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8/13/2019 Curso Statgraphics Lean Sigma
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Curso de
Statgraphics
para Lean
Sigma
Dr. Primitivo Reyes A.
feb. 2009
DR. PRIMITIVO REYES AGUILAR
La informacin aqu contenida es solo para propsitos didcticos,se tomo como referencia la informacin de ayuda del paqueteSTATGRAPHICS Centurion, marca registrada de STAT POINTTECHNOLOGIES, Inc
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Contenido
EJERCICIOS DE LA FASE DE MEDICIN Y CONTROL CON STATGRAPHICS............................................................... 3
ENTRADA y FORMAR DOS COLUMNAS DE DATOS NUMRICOS Y UNA DE CARACTERES .................................. 3
1. DIAGRAMA DE PARETO ................................................................................................................................... 4
2. DIAGRAMA DE ISHIKAWA ............................................................................................................................... 5
3. ESTADSTICA DESCRIPTIVA .............................................................................................................................. 7
4. CARTAS DE CONTROL DE LECTURAS INDIVIDUALES Y RANGO MVIL ......................................................... 13
5. CARTAS DE CONTROL X-R DE MEDIAS RANGOS ........................................................................................... 16
6. CAPACIDAD DEL PROCESO ............................................................................................................................ 21
7. CARTAS DE CONTROL P ................................................................................................................................. 23
8. CARTAS DE CONTROL np ............................................................................................................................... 25
9. CARTAS DE CONTROL C ................................................................................................................................. 27
10. CARTAS DE CONTROL u ............................................................................................................................... 28
11. ESTUDIO R&R .............................................................................................................................................. 30
EJERCICIOS DE LA FASE DE ANLISIS..................................................................................................................... 35
12. REGRESIN LINEAL ...................................................................................................................................... 35
13. PRUEBA DE HIPTESIS DE UNA MEDIA....................................................................................................... 39
14. PRUEBA DE HIPTESIS DE UNA DESVIACIN ESTNDAR ........................................................................... 41
15. PRUEBA DE HIPTESIS DE UNA PROPORCIN (Binomial) .......................................................................... 44
16. PRUEBA DE HIPTESIS DE DOS MEDIAS ..................................................................................................... 4617. PRUEBA DE HIPTESIS PAREADAS .............................................................................................................. 54
18. PRUEBA DE HIPTESIS DE DOS PROPORCIONES ....................................................................................... 61
19. ANOVA DE UNA VA .................................................................................................................................... 63
20. TABLA DE CONTINGENCIA .......................................................................................................................... 71
21. CARTAS PARA NEGOCIOS DE BARRAS, DE PASTEL Y DE LNEA DE COMPONENTES ................................... 76
22. DISTRIBUCIONES DE PROBABILIDAD PARA VALORES CRTICOS Y NMEROS ALEATORIOS ....................... 79
23. CARTAS DE CONTROL PARA SU PROCESO Y GRAFICADO EN EXCEL ........................................................... 90
HERRAMIENTAS DE LA FASE DE MEJORA ............................................................................................................. 96DISEO DE EXPERIMENTOS CLASICO................................................................................................................ 96
Diseo de experimentos de Taguchi ............................................................................................................... 121
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EJERCICIOS DE LA FASE DE MEDICIN Y CONTROL CON STATGRAPHICS
ENTRADA y FORMAR DOS COLUMNAS DE DATOS NUMRICOS Y UNA DE CARACTERES
Colocarse en la columna Col_1 y con botn derecho del ratn, seleccionar la opcin de MODIFY COLUMN paraindicar si se quieren datos Numricos o de Texto.
Paso 1 Paso 2 Paso 3
Paso 4 y 5, colocarse en columnas Col_2 y Col_3 y con botn derecho, sel. MODIFY COLUMN
NOTA: Es importante ir pasando los resultados al reporte con Copy Analysis to StatReporter e irlos borrandocon clik en la X de la seccin de grficas y resultados, para liberar espacios
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1. DIAGRAMA DE PARETOPaso 1. Cargar datos en las columnas de Defectos y Cantidad. Obtener el Diagrama de Pareto
OK
Paso 2. El reporte se muestra a continuacin
Con Botn derecho
Defectos Cantidad
A 23
B 12C 67
D 98
E 3
F 120
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Paso 3. Obtener los datos numricos:
Paso 4. Agregar al reporte, con el cursor en el anlisis y botn derecho del ratn
Este reporte se puede abrir con una ceja en la parte inferior de la pantalla
2. DIAGRAMA DE ISHIKAWA
Paso 1. Preparar la columna de CAUSAS en Col_4 u otra libre con ancho de 13 caracteres
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Paso 2. Cargar los datos siguientes en la columna de causas:
a) Al inicio se pone el problema a atacar
b) Cada causa principal se pone normal
c) Cada una de las sub causas correspondientes a las causas principales se escriben debajo de la mismaantecedidas de un punto.
d) Cada una de las sub causas correspondientes a las sub causas se escriben debajo de la misma antecedidasde dos puntos
Causas
PROBLEMA
Personal
.pb
.pc
..pd
..pf
Material
.ma
.mb
.mc
..md
..mfAmbiente
.aire
.agua
.tierra
..t1
..t2
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Paso 3. Ejecutar las siguientesinstrucciones
Paso 4. El diagrama obtenido es el siguiente:
3. ESTADSTICA DESCRIPTIVA
Paso 1. Preparar la columna de VISCOCIDAD en Col_1 u otra libre con ancho de 13 numeric
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Paso 2. Cargar datos en columna 1
Viscocidad
6.00
5.98
5.97
6.01
6.15
6.00
5.97
6.02
5.96
6.00
5.98
5.99
6.01
6.03
5.98
5.98
6.01
5.99
5.99
5.98
6.015.99
5.98
5.99
6.00
5.98
6.02
5.99
6.01
5.98
5.995.97
5.99
6.01
5.97
6.02
5.99
6.02
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6.00
6.02
6.01
Paso 3. Instrucciones para la estadstica descriptiva
Paso 4. Con el segundo cono del anlisis pedir las opciones siguientes:
Paso 5. Los resultados numricos son los siguientes:
Summary Statistics for Viscocidad
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Paso 5. Obtener las grficas de los datos con el tercer cono del men:
Las grficas se amplan colocndoles el cursos y dando dos clicks
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CORRIDA EN EXCEL
Paso 1. Usar los datos de viscosidad
Paso 2. Instrucciones
HERRAMIENTAS > ANLISIS DE DATOS
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Indicar el rango donde estn los datos, indicar que la primera celda el etiqueta, indicar la celda donde semuestran los resultados y resumen de estadstica.
