Curso Statgraphics Lean Sigma

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    Curso de

    Statgraphics

    para Lean

    Sigma

    Dr. Primitivo Reyes A.

    feb. 2009

    DR. PRIMITIVO REYES AGUILAR

    La informacin aqu contenida es solo para propsitos didcticos,se tomo como referencia la informacin de ayuda del paqueteSTATGRAPHICS Centurion, marca registrada de STAT POINTTECHNOLOGIES, Inc

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    Contenido

    EJERCICIOS DE LA FASE DE MEDICIN Y CONTROL CON STATGRAPHICS............................................................... 3

    ENTRADA y FORMAR DOS COLUMNAS DE DATOS NUMRICOS Y UNA DE CARACTERES .................................. 3

    1. DIAGRAMA DE PARETO ................................................................................................................................... 4

    2. DIAGRAMA DE ISHIKAWA ............................................................................................................................... 5

    3. ESTADSTICA DESCRIPTIVA .............................................................................................................................. 7

    4. CARTAS DE CONTROL DE LECTURAS INDIVIDUALES Y RANGO MVIL ......................................................... 13

    5. CARTAS DE CONTROL X-R DE MEDIAS RANGOS ........................................................................................... 16

    6. CAPACIDAD DEL PROCESO ............................................................................................................................ 21

    7. CARTAS DE CONTROL P ................................................................................................................................. 23

    8. CARTAS DE CONTROL np ............................................................................................................................... 25

    9. CARTAS DE CONTROL C ................................................................................................................................. 27

    10. CARTAS DE CONTROL u ............................................................................................................................... 28

    11. ESTUDIO R&R .............................................................................................................................................. 30

    EJERCICIOS DE LA FASE DE ANLISIS..................................................................................................................... 35

    12. REGRESIN LINEAL ...................................................................................................................................... 35

    13. PRUEBA DE HIPTESIS DE UNA MEDIA....................................................................................................... 39

    14. PRUEBA DE HIPTESIS DE UNA DESVIACIN ESTNDAR ........................................................................... 41

    15. PRUEBA DE HIPTESIS DE UNA PROPORCIN (Binomial) .......................................................................... 44

    16. PRUEBA DE HIPTESIS DE DOS MEDIAS ..................................................................................................... 4617. PRUEBA DE HIPTESIS PAREADAS .............................................................................................................. 54

    18. PRUEBA DE HIPTESIS DE DOS PROPORCIONES ....................................................................................... 61

    19. ANOVA DE UNA VA .................................................................................................................................... 63

    20. TABLA DE CONTINGENCIA .......................................................................................................................... 71

    21. CARTAS PARA NEGOCIOS DE BARRAS, DE PASTEL Y DE LNEA DE COMPONENTES ................................... 76

    22. DISTRIBUCIONES DE PROBABILIDAD PARA VALORES CRTICOS Y NMEROS ALEATORIOS ....................... 79

    23. CARTAS DE CONTROL PARA SU PROCESO Y GRAFICADO EN EXCEL ........................................................... 90

    HERRAMIENTAS DE LA FASE DE MEJORA ............................................................................................................. 96DISEO DE EXPERIMENTOS CLASICO................................................................................................................ 96

    Diseo de experimentos de Taguchi ............................................................................................................... 121

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    EJERCICIOS DE LA FASE DE MEDICIN Y CONTROL CON STATGRAPHICS

    ENTRADA y FORMAR DOS COLUMNAS DE DATOS NUMRICOS Y UNA DE CARACTERES

    Colocarse en la columna Col_1 y con botn derecho del ratn, seleccionar la opcin de MODIFY COLUMN paraindicar si se quieren datos Numricos o de Texto.

    Paso 1 Paso 2 Paso 3

    Paso 4 y 5, colocarse en columnas Col_2 y Col_3 y con botn derecho, sel. MODIFY COLUMN

    NOTA: Es importante ir pasando los resultados al reporte con Copy Analysis to StatReporter e irlos borrandocon clik en la X de la seccin de grficas y resultados, para liberar espacios

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    1. DIAGRAMA DE PARETOPaso 1. Cargar datos en las columnas de Defectos y Cantidad. Obtener el Diagrama de Pareto

    OK

    Paso 2. El reporte se muestra a continuacin

    Con Botn derecho

    Defectos Cantidad

    A 23

    B 12C 67

    D 98

    E 3

    F 120

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    Paso 3. Obtener los datos numricos:

    Paso 4. Agregar al reporte, con el cursor en el anlisis y botn derecho del ratn

    Este reporte se puede abrir con una ceja en la parte inferior de la pantalla

    2. DIAGRAMA DE ISHIKAWA

    Paso 1. Preparar la columna de CAUSAS en Col_4 u otra libre con ancho de 13 caracteres

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    Paso 2. Cargar los datos siguientes en la columna de causas:

    a) Al inicio se pone el problema a atacar

    b) Cada causa principal se pone normal

    c) Cada una de las sub causas correspondientes a las causas principales se escriben debajo de la mismaantecedidas de un punto.

    d) Cada una de las sub causas correspondientes a las sub causas se escriben debajo de la misma antecedidasde dos puntos

    Causas

    PROBLEMA

    Personal

    .pb

    .pc

    ..pd

    ..pf

    Material

    .ma

    .mb

    .mc

    ..md

    ..mfAmbiente

    .aire

    .agua

    .tierra

    ..t1

    ..t2

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    Paso 3. Ejecutar las siguientesinstrucciones

    Paso 4. El diagrama obtenido es el siguiente:

    3. ESTADSTICA DESCRIPTIVA

    Paso 1. Preparar la columna de VISCOCIDAD en Col_1 u otra libre con ancho de 13 numeric

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    Paso 2. Cargar datos en columna 1

    Viscocidad

    6.00

    5.98

    5.97

    6.01

    6.15

    6.00

    5.97

    6.02

    5.96

    6.00

    5.98

    5.99

    6.01

    6.03

    5.98

    5.98

    6.01

    5.99

    5.99

    5.98

    6.015.99

    5.98

    5.99

    6.00

    5.98

    6.02

    5.99

    6.01

    5.98

    5.995.97

    5.99

    6.01

    5.97

    6.02

    5.99

    6.02

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    6.00

    6.02

    6.01

    Paso 3. Instrucciones para la estadstica descriptiva

    Paso 4. Con el segundo cono del anlisis pedir las opciones siguientes:

    Paso 5. Los resultados numricos son los siguientes:

    Summary Statistics for Viscocidad

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    Paso 5. Obtener las grficas de los datos con el tercer cono del men:

    Las grficas se amplan colocndoles el cursos y dando dos clicks

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    CORRIDA EN EXCEL

    Paso 1. Usar los datos de viscosidad

    Paso 2. Instrucciones

    HERRAMIENTAS > ANLISIS DE DATOS

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    Indicar el rango donde estn los datos, indicar que la primera celda el etiqueta, indicar la celda donde semuestran los resultados y resumen de estadstica.

    Paso 3. Resultados

    Viscocidad

    Mean 5.998536585Standard Error 0.00464024

    Median 5.99

    Mode 5.99

    Standard Deviation 0.029712033

    Sample Variance 0.000882805

    Kurtosis 16.67650192

    Skewness 3.36583295

    Range 0.19

    Minimum 5.96

    Maximum 6.15Sum 245.94

    Count 41

    Confidence Level(95.0%) 0.009378275

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    4. CARTAS DE CONTROL DE LECTURAS INDIVIDUALES Y RANGO MVIL

    Con los datos de viscosidad ejecutar las instrucciones siguientes:

    Paso 1. Obtener la carta de control I-MR

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    X and MR(2) - Initial Study for Viscocidad

    Number of observations = 41

    0 observations excluded

    X Chart

    -------

    UCL: +3.0 sigma = 6.07899Centerline = 5.99854

    LCL: -3.0 sigma = 5.91808

    1 beyond limits

    MR(2) Chart

    -----------

    UCL: +3.0 sigma = 0.0988757

    Centerline = 0.03025

    LCL: -3.0 sigma = 0.0

    2 beyond limits

    Estimates

    ---------Process mean = 5.99854

    Process sigma = 0.0268174

    Mean MR(2) = 0.03025

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    Paso 2. Obtener la carta de Rango mvil MR

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    Paso 3. Excluir el punto fuera de control

    Colocarse en la grfica X y con botn derecho seleccionar ANALYSIS OPTIONS y en EXCLUDE Manual, ExcludeSubgroup 5 OK

    5. CARTAS DE CONTROL X-R DE MEDIAS RANGOS

    Con los datos de viscosidad ejecutar las instrucciones siguientes:

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    Paso 1. Obtener la carta de control X

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    Paso 2. Obtener la carta de control R

