CURRICULUM FOR M. Phil. Programme in BOTANY · Heartfelt thanks to Shri.Subash T.K., Head, Research and Development, Symega Savoury Technology Ltd., Synthite Taste Park No. XI 312

ST. TERESA’S COLLEGE

(AUTONOMOUS)

ERNAKULAM

CURRICULUM FOR

M. Phil. Programme in BOTANY

Under Credit & Semester System

(2016 Admissions Onwards)

M.Phil. Programme in Botany, St. Teresa’s College (Autonomous), Ernakulam

Curriculum and Syllabus 2016 onwards

ST. TERESA’S COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS), ERNAKULAM

BOARD OF STUDIES IN BOTANY

1. Dr.Lizzy Mathew, Head, Department of Botany, St. Teresa’s College, Autonomous,

Ernakulam (Chairperson)

2. Dr. Santhosh Nampy, Professor, Department of Botany, University of Calicut, Calicut.

(Subject Expert nominated by University).

3. Dr.C.M. Joy, Associate Professor, Department of Botany, Sacred Heart College, Thevara.

(Subject Expert).

4. Dr. A. A. Mohamed Hatha, Professor, Department of Marine Biology, Microbiology and

Biochemistry, Cochin University of Science and Technology. (Subject Expert).

5. Sri. Subhash T. K., Head, Research & Development, Symega Savoury Technology Ltd.,

Synthite Taste Park No. XI, 312 G Pancode, Kolenchery, Pin - 682310 (Representative

from Industry)

6. Dr. Meena Thomas Irimpan, Associate Professor, Dept. of Botany, St. Joseph’s College,

Irinjalakuda. (Alumnus)

7. Dr. Elsam Joseph, Associate Professor, Department of Botany, St. Teresa’s College,

Ernakulam (Member)

8. Dr. Alphonsa Vijaya Joseph, Associate Professor, Department of Botany, St. Teresa’s

College, Ernakulam (Member)

9. Dr.Romilly Margaret Mendez, Associate Professor, Department of Botany St. Teresa’s

College, Ernakulam (Member)

10. Dr.Liza Jacob, Assistant Professor, Department of Botany, St. Teresa’s College,

Ernakulam (Member)

11. Dr.Sheela D., Associate Professor, Department of Botany, St. Teresa’s College, Ernakulam

(Member)

12. Smt. Nishitha I.K., Assistant Professor, Department of Botany, St. Teresa’s College,

Ernakulam (Member)







ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The Chairperson of the Board of Studies of M.Phil. Programme in Botany of St. Teresa’s

College (Autonomous), Ernakulam would like to thank all the well-wishers and stakeholders who

have rendered valuable suggestions and comments in the preparation of the curriculum and

syllabus.

I sincerely express my gratitude to Dr. Santhosh Nampy, Professor, Department of Botany,

University of Calicut and the subject expert nominated by Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam

for his invaluable contribution in the preparation of syllabus.

My sincere thanks to subject experts, Dr. C.M. Joy, Associate Professor, Department of Botany,

Sacred Heart College, Thevara and Dr. A.A. Mohamed Hatha, Professor, Department of Marine

Biology, Microbiology and Biochemistry, School of Marine Sciences, CUSAT, for their insightful

suggestions.

Heartfelt thanks to Shri.Subash T.K., Head, Research and Development, Symega Savoury

Technology Ltd., Synthite Taste Park No. XI 312 G Pancode, Kolenchery and Dr. Meena Thomas

Irimpan, Associate Professor, Dept. of Botany, St. Joseph’s College, Irinjalakuda for their valuable

contributions.

I express my gratitude to the Director and Principal of St. Teresa’s College, Ernakulam for their

constant support and encouragement.

My sincere thanks to Dr. Elsam Joseph, Dr. Alphonsa Vijaya Joseph, Dr. Romilly Margaret

Mendez, Dr. Liza Jacob, Dr. Sheela D. and Smt. I.K. Nishitha, faculty of the department and

members of Board of Studies, Department of Botany, St. Teresa’s College, Ernakulam, for their

hard work and cooperation in framing the curriculum and syllabus.

Sincere thanks to all my colleagues of St. Teresa’s College, Ernakulam for their valuable

suggestions and support in the compilation of the M.Phil. Syllabus.

Dr. Lizzy Mathew

Chairperson, Board of Studies

Department of Botany



FOREWORD

Education is the key to achieve sustainable national development which will uplift

society. Today the educational system is in a phase of transition and a paradigm shift is the

need of the hour. The challenge before us is to incorporate necessary changes in the prevalent

educational system, and this requires changes in the course curriculum both for under

graduation and post-graduation programmes. The strategy adopted for the programmes in the

areas of women development involves empowering women through education and giving

greater emphasis on vocational training and employability so as to enable them to enter the

mainstream of economic development as equal partners. To attain this objective, St. Teresa’s

College is committed to impart quality education to students by providing job-oriented and

research-oriented courses in addition to the existing traditional ones. It is our deep desire that

students imbibe knowledge, inculcate a culture of learning and develop the capability to

compete for jobs in a global scenario.

The College has initiated three M.Phil. programmes this year. The Post Graduate

departments of Botany, English and Physics will offer these programmes. The College aspires to

inculcate and encourage a research orientation among young scholars and contribute significantly

to the existing body of research in the nation. The course curriculum has been structured keeping

in mind the demands of the time and incorporating the latest in the specific areas of study.

I would like to take this opportunity to thank Dr. Celine. E (Dr. Sr. Vinitha), Director of

the College, who has taken the initiative to introduce innovative programmes. I specially thank all

the faculty members of the Departments offering the M.Phil. programmes, who have given their

time and energy in building the curriculum for the same. My deep gratitude to Dr. Rose P. Ignatius,

Associate Professor, Department of Physics, for the meticulous scrutiny of the curriculum. Her

able guidance enabled each department to logically devise their curriculum. With sincere thanks,

I acknowledge the support extended by the members of the Governing Council, Dr. Latha Nair,

Associate Professor, Department of English, Dr. Kala M.S., Associate Professor, Department of

Physics and Dr. Alphonsa Vijaya Joseph, Associate Professor, Department of Botany in framing

the overall structure of the courses. We now need to take this endeavour forward as the next step

in our journey of deepening, strengthening and spreading our work through engagement,

collaboration and partnerships. I wish and hope that our institution will continue to serve the noble

purpose for the years to come with glory.

Dr. Sajimol Augustine M.

Principal



CONTENTS

Programme Overview 1 Curriculum and Syllabus 2 Grading and Evaluation 3 Computation of CCPA 5 Syllabus of Core Courses 7 Syllabus of Elective Courses 22



M. Phil. PROGRAMME IN BOTANY

Choice Based Credit & Semester System

(2016 Admissions Onwards)

Programme Overview

1. The Master of Philosophy (M.Phil.) in Botany is a semester based one year programme

designed for academicians and researchers to provide theoretical and practical research exposure

in Botany. The programme empowers the researchers with domain specific capabilities and

methodological competencies.