Paso 3. Resultados
Viscocidad
Mean 5.998536585Standard Error 0.00464024
Median 5.99
Mode 5.99
Standard Deviation 0.029712033
Sample Variance 0.000882805
Kurtosis 16.67650192
Skewness 3.36583295
Range 0.19
Minimum 5.96
Maximum 6.15Sum 245.94
Count 41
Confidence Level(95.0%) 0.009378275
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4. CARTAS DE CONTROL DE LECTURAS INDIVIDUALES Y RANGO MVIL
Con los datos de viscosidad ejecutar las instrucciones siguientes:
Paso 1. Obtener la carta de control I-MR
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X and MR(2) - Initial Study for Viscocidad
Number of observations = 41
0 observations excluded
X Chart
-------
UCL: +3.0 sigma = 6.07899Centerline = 5.99854
LCL: -3.0 sigma = 5.91808
1 beyond limits
MR(2) Chart
-----------
UCL: +3.0 sigma = 0.0988757
Centerline = 0.03025
LCL: -3.0 sigma = 0.0
2 beyond limits
Estimates
---------Process mean = 5.99854
Process sigma = 0.0268174
Mean MR(2) = 0.03025
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Paso 2. Obtener la carta de Rango mvil MR
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Paso 3. Excluir el punto fuera de control
Colocarse en la grfica X y con botn derecho seleccionar ANALYSIS OPTIONS y en EXCLUDE Manual, ExcludeSubgroup 5 OK
5. CARTAS DE CONTROL X-R DE MEDIAS RANGOS
Con los datos de viscosidad ejecutar las instrucciones siguientes:
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Paso 1. Obtener la carta de control X
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Paso 2. Obtener la carta de control R
Paso 3. Excluir el punto fuera de control
Colocar el cursor en la grfica, ANALYSIS OPTIONS y EXCLUDE subgroup 1
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CORRIDA EN EXCEL
Paso 1. Arreglo de datos
=Xmedia -+
2.66*Rmedio
Viscocidad Media LIC LSC =3.267*Rmedio6.00 6.00 5.92 6.08 Rango Rmedio LICr LSCr
5.98 6.00 5.92 6.08 0.02 0.03 0 0.099
5.97 6.00 5.92 6.08 0.01 0.03 0 0.099
6.01 6.00 5.92 6.08 0.04 0.03 0 0.099
6.15 6.00 5.92 6.08 0.14 0.03 0 0.099
6.00 6.00 5.92 6.08 0.15 0.03 0 0.099
5.97 6.00 5.92 6.08 0.03 0.03 0 0.099
6.02 6.00 5.92 6.08 0.05 0.03 0 0.099
5.96 6.00 5.92 6.08 0.06 0.03 0 0.099
6.00 6.00 5.92 6.08 0.04 0.03 0 0.099
5.98 6.00 5.92 6.08 0.02 0.03 0 0.099
5.99 6.00 5.92 6.08 0.01 0.03 0 0.099
6.01 6.00 5.92 6.08 0.02 0.03 0 0.099
6.03 6.00 5.92 6.08 0.02 0.03 0 0.099
5.98 6.00 5.92 6.08 0.05 0.03 0 0.099
5.98 6.00 5.92 6.08 0.00 0.03 0 0.099
6.01 6.00 5.92 6.08 0.03 0.03 0 0.099
5.99 6.00 5.92 6.08 0.02 0.03 0 0.099
5.99 6.00 5.92 6.08 0.00 0.03 0 0.0995.98 6.00 5.92 6.08 0.01 0.03 0 0.099
6.01 6.00 5.92 6.08 0.03 0.03 0 0.099
5.99 6.00 5.92 6.08 0.02 0.03 0 0.099
5.98 6.00 5.92 6.08 0.01 0.03 0 0.099
5.99 6.00 5.92 6.08 0.01 0.03 0 0.099
6.00 6.00 5.92 6.08 0.01 0.03 0 0.099
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5.98 6.00 5.92 6.08 0.02 0.03 0 0.099
6.02 6.00 5.92 6.08 0.04 0.03 0 0.099
5.99 6.00 5.92 6.08 0.03 0.03 0 0.099
6.01 6.00 5.92 6.08 0.02 0.03 0 0.099
5.98 6.00 5.92 6.08 0.03 0.03 0 0.099
5.99 6.00 5.92 6.08 0.01 0.03 0 0.0995.97 6.00 5.92 6.08 0.02 0.03 0 0.099
5.99 6.00 5.92 6.08 0.02 0.03 0 0.099
6.01 6.00 5.92 6.08 0.02 0.03 0 0.099
5.97 6.00 5.92 6.08 0.04 0.03 0 0.099
6.02 6.00 5.92 6.08 0.05 0.03 0 0.099
5.99 6.00 5.92 6.08 0.03 0.03 0 0.099
6.02 6.00 5.92 6.08 0.03 0.03 0 0.099
6.00 6.00 5.92 6.08 0.02 0.03 0 0.099
6.02 6.00 5.92 6.08 0.02 0.03 0 0.099
6.01 6.00 5.92 6.08 0.01 0.03 0 0.099
Promedio Rango Promedio
6.00 =PROMEDIO(B6:B46)
=ABS(B44-
B45) 0.03
Paso 2. Graficar rea verde como carta I y rea amarillo como rango mvil
INSERTAR GRAFICA DE LNEA
5.8
5.85
5.9
5.95
6
6.05
6.1
6.15
6.2
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41
Viscocidad
Media
LIC
LSC
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6. CAPACIDAD DEL PROCESO
Paso 1. Con los datos anteriores, determinar la capacidad del proceso, considerando que los lmites deespecificacin son LIE = 5.98 y LSE = 6.06:
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.16
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39
RangoRmedio
LICr
LSCr
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Paso 2. Los resultados son los siguientes:
Analysis Summary
Data variable: Viscocidad
Distribution: Normalsample size = 41mean = 5.99854standard deviation = 0.029712
6.0 Sigma Limits+3.0 sigma = 6.08767mean = 5.99854-3.0 sigma = 5.9094
Observed EstimatedSpecifications Beyond Spec. Z-Score Beyond Spec.------------------------------------------------------------USL = 6.06 2.4390% 2.07 1.9290%LSL = 5.98 12.1951% -0.62 26.6354%------------------------------------------------------------Total 14.6341% 28.5644%
Aqu el Ppk y el Pp corresponden al Cp y Cpk
CLCULO EN EXCELZi, Zs, P(Zi), P(Zs), Pz(Total), Cp y Cpk
Zs = (LSE-Xm)/Sigma = (6.065.99) / 0.02971 = 2.07
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P(Zs) = DISTR.NORM.ESTAND.INV(-2.07) = 1.92%
Zi = (5.985998) / 0.02971 = -0.62
P(Zi) = DISTR.NORM.ESTAND.INV(-0.62) = 26.63%
P(Z total) = 28.564%
Cp = (LSELIE) / (6*Sigma) = (6.065.98) / (6*0.0297) = 0.45
Ppk = menor de las Zi y Zs sin signo / 3 = 0.062 / 3 = 0.21
7. CARTAS DE CONTROL P
Preparar las columnas de Serv_No_Confiables y Muestra (colocarse en las columnas vacas y seleccionarMODIFY COLUMN).
Paso 1. Cargar los datos siguientes (Serv_No_Conf es la proporcin de los servicios a las muestras):
Serv_no_conf Muestra
0.20 98
0.17 104
0.14 97
0.16 990.13 97
0.28 102
0.20 104
0.14 101
0.11 55
0.13 48
0.14 50
0.13 53
0.16 56
0.10 49
0.14 56
0.17 53
0.17 52
0.20 51
0.17 52
0.21 47
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Paso 2. Obtener la carta de control p
p - Initial Study for Serv_No_Conf
Number of subgroups = 20
Average subgroup size = 71.2
0 subgroups excluded
p Chart
-------
UCL: +3.0 sigma = 0.299274
Centerline = 0.166749
LCL: -3.0 sigma = 0.0342228
0 beyond limits
Estimates
---------
Mean p = 0.166749
Sigma = 0.0441753
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8. CARTAS DE CONTROL np
Paso 1. Cargar los datos siguientes:
Prod_Defect
20
18
14
16
13
29
21
146
6
7
7
9
5
8
9
9
109
10
Paso 2. Obtener la carta de control np con un tamao de muestra de n = 200
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Paso 3. Los resultados obtenidos son los siguientes:
np - Initial Study for Prod_Defectuosos
Number of subgroups = 20
Subgroup size = 200.0
0 subgroups excluded
np Chart
--------
UCL: +3.0 sigma = 22.0757
Centerline = 12.0
LCL: -3.0 sigma = 1.92429
1 beyond limits
Estimates
---------
Mean np = 12.0Sigma = 3.35857
The StatAdvisor
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9. CARTAS DE CONTROL C
Paso 1. Con los siguientes datos:
Manchas8
13
7
8
5
13
7
12
27
1012
6
10
9
13
7
8
5
Paso 2. Instrucciones
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4 98
2 99
5 105
5 104
2 100
3 1032 100
1 98
6 102
Paso 2. Instrucciones
Paso 3. Carta de control u
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11. ESTUDIO R&R
Paso 1. Cargar las columnas de datos:
Parte Operador Medicin Intento
1 1 157.5 1
1 1 150 2
2 1 180 1
2 1 172.5 2
3 1 150 1
3 1 157.5 2
Etctera
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Paso 2. Instrucciones
Paso 3. Resultados
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Considerar los lmites de especificacin: LSE = 487.5 LIE = 37.5 o tolerancia de 450 y 5.15 sigmas
Colocarse en los resultados y con botn derecho en ANALYSIS OPTIONS cargar esta informacin:
Paso 4. Solicitar los resultados:
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Paso 5. Pedir la grfica R&R plot
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EJERCICIOS DE LA FASE DE ANLISIS
12. REGRESIN LINEAL
Paso 1. Cargar los datos siguientes en la hoja de trabajo del paquete:
Y_Resistencia X_%Fibra
160 10
171 15
175 15
182 20
184 20
181 20
188 25
193 25
195 28
200 30
Paso 2. Instrucciones
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Paso 3. Resultados
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Paso 4. Seleccionando el rea de resultados y botn derecho en ANALYSIS OPTIONS, se puede acceder a otrosmodelos de regresin:
CLCULO EN EXCEL
Paso 1. Usar los datos anteriores
Paso 2. Instrucciones
HERRAMIENTAS > ANLISIS DE DATOS
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Indicar el Rango de entrada Y y X , de los datos incluyendo sus etiquetas de columna (seleccionar LABELS),indicar la celda donde se quiere el rango de salida y seleccionar residuos.