    Paso 3. Excluir el punto fuera de control

    Colocar el cursor en la grfica, ANALYSIS OPTIONS y EXCLUDE subgroup 1

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    CORRIDA EN EXCEL

    Paso 1. Arreglo de datos

    =Xmedia -+

    2.66*Rmedio

    Viscocidad Media LIC LSC =3.267*Rmedio6.00 6.00 5.92 6.08 Rango Rmedio LICr LSCr

    5.98 6.00 5.92 6.08 0.02 0.03 0 0.099

    5.97 6.00 5.92 6.08 0.01 0.03 0 0.099

    6.01 6.00 5.92 6.08 0.04 0.03 0 0.099

    6.15 6.00 5.92 6.08 0.14 0.03 0 0.099

    6.00 6.00 5.92 6.08 0.15 0.03 0 0.099

    5.97 6.00 5.92 6.08 0.03 0.03 0 0.099

    6.02 6.00 5.92 6.08 0.05 0.03 0 0.099

    5.96 6.00 5.92 6.08 0.06 0.03 0 0.099

    6.00 6.00 5.92 6.08 0.04 0.03 0 0.099

    5.98 6.00 5.92 6.08 0.02 0.03 0 0.099

    5.99 6.00 5.92 6.08 0.01 0.03 0 0.099

    6.01 6.00 5.92 6.08 0.02 0.03 0 0.099

    6.03 6.00 5.92 6.08 0.02 0.03 0 0.099

    5.98 6.00 5.92 6.08 0.05 0.03 0 0.099

    5.98 6.00 5.92 6.08 0.00 0.03 0 0.099

    6.01 6.00 5.92 6.08 0.03 0.03 0 0.099

    5.99 6.00 5.92 6.08 0.02 0.03 0 0.099

    5.99 6.00 5.92 6.08 0.00 0.03 0 0.0995.98 6.00 5.92 6.08 0.01 0.03 0 0.099

    6.01 6.00 5.92 6.08 0.03 0.03 0 0.099

    5.99 6.00 5.92 6.08 0.02 0.03 0 0.099

    5.98 6.00 5.92 6.08 0.01 0.03 0 0.099

    5.99 6.00 5.92 6.08 0.01 0.03 0 0.099

    6.00 6.00 5.92 6.08 0.01 0.03 0 0.099

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    5.98 6.00 5.92 6.08 0.02 0.03 0 0.099

    6.02 6.00 5.92 6.08 0.04 0.03 0 0.099

    5.99 6.00 5.92 6.08 0.03 0.03 0 0.099

    6.01 6.00 5.92 6.08 0.02 0.03 0 0.099

    5.98 6.00 5.92 6.08 0.03 0.03 0 0.099

    5.99 6.00 5.92 6.08 0.01 0.03 0 0.0995.97 6.00 5.92 6.08 0.02 0.03 0 0.099

    5.99 6.00 5.92 6.08 0.02 0.03 0 0.099

    6.01 6.00 5.92 6.08 0.02 0.03 0 0.099

    5.97 6.00 5.92 6.08 0.04 0.03 0 0.099

    6.02 6.00 5.92 6.08 0.05 0.03 0 0.099

    5.99 6.00 5.92 6.08 0.03 0.03 0 0.099

    6.02 6.00 5.92 6.08 0.03 0.03 0 0.099

    6.00 6.00 5.92 6.08 0.02 0.03 0 0.099

    6.02 6.00 5.92 6.08 0.02 0.03 0 0.099

    6.01 6.00 5.92 6.08 0.01 0.03 0 0.099

    Promedio Rango Promedio

    6.00 =PROMEDIO(B6:B46)

    =ABS(B44-

    B45) 0.03

    Paso 2. Graficar rea verde como carta I y rea amarillo como rango mvil

    INSERTAR GRAFICA DE LNEA

    5.8

    5.85

    5.9

    5.95

    6

    6.05

    6.1

    6.15

    6.2

    1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41

    Viscocidad

    Media

    LIC

    LSC

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    6. CAPACIDAD DEL PROCESO

    Paso 1. Con los datos anteriores, determinar la capacidad del proceso, considerando que los lmites deespecificacin son LIE = 5.98 y LSE = 6.06:

    0

    0.02

    0.04

    0.06

    0.08

    0.1

    0.12

    0.14

    0.16

    1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39

    RangoRmedio

    LICr

    LSCr

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    Paso 2. Los resultados son los siguientes:

    Analysis Summary

    Data variable: Viscocidad

    Distribution: Normalsample size = 41mean = 5.99854standard deviation = 0.029712

    6.0 Sigma Limits+3.0 sigma = 6.08767mean = 5.99854-3.0 sigma = 5.9094

    Observed EstimatedSpecifications Beyond Spec. Z-Score Beyond Spec.------------------------------------------------------------USL = 6.06 2.4390% 2.07 1.9290%LSL = 5.98 12.1951% -0.62 26.6354%------------------------------------------------------------Total 14.6341% 28.5644%

    Aqu el Ppk y el Pp corresponden al Cp y Cpk

    CLCULO EN EXCELZi, Zs, P(Zi), P(Zs), Pz(Total), Cp y Cpk

    Zs = (LSE-Xm)/Sigma = (6.065.99) / 0.02971 = 2.07

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    P(Zs) = DISTR.NORM.ESTAND.INV(-2.07) = 1.92%

    Zi = (5.985998) / 0.02971 = -0.62

    P(Zi) = DISTR.NORM.ESTAND.INV(-0.62) = 26.63%

    P(Z total) = 28.564%

    Cp = (LSELIE) / (6*Sigma) = (6.065.98) / (6*0.0297) = 0.45

    Ppk = menor de las Zi y Zs sin signo / 3 = 0.062 / 3 = 0.21

    7. CARTAS DE CONTROL P

    Preparar las columnas de Serv_No_Confiables y Muestra (colocarse en las columnas vacas y seleccionarMODIFY COLUMN).

    Paso 1. Cargar los datos siguientes (Serv_No_Conf es la proporcin de los servicios a las muestras):

    Serv_no_conf Muestra

    0.20 98

    0.17 104

    0.14 97

    0.16 990.13 97

    0.28 102

    0.20 104

    0.14 101

    0.11 55

    0.13 48

    0.14 50

    0.13 53

    0.16 56

    0.10 49

    0.14 56

    0.17 53

    0.17 52

    0.20 51

    0.17 52

    0.21 47

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    Paso 2. Obtener la carta de control p

    p - Initial Study for Serv_No_Conf

    Number of subgroups = 20

    Average subgroup size = 71.2

    0 subgroups excluded

    p Chart

    -------

    UCL: +3.0 sigma = 0.299274

    Centerline = 0.166749

    LCL: -3.0 sigma = 0.0342228

    0 beyond limits

    Estimates

    ---------

    Mean p = 0.166749

    Sigma = 0.0441753

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    8. CARTAS DE CONTROL np

    Paso 1. Cargar los datos siguientes:

    Prod_Defect

    20

    18

    14

    16

    13

    29

    21

    146

    6

    7

    7

    9

    5

    8

    9

    9

    109

    10

    Paso 2. Obtener la carta de control np con un tamao de muestra de n = 200

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    Paso 3. Los resultados obtenidos son los siguientes:

    np - Initial Study for Prod_Defectuosos

    Number of subgroups = 20

    Subgroup size = 200.0

    0 subgroups excluded

    np Chart

    --------

    UCL: +3.0 sigma = 22.0757

    Centerline = 12.0

    LCL: -3.0 sigma = 1.92429

    1 beyond limits

    Estimates

    ---------

    Mean np = 12.0Sigma = 3.35857

    The StatAdvisor

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    9. CARTAS DE CONTROL C

    Paso 1. Con los siguientes datos:

    Manchas8

    13

    7

    8

    5

    13

    7

    12

    27

    1012

    6

    10

    9

    13

    7

    8

    5

    Paso 2. Instrucciones

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    4 98

    2 99

    5 105

    5 104

    2 100

    3 1032 100

    1 98

    6 102

    Paso 2. Instrucciones

    Paso 3. Carta de control u

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    11. ESTUDIO R&R

    Paso 1. Cargar las columnas de datos:

    Parte Operador Medicin Intento

    1 1 157.5 1

    1 1 150 2

    2 1 180 1

    2 1 172.5 2

    3 1 150 1

    3 1 157.5 2

    Etctera

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    Paso 2. Instrucciones

    Paso 3. Resultados

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    Considerar los lmites de especificacin: LSE = 487.5 LIE = 37.5 o tolerancia de 450 y 5.15 sigmas

    Colocarse en los resultados y con botn derecho en ANALYSIS OPTIONS cargar esta informacin:

    Paso 4. Solicitar los resultados:

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    Paso 5. Pedir la grfica R&R plot

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    EJERCICIOS DE LA FASE DE ANLISIS

    12. REGRESIN LINEAL

    Paso 1. Cargar los datos siguientes en la hoja de trabajo del paquete:

    Y_Resistencia X_%Fibra

    160 10

    171 15

    175 15

    182 20

    184 20

    181 20

    188 25

    193 25

    195 28

    200 30

    Paso 2. Instrucciones

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    Paso 3. Resultados

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    Paso 4. Seleccionando el rea de resultados y botn derecho en ANALYSIS OPTIONS, se puede acceder a otrosmodelos de regresin:

    CLCULO EN EXCEL

    Paso 1. Usar los datos anteriores

    Paso 2. Instrucciones

    HERRAMIENTAS > ANLISIS DE DATOS

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    Indicar el Rango de entrada Y y X , de los datos incluyendo sus etiquetas de columna (seleccionar LABELS),indicar la celda donde se quiere el rango de salida y seleccionar residuos.