2. Course Duration

The duration of the course is one year spread across two semesters.

3. Eligibility criteria

Pass in M.Sc. Botany (Pure Botany, Applied Plant Sciences or any equivalent Post Graduate

Degree, but with B.Sc. Degree in Botany) with not less than 55% marks. The degree shall be

recognized by Mahatma Gandhi University. The SC/ST candidates are given 5% relaxation for

the prescribed minimum marks.

4. Admission procedure

Admission will be on the basis of the marks in the qualifying examination, written test and/or

interview. Direct entry for the programme may be allowed to CSIR- JRF / NET qualified

candidates and permanent college teachers with five years of experience.



CURRICULUM AND SYLLABUS

Course Structure

Course Code Semester Course Title

Teaching

Hours

per week

Credit

Exam

Duration

Total Marks

IA EA

BO1C1MP I Research

Methodology 4 4

3 hrs 25 75

BO1C2MP I Biological

Techniques 4 4

3 hrs 25 75

BO1C3MP I Advances in

Plant Science 4 4

3 hrs 25 75

BO1E*MP I Elective paper 4 4 3 hrs 25 75

BO2PRMP II Project 25 16

30

minutes

50 150

BO2PVMP II Viva on

Project 0 4

25 75

Total Credits 36 175 525

BO1E*MP Elective Courses

Course Code Course Title

BO1EAMP Environment and

Conservation Biology

BO1EBMP Phytochemistry and

Pharmacognosy

Course Code

The first two letters of the code indicates the name of discipline i.e., BO stands for Botany. Next

digit is to indicate the semester. i.e., BO1 (Botany, 1st semester) followed by the letter C or E

indicating whether the course is Core Course or Elective Course as the case may be. Next digit

indicates Course Number. The letter/letters PR/ PV are used to indicate Project and Viva on

Project. The last letter will be MP which indicates that the programme is M.Phil. The Elective

Courses are coded in similar pattern except the letter C denoting the Core Course is replaced by

letter E for Elective and the letter A/ B indicates the Elective chosen. Thus BO1C1MP represents

Botany 1st Semester Core Course 1 for M. Phil. Programme and BO1EAMP represents Botany 1st

Semester Elective Course A for M. Phil. Programme.



GRADING AND EVALUATION

Examinations

The evaluation of each course shall contain two parts such as Internal or In- Semester

Assessment (IA) and External or End-Semester Assessment (EA). The ratio between

Internal and External examinations shall be 1:3 as per University guidelines.

Internal or In-Semester Assessment (IA)

Internal evaluation is to be done by continuous assessments of the following components. Two

tests will be conducted for In-Semester Assessment for each course. Average of the two marks

will be taken. The components of the internal evaluation for theory, project and their marks are as

given in the Table. The test paper should be of the same model as that of the End Semester

Examination, the model of which is discussed below. The duration and the number of questions in

the paper may be adjusted judiciously by the college for the sake of convenience.

THEORY (Semester I)

Project Marks

Component Marks Relevance /Quality of project

under study 10

Attendance 5 Literature survey 10

Assignments/Viva 5 Experimental/Theoretical /

Data validation/ Modelling 10

Seminar 5

Test

10

Result and Dissertation layout 10

Presentation of the project 10

Total 25 Total 50

Distribution of weights and components of theory and project

Attendance Assignments Seminar

% of

Attendance Marks Components Marks Components Marks

90% 5 Punctuality 1 Innovation of

Topic 1

90% and

<85% 4 Content 2 Content 1

85% and

<80% 3 Conclusion 1 Presentation 2

80% and

<75% 2 References 1 Conclusion 1

Total 5 Total 5



End Semester Assessment

End Semester Assessment will be of external assessment. Question papers for the End Semester

Examination will be set by external examiners. Both project evaluation and viva voce examination

are to be conducted in batches of students of maximum number of 6.

Question Paper Pattern for Theory Courses.

All the theory question papers will have two parts of three hours duration and a maximum of 75

marks.

Part A: (Short essay/ problem) Part A will have twelve questions of which nine are to be

answered. A minimum of two questions must be asked from each unit of the course. Each question

will carry five marks and will have total marks of 45.

Part B: (Essay/Long answer questions) Part B will have two questions of equal standard. Each

question must be answered from among the two options given. One question of equal standard must be

asked from each unit. Each question will carry 15 marks and will have total marks of 30.

Reappearance: For reappearance as per the rules of the institution, students can appear along with

the next regular batch of students of the particular semester. A maximum of two chances will be

given for each failed paper. Only those Papers in which candidate has failed need to be repeated.

Project Evaluation (End Semester Assessment): Candidate shall submit the dissertation not

earlier than 5 months but within 6 months from the date of start of second semester. A candidate

who fails to submit the dissertation within 6 months shall be given an extension time of 4 months

in the first instance and another 4 months in the second instance. After two extensions her

registration shall be treated as cancelled and she has to re-register for the programme. However

the candidate need not write the theory papers again, if he/she has already passed these courses.

The project is evaluated by one external and one internal examiner deputed from the board of

examiners. The dissertation of the project is examined along with the oral presentation of the

project by the candidate. The examiners should ascertain that the project and report are genuine.

COMPUTATION OF CCPA

Grade and Grade Point is given to each course based on the percentage of marks obtained as



follows:

Percentage of

Marks Grade

Grade

Point

90 and above A+ - Outstanding 10

80-89 A - Excellent 9

70-79 B - Very Good 8

60-69 C - Good 7

50-59 D - Satisfactory 6

Below 50 E - Failure

Note: Decimal are to be rounded to the next whole number

CREDIT POINT AND CREDIT POINT AVERAGE

Credit Point (CP) of a course is calculated using the formula CP = C X GP, where

C = Credit for the course; GP = Grade point

Semester Credit Point Average (SCPA) is calculated as SCPA = 𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍𝑪𝒓𝒆𝒅𝒊𝒕𝑷𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒔 (𝐓𝐂𝐏)

𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍𝑪𝒓𝒆𝒅𝒊𝒕𝒔(𝐓𝐂)

Grades for the different semesters / programme are given based on the corresponding SCPA on a

5-point scale as shown below:

SCPA Grade

9 and above 9 A+ - Outstanding

8 and above but below 9 A - Excellent

7 and above but below 8 B - Very Good

6and above but below 7 C - Good

5 and above but below 6 D - Satisfactory



Below 5 E - Failure

Cumulative Credit Point Average for the programme is calculated as follows:

CCPA =(𝐓𝐂𝐏)𝟏 + ……… + (𝐓𝐂𝐏)𝟒

𝐓𝐂𝟏+ ….+𝐓𝐂𝟒

Where, TCP1…….., TCP4 are the Total Credit Points in each semester and TC1…….., TC4

are the Total Credits in each semester

Note: A separate minimum of 50% marks each for In and End Semesters is required for pass for

a course. For a pass in a programme, a separate minimum of Grade D is required for all the

individual courses. If a candidate secures E Grade for any one of the courses offered in a

Semester/Programme only E grade will be awarded for that Semester/Programme until

he/she improves this to D grade or above within the permitted period.