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Paso 3. Los resultados de salida son:
Regression Statistics
Multiple R 0.984962
R Square 0.970149Adjusted RSquare 0.966418StandardError 2.203201
Observations 10
ANOVA
df SS MS F
Significance
F
Regression 1 1262.067 1262.067 260.0004 2.2E-07
Residual 8 38.83277 4.854097Signif. Sip
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Paso 2. Instrucciones
Paso 3. Los resultados son los siguientes:
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Paso 4. Si se quiere una prueba de dos colas (NOT EQUAL), cola izquierda (LESS THAN) o cola derecha(GREATER THAN) se seleccionan los resultados y botn derecho en ANALYSIS OPTIONS
14. PRUEBA DE HIPTESIS DE UNA DESVIACIN ESTNDAR
(se hace con la prueba Chi Cuadrada)
Sea Ho: Sigma = 6 Ha: Sigma 6
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Paso 1. Se toma una muestra de 50 piezas, se evala la desviacin estndar, dando un resultado de 4.8
Paso 2. Instrucciones
Paso 3. Los resultados son los siguientes:
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Paso 4. Si se quiere una prueba de dos colas (NOT EQUAL), cola izquierda (LESS THAN) o cola derecha(GREATER THAN) se seleccionan los resultados y botn derecho en ANALYSIS OPTIONS
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15. PRUEBA DE HIPTESIS DE UNA PROPORCIN (Binomial)
Sea Ho: p = 0.3 Ha: p 0.3
Paso 1. Se toma una muestra de 100 piezas y se obtiene una proporcin de 0.25
Paso 2. Instrucciones
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Paso 3. Los resultados son los siguientes
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16. PRUEBA DE HIPTESIS DE DOS MEDIAS
Sea Ho: Mu1Mu2 = 0 Ha: Mu1Mu2 0
Paso 1. Se toman dos muestras de 48 tiempos de servicio de dos departamentos A y B
Servicio A Servicio B
6 10
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7 3
4 5
Etctera
Paso 2. Instrucciones
Paso 3. Se seleccionan las pruebas deseadas con las instrucciones siguientes en el Menu tabular:
Los resultados son los siguientes
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a) Comparacin de desviaciones estndar
b) Comparacin de medias
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Paso 4. El anlisis grfico se muestra a continuacin
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CALCULO EN EXCEL
a) Probar la igualdad de varianzas (Prueba F)
Paso 1. Usar los datos de arriba
Paso 2. Instrucciones
HERRAMIENTAS > ANLISIS DE DATOS
Indicar los rangos de las dos variables incluyendo sus etiquetas (rtulos), seleccionar Labels, indicar donde seobtienen los resultados de salida
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Paso 3. Los resultados son los siguientes
F-Test Two-Sample for
Variances
Servicio
A
Servicio
B
Mean 6.354167 6.4375
Variance 4.829344 5.698138
Observations 48 48
df 47 47
F 0.84753
P(F
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Paso 3. Los resultados se muestran a continuacin
z-Test: Two Sample forMeans
Servicio
A
Servicio
B
Mean 6.354167 6.4375
Known Variance 2.1975 2.387077Observations 48 48Hypothesized MeanDifference 0
z -0.26964
P(Z
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Paso 1. Los datos son los siguientes
Servicio AServicio
B
6 10
7 34 5
9 3
4 9
8 5
4 3
9 2
6 6
7 6
8 1
Paso 2. Instrucciones
HERRAMIENTAS > ANLISIS DE DATOS
Paso 3. Los resultados se muestran a continuacin
t-Test: Two-SampleAssuming Equal Variances
Servicio
A
Servicio
B
Mean 6.545455 4.818182
Variance 3.672727 7.963636
Observations 11 11
Pooled Variance 5.818182
Hypothesized MeanDifference 0
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df 20
t Stat 1.679379
P(T
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Paso 4. Los resultados grficos se seleccionan del men de grficas
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Paso 5. Para otras opciones de la prueba (una cola, cola izquierda o cola derecha e hiptesis) seleccionar elrea de resultados y en PANE OPTIONS seleccionar lo que se desea
Paso 6. El anlisis grfico se muestra a continuacin.
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CLCULOS EN EXCEL
Paso 1. Con los datos anteriores
Paso 2. InstruccionesHERRAMIENTAS > ANLISIS DE DATOS
Paso 3. Los resultados se muestran a continuacin
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Paso 3. Los resultados son los siguientes
t-Test: Paired Two Sample forMeans
Antes Despues
Mean 6.1 5.8
Variance 0.428 0.212
Observations 6 6
Pearson Correlation 0.876424
Hypothesized Mean Difference 0df 5
t Stat 2.195775
P(T
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Paso 2. Instrucciones
Paso 3. Los resultados se muestran a continuacin
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19. ANOVA DE UNA VA
Sea Ho: Mu1 = Mu2 = Mu3 = = Mu n Ha: Alguna de las medias es diferente
Paso 1. Introducir los siguientes datos
Calificaciones Depto
8 Depto_A
7 Depto_A8 Depto_A
6 Depto_A
7 Depto_A
8 Depto_A
7 Depto_B
8 Depto_B
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7 Depto_B
7 Depto_B
6 Depto_B
8 Depto_B
5 Depto_C
6 Depto_C6 Depto_C
7 Depto_C
7 Depto_C
6 Depto_C
Paso 2. Instrucciones
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Paso 3. Resultados
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Paso 4. El reporte grfico se muestra a continuacin
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CLCULO CON EXCEL
Paso 1. Capturar datos en columnas para cada nivel del factor
Paso 2. Instrucciones
HERRAMIENTAS > ANLISIS DE DATOS
Paso 3. Los resultados son los siguientes:
Depto_A Depto_B Depto_C
8 7 5
7 8 6
8 7 6
6 7 7
7 6 7
8 8 6
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Anova: Single Factor
SUMMARY
Groups Count Sum Average Variance
Depto_A 6 44 7.333333 0.666667
Depto_B 6 43 7.166667 0.566667Depto_C 6 37 6.166667 0.566667
ANOVA
Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit
Between Groups 4.777777778 2 2.388889 3.981481 0.041018049 3.68232
Within Groups 9 15 0.6
Total 13.77777778 17
Como el P value es 0.04 menor a alfa de 0.05, se concluye que hay al menos una media que es diferente(Depto C).
20. TABLA DE CONTINGENCIA
Sea Ho: p1 = p2 = p3 = = p n Ha: Alguna de las proporciones es diferente
Ho: La variable de rengln es independiente de la variable de columnaHa: La variable de rengln depende de la variable de columna
Paso 1. Introducir los siguientes datos
Los errores presentados en tres tipos de servicios cuando se prestan por tres regiones se muestran a continuacin,
probar con una tabla de contingencia si los errores dependen del tipo de servicio y regin para un 95% de nivel de
confianza.