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    Paso 3. Los resultados de salida son:

    Regression Statistics

    Multiple R 0.984962

    R Square 0.970149Adjusted RSquare 0.966418StandardError 2.203201

    Observations 10

    ANOVA

    df SS MS F

    Significance

    F

    Regression 1 1262.067 1262.067 260.0004 2.2E-07

    Residual 8 38.83277 4.854097Signif. Sip

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    Paso 2. Instrucciones

    Paso 3. Los resultados son los siguientes:

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    Paso 4. Si se quiere una prueba de dos colas (NOT EQUAL), cola izquierda (LESS THAN) o cola derecha(GREATER THAN) se seleccionan los resultados y botn derecho en ANALYSIS OPTIONS

    14. PRUEBA DE HIPTESIS DE UNA DESVIACIN ESTNDAR

    (se hace con la prueba Chi Cuadrada)

    Sea Ho: Sigma = 6 Ha: Sigma 6

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    Paso 1. Se toma una muestra de 50 piezas, se evala la desviacin estndar, dando un resultado de 4.8

    Paso 2. Instrucciones

    Paso 3. Los resultados son los siguientes:

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    Paso 4. Si se quiere una prueba de dos colas (NOT EQUAL), cola izquierda (LESS THAN) o cola derecha(GREATER THAN) se seleccionan los resultados y botn derecho en ANALYSIS OPTIONS

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    15. PRUEBA DE HIPTESIS DE UNA PROPORCIN (Binomial)

    Sea Ho: p = 0.3 Ha: p 0.3

    Paso 1. Se toma una muestra de 100 piezas y se obtiene una proporcin de 0.25

    Paso 2. Instrucciones

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    Paso 3. Los resultados son los siguientes

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    16. PRUEBA DE HIPTESIS DE DOS MEDIAS

    Sea Ho: Mu1Mu2 = 0 Ha: Mu1Mu2 0

    Paso 1. Se toman dos muestras de 48 tiempos de servicio de dos departamentos A y B

    Servicio A Servicio B

    6 10

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    7 3

    4 5

    Etctera

    Paso 2. Instrucciones

    Paso 3. Se seleccionan las pruebas deseadas con las instrucciones siguientes en el Menu tabular:

    Los resultados son los siguientes

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    a) Comparacin de desviaciones estndar

    b) Comparacin de medias

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    Paso 4. El anlisis grfico se muestra a continuacin

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    CALCULO EN EXCEL

    a) Probar la igualdad de varianzas (Prueba F)

    Paso 1. Usar los datos de arriba

    Paso 2. Instrucciones

    HERRAMIENTAS > ANLISIS DE DATOS

    Indicar los rangos de las dos variables incluyendo sus etiquetas (rtulos), seleccionar Labels, indicar donde seobtienen los resultados de salida

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    Paso 3. Los resultados son los siguientes

    F-Test Two-Sample for

    Variances

    Servicio

    A

    Servicio

    B

    Mean 6.354167 6.4375

    Variance 4.829344 5.698138

    Observations 48 48

    df 47 47

    F 0.84753

    P(F

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    Paso 3. Los resultados se muestran a continuacin

    z-Test: Two Sample forMeans

    Servicio

    A

    Servicio

    B

    Mean 6.354167 6.4375

    Known Variance 2.1975 2.387077Observations 48 48Hypothesized MeanDifference 0

    z -0.26964

    P(Z

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    Paso 1. Los datos son los siguientes

    Servicio AServicio

    B

    6 10

    7 34 5

    9 3

    4 9

    8 5

    4 3

    9 2

    6 6

    7 6

    8 1

    Paso 2. Instrucciones

    HERRAMIENTAS > ANLISIS DE DATOS

    Paso 3. Los resultados se muestran a continuacin

    t-Test: Two-SampleAssuming Equal Variances

    Servicio

    A

    Servicio

    B

    Mean 6.545455 4.818182

    Variance 3.672727 7.963636

    Observations 11 11

    Pooled Variance 5.818182

    Hypothesized MeanDifference 0

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    df 20

    t Stat 1.679379

    P(T

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    Paso 4. Los resultados grficos se seleccionan del men de grficas

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    Paso 5. Para otras opciones de la prueba (una cola, cola izquierda o cola derecha e hiptesis) seleccionar elrea de resultados y en PANE OPTIONS seleccionar lo que se desea

    Paso 6. El anlisis grfico se muestra a continuacin.

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    CLCULOS EN EXCEL

    Paso 1. Con los datos anteriores

    Paso 2. InstruccionesHERRAMIENTAS > ANLISIS DE DATOS

    Paso 3. Los resultados se muestran a continuacin

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    Paso 3. Los resultados son los siguientes

    t-Test: Paired Two Sample forMeans

    Antes Despues

    Mean 6.1 5.8

    Variance 0.428 0.212

    Observations 6 6

    Pearson Correlation 0.876424

    Hypothesized Mean Difference 0df 5

    t Stat 2.195775

    P(T

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    Paso 2. Instrucciones

    Paso 3. Los resultados se muestran a continuacin

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    19. ANOVA DE UNA VA

    Sea Ho: Mu1 = Mu2 = Mu3 = = Mu n Ha: Alguna de las medias es diferente

    Paso 1. Introducir los siguientes datos

    Calificaciones Depto

    8 Depto_A

    7 Depto_A8 Depto_A

    6 Depto_A

    7 Depto_A

    8 Depto_A

    7 Depto_B

    8 Depto_B

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    7 Depto_B

    7 Depto_B

    6 Depto_B

    8 Depto_B

    5 Depto_C

    6 Depto_C6 Depto_C

    7 Depto_C

    7 Depto_C

    6 Depto_C

    Paso 2. Instrucciones

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    Paso 3. Resultados

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    Paso 4. El reporte grfico se muestra a continuacin

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    CLCULO CON EXCEL

    Paso 1. Capturar datos en columnas para cada nivel del factor

    Paso 2. Instrucciones

    HERRAMIENTAS > ANLISIS DE DATOS

    Paso 3. Los resultados son los siguientes:

    Depto_A Depto_B Depto_C

    8 7 5

    7 8 6

    8 7 6

    6 7 7

    7 6 7

    8 8 6

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    Anova: Single Factor

    SUMMARY

    Groups Count Sum Average Variance

    Depto_A 6 44 7.333333 0.666667

    Depto_B 6 43 7.166667 0.566667Depto_C 6 37 6.166667 0.566667

    ANOVA

    Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit

    Between Groups 4.777777778 2 2.388889 3.981481 0.041018049 3.68232

    Within Groups 9 15 0.6

    Total 13.77777778 17

    Como el P value es 0.04 menor a alfa de 0.05, se concluye que hay al menos una media que es diferente(Depto C).

    20. TABLA DE CONTINGENCIA

    Sea Ho: p1 = p2 = p3 = = p n Ha: Alguna de las proporciones es diferente

    Ho: La variable de rengln es independiente de la variable de columnaHa: La variable de rengln depende de la variable de columna

    Paso 1. Introducir los siguientes datos

    Los errores presentados en tres tipos de servicios cuando se prestan por tres regiones se muestran a continuacin,

    probar con una tabla de contingencia si los errores dependen del tipo de servicio y regin para un 95% de nivel de

    confianza.