CORE COURSE - I

BO1C1MP: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

72 hours

Course Objectives

1. To provide an in-depth understanding of research and to acquaint the students with research

methodologies.

2. To familiarize with various statistical and computer techniques for research and their

applications.

Unit I 10 hours

Science and Research: Definition and history of Science and Research. Objectives of research.

Characteristics and purpose of research. Relevance and restrictions in research. Research process

– Steps and flow chart on research process. Identification of research problem and steps in selecting

research problem (brief account).Scientific temperament and attitude. Epistemology of sciences

and construction of scientific facts.

Ethics in research - Ethical Issues. Environmental Impacts. Ethical Committees.

Commercialization – Copy right, Royalty, Intellectual Property Rights and Patent Law – Track

related aspects of Intellectual Property Rights. Reproduction of published material – Plagiarism.

Unit II 12 hours

Introduction to Research Methodology: Meaning and importance of Research – Types.

Hypothesis – different types, significance. Development of Working Hypothesis. Research –

Selection and formulation of Research Problem..Research Design and Methods – Need, Features

and Development of Models.Scientific Method vs. Arbitrary Method, Logical Scientific Methods:

Deductive and Inductive methods.Developing a Research Plan – Exploration, Description,

Diagnosisand Experimentation, Determining Experimental and Sample Designs.Analysis of

Literature Review – Primary and Secondary Sources, Web sources –Critical Literature Review.

Identification of research gaps.Citation and Acknowledgement. Reproducibility and

accountability.

Unit III 18 hours

Data Collection, Analysis and Interpretation: Sources of Data – Primary, Secondary and

Teritiary – Types of Data – Categorical, Nominal and Ordinal.Methods of Collecting Data:

Observation, Field investigations, Direct studies – Reports, Records and Experimental



observations. Emerging techniques in data collection.Sampling methods – Types. Frequency

distribution – measures of central tendency. Dispersion - Measures of dispersion. Standard

deviation. Correlation – types and methods. Regression analysis. Data Processing and Analysis

strategies- Graphical representation – Descriptive Analysis – Inferential Analysis. Correlation

analysis – Least square method. Analysis using statistical package. Basic principles of Statistical

Computation using SPSS and M-STAT.Classification and Tabulation of Data – Graphical

Representation. Test of Significance - T-test, F-test, ANOVA, ANCOVA andChi-

square.Application of essential statistical methods in the design of experiments and interpretation

of results.

Unit IV 24 hours

Scientific Writing/Project proposal: Organization of ResearchReport – Types, Structure and

Components – Contents, Bibliography –indexing and abstracting. Appendices. Conventions and

strategiesof Authentication – Citation Style - Style Manuals – APA style, MLA style, ASA style

and Chicago Manual style.

Preparation of Project Proposal - Title, Abstract, Introduction, National and International

status,Rationale, Objectives, Methodology, Time frame and work plan. Budget and Justification.

References. Introduction to funding agencies – UGC, DBT, DST, KSCSTE and MoEF.

Preparing research papers for Journals,Seminars and Conferences – Design of paper using

TEMPLATE, Calculations of Impact factor of a journal, Citation Index,Peer review. ISBN &

ISSN.

Structure and components of Scientific Reports – types of Report – Technical Reports and Thesis

– Significance – Different steps in the preparation – layout, structure and language of typical

reports - Illustrations and tables – Bibliography, Referencing and foot notes. Oral Presentation –

planning,preparation and presentation (Use of visual aids). Importance of Effective

Communication.

Application of Computer in Research - MS Office and its application in Research – MS Word, MS

Powerpoint, MS Excel, Adobe Page Maker and Adobe Photoshop. Introduction to spread sheet

applications, data entries and computer aided graphical applications.Use of Internet in Research –

Websites, Search Engines, E-journal and E-Library – INFLIBNET.

External Exercise

Seminar/Assignment/Library 8 hours

REFERENCES



1. Anderson J and Durston B H (2002). Thesis and Assignment Writing. Wiley Easter Ltd.,

Germany.

2. Arora P N and Malhan P K (1998). Biostatistics. Himalaya Publishing Company, Bombay.

3. Chandera A and Sexena T P (2000). Style Manual. New Delhi, Metropolitan Book Comp.

Ltd.

4. Day RA (1992) How to Write and Publish a Scientific Paper. Cambridge University

Press, London.

5. Garg B L, Karadia R, Agarwal F and Agarwal U K (2002). An Introduction to Research

Methodology. RBSA Publishers.

6. Gupta S C (2009). Fundamentals of Statistics. Himalaya Publication House, Bombay.

7. Gupta S P (2008). Statistical Methods. 37th Ed. (Rev.). Sultan Chand and Sons, New

Delhi.

8. Gurumani N (2006). Research Methodology for Biological Sciences. Himalaya Publishing

Company, Bombay.

9. Henry E Garret (1967). Statistics in Education. (6th Edn.) Longmans Green and Co.

Publishers .

10. John W Best and James V Kahn (2008). Research in Education (10th Edn.) Allyn and

Bacon.

11. Kothari C R (2008). Research Methodology: Methods and Techniques. Second Edition.

New Age International Publishers, New Delhi.

12. Kozak A, Kozak R A, Staudhammer C L and Watts S B (2008). Introductory Probability

and Statistics; Applications for Forestry and Natural Sciences. CAB International, UK.

13. Kumar P S G (2004). Research Methods and Statistical Techniques. B R Publishing

House, New Delhi.

14. Lokesh Kaul (2012). Methodology of Educational Research. ( 4th Edn.) Vikas Publishing.

15. Paul D Leedy (2015). Practical Research: Planning and Design. 11th International

Edition. Pearson’s Education Ltd.

16. Rajammal P A (2005). AHand Book of Methodology of Research. Devadass Vidhyalaya

Press, New Delhi.

17. Rangaswamy R (1995). A Text Book of Agricultural Statistics. New Age International

publishers, New Delhi.



18. Ranjit Kumar (2014). Research Methodology: A step by Step Guide for Beginners. Sage

Publications Ltd., New Delhi.

19. Sinha P K (1992). Computer Fundamentals. BPB Publications, New Delhi.

20. Sinha S C and Dhiman A K (2002). Research Methodology. ESS Publications, Vol. I &

II. New Delhi.

21. SPSS-Operating Manual and Handbook – latest version.

22. Trochim W M K (2005). Research Methods: The Concise Knowledge Base. Atomic Dog

Publishing, London.

23. Wadehra B L (2000). Law Relating to Patents, Trade Marks, Copyright Designs and

Geographical Indications. Universal Law Publishing, New Delhi.