Servicio Region A Region B Region C
1 27 12 8
2 41 22 9
3 42 14 10
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Paso 4. Resultados del men de graficos
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Seleccionando las graficas con botn derecho se tiene acceso a su configuracin especfica
21. CARTAS PARA NEGOCIOS DE BARRAS, DE PASTEL Y DE LNEA DE COMPONENTES
Paso 1. Utilizar la columna siguiente
Cantidad
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23
12
67
98
3
120
Paso 2. Instrucciones para grafica de barras
Paso 3. Resultados
Paso 4. Instrucciones para grafica de Pastel
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Paso 5. Resultados
Paso 6. Grafica de lnea de componentes
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Paso 3. Seleccionar la grfica normal y con botn derecho seleccionar ANALYSIS OPTIONS para cambiar losparmetros de la distribucin
Paso 4. Seleccionar el Reporte tabular y seleccionar las siguientes opciones
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En esta seccin se pueden evaluar los valores crticos para diversos valores (por ejemplo de Z si la media escero y la desviacin estndar es uno)
Seleccionar esta seccin y con botn derecho seleccionar PANE OPTIONS
Los resultados son los siguientes
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En esta seccin se pueden evaluar los valores crticos para diversos valores de probabilidad (por ejemplo paraencontrar Z si la media es cero y la desviacin estndar es uno)
Seleccionar esta seccin y con botn derecho seleccionar PANE OPTIONS
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Paso 5. Generar un cierto nmero de nmeros aleatorios y guardarlos en una columna vaca de la hoja
Seleccionar la ventana de Random numbers mostrada arriba y con botn derecho seleccionar PANE OPTIONS,en esa ventana seleccionar 100 nmeros:
Despus pulsar el botn de Almacenado de datos en el men siguiente:
Seleccionar la distribucin y la columna donde se almacenarn los nmeros aleatorios:
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Los datos se almacenan en la columna Datos normales de la hoja de trabajo como sigue:
Datos normales
92.9282
103.731104.065
106.835
GENERACIN DE NMEROS ALEATORIOS EN EXCEL
Paso 1. Instrucciones (Media = 100, Desviacin estndar = 10, N = 10)
HERRAMIENTAS > ANLISIS DE DATOS
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Paso 2. Nmeros generados
Datos_Aleatorios
100.59
76.10110.03
96.38
102.80
97.30
87.52
93.23
85.38
84.53
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Paso 5. Seleccionar la grafica deseada con el men de graficas
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b) Carta de control p, proceso y grfica de lnea de zona verde
Serv_no_conf Muestra Pi Pprom LIC LSC
20 98 0.20 0.17 0.055 0.282
18 104 0.17 0.17 0.058 0.279
14 97 0.14 0.17 0.055 0.283
16 99 0.16 0.17 0.056 0.281
13 97 0.13 0.17 0.055 0.283
29 102 0.28 0.17 0.057 0.280
21 104 0.20 0.17 0.058 0.279
14 101 0.14 0.17 0.057 0.280
6 55 0.11 0.17 0.017 0.320
15.6
15.8
16
16.2
16.4
16.6
16.8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Media iMedia
LIC
LSC
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Rango i
Rmedio
LICr
LSCr
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6 48 0.13 0.17 0.006 0.331
7 50 0.14 0.17 0.010 0.327
7 53 0.13 0.17 0.014 0.323
9 56 0.16 0.17 0.018 0.319
5 49 0.10 0.17 0.008 0.329
8 56 0.14 0.17 0.018 0.319
9 53 0.17 0.17 0.014 0.323
9 52 0.17 0.17 0.013 0.324
10 51 0.20 0.17 0.011 0.326
9 52 0.17 0.17 0.013 0.324
10 47 0.21 0.17 0.005 0.332
Pprom= 0.17
LC=Pprom+3*(Pprom*(1-
Pprom)/ni))
c) Carta np, proceso y grfica de todas las columnas
Serv_Error nPprom LIC LSC
8 10.60 1.095 20.105
13 10.60 1.095 20.105
7 10.60 1.095 20.1058 10.60 1.095 20.105
5 10.60 1.095 20.105
13 10.60 1.095 20.105
7 10.60 1.095 20.105
12 10.60 1.095 20.105
27 10.60 1.095 20.105
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Pi
Pprom
LIC
LSC
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10 10.60 1.095 20.105
12 10.60 1.095 20.105
6 10.60 1.095 20.105
10 10.60 1.095 20.105
9 10.60 1.095 20.105
13 10.60 1.095 20.1057 10.60 1.095 20.105
8 10.60 1.095 20.105
5 10.60 1.095 20.105
15 10.60 1.095 20.105
25 10.60 1.095 20.105
7 10.60 1.095 20.105
10 10.6 1.095 20.105
5 10.6 1.095 20.105
12 10.6 1.095 20.105
6 10.6 1.095 20.105
6 10.6 1.095 20.105
10 10.6 1.095 20.105
17 10.6 1.095 20.105
14 10.6 1.095 20.105
11 10.6 1.095 20.105
Prom.= 10.6 P prom= 0.053
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29
Serv_Error
nPprom
LIC
LSC
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d) Carta de control C, graficar todas las columnas
C
LC = C+-
3raiz*(C )
Errores Cmedia LIC LSC
9 5.55 0 12.6211 5.55 0 12.62
2 5.55 0 12.62
5 5.55 0 12.62
15 5.55 0 12.62
13 5.55 0 12.62
8 5.55 0 12.62
7 5.55 0 12.62
5 5.55 0 12.62
2 5.55 0 12.62
4 5.55 0 12.62
4 5.55 0 12.62
2 5.55 0 12.62
5 5.55 0 12.62
5 5.55 0 12.62
2 5.55 0 12.62
3 5.55 0 12.62
2 5.55 0 12.62
1 5.55 0 12.62
6 5.55 0 12.62Prom= 5.55
e) Carta de control u, proceso y grfica de la zona verde
U
LC=U-
+3*raiz(U/ni)
Defectos Facturas Ui Umedia LIC LSC
9 110 0.082 0.055 0 0.12
11 101 0.109 0.055 0 0.122 98 0.020 0.055 0 0.13
5 105 0.048 0.055 0 0.12
15 110 0.136 0.055 0 0.12
13 100 0.130 0.055 0 0.12
8 98 0.082 0.055 0 0.13
7 99 0.071 0.055 0 0.13
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5 100 0.050 0.055 0 0.12
2 100 0.020 0.055 0 0.12
4 102 0.039 0.055 0 0.12
4 98 0.041 0.055 0 0.13
2 99 0.020 0.055 0 0.13
5 105 0.048 0.055 0 0.125 104 0.048 0.055 0 0.12
2 100 0.020 0.055 0 0.12
3 103 0.029 0.055 0 0.12
2 100 0.020 0.055 0 0.12
1 98 0.010 0.055 0 0.13
6 102 0.059 0.055 0 0.12
Umedia 0.055
Grafica de lnea de la zona verde
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.16
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ui
Umedia
LIC
LSC
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HERRAMIENTAS DE LA FASE DE MEJORA
DISEO DE EXPERIMENTOS CLASICO
PROBLEMA 1. Diseo de experimentos de dos niveles: En un proceso de mantenimiento de Generador de Vapor sedesea mejorar el proceso de soldadura en un componente de acero inoxidable. Para lo cual se realiza un diseo de
experimentos de 3 factores y 2 niveles.
Factor Nivel bajo Nivel Alto
A. Caudal de gas (l/min.) 8 12
B. Intensidad de Corriente (A) 230 240
C. Vel. de Cadena (m/min.) 0.6 1
Como respuesta se toma la calidad del componente en una escala de 0 a 30 entre mayor sea mejor es la calidad
Paso 1. Generar el diseo
Paso 2. Ingresar los datos de los factores y sus niveles (en la misma pantalla escribir los factores)
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Paso 3. Iniciar datos de la variable de respuesta
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Paso 4. Indicar las rplicas del experimento (quitar la bandera de Randomize)
Paso 5. Los resultados del diseo son:
Block Caudal Intensidad Velocidad
1 8 230 0.6
1 12 230 0.6
1 8 240 0.6
1 12 240 0.6
1 8 230 1
1 12 230 1
1 8 240 1
1 12 240 1
El reporte indica lo siguiente:
Screening Design Attributes
Design Summary
--------------
Design class: Screening
Design name: Factorial 2^3
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File name:
Base Design
-----------
Number of experimental factors: 3 Number of blocks: 1
Number of responses: 1
Number of runs: 8 Error degrees of freedom: 1
Randomized: No
Factors Low High Units Continuous------------------------------------------------------------------------
Caudal 8 12 Yes
Intensidad 230 240 Yes
Velocidad 0.6 1.0 Yes
Responses Units
-----------------------------------
Y m
The StatAdvisor
---------------
You have created a Factorial design which will study the effects of
3 factors in 8 runs. The design is to be run in a single block. The
order of the experiments has not been randomized. If lurking
variables are present, they may distort the results. Only 1 degree of
freedom is available to estimate the experimental error. Therefore,
the statistical tests on the results will be very weak. It is
recommended that you add enough centerpoints to give you at least 3
degrees of freedom for the error.
