World of workCharles Handythe Shamrock organization Professional core workers Freelance workers Temporary/ part-time workers (temporary workers are those who work only for short periods when they are needed; part-time workers are those who work less than a full working week)Core workers:the most necessary or important workers in the organizationEx: 1. () the unintended guardians of the brand, the truecoreworkers, surely the last to be outsourced ...(The Economist, 17 Nov. 2004)2. () contracts negotiated last autumn between GM and the United Auto Workers union, allowing the carmaker to replace non-coreworkerswith new employees at about one-third of the cost in wages and benefits.(FT, 17 January 2008)Freelance worker: someone who works for different companies and organizations rather than being directly employed by oneFreelance (adj)+ worker, journalist, writer, photographer, consultant, staff, software developer, salesman, producer, etc.Ex:1. Usingfreelancestaff is simple and means less red tape and form-filling(FT, 21 November 2011)2. Justine Sharrock is afreelancejournalist and author of Tortured: When Good Soldiers Do Bad Things.(FT, 9 September 2011)Freelancer (n)/ freelance (n)/ portfolio worker : someone who does freelance work.Ex:1. Working for yourself, whether within a business, or simply as afreelancer, tends to make you more resilient and flexible about your livelihood.(FT, 5 July 2011)2. Gut feel is thefreelancers secret weapon.(FT, 2 March 2010)3. Iain Coucher benefited from secret, undeclared payments, worked as afreelancewhile claiming employee benefits and had access to lavish, undeclared expenses. (FT, 31 May 2011)Freelance (adv): to work freelance, to do sth. FreelanceEx: 1. A year earlier, he had quit ABN Amro, the Dutch bank, toworkfreelanceas a finance manager.(FT, 3 August 2011)2. Last November, after months of fruitless job hunting, she decided togofreelance, setting up a business and promoting herself through PeoplePerHour.com, an online marketplace for outsourcing.(FT, 26 April 2009)Freelance (vb):to work for many different companies or individuals Hefreelancedfor the News of the World for several years but was only on the staff for three, between 1998 and 2001.(FT, 2 December 2011) () it has come to my attention that our IT manager isfreelancingas a designer out of hours and has set up a website complete with her picture and home contact details.OutsourcingNigel, a 30-year-old information technology (IT) specialist, talks about his career so far:I used to work in the IT department of a bank. All the IT work was done in-house. I thought I had a job for life. But then one day the bank decided to cut costs by outsourcing the work to a specialist IT company called IT Services (ITS).Luckily, the bank didnt make me redundant so I didnt lose my job, and after a while I decided to work for ITS instead. At first, I didnt know what to expect, but now Im very happy. We work with a lot of clients- Im a consultant and I give them advice. (source: Business Vocabulary in Use, by Bill Mascull, CUP, 2006)In-house (adv):If a job is done in-house, it is done within an organization, especially by the organization's own staff. Some big manufacturers still trainin-house, including Boeing, the aerospace manufacturer () Next year could also see Rovio use its huge fanbase to launch other games, either developedin-house, from third-party developers or acquired by the company.(FT, 16 December 2011) Professional and business services accounted for a third of hiring over the year to November. Firms in these sectors handle a range of tasks, from consulting to caretaking, that might previously have been done in-house by firms in other industries. Many of these new positions are for temporary workers only.(The Economist, 13 January 2011)In-house (adj): in-house lawyer, in-house statistician, in-house experts, in-house solution, in-house innovation, in-house team, in-house project, etcEx: Withoutin-housetraining programmes, companies have often been left...(FT, 13 December 2011) It has sixin-housedesigners, split between Bath and an office in Hong Kong. (FT, 20 Dec 2011) By creating anin-houseteam for these tasks, we make the SMEs bankable and investable...(21 December 2011, FT) But ears prick up when thein-houselawyer speaks.(FT, 2 December 2011)Outsourcing (n):the contracting out of work to an outside supplier.Advantages: It can cut costs and improve service quality because it enables companies to take advantage of specialised suppliers. It can help firms focus on their core business by transferring non-core activities to suppliers.Ex: Apple outsources the manufacturing of products such as notebooks, the iPod and iPhone to reduce costs. This leaves Apple free to focus on the design and the functional capabilities that are crucial in making their computers and consumer electronics more competitive.Disadvantages: losing control over the outsourced activityEx: Boeing had always designed and built its planes in-house, but the companymade the decision to outsource most of the 787 Dreamliners manufacturing to a global network of over 50 suppliers. The original idea was both to save money and to increase flexibility by shifting risks to suppliers. Only the final assembly would be performed by Boeing using modules provided by the suppliers.By mid-2009, the project was two years behind schedule.A major reason for the delay is that Boeing did somehow lose control over its suppliers. The underlying rationale is that the company did not necessarily have the required expertise to manage a network of suppliers. In addition, some suppliers were unable to live up to the expectations of Boeing. As a result, Boeing brought back major production lines in-house and hired engineers to oversee its suppliers. (Source:Jrme Barthlemy, professor of management, Essec Business School)outsource (vb)= contract outEx:1. As these sectors have cut their R&D, they haveoutsourcedmore of it to companies such as PPD, which had $1.47bn in net revenue last year.(FT, 3 October 2011)2. Deaneoutsourcedproduction of the satchels to five UK-based manufacturers and is preparing to create her own manufacturing operation. (FT, 4 November 2011)Outsourced (adj)Ex:1. It advises businesses on HR strategy and providesoutsourcedservices, such as pensions, benefits and healthcare administration.(FT, 18 October 2011)2. Theoutsourcedelement has grown during the years and he envisages it getting bigger in years to come.(FT, 12 September 2011)3. () cutting back on the social safety net doesn't necessarily lead people to become more hard-working, family-oriented or culturally conservative, particularly when America's economic elite set an example of hedonism, serial monogamy and outsourced parenting.(The Economist, 17 November 2011)WHEN Fords River Rouge Plant was completed in 1928 it boasted everything it needed to turn raw materials into finished cars: 100,000 workers, 16m square feet of factory floor, 100 miles of railway track and its own docks and furnaces. Today it is still Fords largest plant, but only a shadow of its former glory. Most of the parts are made by sub-contractors and merely fitted together by the plants 6,000 workers. The local steel mill is run by a Russian company, Severstal.Outsourcing has transformed global business. Over the past few decades companies have contracted out everything from mopping the floors to spotting the flaws in their internet security. TPI, a company that specialises in the sector, estimates that $100 billion-worth of new contracts are signed every year. Oxford Economics reckons that in Britain, one of the worlds most mature economies, 10% of workers toil away in outsourced jobs and companies spend $200 billion a year on outsourcing. Even war is being outsourced: America employs more contract workers in Afghanistan than regular troops.(The Economist, 30 July 2011)Flexible working:giving employees flexibility on how long, where and when they work.