BLUE PRINT

BO1C1MP: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

UNIT HOURS SECTION – A

5 Marks

9/12

SECTION – B

15 Marks

2/4

Total No. of Questions

I 10 2 1 3

II 12 2 1 3

III 18 3 1 4

IV 24 5 1 6

M.Phil. (BOTANY) Course



I SEMESTER EXAMINATION

BO1C1MP – RESEARCH METHODOLGY

Time: 3hours Marks: 75

SECTION – A

I Answer any nine questions (9 X5 =45 Marks)

1. Write a short account on authentication.

2. Describe the principles and applications of M-STAT in biological research.

3. Briefly explain the various stages of research.

4. Explain ANOVA.

5. Give an account on literature collection.

6. Describe the procedure in the preparation of a manuscript for a journal.

7. Explain relationship between coefficient of correlation and regression with examples.

8. Write notes on various types of search engines.

9. Discuss on plagiarism in research.

10. Discuss the application of measures of dispersion in biological sciences.

11. Differentiate T-test and F-test.

12. Explain the use of SPSS in research.

SECTION B

II Answer any two questions (2 x 15 =30 Marks)

13. Prepare a project proposal based on the biodiversity of medicinal plants in Kerala.

OR

14. Write an essay on the various methods of data collection.

15. Explain the various sampling methods for research.

OR

16. Describe the role of computers in biological research.



CORE COURSE – II

BO1C2MP: BIOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES

72 hours

Course Objectives

3. To provide an in-depth understanding of various tools and techniques of research and their

applications.

4. To familiarize with physiological and environmental analytical techniques.

Unit I 12 hours

Principles of Plant Biological and Physical Chemistry:Buffers, pH, pH electrodes, Solutions

and methods of expression of concentration of solutions. Henderson- Hasselbalch equation and

Isoelectric point of enzymes and proteins. Enzymes- different types of enzymes- enzyme

regulation, enzyme catalysis, isolation, purifications and storage of enzymes. Water relations,

Osmosis and membrane transport principles in plants. Photosynthesis and photo-

bioreactors.Allelopathy, Phytoallexins and quorum sensing in plants. Types of induced plant

regulations- Vernalization, flower induction, fruit modifications and fruit ripening. Plant derived

medicines- general methods of isolation, purification, identification and estimation of phyto-

constituents.

Unit II 20 hours

Analytical and Separation Techniques:Plant secondary metabolites, analysis, isolation and

purifications.Plant lipids, proteins, amino acids, nucleic acids and pigments.Separation of

biomolecules and secondary metabolites by cold and heat methods, precipitation, salting out,

dialysis and by using organic solvents. Separation by Chromatographic techniques- Paper, TLC,

Column, Gel filtration, affinity, ion exchange, HPLC, HPTLC, Gas chromatography, Gas Liquid

Chromatography, GCMS, LCMS, LC-TOF-MS (Liquid chromatography time-of-flight mass

spectrometry). Separation by centrifugation methods- differential centrifugation, relative

centrifugation forces, density gradient centrifugation, low speed and high speed cooling

ultracentrifuges. Structural elucidation, quantitative and qualitative analysis of biomolecules by

light and UV-spectroscopic analysis, BOMB Colorimeter, FTIR, ATR, AAS, ICPMS, EDS, NMR,

X-ray crystallography, Multi plate reader, ELIZA reader, Amino acid analyzer and Flow

cytometry. Analysis and isolation of biomolecules by electrophoresis techniques- Agarose, AGE,

2D gel electrophoresis, 3D gel electrophoresis, SDS and native PAGE.Lyophilization of samples.



Unit III 20 hours

Molecular and Microscopic Techniques:Plant DNA and RNA isolations, mitochondrial and

chloroplast genome isolations, competent cell preparations, transformations, restriction digestion,

ligation and expression of plant gens.PCR techniques and types, sequencing of DNA, RNA and

amino acids. Molecular markers- Plant based molecular markers, RFLP, RAPD, AFLP, SCAR,

SNP and SSR. Blotting techniques- Western, Southern and Northern blotting. Microscopy-

Microscopes, numerical aperture, magnifications, Bright field microscopy, Phase contrast,

Fluorescence, Confocal, Interference and Polarization microscopes. Electron microscopes and

specimen preparations.Microscopic specimens, plant anatomical specimen preparations by

microtome techniques- taxonomic 2 techniques- chemotaxonomy, numerical taxonomy, molecular

taxonomy and DNA bar-coding.Molecular characterization and identification of new organisms.

Unit IV 12 hours

Environmental Analysis:Soil and water sampling techniques- Soil chemical analysis- Extraction

of metals, phyto remediation techniques- Microwave digestion- soil microbiological studies-

Endophytic fungi, AM fungi types, plant relationship of AM fungi and spore counting. Multi

parameter analysis of water samples.Water chemical analysis- Aquatic biological

techniques.Environmental radioactivity analysis, radioisotopes, radio labelling of samples,

detection methods, half-life periods and safety guidelines. GIS and remote sensing application in

ecology. General account on EIA, biomonitoring and green auditing.

External Exercise

Seminar/ Assignment/ Library 8 hours

REFERENCES

1. Ackerman E A, Ellis L E E and Williams L E (1979). Biophysical Science. Prentice Hall

Inc.

2. Allen K (2016). Environmental Biotechnology. CBS Publishers and Distributors, Banglore.

3. Anjaneyulu Y and Narasimha Rao P (2015). Introduction to Environmental Science. B S

Publications, Hyderabad.

4. APHA 1998. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Waste Water. American

Public Health Association, 1015 fifteenth Street, NW, Washington, DC.

5. Brigal L W (1998).A Biologist Guide to Principles and Techniques of Practical

Biochemistry.

6. Chang R (1971). Basic Principles of Spectroscopy. Mac Graw Hill.

7. Deyl Z (1984). Separation methods. Vol. 8. Elsevier Science Publishing Company, Inc.

Amsterdam- New York.



8. Garry D Christian and James Eo’reilby (1986). Instrumentation Analysis. Alien and Bacon.

Inc.

9. Geoffrey A Mic (1976). Practical Electron Microscopy. John Willey and Sons.

10. George Acquaah (2005). Understanding Biotechnology. Pearson

11. Glick BR and Psternak JJ (1998) Molecular Biotechnology: Principles and Applications of

Recombinant DNA. ASM Press.

12. Heftmann E (2004). Chromatography: Fundamentals and Applications of Chromatography

and Related Differential Migration Methods. Elsevier,Science Publishing Company. Inc.

13. Khandpur RS (2004).Handbook of Biomedical Instrumentation, Tata McGraw Hill.

14. Leland H Heartwell, Leroy Hood, Michael L Goldberg, Ann E Reynolds, Lee M Silver Ruth

C Veres (2004). Genetics: From Genes to Genomes. (2nd Edn). Mac Graw Hill.