Colocarse en la pantalla de Resultados y con botn derecho accesar
Seleccionar Copy Analysis to StatReporter
Paso 6. Copiar los datos de la columna de respuesta Y a la Worksheet
Y
10
26.5
15
17.5
11.5
26
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17.5
20
Paso 7. Analizar el diseo
Paso 8. Seleccionar las opciones de reporte tabular
Analyze Experiment - Y
Analysis Summary
----------------
File name:
Estimated effects for Y
----------------------------------------------------------------------
average = 18.0 +/- 0.25
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A:Caudal = 9.0 +/- 0.5
B:Intensidad = -1.0 +/- 0.5
C:Velocidad = 1.5 +/- 0.5
AB = -6.5 +/- 0.5
AC = -0.5 +/- 0.5
BC = 1.0 +/- 0.5
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Standard errors are based on total error with 1 d.f.
The StatAdvisor
---------------
This table shows each of the estimated effects and interactions.
Also shown is the standard error of each of the effects, which
measures their sampling error. To plot the estimates in decreasing
order of importance, select Pareto Charts from the list of Graphical
Options. To test the statistical significance of the effects, select
ANOVA Table from the list of Tabular Options. You can then remove
insignificant effects by pressing the alternate mouse button,
selecting Analysis Options, and pressing the Exclude button.
Analysis of Variance for Y
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Source Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F-Ratio P-Value
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
A:Caudal SIGNIFICATIVO 162.0 1 162.0 324.00 0.0353B:Intensidad 2.0 1 2.0 4.00 0.2952
C:Velocidad 4.5 1 4.5 9.00 0.2048
AB SIGNIFICATIVO 84.5 1 84.5 169.00 0.0489
AC 0.5 1 0.5 1.00 0.5000
BC 2.0 1 2.0 4.00 0.2952
Total error 0.5 1 0.5
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total (corr.) 256.0 7
R-squared = 99.8047 percent
R-squared (adjusted for d.f.) = 98.6328 percent
The StatAdvisor
---------------
The ANOVA table partitions the variability in Y into separatepieces for each of the effects. It then tests the statistical
significance of each effect by comparing the mean square against an
estimate of the experimental error. In this case, 2 effects have
P-values less than 0.05, indicating that they are significantly
different from zero at the 95.0% confidence level.
The R-Squared statistic indicates that the model as fitted explains
99.8047% of the variability in Y. The adjusted R-squared statistic,
which is more suitable for comparing models with different numbers of
independent variables, is 98.6328%. The standard error of the
estimate shows the standard deviation of the residuals to be 0.707107.
The mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.25 is the average value of the
residuals. The Durbin-Watson (DW) statistic tests the residuals to
Standardized Pareto Chart for Y
0 3 6 9 12 15 18
Standardized effect
AC
B:Intensidad
BC
C:Velocidad
AB
A:Caudal
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determine if there is any significant correlation based on the order
in which they occur in your data file. Since the DW value is greater
than 1.4, there is probably not any serious autocorrelation in the
residuals.
Regression coeffs. for Y
----------------------------------------------------------------------
constant = -658.75A:Caudal = 79.125
B:Intensidad = 2.75
C:Velocidad = -107.5
AB = -0.325
AC = -0.625
BC = 0.5
----------------------------------------------------------------------
The StatAdvisor
---------------
This pane displays the regression equation which has been fitted to
the data. The equation of the fitted model is
Y = -658.75 + 79.125*Caudal + 2.75*Intensidad - 107.5*Velocidad -
0.325*Caudal*Intensidad - 0.625*Caudal*Velocidad +
0.5*Intensidad*Velocidad
where the values of the variables are specified in their original
units. To have STATGRAPHICS evaluate this function, select
Predictions from the list of Tabular Options. To plot the function,
select Response Plots from the list of Graphical Options.
Correlation Matrix for Estimated Effects
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
---------------------------------------------------------------------
(1)average 1.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
(2)A:Caudal 0.0000 1.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
(3)B:Intensidad 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
(4)C:Velocidad 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000(5)AB 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 0.0000 0.0000
(6)AC 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 0.0000
(7)BC 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000
---------------------------------------------------------------------
The StatAdvisor
---------------
The correlation matrix shows the extent of the confounding amongst
the effects. A perfectly orthogonal design will show a diagonal
matrix with 1's on the diagonal and 0's off the diagonal. Any
non-zero terms off the diagonal imply that the estimates of the
effects corresponding to that row and column will be correlated. In
this case, there is no correlation amongst any of the effects. This
means that you will get clear estimates of all those effects.
Estimation Results for Y
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Observed Fitted Lower 95.0% CL Upper 95.0% CL
Row Value Value for Mean for Mean
----------------------------------------------------------------------
1 10.0 10.25 1.84564 18.6544
2 26.5 26.25 17.8456 34.6544
3 15.0 14.75 6.34564 23.1544
4 17.5 17.75 9.34564 26.1544
5 11.5 11.25 2.84564 19.6544
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6 26.0 26.25 17.8456 34.6544
7 17.5 17.75 9.34564 26.1544
8 20.0 19.75 11.3456 28.1544
----------------------------------------------------------------------
The StatAdvisor
---------------
This table contains information about values of Y generated usingthe fitted model. The table includes:
(1) the observed value of Y (if any)
(2) the predicted value of Y using the fitted model
(3) 95.0% confidence limits for the mean response
Each item corresponds to the values of the experimental factors in a
specific row of your data file. To generate forecasts for additional
combinations of the factors, add additional rows to the bottom of your
data file. In each new row, enter values for the experimental factors
but leave the cell for the response empty. When you return to this
pane, forecasts will be added to the table for the new rows, but the
model will be unaffected.
Path of Steepest Ascent for Y
Predicted
Caudal Intensidad Velocidad Y
(m)
---------- ---------- ---------- ------------
10.0 235.0 0.8 18.0
11.0 234.332 0.814337 20.5738
12.0 232.994 0.822727 24.0386
13.0 231.229 0.825327 28.8038
14.0 229.212 0.823318 35.0649
15.0 227.045 0.817849 42.9128
The StatAdvisor
---------------
This pane displays the path of steepest ascent (or descent). This
is the path from the center of the current experimental region along
which the estimated response changes most quickly for the smallestchange in the experimental factors. It indicates good locations to
run additional experiments if your goal is to increase or decrease Y.
Currently, 6 points have been generated by changing Caudal in
increments of 1.0. You can specify the amount to change any one
factor by pressing the alternate mouse button and selecting Pane
Options. STATGRAPHICS will then determine how much all the other
factors have to change to stay on the path of steepest ascent. The
program also computes the estimated Y at each of the points along the
path, which you can compare to your results if you run those points.
Optimize Response
-----------------
Goal: maximize Y
Optimum value = 26.25
Factor Low High Optimum
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Caudal 8.0 12.0 12.0
Intensidad 230.0 240.0 230.0
Velocidad 0.6 1.0 0.6
The StatAdvisor
---------------
This table shows the combination of factor levels which maximizes Y
over the indicated region. Use the Analysis Options dialog box to
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indicate the region over which the optimization is to be performed.
You may set the value of one or more factors to a constant by setting
the low and high limits to that value.
Colocarse en la pantalla de Resultados y con botn derecho accesar
Seleccionar Copy Analysis to StatReporter
Paso 9. Obtener el reporte grafico
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(3)B:Intensidad 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
(4)C:Velocidad 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
(5)AB 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 0.0000 0.0000
(6)AC 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 0.0000
(7)BC 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000
---------------------------------------------------------------------
The StatAdvisor---------------
The correlation matrix shows the extent of the confounding amongst
the effects. A perfectly orthogonal design will show a diagonal
matrix with 1's on the diagonal and 0's off the diagonal. Any
non-zero terms off the diagonal imply that the estimates of the
effects corresponding to that row and column will be correlated. In
this case, there is no correlation amongst any of the effects. This
means that you will get clear estimates of all those effects.
