchange for moderate additional process-ing on each sensor. We present a prototype implementa-tion of this system built using the TinyOS operating sys-tem running on the Itel Imote2 platform. Experiments demonstrate our system's ability to accurately localize damage, as well as to reduce latency by 64.8% and energy consumption by 69.5% compared to a typical centralized solution. Our work demonstrates the advantages of such a holistic approach that closely integrates the design of com-puting systems and physical engineering techniques.
A Holistic Approach to Decentralized Structural Damage Localization using Wireless Sensor Networks
Greg Hackmann ([email protected])
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Continuous autonomous monitoring, efficient power man-agement and data inundation mitigation are critical issues for practical application of WSSN in structural health monitoring. Several interfaces and applications have been developed in ISHMP tool suite to enable robust and autonomous network operation, including SnoozeAlarm, ThresholdSentry, Watchdog Timer and AutoMonitor. Re-cent development aims to improve the extensibility and maintainability of the AutoMonitor application, power management of ThresholdSentry in Multi-hop communi-cation and self-recovery feature of gateway node from unknown reboot.
Autonomous Wireless Smart Sensor Network (WSSN) Operation Jian Li ([email protected])
Prerequisite for most damage detection, model updating, and model calibration strategies is modal identification, requiring accurate estimates of natural frequencies and mode shapes of the structure. Two approaches appropriate for use in a distributed computing environment are applied to a full-scale, complex structure. The natural excitation technique (NExT) is used in conjunction with a condensed eigensystem realization algorithm (ERA), and the fre-quency domain decomposition with peak-picking (FDD-PP) are both applied to sensor data acquired from a 57.5-ft, 10 bay highway sign truss structure. Monte-Carlo simula-tions are performed on a numerical example to investigate the statistical properties and sensitivity to noise of the two distributed algorithms. Motivation for this study is pre-sented followed by comparison of the distributed ap-proaches to previously developed methods using numerical test model is shown and advantages and disadvantages are discussed. Finally, the offline implementation on real ex-perimental data is presented and compared.
Evaluating the Performance of Distributed Approaches for Modal Identification
Sriram Krishnan ([email protected])
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Implementation of Near Real-time Wireless Data Acquisition Lauren Linderman ([email protected])
Wireless sensor networks have become an attractive alter-native to traditional wired sensor systems to reduce imple-mentation costs. The onboard sensing, computation, and communication capabilities of smart wireless sensors have been successfully leveraged in numerous monitoring appli-cations. However, the current data acquisition scheme, which completely acquires data remotely prior to receiving it locally, limits the applications of wireless smart sensors; for example, real-time visualization of the structural re-sponse. This work presents the development of software for the Imote2 platform that allows high-throughput near real-time data acquisition. The communication scheme used to overcome software and radio limitations to achieve real-time data acquisition is presented, and data processing schemes to improve performance for monitoring applica-tions are discussed. However, these performance improve-ments require a tradeoff between network size, sampling rate, and latency. Ultimately, the communication and proc-essing protocol allows for near real-time sensing of 108 channels across 27 nodes with minimal data loss.
Conventionally, wired sensors and central data acquisi-tion systems have been commonly used for SHM, which is quite challenging due to difficulties in cabling, long setup time, and high equipment and maintenance costs. WSSN make deployment of a dense array of sensors on large civil structures both feasible and economical. How-ever, WSSNs require decentralized algorithms due to the limitation associated with wireless communication; to date such algorithms are limited. This research develops a framework for decentralized data aggregation tailored to WSSNs that addresses several important issues in WSSN application development. The performance of the decentralized approaches and their software implementa-tions are validated through full-scale applications at the Jindo Bridge. This research provides a strong foundation on which to further develop long-term monitoring em-ploying smart sensors.
Decentralized Data Aggregation in Wireless Smart Sensor Networks (WSSN)
Sung-Han Sim ([email protected])
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This paper presents a structural health monitoring (SHM) system using a dense array of scalable smart wireless sensor network on a cable-stayed bridge (2nd Jindo Bridge) in Korea. The hardware and software for the SHM system and its components are developed for low-cost, efficient, and autonomous monitoring of the bridge. In 2009, a total of 70 sensors were deployed as its first kind of full-scale deployment. Many efforts had been made to overcome limitations of the first deployment. Eventually, in 2010, 113 sensor nodes including acceler-ometers, temperature sensors and anemometers, and two base station computers have been deployed to monitor the bridge using an upgraded autonomous SHM application with consideration of harsh outdoor surroundings. After successful deployment, the performance of the system is evaluated in terms of hardware durability, software stabil-ity, and power harvesting capabilities and power as op-posed to the 2009’s deployment.
2010 Deployment of Wireless Smart Sensor-based Structural Health Monitoring System for a Cable-Stayed Bridge
JongWoong Park ([email protected])
Multi-Hop Reliable Communication Protocol Parya Moinzadeh ([email protected])
As focus moves from laboratory testing to full-scale imple-mentations of WSSN, the need for multi-hop communica-tion to address issues associated with the large size net-works and the limited radio power has become apparent. Multi-hop communication protocols allow sensors to coop-erate to reliably deliver data between nodes outside of di-rect communication range. Our work is motivated by re-quirements of SHM applications. These applications im-pose specific requirements such as high sampling rates, prompt data collection and analysis, vast amounts of data to be collected, precise internodal synchronization, and reli-able communication, which are quite challenging to achieve with generic multi-hop communication protocols. In this work, we identify the principal factors affecting the performance of multi-hop routing, and develop a variant of the AODV protocol to provide multi-hop routing and data transfer. This protocol provides any-to-any routing and can be utilized for a wide range of communication patterns. A low-cost routing metric is designed which takes into ac-count the quality of the links for route selection.
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Overview of the Next Generation Imote2 Bill Spencer ([email protected])
The Imote2 is an embedded platform developed over 5 years ago by researchers at Intel Santa Clara. It consists of an Intel PXA271 XScale processor, Chipcon CC2420 802.15.4 radio, and various expansion slots. The PXA271 consists of a Processor combined with 32MB of on-board Flash storage and 32MB of SRAM. Most recently, the Imote2 was produced and sold by MEMSIC. The PXA271 is no longer available, and MEMSIC’s stock of Imote2s has been exhausted. This presentation discusses desirable features sought in the next generation of the Imote2 wire-less smart sensor nodes to be developed by MEMSIC. The goal is to provide a WSS node that can meet the demands of structural health monitoring.
This presentation will provide an overview of our sensor networking and systems research at Washington Univer-sity that are may potentially contribute to the proposed effort on wireless structural health monitoring and con-trol. Examples include (1) MAC Layer Architecture (MLA), an open-source component-based architecture for power-efficient MAC protocols; (2) Dynamic Conflict-free Query Scheduling (DCQS), a high-throughput trans-mission scheduling algorithm optimized for data collec-tion from sensor networks; and (3) a reliable wireless clinical monitoring system recently deployed at Barnes-Jewish Hospital over a seven month clinical trial.
Sensor Network and System Research at WUSTL Chenyang Lu ([email protected])
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