15. Mackie and McCartney (2002). Practical Medical Microbiology. Churchil- Livingstone.

16. Morris M D (2016). Molecular Biotechnology. CBS Publishers and Distributors, New

Delhi.

17. Patania Chathurvedy B K and Richard R Wolfe (2005). Analytical Chromatography.

Campus Book International.

18. Robats Kevin, Haddad Paul R, and Jackson P. (2016). Principles and Practice of Modern

Chromatographic Methods.Elsevier Science Publishing Company, Inc.

19. Sambrook J and Russel D (2001).Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual. 3rd Edition.

Cold Spring Harbor, New York.

20. Sharma BK (2000).Instrumental Methods of Chemical Analyses.Tata McGraw Hill.

21. Smitha Rasthogi and Neelam Pathak (2010). Genetic Engineering. Oxford.

22. Trivedy RK and Goel PK(1986).Chemical Biological Methods for Water Pollution studies.

Environmental Publications, India.

23. Vijay Kulkarni and Ramachandra T V (2015). Environmental Management.

Commonwealth of Learning. TERI Press, New Delhi.

24. Wright Almroth (2016). Principles of Microscopy. Palala Press.



BLUE PRINT

BO1C2MP: BIOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES

UNIT HOURS SECTION –

A

5 Marks

9/12

SECTION –

B

15 Marks

2/4

Total No. of

Questions

I 12 2 1 3

II 20 4 1 5

III 20 4 1 5

IV 12 2 1 3




1st SEMESTER EXAMINATION

BO1C2MP – BIOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES


SECTION – A


1. Write a short account on centrifugation.

2. Describe the principles and applications of HPLC.

3. Give an account on different types of buffers and their significance.

4. Explain plant derived medicines.

5. Give an account on molecular markers.

6. Describe the method of specimen preparation for electron microscopy.

7. Explain molecular taxonomy.

8. Write notes on ELIZA and its applications.

9. Discuss NMR spectroscopy.

10. Discuss the importance of soil and water analysis.

11. Differentiate AAS and AES.

12. Explain the use of photomicrography in research.

SECTION B


13. Explain the importance of spectrophotometry in research.

OR

14. Write an essay on the principles and applications of different types of chromatography.

15. Explain the principle, working and applications of electron microscopy.

OR

16. Describe the principles, types and applications of electrophoresis.



CORE COURSE – III

BO1C3MP - ADVANCES IN PLANT SCIENCE

72 hours

Course Objectives

1. To achieve awareness skills and methods in molecular biology and biotechnology.

2. To understand the fundamental principles of plant biotechnology and its applications.

3. To provide an insight into the bioinformatics tools that aid in the analysis of biological

data.

Unit – 1 12 hours

Microbial and plant tissue culture techniques:Introduction to Plant Tissue culture, Terms and

definitions, Historical background, laboratory organization, Tools and techniques, methods of

sterilization. Laboratory contaminants- its control and measures. Media and Culture preparation-

Role of Micro and Macro nutrients, Vitamins and carbon source in tissue culture, Media

preparation- pH, Temperature, Solidifying agents, Slant Preparations. Maintenance of cultures,

Environmental conditions, explant characteristics. Culture techniques-explant selection,

sterilization and inoculation. Various media preparations; MS, B5, SH PC L-2; Callus and cell

suspension culture. Initiation of Cultures, Induction and growth parameters, Culture initiation,

Callus culture, Micropropagation of commercially important plant species; plant multiplication,

hardening, and transplantation.

Bioreactors; scaling up and cost reduction. Genetic fidelity. Production of useful compounds via

biotransformation and secondary metabolite production: suspension cultures, immobilization,

examples of chemicals being produced for use in pharmacy, medicine and industry. Management

and marketing.

Culture of microorganisms- methods for isolating pure cultures, types of culture media, enrichment

culture techniques, maintenance and preservation of pure cultures. Synthetic seeds.

Unit – II 24 hours

Genomics and Bioinformatics-Introduction to biological databases: primary, secondary and

structural database, Protein and Gene Information Resources – PIR, SWISSPROT, PDB, NCBI,

Genbank, DDBJ. Specialized genomic resources. DNA sequence analysis, cDNA libraries and

EST, EST analysis, pairwise alignment techniques, database searching, multiple sequence

alignment. Secondary database searching, building search protocol, computer aided drug design

– basic principles, docking, QSAR. Analysis packages – commercial databases and packages, GPL

software for Bioinformatics, web-based analysis tools.



Structural genomics: Classical ways of genome analysis, large fragment genomic libraries;

Physical mapping of genomes; Genome sequencing, sequence assembly and annotation;

Comparative genomics. Functional genomics: DNA chips and their use in transcriptome analysis;

Mutants and RNAi in functional genomics; Metabolomics and ionomics for elucidating metabolic

pathways. Plant Genomics – Arabidopsis thaliana as a tool. Transgenics - Transgenic plants (Bt

cotton, Golden rice and Flavr savr Tomato), Biosafety protocol, Molecular pharming.

Genome sequencing and functional genomics: Human, animal, plant, bacterial and yeast

genome projects; genome annotation.

Proteomics - Introduction to basic proteomics technology; Proteomics: protein annotation;

Structural proteomics: protein structure determination, prediction and threading, software and data

analysis/ management.

Unit – III 18 hours

Applied and Environmental Biotechnology: Introduction, scope and historical developments;

Isolation, screening and genetic improvement (involving classical approaches) of industrially

important organisms. Primary metabolism products, production of industrial ethanol as a case

study; Secondary metabolites, bacterial antibiotics and non ribosomal peptide antibiotics;

Recombinant DNA technologies for microbial processes; Metabolic pathway engineering of

microbes for production of novel product for industry. Microbial enzymes, role in various

industrial processes, production of fine chemicals for pharmaceutical industries; Bio-

transformations, Bioreactors, their types; Immobilized enzyme-based bioreactors,

Microencapsulation. Industrial biotechnology for pollution control, treatment of industrial and

other wastes, biomass production involving single cell protein; Bioremediation of soil; Production

of eco-friendly agricultural chemicals, biopesticides, bio-herbicides, bio-fertilizers, bio-fuels.

Basic concepts of environmental biotechnology; Microbiology and use of micro-organisms in

waste treatment; biodegradation; degradation of xenobiotics, surfactants; bioremediation of soil &

water contaminated with oils, pesticides & toxic chemicals, detergents; aerobic processes

(activated sludge, oxidation ditches, trickling filter, rotating drums); anaerobic processes:

digestion, filteration. Treatment schemes of domestic waste and industrial effluents; food, feed and

energy from solid waste; bioleaching; enrichment of ores by microorganisms.

Unit – IV 10 hours

Nanobiotechnology :Social background of technological revolution –Nano technology and its

types; magnitude of size, shape and phase of molecules – top, down and bottom up approaches ‐

delivery systems (Liposome nanocontainers for drug and gene delivery) – luorocarbons for drug

delivery‐ Bionanomachines – protease nanolithography (quantum dots) – microparticles,

Nanorobots.