Estimation Results for Y
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Observed Fitted Lower 95.0% CL Upper 95.0% CL
Row Value Value for Mean for Mean----------------------------------------------------------------------
1 10.0 10.25 1.84564 18.6544
2 26.5 26.25 17.8456 34.6544
3 15.0 14.75 6.34564 23.1544
4 17.5 17.75 9.34564 26.1544
5 11.5 11.25 2.84564 19.6544
6 26.0 26.25 17.8456 34.6544
7 17.5 17.75 9.34564 26.1544
8 20.0 19.75 11.3456 28.1544
----------------------------------------------------------------------
The StatAdvisor
---------------
This table contains information about values of Y generated using
the fitted model. The table includes:(1) the observed value of Y (if any)
(2) the predicted value of Y using the fitted model
(3) 95.0% confidence limits for the mean response
Each item corresponds to the values of the experimental factors in a
specific row of your data file. To generate forecasts for additional
combinations of the factors, add additional rows to the bottom of your
data file. In each new row, enter values for the experimental factors
but leave the cell for the response empty. When you return to this
pane, forecasts will be added to the table for the new rows, but the
model will be unaffected.
Normal Probability Plot for Y
-13 -3 7 17 27
Standardized effects
0.1
1
5
20
50
80
95
99
99.9
percentage
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Path of Steepest Ascent for Y
Predicted
Caudal Intensidad Velocidad Y
(m)
---------- ---------- ---------- ------------10.0 235.0 0.8 18.0
11.0 234.332 0.814337 20.5738
12.0 232.994 0.822727 24.0386
13.0 231.229 0.825327 28.8038
14.0 229.212 0.823318 35.0649
15.0 227.045 0.817849 42.9128
The StatAdvisor
---------------
This pane displays the path of steepest ascent (or descent). This
is the path from the center of the current experimental region along
which the estimated response changes most quickly for the smallest
change in the experimental factors. It indicates good locations to
run additional experiments if your goal is to increase or decrease Y.
Currently, 6 points have been generated by changing Caudal in
increments of 1.0. You can specify the amount to change any onefactor by pressing the alternate mouse button and selecting Pane
Options. STATGRAPHICS will then determine how much all the other
factors have to change to stay on the path of steepest ascent. The
program also computes the estimated Y at each of the points along the
path, which you can compare to your results if you run those points.
Optimize Response
-----------------
Estimated Response SurfaceVelocidad=0.8
8 9 10 11 12Caudal
230232
234236
238240
Intensidad1013
16
19
22
25
28
Y
Contours of Estimated Response Surface
Velocidad=0.8
8 9 10 11 12
Caudal
230
232
234
236
238
240
Intensidad
Y
10.0
11.8
13.6
15.4
17.2
19.0
20.8
22.6
24.4
26.2
28.0
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Goal: maximize Y
Optimum value = 26.25
Factor Low High Optimum
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Caudal 8.0 12.0 12.0
Intensidad 230.0 240.0 230.0
Velocidad 0.6 1.0 0.6
The StatAdvisor
---------------
This table shows the combination of factor levels which maximizes Y
over the indicated region. Use the Analysis Options dialog box to
indicate the region over which the optimization is to be performed.
You may set the value of one or more factors to a constant by setting
the low and high limits to that value.
Colocarse en la pantalla de Resultados y con botn derecho accesar
Seleccionar Copy Analysis to StatReporter
Residual Plot for Y
10 13 16 19 22 25 28
predicted
-0.25
-0.15
-0.05
0.05
0.15
0.25
residual
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PROBLEMA 2. Diseo de dos niveles: Se usa un Router para hacer los barrenos de localizacin de una placa de circuito
impreso. La vibracin es fuente principal de variacin. La vibracin de la placa a ser cortada depende del tamao de los
barrenos (A1 = 1/16" y A2 = 1/8") y de la velocidad de corte (B1 = 40 RPMs y B2 = 90 RPMs).
La variable de respuesta se mide en tres acelermetros A,Y,Z en cada uno de los circuitos impresos.
Los resultados se muestran a continuacin.
Niveles reales Rplica
A B I II III IV
0.063 40 18.2 18.9 12.9 14.4
0.125 40 27.2 24.0 22.4 22.5
0.063 90 15.9 14.5 15.1 14.2
0.125 90 41.0 43.9 36.3 39.9
Paso 1. Generar el diseo
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Paso 2. Ingresar los datos de los factores y sus niveles (en la misma pantalla seleccionar los factores)
Paso 3. Datos de la variable de respuesta
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Paso 4. Indicar las rplicas del experimento
Paso 5. Los resultados del diseo son los siguientes:
Block Diametro Velocidad
1 0.063 40
1 0.125 40
1 0.063 90
1 0.125 90
2 0.063 40
2 0.125 40
2 0.063 90
2 0.125 90
3 0.063 40
3 0.125 40
3 0.063 90
3 0.125 90
4 0.063 40
4 0.125 40
4 0.063 90
4 0.125 90
Screening Design Attributes
Design Summary--------------
Design class: Screening
Design name: Factorial 2^2
File name:
Base Design
-----------
Number of experimental factors: 2 Number of blocks: 4
Number of responses: 1
Number of runs: 16 Error degrees of freedom: 9
Randomized: No
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Factors Low High Units Continuous
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Diametro 0.063 0.125 Yes
Velocidad 40 90 Yes
Responses Units
-----------------------------------
Vibracion
The StatAdvisor
---------------
You have created a Factorial design which will study the effects of
2 factors in 16 runs. The design is to be run in a single block. The
order of the experiments has not been randomized. If lurking
variables are present, they may distort the results.
Colocarse en la pantalla de Resultados y con botn derecho accesar
Seleccionar Copy Analysis to StatReporter
Paso 5. Copiar los datos de la variable de respuesta, resultado de los experimentos fsicos a la hoja de clculoen el Statgraphics
VIBRACIN
18.2
27.2
15.9
41
18.9
24
14.5
43.9
12.9
22.4
15.1
36.3
14.4
22.5
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14.2
39.9
Paso 6. Analizar el diseo
Paso 7. Seleccionar las opciones de reporte tabular
Analyze Experiment - Vibracion
Analysis Summary
----------------File name:
Estimated effects for Vibracion
----------------------------------------------------------------------
average = 23.8312 +/- 0.435895
A:Diametro = 16.6375 +/- 0.87179
B:Velocidad = 7.5375 +/- 0.87179
AB = 8.7125 +/- 0.87179
block = 2.9875 +/- 1.50998
block = -4.3125 +/- 1.50998
block = -2.1625 +/- 1.50998
----------------------------------------------------------------------
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Standard errors are based on total error with 9 d.f.
The StatAdvisor
---------------
This table shows each of the estimated effects and interactions.
Also shown is the standard error of each of the effects, which
measures their sampling error. To plot the estimates in decreasing
order of importance, select Pareto Charts from the list of Graphical
Options. To test the statistical significance of the effects, selectANOVA Table from the list of Tabular Options. You can then remove
insignificant effects by pressing the alternate mouse button,
selecting Analysis Options, and pressing the Exclude button.
Analysis of Variance for Vibracion
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Source Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F-Ratio P-Value
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
A:Diametro SIGNIFICATIVOS 1107.23 1 1107.23 364.21 0.0000
B:Velocidad 227.256 1 227.256 74.75 0.0000
AB 303.631 1 303.631 99.88 0.0000
blocks 44.3619 3 14.7873 4.86 0.0280
Total error 27.3606 9 3.04007
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total (corr.) 1709.83 15
R-squared = 98.3998 percent
R-squared (adjusted for d.f.) = 97.9998 percent
The StatAdvisor
---------------
The ANOVA table partitions the variability in Vibracion into
separate pieces for each of the effects. It then tests the
statistical significance of each effect by comparing the mean square
against an estimate of the experimental error. In this case, 4
effects have P-values less than 0.05, indicating that they are
significantly different from zero at the 95.0% confidence level.
The R-Squared statistic indicates that the model as fitted explains
98.3998% of the variability in Vibracion. The adjusted R-squared
statistic, which is more suitable for comparing models with different
numbers of independent variables, is 97.9998%. The standard error ofthe estimate shows the standard deviation of the residuals to be
1.74358. The mean absolute error (MAE) of 1.14375 is the average
value of the residuals. The Durbin-Watson (DW) statistic tests the
residuals to determine if there is any significant correlation based
on the order in which they occur in your data file. Since the DW
value is greater than 1.4, there is probably not any serious
autocorrelation in the residuals.