    Servicio Region A Region B Region C

    1 27 12 8

    2 41 22 9

    3 42 14 10

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    Paso 4. Resultados del men de graficos

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    Seleccionando las graficas con botn derecho se tiene acceso a su configuracin especfica

    21. CARTAS PARA NEGOCIOS DE BARRAS, DE PASTEL Y DE LNEA DE COMPONENTES

    Paso 1. Utilizar la columna siguiente

    Cantidad

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    23

    12

    67

    98

    3

    120

    Paso 2. Instrucciones para grafica de barras

    Paso 3. Resultados

    Paso 4. Instrucciones para grafica de Pastel

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    Paso 5. Resultados

    Paso 6. Grafica de lnea de componentes

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    Paso 3. Seleccionar la grfica normal y con botn derecho seleccionar ANALYSIS OPTIONS para cambiar losparmetros de la distribucin

    Paso 4. Seleccionar el Reporte tabular y seleccionar las siguientes opciones

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    En esta seccin se pueden evaluar los valores crticos para diversos valores (por ejemplo de Z si la media escero y la desviacin estndar es uno)

    Seleccionar esta seccin y con botn derecho seleccionar PANE OPTIONS

    Los resultados son los siguientes

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    En esta seccin se pueden evaluar los valores crticos para diversos valores de probabilidad (por ejemplo paraencontrar Z si la media es cero y la desviacin estndar es uno)

    Seleccionar esta seccin y con botn derecho seleccionar PANE OPTIONS

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    Paso 5. Generar un cierto nmero de nmeros aleatorios y guardarlos en una columna vaca de la hoja

    Seleccionar la ventana de Random numbers mostrada arriba y con botn derecho seleccionar PANE OPTIONS,en esa ventana seleccionar 100 nmeros:

    Despus pulsar el botn de Almacenado de datos en el men siguiente:

    Seleccionar la distribucin y la columna donde se almacenarn los nmeros aleatorios:

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    Los datos se almacenan en la columna Datos normales de la hoja de trabajo como sigue:

    Datos normales

    92.9282

    103.731104.065

    106.835

    GENERACIN DE NMEROS ALEATORIOS EN EXCEL

    Paso 1. Instrucciones (Media = 100, Desviacin estndar = 10, N = 10)

    HERRAMIENTAS > ANLISIS DE DATOS

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    Paso 2. Nmeros generados

    Datos_Aleatorios

    100.59

    76.10110.03

    96.38

    102.80

    97.30

    87.52

    93.23

    85.38

    84.53

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    Paso 5. Seleccionar la grafica deseada con el men de graficas

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    b) Carta de control p, proceso y grfica de lnea de zona verde

    Serv_no_conf Muestra Pi Pprom LIC LSC

    20 98 0.20 0.17 0.055 0.282

    18 104 0.17 0.17 0.058 0.279

    14 97 0.14 0.17 0.055 0.283

    16 99 0.16 0.17 0.056 0.281

    13 97 0.13 0.17 0.055 0.283

    29 102 0.28 0.17 0.057 0.280

    21 104 0.20 0.17 0.058 0.279

    14 101 0.14 0.17 0.057 0.280

    6 55 0.11 0.17 0.017 0.320

    15.6

    15.8

    16

    16.2

    16.4

    16.6

    16.8

    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

    Media iMedia

    LIC

    LSC

    0

    0.2

    0.4

    0.6

    0.8

    1

    1.2

    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

    Rango i

    Rmedio

    LICr

    LSCr

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    6 48 0.13 0.17 0.006 0.331

    7 50 0.14 0.17 0.010 0.327

    7 53 0.13 0.17 0.014 0.323

    9 56 0.16 0.17 0.018 0.319

    5 49 0.10 0.17 0.008 0.329

    8 56 0.14 0.17 0.018 0.319

    9 53 0.17 0.17 0.014 0.323

    9 52 0.17 0.17 0.013 0.324

    10 51 0.20 0.17 0.011 0.326

    9 52 0.17 0.17 0.013 0.324

    10 47 0.21 0.17 0.005 0.332

    Pprom= 0.17

    LC=Pprom+3*(Pprom*(1-

    Pprom)/ni))

    c) Carta np, proceso y grfica de todas las columnas

    Serv_Error nPprom LIC LSC

    8 10.60 1.095 20.105

    13 10.60 1.095 20.105

    7 10.60 1.095 20.1058 10.60 1.095 20.105

    5 10.60 1.095 20.105

    13 10.60 1.095 20.105

    7 10.60 1.095 20.105

    12 10.60 1.095 20.105

    27 10.60 1.095 20.105

    0

    0.05

    0.1

    0.15

    0.2

    0.25

    0.3

    0.35

    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

    Pi

    Pprom

    LIC

    LSC

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    10 10.60 1.095 20.105

    12 10.60 1.095 20.105

    6 10.60 1.095 20.105

    10 10.60 1.095 20.105

    9 10.60 1.095 20.105

    13 10.60 1.095 20.1057 10.60 1.095 20.105

    8 10.60 1.095 20.105

    5 10.60 1.095 20.105

    15 10.60 1.095 20.105

    25 10.60 1.095 20.105

    7 10.60 1.095 20.105

    10 10.6 1.095 20.105

    5 10.6 1.095 20.105

    12 10.6 1.095 20.105

    6 10.6 1.095 20.105

    6 10.6 1.095 20.105

    10 10.6 1.095 20.105

    17 10.6 1.095 20.105

    14 10.6 1.095 20.105

    11 10.6 1.095 20.105

    Prom.= 10.6 P prom= 0.053

    0

    5

    10

    15

    20

    25

    30

    1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29

    Serv_Error

    nPprom

    LIC

    LSC

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    d) Carta de control C, graficar todas las columnas

    C

    LC = C+-

    3raiz*(C )

    Errores Cmedia LIC LSC

    9 5.55 0 12.6211 5.55 0 12.62

    2 5.55 0 12.62

    5 5.55 0 12.62

    15 5.55 0 12.62

    13 5.55 0 12.62

    8 5.55 0 12.62

    7 5.55 0 12.62

    5 5.55 0 12.62

    2 5.55 0 12.62

    4 5.55 0 12.62

    4 5.55 0 12.62

    2 5.55 0 12.62

    5 5.55 0 12.62

    5 5.55 0 12.62

    2 5.55 0 12.62

    3 5.55 0 12.62

    2 5.55 0 12.62

    1 5.55 0 12.62

    6 5.55 0 12.62Prom= 5.55

    e) Carta de control u, proceso y grfica de la zona verde

    U

    LC=U-

    +3*raiz(U/ni)

    Defectos Facturas Ui Umedia LIC LSC

    9 110 0.082 0.055 0 0.12

    11 101 0.109 0.055 0 0.122 98 0.020 0.055 0 0.13

    5 105 0.048 0.055 0 0.12

    15 110 0.136 0.055 0 0.12

    13 100 0.130 0.055 0 0.12

    8 98 0.082 0.055 0 0.13

    7 99 0.071 0.055 0 0.13

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    5 100 0.050 0.055 0 0.12

    2 100 0.020 0.055 0 0.12

    4 102 0.039 0.055 0 0.12

    4 98 0.041 0.055 0 0.13

    2 99 0.020 0.055 0 0.13

    5 105 0.048 0.055 0 0.125 104 0.048 0.055 0 0.12

    2 100 0.020 0.055 0 0.12

    3 103 0.029 0.055 0 0.12

    2 100 0.020 0.055 0 0.12

    1 98 0.010 0.055 0 0.13

    6 102 0.059 0.055 0 0.12

    Umedia 0.055

    Grafica de lnea de la zona verde

    0

    0.02

    0.04

    0.06

    0.08

    0.1

    0.12

    0.14

    0.16

    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

    Ui

    Umedia

    LIC

    LSC

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    HERRAMIENTAS DE LA FASE DE MEJORA

    DISEO DE EXPERIMENTOS CLASICO

    PROBLEMA 1. Diseo de experimentos de dos niveles: En un proceso de mantenimiento de Generador de Vapor sedesea mejorar el proceso de soldadura en un componente de acero inoxidable. Para lo cual se realiza un diseo de

    experimentos de 3 factores y 2 niveles.

    Factor Nivel bajo Nivel Alto

    A. Caudal de gas (l/min.) 8 12

    B. Intensidad de Corriente (A) 230 240

    C. Vel. de Cadena (m/min.) 0.6 1

    Como respuesta se toma la calidad del componente en una escala de 0 a 30 entre mayor sea mejor es la calidad

    Paso 1. Generar el diseo

    Paso 2. Ingresar los datos de los factores y sus niveles (en la misma pantalla escribir los factores)

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    Paso 3. Iniciar datos de la variable de respuesta

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    Paso 4. Indicar las rplicas del experimento (quitar la bandera de Randomize)

    Paso 5. Los resultados del diseo son:

    Block Caudal Intensidad Velocidad

    1 8 230 0.6

    1 12 230 0.6

    1 8 240 0.6

    1 12 240 0.6

    1 8 230 1

    1 12 230 1

    1 8 240 1

    1 12 240 1

    El reporte indica lo siguiente:

    Screening Design Attributes

    Design Summary

    --------------

    Design class: Screening

    Design name: Factorial 2^3

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    File name:

    Base Design

    -----------

    Number of experimental factors: 3 Number of blocks: 1

    Number of responses: 1

    Number of runs: 8 Error degrees of freedom: 1

    Randomized: No

    Factors Low High Units Continuous------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Caudal 8 12 Yes

    Intensidad 230 240 Yes

    Velocidad 0.6 1.0 Yes

    Responses Units

    -----------------------------------

    Y m

    The StatAdvisor

    ---------------

    You have created a Factorial design which will study the effects of

    3 factors in 8 runs. The design is to be run in a single block. The

    order of the experiments has not been randomized. If lurking

    variables are present, they may distort the results. Only 1 degree of

    freedom is available to estimate the experimental error. Therefore,

    the statistical tests on the results will be very weak. It is

    recommended that you add enough centerpoints to give you at least 3

    degrees of freedom for the error.