External Exercises

Seminars/ Assignments/ Library 8 hours

REFERENCES

1. Crandall B C and James Lewis(1992).Nanotechnology: Research and Perspectives. MIT

Press, Cambridge, England.

2. Benjamin Lewin (2006).Genes IX. Jones and Bartlett Publishers.

3. Bernard R Glick, Jack J Pasternak, Cheryl L Pattein (2010).Molecular Biotechnology;

Principles and Applications of Recombinant DNA. ASM Press.

4. Colin Ratledge and Bjorn Kristianson (2001).Basic Biotechnology. Cambridge University

Press.

5. Evans D E, Coleman J O D and Kearns A (2003).Plant Cell Culture. Bios Scientific

Publishers.

6. David E Newton (2002).Recent Advances and Issues in Molecular Nanotechnology.

Greenwood Publishing Group.

7. David W Mount (2001).Bioinformatics: Sequence and Genome Analysis. CBS Publishers and

Distributors.

8. Edwin F George, Michael A Hall and Geert-Jan De Klerk (2008). Plant Propagation by

Tissue Culture (Vol I): The Background. Springer.

9. Hamish A Collin and Sue Edwards (1998).Plant Tissue Culture. Bios scientific Publishers.

10. Ignacimuthu S (2006). Biotechnology: An introduction. Narosa Publishing House.

11. Jeremy W Dale and Malcolm von Schantz (2002). From Genes to Genomes. John Wiley and

Sons Ltd.

12. Markus Krummenacker and James Lewis (1995). Prospects in Nanotechnology: Toward

Molecular Manufacturing. John Wiley and Sons.

13. Martin Alexander (1999).Biodegradation and Bioremediation. Academic Press.

14. Michael R Davey and Paul Anthony (2010).Plant Cell Culture: Essential Methods. Wiley-

Blackwell and John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.

15. Pevzner P and Shamir R (2011). Bioinformatics for Biologists. Cambridge University Press.

16. Primrose S B and Twyman R (2013). Principles of Gene Manipulations and Genomics. John

Wiley and Sons.

17. Robert J Brooker (2009).Genetics: Analysis and Principles (III Ed.). McGraw Hill

18. Susan R Barnum (1998).Biotechnology an Introduction. Thomson Brooks/Cole.

19. Thorpe T A (2012). Plant Tissue Culture:Methods and Application in Agriculture. Elsevier.

20. Trevor A Thorpe and Edward C Yeung (2011).Plant Embryo Culture: Methods and

Protocols. Springer, Heidelberg.

21. Zhumur Ghosh and Bibekanand Mallik (2008).Bioinformatics: Principles and Applications.

Oxford University Press



BLUE PRINT

BO1C3MP: ADVANCES IN PLANT SCIENCE


5 Marks

9/12

SECTION – B

15 Marks

2/4


I 12 2 1 3

II 24 5 2 7

III 18 3 1 4

IV 10 2 0 2





BO1C3MP - ADVANCES IN PLANT SCIENCE


SECTION - A

I Answer any nine questions (9 X 5 = 45 Marks)

1. Write an account on transgenic plants.

2. Describe FISH and GISH.

3. Explain nanobiotechnology.

4. Explain sterilization techniques in a tissue culture laboratory.

5. Write an account on plant secondary products.

6. Explain briefly genomics.

7. What are genetically modified organisms? Explain the merits and demerits.

8. Discuss various molecular markers and their applications.

9. What are vectors? Explain their role in genetic engineering.

10. What are transgenic microbes? Explain their significance.

11. What are the hazards and impact of GMOs?

12. Write an account on tissue culture for the production of secondary metabolites.

SECTION B


13. Discuss the role of microbes in industry.

OR

14. Write an essay on recombinant DNA technology and its applications.

15. Explain the various blotting techniques.

OR

16. Describe the protocol of production of haploid plants. What is its significance?



ELECTIVE - 1

BO1EAMP : ENVIRONMENT AND CONSERVATION BIOLOGY

72 hours

Course Objectives

1. To promote concern over global environmental issues and resource conservation.

2. To create awareness regarding a sustainable and holistic development towards environment

protection.

Unit - 1 10 hours

Environmental Biology: Ecosystem, Interdisciplinary nature of Environmental science. Energy

Flow. Energy Sources – Fossil Fuels, Natural Gas, Wind Energy, Bio Energy and Energy

Conservation. Environmental Resources’- Water, soil. Soil profile and soil formation. Physical,

chemical and biological properties of soil. Causes, effects and control of land slides,floods and

storms. Causes, effects and precautionary measures of earthquakes and volcanoes. Aquatic

environment: Hydrologic cycle, diversity of aquatic habitats. Aquatic food web and factors

affecting primary productivity.

Unit – II 22 hours

Global environmental problems and climate change: Global climatic phenomena - El Nino and

La Nina, causes and factors of climate change. Effect of climate change on ecosystems and human

life. Organisms and microclimate. Environmental Pollution - Its impact on ecosystems, control

measures. Toxicology. Environmental Biotechnology and Waste Management. E1A methods.

National Policy on EIA. Environment management plan - Risk assessment and disaster

management programme. Remote sensing- Application in Environmental Management.

Ecological Foot Prints (Biodiversity and extinction of life). Environmental Conventions and

Summits. Environmental Legislation. Environmental toxicology as a science. Biological and

chemical factors influencing toxicity, inorganic and organic toxicants- entry into the environment,

cycles and residence time. Toxicity of pesticides, insecticides heavy metals, radioactive minerals,

flourides,chemical fertilizers etc. Synergism, potentiation and antagonism; Dose-response relationships,

bioaccumulation, biomagnifications, biostratification, biomonitoring, Global dispersion of toxic

substances, xenobiotic and endogenous substances- toxic elements and organic compounds- chemical

pollutants within the human environment hazards to human health- metals and toxicity- degradable and

non-degradable toxic substances- biochemical effects of heavy metals- toxicology and biochemical effects

of pesticides- carcinogens and mutagens

Environmental Waste Management

Solid Wastes – sources of origin- classification- qualitative and quantitative analysis- Municipal solid

wastes- MSW management- collection, transportation and disposal- methods and procedures. Management



of agricultural, commercial/ industrial and household wastes- vermin-composting, biogas production,

recycling, 3R’s principles of Waste water treatment - rules and regulations. Solid waste management rule,

e-waste management rule, medical waste management rule.

Environmental Microbiology

Microbiology of fresh water- isolation and purification of bacteria, fungi- bacterial growth curve-

characterization of aerobic and anaerobic microbes. Microbiology of soil – population - role in organic

waste degradation- microbial conversion of solid waste composting- different methods of composting-

microbial processes during composting- biogas- microbiology of methane production. Microbiology of

water and sediments - waste water- Role of microbiology in industrial processes- fermentation - single cell

protein- bioleaching- energy production by microorganisms- GEMS - merits, demerits.