Regression coeffs. for Vibracion
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Standardized Pareto Chart for Vibracion
0 4 8 12 16 20
Standardized effect
B:Velocidad
AB
A:Diametro
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constant = 23.152
A:Diametro = -97.0161
B:Velocidad = -0.377621
AB = 5.62097
----------------------------------------------------------------------
The StatAdvisor
---------------
This pane displays the regression equation which has been fitted tothe data. The equation of the fitted model is
Vibracion = 23.152 - 97.0161*Diametro - 0.377621*Velocidad +
5.62097*Diametro*Velocidad
where the values of the variables are specified in their original
units. To have STATGRAPHICS evaluate this function, select
Predictions from the list of Tabular Options. To plot the function,
select Response Plots from the list of Graphical Options.
Correlation Matrix for Estimated Effects
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
---------------------------------------------------------------------
(1)average 1.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
(2)A:Diametro 0.0000 1.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
(3)B:Velocidad 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
(4)AB 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
(5)block 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000-0.3333-0.3333
(6)block 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000-0.3333 1.0000-0.3333
(7)block 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000-0.3333-0.3333 1.0000
---------------------------------------------------------------------
The StatAdvisor
---------------
The correlation matrix shows the extent of the confounding amongst
the effects. A perfectly orthogonal design will show a diagonal
matrix with 1's on the diagonal and 0's off the diagonal. Any
non-zero terms off the diagonal imply that the estimates of theeffects corresponding to that row and column will be correlated. In
this case, there are 3 pairs of effects with non-zero correlations.
However, since none are greater than or equal to 0.5, you will
probably be able to interpret the results without much difficulty.
Estimation Results for Vibracion
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Observed Fitted Lower 95.0% CL Upper 95.0% CL
Row Value Value for Mean for Mean
----------------------------------------------------------------------
1 18.2 17.8437 15.2349 20.4526
2 27.2 25.7687 23.1599 28.3776
3 15.9 16.6687 14.0599 19.2776
4 41.0 42.0187 39.4099 44.6276
5 18.9 17.5937 14.9849 20.20266 24.0 25.5187 22.9099 28.1276
7 14.5 16.4187 13.8099 19.0276
8 43.9 41.7687 39.1599 44.3776
9 12.9 13.9437 11.3349 16.5526
10 22.4 21.8687 19.2599 24.4776
11 15.1 12.7688 10.1599 15.3776
12 36.3 38.1187 35.5099 40.7276
13 14.4 15.0188 12.4099 17.6276
14 22.5 22.9437 20.3349 25.5526
15 14.2 13.8438 11.2349 16.4526
16 39.9 39.1937 36.5849 41.8026
----------------------------------------------------------------------
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The StatAdvisor
---------------
This table contains information about values of Vibracion generated
using the fitted model. The table includes:
(1) the observed value of Vibracion (if any)
(2) the predicted value of Vibracion using the fitted model
(3) 95.0% confidence limits for the mean responseEach item corresponds to the values of the experimental factors in a
specific row of your data file. To generate forecasts for additional
combinations of the factors, add additional rows to the bottom of your
data file. In each new row, enter values for the experimental factors
but leave the cell for the response empty. When you return to this
pane, forecasts will be added to the table for the new rows, but the
model will be unaffected.
Path of Steepest Ascent for Vibracion
Predicted
Diametro Velocidad Vibracion
---------- ---------- ------------
0.094 65.0 23.8312
1.094 845.466 4796.81
2.094 1651.85 18639.0
3.094 2458.28 41547.4
4.094 3264.73 73521.8
5.094 4071.17 114562.0
The StatAdvisor
---------------
This pane displays the path of steepest ascent (or descent). This
is the path from the center of the current experimental region along
which the estimated response changes most quickly for the smallest
change in the experimental factors. It indicates good locations to
run additional experiments if your goal is to increase or decrease
Vibracion. Currently, 6 points have been generated by changing
Diametro in increments of 1.0. You can specify the amount to change
any one factor by pressing the alternate mouse button and selectingPane Options. STATGRAPHICS will then determine how much all the other
factors have to change to stay on the path of steepest ascent. The
program also computes the estimated Vibracion at each of the points
along the path, which you can compare to your results if you run those
points.
Optimize Response
-----------------
Goal: maximize Vibracion
Optimum value = 40.275
Factor Low High Optimum
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Diametro 0.063 0.125 0.125Velocidad 40.0 90.0 90.0
The StatAdvisor
---------------
This table shows the combination of factor levels which maximizes
Vibracion over the indicated region. Use the Analysis Options dialog
box to indicate the region over which the optimization is to be
performed. You may set the value of one or more factors to a constant
by setting the low and high limits to that value.
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Colocarse en la pantalla de Resultados y con botn derecho accesar
Seleccionar Copy Analysis to StatReporter
Paso 8. Obtener el reporte grafico
Analyze Experiment - Vibracion
Analysis Summary
----------------
File name:
Estimated effects for Vibracion
----------------------------------------------------------------------
average = 23.8312 +/- 0.435895
A:Diametro = 16.6375 +/- 0.87179
B:Velocidad = 7.5375 +/- 0.87179
AB = 8.7125 +/- 0.87179
block = 2.9875 +/- 1.50998
block = -4.3125 +/- 1.50998
block = -2.1625 +/- 1.50998
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Standard errors are based on total error with 9 d.f.
The StatAdvisor
---------------
This table shows each of the estimated effects and interactions.
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Also shown is the standard error of each of the effects, which
measures their sampling error. To plot the estimates in decreasing
order of importance, select Pareto Charts from the list of Graphical
Options. To test the statistical significance of the effects, select
ANOVA Table from the list of Tabular Options. You can then remove
insignificant effects by pressing the alternate mouse button,
selecting Analysis Options, and pressing the Exclude button.
Standardized Pareto Chart for Vibracion
0 4 8 12 16 20
Standardized effect
B:Velocidad
AB
A:Diametro
Main Effects Plot for Vibracion
15
18
21
24
27
30
33
Vibracion
Diametro
0.063 0.125
Velocidad
40 90
Interaction Plot for Vibracion
14
19
24
29
34
39
44
Vibracio
n
Diametro
0.063 0.125
Velocidad=40
Velocidad=40
Velocidad=90
Velocidad=90
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Colocarse en la pantalla de Resultados y con botn derecho accesar
Normal Probability Plot for Vibracion
-3 1 5 9 13 17 21
Standardized effects
0.1
1
5
20
50
80
95
99
99.9
perc
entage
Estimated Response Surface
63 83 103 123 143
(X 0.001)Diametro
4050
6 07 0
809 0
Velocidad14
24
34
44
54
Vibracion
Contours of Estimated Response Surface
63 83 103 123 143(X 0.001)
Diametro
40
50
60
70
80
90
Velo
cidad
Vibracion
14.0
18.0
22.0
26.0
30.0
34.0
38.0
42.0
46.0
50.0
Residual Plot for Vibracion
12 22 32 42 52
predicted
-2.4
-1.4
-0.4
0.6
1.6
2.6
residual
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Seleccionar Copy Analysis to StatReporter
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Problema 4.
Diseo de experimentos de Taguchi
Taguchi ha desarrollado una serie de arreglos para experimentos con factores a dos niveles, los ms utilizados ydifundidos segn el nmero de factores a analizar son:
Taguchi sugiere utilizar un estadstico que proporcione informacin acerca de la media y de la variancia denominado
Relacin Seal a Ruido (SNR), como la variable de respuesta, se consideran tres tipos principales. Las frmulas para cada
esquema son las siguientes:
1. Menor es mejor (Smaller is better - s)
2. Mayor es mejor Larger is better - l)
3. Nominal es mejor - (Target is better - t)
Donde la SNR se expresa en decibeles y debe ser maximizada
Una vez insertados los componentes en una placa de circuito impreso, esta se pasa a una mquina de soldar donde pormedio de un transportador pasa por un bao de flux para eliminar oxido, se precalienta para reducir la torcedura y sesuelda. Se disea un experimento para determinar las condiciones que dan el nmero mnimo de defectos de soldadurapor milln de uniones. Los factores de control y niveles se muestran a continuacin:
ARREGLO INTERNO
Factor Descripcin (-1) (+1)
Si el n mero de factores que
Arreglo a utilizar
e con c ones
se desean analizar es a probar
Entre 1 y 3 L4 4
Entre 4 y 7 L8 8
Entre 8 y 11 L12 12
Entre 12 y 15 L16 16
Entre 16 y 31 L32 32
Entre 32 y 63 L64 64
n
i
Yi
n
SNRs
1
2
log10
n
i
Yi
nSNRl
1
2/1log10
2log10 sSNRt
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A Temperatura de soldado F 480 510
B Velocidad del transportador (ft/min) 7.2 10.