    Colocarse en la pantalla de Resultados y con botn derecho accesar

    Seleccionar Copy Analysis to StatReporter

    Paso 6. Copiar los datos de la columna de respuesta Y a la Worksheet

    Y

    10

    26.5

    15

    17.5

    11.5

    26

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    17.5

    20

    Paso 7. Analizar el diseo

    Paso 8. Seleccionar las opciones de reporte tabular

    Analyze Experiment - Y

    Analysis Summary

    ----------------

    File name:

    Estimated effects for Y

    ----------------------------------------------------------------------

    average = 18.0 +/- 0.25

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    A:Caudal = 9.0 +/- 0.5

    B:Intensidad = -1.0 +/- 0.5

    C:Velocidad = 1.5 +/- 0.5

    AB = -6.5 +/- 0.5

    AC = -0.5 +/- 0.5

    BC = 1.0 +/- 0.5

    ----------------------------------------------------------------------

    Standard errors are based on total error with 1 d.f.

    The StatAdvisor

    ---------------

    This table shows each of the estimated effects and interactions.

    Also shown is the standard error of each of the effects, which

    measures their sampling error. To plot the estimates in decreasing

    order of importance, select Pareto Charts from the list of Graphical

    Options. To test the statistical significance of the effects, select

    ANOVA Table from the list of Tabular Options. You can then remove

    insignificant effects by pressing the alternate mouse button,

    selecting Analysis Options, and pressing the Exclude button.

    Analysis of Variance for Y

    --------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Source Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F-Ratio P-Value

    --------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    A:Caudal SIGNIFICATIVO 162.0 1 162.0 324.00 0.0353B:Intensidad 2.0 1 2.0 4.00 0.2952

    C:Velocidad 4.5 1 4.5 9.00 0.2048

    AB SIGNIFICATIVO 84.5 1 84.5 169.00 0.0489

    AC 0.5 1 0.5 1.00 0.5000

    BC 2.0 1 2.0 4.00 0.2952

    Total error 0.5 1 0.5

    --------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Total (corr.) 256.0 7

    R-squared = 99.8047 percent

    R-squared (adjusted for d.f.) = 98.6328 percent

    The StatAdvisor

    ---------------

    The ANOVA table partitions the variability in Y into separatepieces for each of the effects. It then tests the statistical

    significance of each effect by comparing the mean square against an

    estimate of the experimental error. In this case, 2 effects have

    P-values less than 0.05, indicating that they are significantly

    different from zero at the 95.0% confidence level.

    The R-Squared statistic indicates that the model as fitted explains

    99.8047% of the variability in Y. The adjusted R-squared statistic,

    which is more suitable for comparing models with different numbers of

    independent variables, is 98.6328%. The standard error of the

    estimate shows the standard deviation of the residuals to be 0.707107.

    The mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.25 is the average value of the

    residuals. The Durbin-Watson (DW) statistic tests the residuals to

    Standardized Pareto Chart for Y

    0 3 6 9 12 15 18

    Standardized effect

    AC

    B:Intensidad

    BC

    C:Velocidad

    AB

    A:Caudal

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    determine if there is any significant correlation based on the order

    in which they occur in your data file. Since the DW value is greater

    than 1.4, there is probably not any serious autocorrelation in the

    residuals.

    Regression coeffs. for Y

    ----------------------------------------------------------------------

    constant = -658.75A:Caudal = 79.125

    B:Intensidad = 2.75

    C:Velocidad = -107.5

    AB = -0.325

    AC = -0.625

    BC = 0.5

    ----------------------------------------------------------------------

    The StatAdvisor

    ---------------

    This pane displays the regression equation which has been fitted to

    the data. The equation of the fitted model is

    Y = -658.75 + 79.125*Caudal + 2.75*Intensidad - 107.5*Velocidad -

    0.325*Caudal*Intensidad - 0.625*Caudal*Velocidad +

    0.5*Intensidad*Velocidad

    where the values of the variables are specified in their original

    units. To have STATGRAPHICS evaluate this function, select

    Predictions from the list of Tabular Options. To plot the function,

    select Response Plots from the list of Graphical Options.

    Correlation Matrix for Estimated Effects

    (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)

    ---------------------------------------------------------------------

    (1)average 1.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

    (2)A:Caudal 0.0000 1.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

    (3)B:Intensidad 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

    (4)C:Velocidad 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000(5)AB 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 0.0000 0.0000

    (6)AC 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 0.0000

    (7)BC 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000

    ---------------------------------------------------------------------

    The StatAdvisor

    ---------------

    The correlation matrix shows the extent of the confounding amongst

    the effects. A perfectly orthogonal design will show a diagonal

    matrix with 1's on the diagonal and 0's off the diagonal. Any

    non-zero terms off the diagonal imply that the estimates of the

    effects corresponding to that row and column will be correlated. In

    this case, there is no correlation amongst any of the effects. This

    means that you will get clear estimates of all those effects.

    Estimation Results for Y

    ----------------------------------------------------------------------

    Observed Fitted Lower 95.0% CL Upper 95.0% CL

    Row Value Value for Mean for Mean

    ----------------------------------------------------------------------

    1 10.0 10.25 1.84564 18.6544

    2 26.5 26.25 17.8456 34.6544

    3 15.0 14.75 6.34564 23.1544

    4 17.5 17.75 9.34564 26.1544

    5 11.5 11.25 2.84564 19.6544

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    6 26.0 26.25 17.8456 34.6544

    7 17.5 17.75 9.34564 26.1544

    8 20.0 19.75 11.3456 28.1544

    ----------------------------------------------------------------------

    The StatAdvisor

    ---------------

    This table contains information about values of Y generated usingthe fitted model. The table includes:

    (1) the observed value of Y (if any)

    (2) the predicted value of Y using the fitted model

    (3) 95.0% confidence limits for the mean response

    Each item corresponds to the values of the experimental factors in a

    specific row of your data file. To generate forecasts for additional

    combinations of the factors, add additional rows to the bottom of your

    data file. In each new row, enter values for the experimental factors

    but leave the cell for the response empty. When you return to this

    pane, forecasts will be added to the table for the new rows, but the

    model will be unaffected.

    Path of Steepest Ascent for Y

    Predicted

    Caudal Intensidad Velocidad Y

    (m)

    ---------- ---------- ---------- ------------

    10.0 235.0 0.8 18.0

    11.0 234.332 0.814337 20.5738

    12.0 232.994 0.822727 24.0386

    13.0 231.229 0.825327 28.8038

    14.0 229.212 0.823318 35.0649

    15.0 227.045 0.817849 42.9128

    The StatAdvisor

    ---------------

    This pane displays the path of steepest ascent (or descent). This

    is the path from the center of the current experimental region along

    which the estimated response changes most quickly for the smallestchange in the experimental factors. It indicates good locations to

    run additional experiments if your goal is to increase or decrease Y.

    Currently, 6 points have been generated by changing Caudal in

    increments of 1.0. You can specify the amount to change any one

    factor by pressing the alternate mouse button and selecting Pane

    Options. STATGRAPHICS will then determine how much all the other

    factors have to change to stay on the path of steepest ascent. The

    program also computes the estimated Y at each of the points along the

    path, which you can compare to your results if you run those points.

    Optimize Response

    -----------------

    Goal: maximize Y

    Optimum value = 26.25

    Factor Low High Optimum

    -----------------------------------------------------------------------

    Caudal 8.0 12.0 12.0

    Intensidad 230.0 240.0 230.0

    Velocidad 0.6 1.0 0.6

    The StatAdvisor

    ---------------

    This table shows the combination of factor levels which maximizes Y

    over the indicated region. Use the Analysis Options dialog box to

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    indicate the region over which the optimization is to be performed.

    You may set the value of one or more factors to a constant by setting

    the low and high limits to that value.

    Colocarse en la pantalla de Resultados y con botn derecho accesar

    Seleccionar Copy Analysis to StatReporter

    Paso 9. Obtener el reporte grafico

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    (3)B:Intensidad 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

    (4)C:Velocidad 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

    (5)AB 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 0.0000 0.0000

    (6)AC 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 0.0000

    (7)BC 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000

    ---------------------------------------------------------------------

    The StatAdvisor---------------

    The correlation matrix shows the extent of the confounding amongst

    the effects. A perfectly orthogonal design will show a diagonal

    matrix with 1's on the diagonal and 0's off the diagonal. Any

    non-zero terms off the diagonal imply that the estimates of the

    effects corresponding to that row and column will be correlated. In

    this case, there is no correlation amongst any of the effects. This

    means that you will get clear estimates of all those effects.