Unit – III 20 hours

Biodiversity: Natural resources – renewable and non renewable. Preservation, conservation, and

restoration of resources. Recycling, reuse and substitution. Forests as biological resources –

importance, types of forests, deforestation, reforestation, conservation of forests. Uses of

biodiversity – source of food, medicine, raw material, aesthetic and cultural values. Threats to

biodiversity; natural and anthropogenic, species extinctions, IUCN threat categories, red data

book. Extinction: Types, Causes – population growth, overconsumption, pollution, climate

change. Ecological and biological extinction. Conservation strategies - Role of NBPGR, WWF,

UNDP, IPGRI, FAO in conservation programmes in India.

Recent International, National and Regional Biodiversity Initiatives (CBD, Global Biodiversity

Strategy, GEF Initiatives, National Biodiversity Action Plans, Biodivrsity Registries).

National and International Agencies

UNEP, UNDP,WWF, UNCED, IUCN, GEF &WCN, Earthwatch, UN organizations

Co-operation on ozone layer, IPCC, migratory species, mangroves and oceans etc

Management of Resources- Air, Water, Soil, Forest. Management of polluted rivers – Ganga

Action Plan. Techniques of rain water harvesting. Conservation of Wetlands. Energy conservation-

role of bio-energy in energy management. Land use Policy and Planning Land and Soil

conservation. Sand, granite and ore mining issues. Biosphere reserves of India - role in

conservation Ecology of Mangroves in India Coral Reef Ecosystems: Threats and Conservation.

Biodiversity Conservation: Need and Conventions. Integrated Forest Management. Global

warming – causes and remedies. Interlinking of rivers: Pros and Cons. Problems due to dam

construction, paddy field reclamation, mining and destruction of hills and hillocks.

Unit –IV 12 Hours

Human Dimension in Ecosystem Management: Predominant ethnic communities of India –

with special reference to Kerala and their role in conservation of plants.

a. Tribal development programmes in Indian Society and Environment.



b. Social perspectives of environment – Global and Indian issues.

c. Social impacts of growing human population and affluence, production and distribution of

food, hunger, poverty, malnutrition, famine.

d. Social impacts of water crisis, global climate change, ozone depletion, nuclear accidents,

acid rain, consumerism and waste products.

e. Problems related to major dams and other developmental projects, resettlement and

rehabilitation.

f. Environment and human health – epidemiological issues.

g. Importance and need of environmental ethics.

h. Ecosophy- History and Significance

i. Position of humans in the world, human responsibility to care the world, animal rights.

j. Ecopsychology: History and Significance

External Exercise

Seminar/Assignment/Library 8 hours

REFERENCES

1. Abbasi S A (2005).Application of GIS and Remote Sensing in Environmental Management.

Discovery Publishing Group.

2. Agarwal N K (2002). Eco informatics. APH Publishing Corporation.

3. Agarwal N K (2004). Essentials‐of GPS. Spatial Networks Pvt. Ltd.

4. Alongi D M (1998). Coastal Ecosystem Processes. CRC Press.

5. Arne Naess (2001). Ecology, Community and Lifestyle Outline of an Ecosophy. Cambridge

University Press, UK.

6. Asit K Biswas et.al. (1987). EIA for Developing Countries. United Nations University,

Tokyo.

7. Carter L. (1996). Environmental Impact Assessment. McGraw Hill.

8. Chapman J L, Reiss M J (2005). Ecology: Principles and Applications. Cambridge

University Press.

9. Douglas A Vakoch, Fernando Castrillon (Ed.). (2014). Ecopsychology, Phenomenology

and the Environment: The Experience of Nature. Springer.

10. Fox C W, Roff D A, Fairbairn D J (Eds) (2001). Evolutionary Ecology: Concepts and

Studies. Oxford University Press.



11. Khan T I and Shishoda Y S (1998). Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable

Development Pointer. Publ., Jaipur.

12. Khopkar S M (2004). Environmental Pollution: Monitoring and Control. New Age

International.

13. Klaassen C D and J B Walkins (2003). Essentials of Toxicology. McGraw-Hill

Professional.

14. Miller G T (2004). Environmental Science. Thomson Asia Pvt. Ltd.

15. Mukherjee B(1997). Environmental Biology. Tata McGraw Hill Publ. Co. Ltd.

16. Odum E P and Barrett G W (2005).Fundamentals of Ecology. Thomson Asia Pvt. Ltd.

17. Primack R B (1998). Essentials of Conservation Biology. Sinauer Associates.

18. Pullin A S (2002). Conservation Biology. Cambridge University Press.

19. Rinda West (2007). Out of the Shadow: Ecopsychology, Story and Encounters with the

Land. Univ. Virginia Press.

20. Theodore Roszak (Ed.), Allen D Kanner, Mary E Gomes (1995). Voice of the Earth: An

Exploration of Ecopsycholgy. Counterpoint.

21. Trivedi P R and Gurudeep Raj(1992). Environmental Wildlife and Plant

Conservation.Akashdeep Publ. House, New Delhi.



BLUE PRINT

BO1EAMP: ENVIRONMENT AND CONSERVATION BIOLOGY


5 Marks

9/12

SECTION – B

15 Marks

2/4


I 10 2 - 2

II 22 4 2 6

III 20 4 2 6

IV 12 2 - 2





BO1EAMP - ENVIRONMENT AND CONSERVATION BIOLOGY


SECTION - A


1. Differentiate in situ and ex situ conservation.

2. Describe the ozone depletion and its impact on ecosystem.

3. Explain biodiversity conservation.

4. Explain the waste water collection and treatment processes.

5. Explain the role of NBPGR and WWF.

6. Write an account on the forest wealth in Kerala.

7. What are endangered species? What are the measures to protect them?

8. Write on the energy flow in ecosystems.

9. Explain conservation of species diversity.

10. What is the role of biotechnology in biodiversity conservation?

11. Write an account on fossil fuels.

12. Explain pollution indicators.

SECTION B


13. Write an account on water pollution, its impact on plants and the control measures.

OR

14. Describe with examples climate change and its impact on environment.

15. Explain resource depletion. Explain the various methods of resource management.

OR

16. Describe the various aspects of environmental biotechnology.



ELECTIVE- II

BO1EBMP : PHYTOCHEMISTRY AND PHARMACOGNOSY

Course Objectives 72 hours

1. To familiarise the students with contemporary and traditional systems of medicine.

2. To explore the natural resources and to identify active principles in plant kingdom.

UNIT I 10 hours

Phytochemistry : Classification, history and scope of medicinal and aromatic plants. Importance

of plant chemicals. Introduction and scope of Phytochemistry. Plant chemicals in human affairs.

Plant secondary metabolites as drugs. Recent advances in the field of chemical taxonomy.

Phytochemical approach to economic botany. Principles related to commercial production,

standardization and quality control of plant products. Histochemical analysis of plant components.