It is comprised of three main arrangements: full-time, part-time and career flexibility.Full-time flexible options: Flexible hours (flextime) - the ability to choose the start and finish time of the working day within core hours; Teleworking or homeworking - the chance to work from home or another place one or several days a week; a teleworker is someone who works in this way. Time banks - the ability to take time off in compensation for overtime; Compressed work weeks - such as working four longer days and taking the fifth day of the week off, or working a nine day fortnight.Part-time options: working a few days a week, e.g. three days instead of the traditional five days, job-sharing, a form of part-time flexible working where two people share a full-time position, either by working three days each in the week with one day of overlap or they alternate one week each. Career flexibility (flex career) allows individuals to change careers and/or take career breaks for personal or family reasons without suffering career penalties. Temporary workers: work only for short periods when they are needed, either on a temporary contract with a company, or through a temp agency.Ex: The headline figure of 1,400 losses at the plant includes nearly 1,000 temporary workers, blue collar staff whose tenure would anyway soon have expired.(The Economist, 7 September 2011) full-time workers are those who work a full working week.Part-time (adj):part-time workers/ employees are those who work less than a full working week These figures, released by the labour ministry this week, showed a further 1.4m people inpart-timeor partial work seeking full-time jobs.(FT, 28 December 2011) Mr Svanberg, one of the best-known figures in Swedish industry, became chairman of BP on apart-timebasis in January 2010, leaving open the possibility of him taking other roles. But the job quickly became a full-time commitment...(2 December 2011, FT) If the woman is apart-timeworker, there may be little difference between the familys income whether she keeps her job or abandons it(27 October 2008, FT)Part-time (adv):people who work part-time work less than a full working weekEx:1. Bloom currently has 20 employees, 70 per cent of whom are female. Some employeesworkpart-time; others telecommute; most work flexible hours.(FT, 1 December 2011)2. The number of personsemployedparttimefor economic reasons (sometimes referred to as involuntary part-time workers) was little changed in March(FT, 1 April 2011)Ex:1. Nine out of 10 companies in Germany and Sweden practiseflexitime. This is compared with just 48per cent in the UK.(FT, 3 September 2011)2. Innovative employers use flexible work models to engage women, includingjobsharing, flexi-time and virtual working, allowing women to plug in from convenient locations and at convenient times...(FT, 25 May 2011)3. Almost every employer offers some form of flexible working, including reduced hours, part-time work and job-sharing, according to a government report published yesterday(FT, 4 December 2007)4. And do not forget that more and more men also seekcareerflexibilitythat will enable them to spend more time with the family while maintaining successful careers.(FT, 20 September 2005)Employability: the extent to which a person has skills that employers want. Employability can be improved, boosted, enhanced, raised, increased, or eroded, reduce, etc.Employable: suitable to be employed. People can be made more employableEx:1. It has sent them on hospitality training courses to boost theiremployabilityand is now supporting their efforts to find work at a time when youth unemployment is at a record high.(FT, 13 April 2011)2. Long-term joblessness erodes skills andemployability.(FT, 19 June 2011)3. The FPB has made a number of suggestions about how to make young people moreemployableand give businesses incentives to take them on.(FT, 16 November 2011) Redundancy=When someone loses their job in a company because the job is no longer needed. Redundant= If you are made redundant, you lose your job because your employer no longer has a job for you. Ex: 1. That means austerity is set to continue for another two years to 2017. And the number of public sector workers facingredundancyis now 710,000 almost twice the figure expected in March.(FT, 2 December 2011)2. However, when it comes to making groups of workersredundant, then Italy is among the top 10 countries offering most protection for employees.(FT, 9 January 2012) Job protection= The legal right of employees to keep their jobs if, for example, theystrike (stop working to protest about something), or if the company they work for gets into financial difficulty. Unemployment benefit= Money paid regularly by the government to people who do not have a job. Sick pay= Money employers pay to workers who are not well enough to work Maternity pay= Money employers pay to female workers while they are not working just before and after having a baby.Ex:1. More Americans filedclaimsforunemploymentbenefitslast week, but the trend over the past month fell to the lowest level in more than three years,(FT, 29 December 2011)2. Poor mothers get a raw deal frommaternitypayand better off families receive too much,(FT, 15 July 2009)