    Estimation Results for Y

    ----------------------------------------------------------------------

    Observed Fitted Lower 95.0% CL Upper 95.0% CL

    Row Value Value for Mean for Mean----------------------------------------------------------------------

    1 10.0 10.25 1.84564 18.6544

    2 26.5 26.25 17.8456 34.6544

    3 15.0 14.75 6.34564 23.1544

    4 17.5 17.75 9.34564 26.1544

    5 11.5 11.25 2.84564 19.6544

    6 26.0 26.25 17.8456 34.6544

    7 17.5 17.75 9.34564 26.1544

    8 20.0 19.75 11.3456 28.1544

    ----------------------------------------------------------------------

    The StatAdvisor

    ---------------

    This table contains information about values of Y generated using

    the fitted model. The table includes:(1) the observed value of Y (if any)

    (2) the predicted value of Y using the fitted model

    (3) 95.0% confidence limits for the mean response

    Each item corresponds to the values of the experimental factors in a

    specific row of your data file. To generate forecasts for additional

    combinations of the factors, add additional rows to the bottom of your

    data file. In each new row, enter values for the experimental factors

    but leave the cell for the response empty. When you return to this

    pane, forecasts will be added to the table for the new rows, but the

    model will be unaffected.

    Normal Probability Plot for Y

    -13 -3 7 17 27

    Standardized effects

    0.1

    1

    5

    20

    50

    80

    95

    99

    99.9

    percentage

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    Path of Steepest Ascent for Y

    Predicted

    Caudal Intensidad Velocidad Y

    (m)

    ---------- ---------- ---------- ------------10.0 235.0 0.8 18.0

    11.0 234.332 0.814337 20.5738

    12.0 232.994 0.822727 24.0386

    13.0 231.229 0.825327 28.8038

    14.0 229.212 0.823318 35.0649

    15.0 227.045 0.817849 42.9128

    The StatAdvisor

    ---------------

    This pane displays the path of steepest ascent (or descent). This

    is the path from the center of the current experimental region along

    which the estimated response changes most quickly for the smallest

    change in the experimental factors. It indicates good locations to

    run additional experiments if your goal is to increase or decrease Y.

    Currently, 6 points have been generated by changing Caudal in

    increments of 1.0. You can specify the amount to change any onefactor by pressing the alternate mouse button and selecting Pane

    Options. STATGRAPHICS will then determine how much all the other

    factors have to change to stay on the path of steepest ascent. The

    program also computes the estimated Y at each of the points along the

    path, which you can compare to your results if you run those points.

    Optimize Response

    -----------------

    Estimated Response SurfaceVelocidad=0.8

    8 9 10 11 12Caudal

    230232

    234236

    238240

    Intensidad1013

    16

    19

    22

    25

    28

    Y

    Contours of Estimated Response Surface

    Velocidad=0.8

    8 9 10 11 12

    Caudal

    230

    232

    234

    236

    238

    240

    Intensidad

    Y

    10.0

    11.8

    13.6

    15.4

    17.2

    19.0

    20.8

    22.6

    24.4

    26.2

    28.0

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    Goal: maximize Y

    Optimum value = 26.25

    Factor Low High Optimum

    -----------------------------------------------------------------------

    Caudal 8.0 12.0 12.0

    Intensidad 230.0 240.0 230.0

    Velocidad 0.6 1.0 0.6

    The StatAdvisor

    ---------------

    This table shows the combination of factor levels which maximizes Y

    over the indicated region. Use the Analysis Options dialog box to

    indicate the region over which the optimization is to be performed.

    You may set the value of one or more factors to a constant by setting

    the low and high limits to that value.

    Colocarse en la pantalla de Resultados y con botn derecho accesar

    Seleccionar Copy Analysis to StatReporter

    Residual Plot for Y

    10 13 16 19 22 25 28

    predicted

    -0.25

    -0.15

    -0.05

    0.05

    0.15

    0.25

    residual

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    PROBLEMA 2. Diseo de dos niveles: Se usa un Router para hacer los barrenos de localizacin de una placa de circuito

    impreso. La vibracin es fuente principal de variacin. La vibracin de la placa a ser cortada depende del tamao de los

    barrenos (A1 = 1/16" y A2 = 1/8") y de la velocidad de corte (B1 = 40 RPMs y B2 = 90 RPMs).

    La variable de respuesta se mide en tres acelermetros A,Y,Z en cada uno de los circuitos impresos.

    Los resultados se muestran a continuacin.

    Niveles reales Rplica

    A B I II III IV

    0.063 40 18.2 18.9 12.9 14.4

    0.125 40 27.2 24.0 22.4 22.5

    0.063 90 15.9 14.5 15.1 14.2

    0.125 90 41.0 43.9 36.3 39.9

    Paso 1. Generar el diseo

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    Paso 2. Ingresar los datos de los factores y sus niveles (en la misma pantalla seleccionar los factores)

    Paso 3. Datos de la variable de respuesta

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    Paso 4. Indicar las rplicas del experimento

    Paso 5. Los resultados del diseo son los siguientes:

    Block Diametro Velocidad

    1 0.063 40

    1 0.125 40

    1 0.063 90

    1 0.125 90

    2 0.063 40

    2 0.125 40

    2 0.063 90

    2 0.125 90

    3 0.063 40

    3 0.125 40

    3 0.063 90

    3 0.125 90

    4 0.063 40

    4 0.125 40

    4 0.063 90

    4 0.125 90

    Screening Design Attributes

    Design Summary--------------

    Design class: Screening

    Design name: Factorial 2^2

    File name:

    Base Design

    -----------

    Number of experimental factors: 2 Number of blocks: 4

    Number of responses: 1

    Number of runs: 16 Error degrees of freedom: 9

    Randomized: No

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    Factors Low High Units Continuous

    ------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Diametro 0.063 0.125 Yes

    Velocidad 40 90 Yes

    Responses Units

    -----------------------------------

    Vibracion

    The StatAdvisor

    ---------------

    You have created a Factorial design which will study the effects of

    2 factors in 16 runs. The design is to be run in a single block. The

    order of the experiments has not been randomized. If lurking

    variables are present, they may distort the results.

    Colocarse en la pantalla de Resultados y con botn derecho accesar

    Seleccionar Copy Analysis to StatReporter

    Paso 5. Copiar los datos de la variable de respuesta, resultado de los experimentos fsicos a la hoja de clculoen el Statgraphics

    VIBRACIN

    18.2

    27.2

    15.9

    41

    18.9

    24

    14.5

    43.9

    12.9

    22.4

    15.1

    36.3

    14.4

    22.5

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    14.2

    39.9

    Paso 6. Analizar el diseo

    Paso 7. Seleccionar las opciones de reporte tabular

    Analyze Experiment - Vibracion

    Analysis Summary

    ----------------File name:

    Estimated effects for Vibracion

    ----------------------------------------------------------------------

    average = 23.8312 +/- 0.435895

    A:Diametro = 16.6375 +/- 0.87179

    B:Velocidad = 7.5375 +/- 0.87179

    AB = 8.7125 +/- 0.87179

    block = 2.9875 +/- 1.50998

    block = -4.3125 +/- 1.50998

    block = -2.1625 +/- 1.50998

    ----------------------------------------------------------------------

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    Standard errors are based on total error with 9 d.f.

    The StatAdvisor

    ---------------

    This table shows each of the estimated effects and interactions.

    Also shown is the standard error of each of the effects, which

    measures their sampling error. To plot the estimates in decreasing

    order of importance, select Pareto Charts from the list of Graphical

    Options. To test the statistical significance of the effects, selectANOVA Table from the list of Tabular Options. You can then remove

    insignificant effects by pressing the alternate mouse button,

    selecting Analysis Options, and pressing the Exclude button.

    Analysis of Variance for Vibracion

    --------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Source Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F-Ratio P-Value

    --------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    A:Diametro SIGNIFICATIVOS 1107.23 1 1107.23 364.21 0.0000

    B:Velocidad 227.256 1 227.256 74.75 0.0000

    AB 303.631 1 303.631 99.88 0.0000

    blocks 44.3619 3 14.7873 4.86 0.0280

    Total error 27.3606 9 3.04007

    --------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Total (corr.) 1709.83 15

    R-squared = 98.3998 percent

    R-squared (adjusted for d.f.) = 97.9998 percent

    The StatAdvisor

    ---------------

    The ANOVA table partitions the variability in Vibracion into

    separate pieces for each of the effects. It then tests the

    statistical significance of each effect by comparing the mean square

    against an estimate of the experimental error. In this case, 4

    effects have P-values less than 0.05, indicating that they are

    significantly different from zero at the 95.0% confidence level.

    The R-Squared statistic indicates that the model as fitted explains

    98.3998% of the variability in Vibracion. The adjusted R-squared

    statistic, which is more suitable for comparing models with different

    numbers of independent variables, is 97.9998%. The standard error ofthe estimate shows the standard deviation of the residuals to be

    1.74358. The mean absolute error (MAE) of 1.14375 is the average

    value of the residuals. The Durbin-Watson (DW) statistic tests the

    residuals to determine if there is any significant correlation based

    on the order in which they occur in your data file. Since the DW

    value is greater than 1.4, there is probably not any serious

    autocorrelation in the residuals.