UNIT II 18 hours

Plant Secondary Metabolites : Classification, structure and function of medicinally important

plant products : carbohydrates, glycosides, tannins, resins, oleoresins, volatile oils, alkaloids,

vitamins, proteins, fats, oils and waxes, phenolic compounds, plant acids, saponins, terpenoids,

steroids, flavanols and flavones, betalins, pigments, dyes, gums, mucilage and biopesticides.

Cytogenetic and molecular aspects of breeding and production of new strains of medicinal plants.

Estimation of water content, dry matter, ash content, total free amino acids, total proteins, total

carbohydrates, free fatty acids, vitamins, pigments, tannins and alkaloids. Determination of acid

value, iodine value and saponification value of oils.

UNIT III 18 hours

Pharmacognosy : Plant kingdom as source of drugs, plant secondary metabolites as drugs, drug

constituents, classification of drugs, chemical nature of drugs, techniques for production of drugs

– purification, filtration, adsorption, solubilization, absorption, suspension and emulsification.

Morphological and microscopical examination of drugs, organoleptic evaluation of crude drugs,

chemical characters of drugs. Adulteration, detection of adultrants, drug evaluation and

pharmacopoeial standards. Variability in drug activity. Unorganised drugs, drug description,

powdered drugs. Therapeutic classification of crude drugs. Drug preparation and storage.

Biological evaluation. Collection and preparation of crude drugs for the market.



UNIT IV 18 hours

Plants in Medicine : Indigenous traditional drugs, traditional system of medicine, herbal medicine,

folk medicine, unani and siddha medicine, ayurveda medicine and ethnopharmacology. Essential

Oils and Perfumery chemicals : occurrence, function, classification, structure, extraction and

isolation techniques and essential oil analysis. Steam distillation, hydro distillation, solvent

extraction, super critical fluid extraction. Application of essential oils – insecticides and perfumery

products, uses and storage of essential oils and perfumery chemicals. Flavouring agents.

Aromatherapy. agronomic practices, extraction techniques and properties of following aromatic

plants.

External Exercises

Seminars/assignments/ Library 8 hours

References

1. Arumugam K R and Murugesh (2005) Text book of Pharmacognosy. Sathya Publishers,

Madurai.

2. Atul Shirkhedkar and Surana S J (2008). Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry. Pragathi Books

Pvt. Ltd

3. Bhatia S C (1983) Essential Oils and Perfumery Chemicals. Shree Publishing House, Delhi.

4. Biren N Shah and Seth A K (2014). Textbook of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry. Elsevier

Science Publishing Company. Inc

5. Chatwal Gurdeep R (1900) Organic Chemistry of Natural Products. Himalaya Publishing

House, Bombay.

1. Christian P And Kaufmann B (2014). Encyclopeadia of Analytical Chemistry. John Wiley and

sons, UK.

2. Daniel Mammen (1991) Methods in Plant Chemistry and Economic Botany. Kalyani

Publishers, New Delhi.

3. Dwivedi J N and Singh R B (1989) Essentials of Plant Techniques. Scientific Publishers,

Jodhpur.

4. Faulks P J (1958) An Introduction to Ethnobotany. Moredale Publishers, London.

5. Harborne J B and Harborne A (2001) Chemical Dictionary of Economoc Plants. Willey

Publishers, UK.

6. Harborne J B (1973) Phytochemical Methods. Chapman and Hall Limited, London.

7. Jain S K (1981) Dictionary of Indian Folk medicine and Ethnobotany. National Book Trust,

New Delhi.

8. Jain S K (1981). Glimpses of Indian Ethanobotany.Oxford I B H Publishers, New Delhi

9. John T and Romeo (2006). Recent Advances in Phytochemistry. Elsevier Science Publishing

Company Inc.

10. Khandelwal K (2000) Practical Pharmacognosy, Techniques and Experiments. Nirali



11. Kokate C K, Purohit A P and Gokhale S B (1997) Pharmacognosy. Nirali Prakasan Publishers,

Pune.

12. Miller Lawrence P (1973) Phytochemistry Vol. I,II & III. Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New

York.

13. Ronald Darnly Gibbs (1974) Chemotaxonomy of Flowering Plants – Vol. I & II. Betterworld

Books, New York.

14. Sabins S D and Daniel M (1990) A Phytochemical Approach to Economic Botany. Kalyani

Publishers, New Delhi. Jain S K (1981) Glimpses of Indian Ethnobatany. Oxford IBH

Publishers. New Delhi.

15. Stace C A (1989) Plant Taxonomy and Biosystematics. Etwaed Arnold.

16. Syed A I and Khan M A (2004). Textbook of Phytochemistry. Discovery Publishing. New

Delhi.

17. Thomas J (2000) Agronomic Practices for Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. Kalyani Publishers,

New Delhi.

18. Trease G E and Evans W C (2002) Pharmacognosy. Collis Macmillan Publishers, Madras.

19. Vasishta P C and Gills P S (1995) Ethnobotany. Pradeep Publications, Jalandhar.Paye G D

(2000) Cultural uses of Plants : A Guide to Ethnobotany. New York Botanical Garden Press.

20. Wallis T E (1985) Text book of Pharmacognosy. LBS Publishers and Distributors.

21. Warier P K , Nambiar V P K and Ramamurthy C (1994) Indian Medicinal Plants Vol. I – V.

Orient Longman Ltd.



BLUE PRINT

BO1EBMP: PHYTOCHEMISTRY AND PHARMACOGNOSY


5 Marks

9/12

SECTION – B

15 Marks

2/4


I 10 2 - 2

II 18 4 2 6

III 18 4 2 6

IV 18 2 - 2




II SEMESTER EXAMINATION

BO1EBMP - PHYTOCHEMISTRY AND PHARMACOGNOSY


SECTION - A


1. Write an account phenolic and alkalloid compounds of medicinal importance.

2. Describe the various methods of drug adulteration.

3. Explain the cytogenetic and molecular aspects of breeding and production of new strains of

medicinal plants. .

4. Give an account on the determination of acid value, iodine and saponification value of oils.

5. Explain the methods of collection and preparation of crude drugs for market.

6. Differentiate organised and unorganised drugs.

7. Give an account on standardisation and quality control of plant products.

8. Write an account on ethnic communities in Kerala.

9. Explain the concept of aromatherapy.

10. Describe the role of tribals in conservation of ecosystem.

11. Write an account on herbal medicine.

12. Differentiate the principles of Unani and Siddha systems of medicine.

SECTION - B


13. Explain the general methods of extraction and isolation of plant compounds.

OR

14. Give a general account of the extraction of essential oils from aromatic plants.

15. Write an account on Chemotaxonomy and its recent advances.

OR

16. Give an account on the traditional and alternative systems of medicine.

Documents

CURRICULUM FOR M. Phil. Programme in BOTANY · Heartfelt thanks to Shri.Subash T.K., Head, Research and Development, Symega Savoury Technology Ltd., Synthite Taste Park No. XI 312