C Densidad del flux remover oxido 0.9 1.0
D Temperatura de precalentado F 150 200
E Altura de ola de soldadura(pulg.) 0.5 0.6
Adems se tienen otros factores denominados factores de ruido que no se pueden o no se quieren controlar como eltipo de producto. Tambin se pueden considerar factores de ruido las tolerancias de algunos de los factores crticos eneste proceso, en este caso la temperatura de la soldadura varia entre 5F y la velocidad del transportador entre 0.2ft/min. Esta variabilidad tambin tiene influencia en la respuesta.
ARREGLO INTERNO
Factor Descripcin (-1) (+1)
F Temperatura de soldadura (F) -5 5
G Velocidad del transportador (ft/min) -0.2 +0.2
H Tipo de producto en la placa 2 1
El arreglo cruzado de ambos y los valores de las respuestas se muestran a continuacin:En este caso se busca la respuesta Menor es mejor para los defectos de soldadura.
F -1 1 1 -1
Arreglo interno G -1 1 -1 1
H -1 -1 1 1
A B C D E SNR
-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 186 187 105 104 -43.59
-1 -1 1 1 1 328 326 247 322 -49.76
-1 1 -1 -1 1 234 159 231 157 -45.97
-1 1 1 1 -1 295 216 204 293 -48.15
1 -1 -1 1 -1 47 125 127 42 -39.51
1 -1 1 -1 1 185 261 264 264 -47.81
1 1 -1 1 1 136 136 132 136 -42.61
1 1 1 -1 -1 194 197 193 275 -46.75
Paso 1. Generar el diseo
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Paso 2. Variable de respuesta (quitar banderas de Randomize)
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Paso 3. Seleccionar el arreglo orthogonal (default) quitar banderas de RandomizeSeleccionar el arreglo L8 (8 corridas experimentales) con L4 en los factores de ruido (4 rplicas de losresultados de cada bloque de 8 experimentos)
Paso 4. Asignacin de columnas
NOTA: Dejar la columna 3 libre ya que de acuerdo a las grficas lineales de Taguchi, ah se presenta lainteraccin de los factores A y B que es de inters.
Paso 5. Dar nombres a los factores e indicar sus unidades (en este caso no se consideraron). Todos los factoresse inicializan en la misma pantalla.
Continuar con los otros factores hasta el factor H
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El arreglo resultante es:
Block A B C D E F G H Defectos
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1
2 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1
2 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 2
2 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 2
2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 1
3 1 2 1 2 2 1 1 1
3 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 2
3 1 2 1 2 2 2 1 23 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 1
4 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1
4 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 2
4 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 2
4 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1
5 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1
5 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 2
5 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 2
5 2 1 1 2 1 2 2 1
6 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 1
6 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2
6 2 1 2 1 2 2 1 2
6 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 1
7 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 1
7 2 2 1 1 2 1 2 2
7 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 2
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Defectos
186
328
234
29547
185
136
194
187
326
159
216
125
261
136
197
105
247
231
204
127
264
132
193
104
322
157
293
42
264
136
275
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Paso 7. Analizar el diseo de experimentos
Se pueden analizar las medias de las respuestas o las relaciones Seal / Ruido, seleccionar estas ltimas con laopcin Menor es mejor
Paso 8. Obtener el reporte tabular del diseo de experimentos
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Analysis Summary
----------------
File name:
Estimated effects for Defectos (SN: smaller)
----------------------------------------------------------------------
average = -46.2787 +/- 0.423871
A:A = -0.109419 +/- 0.847742
B:B = -0.647976 +/- 0.847742
C:C = 2.18606 +/- 0.847742D:D = 0.913815 +/- 0.847742
E:E = 0.623349 +/- 0.847742
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Standard errors are based on total error with 2 d.f.
The StatAdvisor
---------------
This table shows each of the estimated effects and interactions.
Also shown is the standard error of each of the effects, which
measures their sampling error. To plot the estimates in decreasing
order of importance, select Pareto Charts from the list of Graphical
Options. To test the statistical significance of the effects, select
ANOVA Table from the list of Tabular Options. You can then remove
insignificant effects by pressing the alternate mouse button,
selecting Analysis Options, and pressing the Exclude button.
Analysis of Variance for Defectos (SN: smaller)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Source Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F-Ratio P-Value
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
A:A 0.0239449 1 0.0239449 0.02 0.9091
B:B 0.839746 1 0.839746 0.58 0.5245
C:C 9.55773 1 9.55773 6.65 0.1232
D:D 1.67012 1 1.67012 1.16 0.3938
E:E 0.777128 1 0.777128 0.54 0.5387Total error 2.87467 2 1.43733
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total (corr.) 15.7433 7
R-squared = 81.7404 percent
R-squared (adjusted for d.f.) = 36.0915 percent
The StatAdvisor
---------------
The ANOVA table partitions the variability in Defectos into
Standardized Pareto Chart for Defectos (SN: smaller)
0 1 2 3 4 5
Standardized effect
A:A
E:E
B:B
D:D
C:C
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separate pieces for each of the effects. It then tests the
statistical significance of each effect by comparing the mean square
against an estimate of the experimental error. In this case, 0
effects have P-values less than 0.05, indicating that they are
significantly different from zero at the 95.0% confidence level.
The R-Squared statistic indicates that the model as fitted explains
81.7404% of the variability in Defectos. The adjusted R-squared
statistic, which is more suitable for comparing models with different
numbers of independent variables, is 36.0915%. The standard error of
the estimate shows the standard deviation of the residuals to be1.19889. The mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.572423 is the average
value of the residuals. The Durbin-Watson (DW) statistic tests the
residuals to determine if there is any significant correlation based
on the order in which they occur in your data file. Since the DW
value is greater than 1.4, there is probably not any serious
autocorrelation in the residuals.
Regression coeffs. for Defectos (SN: smaller)
----------------------------------------------------------------------
constant = -50.7274
A:A = -0.109419
B:B = -0.647976
C:C = 2.18606
D:D = 0.913815
E:E = 0.623349
----------------------------------------------------------------------
The StatAdvisor
---------------
This pane displays the regression equation which has been fitted to
the data. The equation of the fitted model is
Defectos = -50.7274 - 0.109419*A - 0.647976*B + 2.18606*C + 0.913815*D
+ 0.623349*E
where the values of the variables are specified in their original
units. To have STATGRAPHICS evaluate this function, select
Predictions from the list of Tabular Options. To plot the function,
select Response Plots from the list of Graphical Options.
Correlation Matrix for Estimated Effects
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
--------------------------------------------------------------
(1)average 1.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
(2)A:A 0.0000 1.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
(3)B:B 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
(4)C:C 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 0.0000 0.0000
(5)D:D 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 0.0000
(6)E:E 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000
--------------------------------------------------------------
The StatAdvisor---------------
The correlation matrix shows the extent of the confounding amongst
the effects. A perfectly orthogonal design will show a diagonal
matrix with 1's on the diagonal and 0's off the diagonal. Any
non-zero terms off the diagonal imply that the estimates of the
effects corresponding to that row and column will be correlated. In
this case, there is no correlation amongst any of the effects. This
means that you will get clear estimates of all those effects.
Estimation Results for Defectos (SN: smaller)
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----------------------------------------------------------------------
Observed Fitted Lower 95.0% CL Upper 95.0% CL
Row Value Value for Mean for Mean
----------------------------------------------------------------------
1 -48.512 -47.7616 -52.2289 -43.2943
2 -43.6439 -44.0384 -48.5057 -39.5711
3 -47.2669 -46.8724 -51.3397 -42.4051
4 -45.4732 -46.2235 -50.6908 -41.7562
5 -46.2069 -46.9572 -51.4245 -42.4899
6 -45.4561 -45.0616 -49.5289 -40.59437 -47.5012 -47.8957 -52.363 -43.4284
8 -46.1695 -45.4191 -49.8864 -40.9518
----------------------------------------------------------------------
The StatAdvisor
---------------
This table contains information about values of Defectos generated
using the fitted model. The table includes:
(1) the observed value of Defecto