    Regression coeffs. for Vibracion

    ----------------------------------------------------------------------

    Standardized Pareto Chart for Vibracion

    0 4 8 12 16 20

    Standardized effect

    B:Velocidad

    AB

    A:Diametro

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    constant = 23.152

    A:Diametro = -97.0161

    B:Velocidad = -0.377621

    AB = 5.62097

    ----------------------------------------------------------------------

    The StatAdvisor

    ---------------

    This pane displays the regression equation which has been fitted tothe data. The equation of the fitted model is

    Vibracion = 23.152 - 97.0161*Diametro - 0.377621*Velocidad +

    5.62097*Diametro*Velocidad

    where the values of the variables are specified in their original

    units. To have STATGRAPHICS evaluate this function, select

    Predictions from the list of Tabular Options. To plot the function,

    select Response Plots from the list of Graphical Options.

    Correlation Matrix for Estimated Effects

    (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)

    ---------------------------------------------------------------------

    (1)average 1.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

    (2)A:Diametro 0.0000 1.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

    (3)B:Velocidad 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

    (4)AB 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

    (5)block 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000-0.3333-0.3333

    (6)block 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000-0.3333 1.0000-0.3333

    (7)block 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000-0.3333-0.3333 1.0000

    ---------------------------------------------------------------------

    The StatAdvisor

    ---------------

    The correlation matrix shows the extent of the confounding amongst

    the effects. A perfectly orthogonal design will show a diagonal

    matrix with 1's on the diagonal and 0's off the diagonal. Any

    non-zero terms off the diagonal imply that the estimates of theeffects corresponding to that row and column will be correlated. In

    this case, there are 3 pairs of effects with non-zero correlations.

    However, since none are greater than or equal to 0.5, you will

    probably be able to interpret the results without much difficulty.

    Estimation Results for Vibracion

    ----------------------------------------------------------------------

    Observed Fitted Lower 95.0% CL Upper 95.0% CL

    Row Value Value for Mean for Mean

    ----------------------------------------------------------------------

    1 18.2 17.8437 15.2349 20.4526

    2 27.2 25.7687 23.1599 28.3776

    3 15.9 16.6687 14.0599 19.2776

    4 41.0 42.0187 39.4099 44.6276

    5 18.9 17.5937 14.9849 20.20266 24.0 25.5187 22.9099 28.1276

    7 14.5 16.4187 13.8099 19.0276

    8 43.9 41.7687 39.1599 44.3776

    9 12.9 13.9437 11.3349 16.5526

    10 22.4 21.8687 19.2599 24.4776

    11 15.1 12.7688 10.1599 15.3776

    12 36.3 38.1187 35.5099 40.7276

    13 14.4 15.0188 12.4099 17.6276

    14 22.5 22.9437 20.3349 25.5526

    15 14.2 13.8438 11.2349 16.4526

    16 39.9 39.1937 36.5849 41.8026

    ----------------------------------------------------------------------

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    The StatAdvisor

    ---------------

    This table contains information about values of Vibracion generated

    using the fitted model. The table includes:

    (1) the observed value of Vibracion (if any)

    (2) the predicted value of Vibracion using the fitted model

    (3) 95.0% confidence limits for the mean responseEach item corresponds to the values of the experimental factors in a

    specific row of your data file. To generate forecasts for additional

    combinations of the factors, add additional rows to the bottom of your

    data file. In each new row, enter values for the experimental factors

    but leave the cell for the response empty. When you return to this

    pane, forecasts will be added to the table for the new rows, but the

    model will be unaffected.

    Path of Steepest Ascent for Vibracion

    Predicted

    Diametro Velocidad Vibracion

    ---------- ---------- ------------

    0.094 65.0 23.8312

    1.094 845.466 4796.81

    2.094 1651.85 18639.0

    3.094 2458.28 41547.4

    4.094 3264.73 73521.8

    5.094 4071.17 114562.0

    The StatAdvisor

    ---------------

    This pane displays the path of steepest ascent (or descent). This

    is the path from the center of the current experimental region along

    which the estimated response changes most quickly for the smallest

    change in the experimental factors. It indicates good locations to

    run additional experiments if your goal is to increase or decrease

    Vibracion. Currently, 6 points have been generated by changing

    Diametro in increments of 1.0. You can specify the amount to change

    any one factor by pressing the alternate mouse button and selectingPane Options. STATGRAPHICS will then determine how much all the other

    factors have to change to stay on the path of steepest ascent. The

    program also computes the estimated Vibracion at each of the points

    along the path, which you can compare to your results if you run those

    points.

    Optimize Response

    -----------------

    Goal: maximize Vibracion

    Optimum value = 40.275

    Factor Low High Optimum

    -----------------------------------------------------------------------

    Diametro 0.063 0.125 0.125Velocidad 40.0 90.0 90.0

    The StatAdvisor

    ---------------

    This table shows the combination of factor levels which maximizes

    Vibracion over the indicated region. Use the Analysis Options dialog

    box to indicate the region over which the optimization is to be

    performed. You may set the value of one or more factors to a constant

    by setting the low and high limits to that value.

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    Colocarse en la pantalla de Resultados y con botn derecho accesar

    Seleccionar Copy Analysis to StatReporter

    Paso 8. Obtener el reporte grafico

    Analyze Experiment - Vibracion

    Analysis Summary

    ----------------

    File name:

    Estimated effects for Vibracion

    ----------------------------------------------------------------------

    average = 23.8312 +/- 0.435895

    A:Diametro = 16.6375 +/- 0.87179

    B:Velocidad = 7.5375 +/- 0.87179

    AB = 8.7125 +/- 0.87179

    block = 2.9875 +/- 1.50998

    block = -4.3125 +/- 1.50998

    block = -2.1625 +/- 1.50998

    ----------------------------------------------------------------------

    Standard errors are based on total error with 9 d.f.

    The StatAdvisor

    ---------------

    This table shows each of the estimated effects and interactions.

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    Also shown is the standard error of each of the effects, which

    measures their sampling error. To plot the estimates in decreasing

    order of importance, select Pareto Charts from the list of Graphical

    Options. To test the statistical significance of the effects, select

    ANOVA Table from the list of Tabular Options. You can then remove

    insignificant effects by pressing the alternate mouse button,

    selecting Analysis Options, and pressing the Exclude button.

    Standardized Pareto Chart for Vibracion

    0 4 8 12 16 20

    Standardized effect

    B:Velocidad

    AB

    A:Diametro

    Main Effects Plot for Vibracion

    15

    18

    21

    24

    27

    30

    33

    Vibracion

    Diametro

    0.063 0.125

    Velocidad

    40 90

    Interaction Plot for Vibracion

    14

    19

    24

    29

    34

    39

    44

    Vibracio

    n

    Diametro

    0.063 0.125

    Velocidad=40

    Velocidad=40

    Velocidad=90

    Velocidad=90

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    Colocarse en la pantalla de Resultados y con botn derecho accesar

    Normal Probability Plot for Vibracion

    -3 1 5 9 13 17 21

    Standardized effects

    0.1

    1

    5

    20

    50

    80

    95

    99

    99.9

    perc

    entage

    Estimated Response Surface

    63 83 103 123 143

    (X 0.001)Diametro

    4050

    6 07 0

    809 0

    Velocidad14

    24

    34

    44

    54

    Vibracion

    Contours of Estimated Response Surface

    63 83 103 123 143(X 0.001)

    Diametro

    40

    50

    60

    70

    80

    90

    Velo

    cidad

    Vibracion

    14.0

    18.0

    22.0

    26.0

    30.0

    34.0

    38.0

    42.0

    46.0

    50.0

    Residual Plot for Vibracion

    12 22 32 42 52

    predicted

    -2.4

    -1.4

    -0.4

    0.6

    1.6

    2.6

    residual

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    Seleccionar Copy Analysis to StatReporter

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    Problema 4.

    Diseo de experimentos de Taguchi

    Taguchi ha desarrollado una serie de arreglos para experimentos con factores a dos niveles, los ms utilizados ydifundidos segn el nmero de factores a analizar son:

    Taguchi sugiere utilizar un estadstico que proporcione informacin acerca de la media y de la variancia denominado

    Relacin Seal a Ruido (SNR), como la variable de respuesta, se consideran tres tipos principales. Las frmulas para cada

    esquema son las siguientes:

    1. Menor es mejor (Smaller is better - s)

    2. Mayor es mejor Larger is better - l)

    3. Nominal es mejor - (Target is better - t)

    Donde la SNR se expresa en decibeles y debe ser maximizada

    Una vez insertados los componentes en una placa de circuito impreso, esta se pasa a una mquina de soldar donde pormedio de un transportador pasa por un bao de flux para eliminar oxido, se precalienta para reducir la torcedura y sesuelda. Se disea un experimento para determinar las condiciones que dan el nmero mnimo de defectos de soldadurapor milln de uniones. Los factores de control y niveles se muestran a continuacin:

    ARREGLO INTERNO

    Factor Descripcin (-1) (+1)

    Si el n mero de factores que

    Arreglo a utilizar

    e con c ones

    se desean analizar es a probar

    Entre 1 y 3 L4 4

    Entre 4 y 7 L8 8

    Entre 8 y 11 L12 12

    Entre 12 y 15 L16 16

    Entre 16 y 31 L32 32

    Entre 32 y 63 L64 64

    n

    i

    Yi

    n

    SNRs

    1

    2

    log10

    n

    i

    Yi

    nSNRl

    1

    2/1log10

    2log10 sSNRt

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    A Temperatura de soldado F 480 510

    B Velocidad del transportador (ft/min) 7.2 10.

    C Densidad del flux remover oxido 0.9 1.0

    D Temperatura de precalentado F 150 200

    E Altura de ola de soldadura(pulg.) 0.5 0.6

    Adems se tienen otros factores denominados factores de ruido que no se pueden o no se quieren controlar como eltipo de producto. Tambin se pueden considerar factores de ruido las tolerancias de algunos de los factores crticos eneste proceso, en este caso la temperatura de la soldadura varia entre 5F y la velocidad del transportador entre 0.2ft/min. Esta variabilidad tambin tiene influencia en la respuesta.

    ARREGLO INTERNO

    Factor Descripcin (-1) (+1)

    F Temperatura de soldadura (F) -5 5

    G Velocidad del transportador (ft/min) -0.2 +0.2

    H Tipo de producto en la placa 2 1

    El arreglo cruzado de ambos y los valores de las respuestas se muestran a continuacin:En este caso se busca la respuesta Menor es mejor para los defectos de soldadura.

    F -1 1 1 -1

    Arreglo interno G -1 1 -1 1

    H -1 -1 1 1

    A B C D E SNR

    -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 186 187 105 104 -43.59

    -1 -1 1 1 1 328 326 247 322 -49.76

    -1 1 -1 -1 1 234 159 231 157 -45.97

    -1 1 1 1 -1 295 216 204 293 -48.15

    1 -1 -1 1 -1 47 125 127 42 -39.51

    1 -1 1 -1 1 185 261 264 264 -47.81

    1 1 -1 1 1 136 136 132 136 -42.61

    1 1 1 -1 -1 194 197 193 275 -46.75

    Paso 1. Generar el diseo

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    Paso 2. Variable de respuesta (quitar banderas de Randomize)

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    Paso 3. Seleccionar el arreglo orthogonal (default) quitar banderas de RandomizeSeleccionar el arreglo L8 (8 corridas experimentales) con L4 en los factores de ruido (4 rplicas de losresultados de cada bloque de 8 experimentos)

    Paso 4. Asignacin de columnas

    NOTA: Dejar la columna 3 libre ya que de acuerdo a las grficas lineales de Taguchi, ah se presenta lainteraccin de los factores A y B que es de inters.

    Paso 5. Dar nombres a los factores e indicar sus unidades (en este caso no se consideraron). Todos los factoresse inicializan en la misma pantalla.

    Continuar con los otros factores hasta el factor H

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    El arreglo resultante es:

    Block A B C D E F G H Defectos

    1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2

    1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2

    1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1

    2 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1

    2 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 2

    2 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 2

    2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 1

    3 1 2 1 2 2 1 1 1

    3 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 2

    3 1 2 1 2 2 2 1 23 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 1

    4 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1

    4 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 2

    4 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 2

    4 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1

    5 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1

    5 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 2

    5 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 2

    5 2 1 1 2 1 2 2 1

    6 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 1

    6 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2

    6 2 1 2 1 2 2 1 2

    6 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 1

    7 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 1

    7 2 2 1 1 2 1 2 2

    7 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 2

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    Defectos

    186

    328

    234

    29547

    185

    136

    194

    187

    326

    159

    216

    125

    261

    136

    197

    105

    247

    231

    204

    127

    264

    132

    193

    104

    322

    157

    293

    42

    264

    136

    275

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    Paso 7. Analizar el diseo de experimentos

    Se pueden analizar las medias de las respuestas o las relaciones Seal / Ruido, seleccionar estas ltimas con laopcin Menor es mejor

    Paso 8. Obtener el reporte tabular del diseo de experimentos

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    Analysis Summary

    ----------------

    File name:

    Estimated effects for Defectos (SN: smaller)

    ----------------------------------------------------------------------

    average = -46.2787 +/- 0.423871

    A:A = -0.109419 +/- 0.847742

    B:B = -0.647976 +/- 0.847742

    C:C = 2.18606 +/- 0.847742D:D = 0.913815 +/- 0.847742

    E:E = 0.623349 +/- 0.847742

    ----------------------------------------------------------------------

    Standard errors are based on total error with 2 d.f.

    The StatAdvisor

    ---------------

    This table shows each of the estimated effects and interactions.

    Also shown is the standard error of each of the effects, which

    measures their sampling error. To plot the estimates in decreasing

    order of importance, select Pareto Charts from the list of Graphical

    Options. To test the statistical significance of the effects, select

    ANOVA Table from the list of Tabular Options. You can then remove

    insignificant effects by pressing the alternate mouse button,

    selecting Analysis Options, and pressing the Exclude button.

    Analysis of Variance for Defectos (SN: smaller)

    --------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Source Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F-Ratio P-Value

    --------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    A:A 0.0239449 1 0.0239449 0.02 0.9091

    B:B 0.839746 1 0.839746 0.58 0.5245

    C:C 9.55773 1 9.55773 6.65 0.1232

    D:D 1.67012 1 1.67012 1.16 0.3938

    E:E 0.777128 1 0.777128 0.54 0.5387Total error 2.87467 2 1.43733

    --------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Total (corr.) 15.7433 7

    R-squared = 81.7404 percent

    R-squared (adjusted for d.f.) = 36.0915 percent

    The StatAdvisor

    ---------------

    The ANOVA table partitions the variability in Defectos into

    Standardized Pareto Chart for Defectos (SN: smaller)

    0 1 2 3 4 5

    Standardized effect

    A:A

    E:E

    B:B

    D:D

    C:C

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    separate pieces for each of the effects. It then tests the

    statistical significance of each effect by comparing the mean square

    against an estimate of the experimental error. In this case, 0

    effects have P-values less than 0.05, indicating that they are

    significantly different from zero at the 95.0% confidence level.

    The R-Squared statistic indicates that the model as fitted explains

    81.7404% of the variability in Defectos. The adjusted R-squared

    statistic, which is more suitable for comparing models with different

    numbers of independent variables, is 36.0915%. The standard error of

    the estimate shows the standard deviation of the residuals to be1.19889. The mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.572423 is the average

    value of the residuals. The Durbin-Watson (DW) statistic tests the

    residuals to determine if there is any significant correlation based

    on the order in which they occur in your data file. Since the DW

    value is greater than 1.4, there is probably not any serious

    autocorrelation in the residuals.

    Regression coeffs. for Defectos (SN: smaller)

    ----------------------------------------------------------------------

    constant = -50.7274

    A:A = -0.109419

    B:B = -0.647976

    C:C = 2.18606

    D:D = 0.913815

    E:E = 0.623349

    ----------------------------------------------------------------------

    The StatAdvisor

    ---------------

    This pane displays the regression equation which has been fitted to

    the data. The equation of the fitted model is

    Defectos = -50.7274 - 0.109419*A - 0.647976*B + 2.18606*C + 0.913815*D

    + 0.623349*E

    where the values of the variables are specified in their original

    units. To have STATGRAPHICS evaluate this function, select

    Predictions from the list of Tabular Options. To plot the function,

    select Response Plots from the list of Graphical Options.

    Correlation Matrix for Estimated Effects

    (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)

    --------------------------------------------------------------

    (1)average 1.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

    (2)A:A 0.0000 1.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

    (3)B:B 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

    (4)C:C 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 0.0000 0.0000

    (5)D:D 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 0.0000

    (6)E:E 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000

    --------------------------------------------------------------

    The StatAdvisor---------------

    The correlation matrix shows the extent of the confounding amongst

    the effects. A perfectly orthogonal design will show a diagonal

    matrix with 1's on the diagonal and 0's off the diagonal. Any

    non-zero terms off the diagonal imply that the estimates of the

    effects corresponding to that row and column will be correlated. In

    this case, there is no correlation amongst any of the effects. This

    means that you will get clear estimates of all those effects.

    Estimation Results for Defectos (SN: smaller)

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    ----------------------------------------------------------------------

    Observed Fitted Lower 95.0% CL Upper 95.0% CL

    Row Value Value for Mean for Mean

    ----------------------------------------------------------------------

    1 -48.512 -47.7616 -52.2289 -43.2943

    2 -43.6439 -44.0384 -48.5057 -39.5711

    3 -47.2669 -46.8724 -51.3397 -42.4051

    4 -45.4732 -46.2235 -50.6908 -41.7562

    5 -46.2069 -46.9572 -51.4245 -42.4899

    6 -45.4561 -45.0616 -49.5289 -40.59437 -47.5012 -47.8957 -52.363 -43.4284

    8 -46.1695 -45.4191 -49.8864 -40.9518

    ----------------------------------------------------------------------

    The StatAdvisor

    ---------------

    This table contains information about values of Defectos generated

    using the fitted model. The table includes:

    (1) the observed value of Defecto