CURRENT STATUS OF TRADITIONAL AQUACULTURE AT TRISHAL UPAZILA IN MYMENSINGH DISTRICT

A THESIS

BY

MAHABUBA ZANNTH

EXAMINATION ROLL NO. 10 Fish Aqua. JD-32M

REGISTRATION NO. 32583

SESSION: 2005-2006

SEMESTER: JULY-DECEMBER, 2011

MASTER OF SCIENCE (MS)

IN

AQUACULTURE

DEPARTMENT OF AQUACULTURE

BANGLADESH AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY

MYMENSINGH

NOVEMBER, 2011

CURRENT STATUS OF TRADITIONAL AQUACULTURE

AT TRISHAL UPAZILA IN MYMENSINGH DISTRICT

A THESIS

BY

MAHABUBA ZANNTH

EXAMINATION ROLL NO. 10 Fish Aqua. JD-32M

REGISTRATION NO. 32583

SESSION: 2005-2006

SEMESTER: JULY-DECEMBER, 2011

Submitted to the Department of Aquaculture Faculty of Fisheries

Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh in partial fulfillment of the requirements

for the degree of

MASTER OF SCIENCE (MS)

IN AQUACULTURE

DEPARTMENT OF AQUACULTURE

BANGLADESH AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY MYMENSINGH

NOVEMBER, 2011

CURRENT STATUS OF TRADITIONAL AQUACULTURE

AT TRISHAL UPAZILA IN MYMENSINGH DISTRICT

A THESIS

BY

MAHABUBA ZANNTH

EXAMINATION ROLL NO. 10 Fish Aqua. JD-32M

REGISTRATION NO. 32583

SESSION: 2005-2006

SEMESTER: JULY-DECEMBER, 2011

Approved as to style and contents by:

________________________ __________________________ Prof. Dr. M. A. Salam Prof. Dr. Md. Mohsin Ali

Supervisor Co-supervisor

______________________________ Professor Dr. Md. Ali Reza Faruk

Chairman

Examination Committee and Head

Department of Aquaculture

Bangladesh Agricultural University Mymensingh

NOVEMBER, 2011

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The author wishes to acknowledge the immeasurable grace and profound kindness of

Almighty the Creator, the supreme Ruler of the universe, Who empowered the author to

complete the research work and the thesis for the degree of Master of Science (MS) in

Aquaculture. The dissertation is prepared in accordance with the requirement of the

Department of Aquaculture for Master of Science (MS) degree in Aquaculture.

The author expresses deep gratitude and indebtedness to her honorable teacher and research

supervisor Prof. Dr. M.A. Salam, Department of Aquaculture, Bangladesh Agricultural

University, Mymensingh for her scholastic guidance, constant supervision, worthy

inspiration, criticism and valuable suggestions during the entire period of the study and

writing up of ther thesis and improving its expression so as to make it more readable.

The author finds it great pleasure in expressing appreciation, deep, gratitude and immense

indebtedness to her respectable research co-supervisor Prof. Dr. Md. Mohsin Ali,

Department of Aquaculture, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh for her

illuminated suggestions, co-operation, guidance, direction, affectionate feelings in

planning, conducting and completing the study.

The author would like to express her greatest pleasure, sincere appreciation to Prof. Dr.

Md. Ali Reza Faruk, Head, Department of Aquaculture, Bangladesh Agricultural

University, Mymensingh for her valuable advice and exclusive suggestions during the

entire period of research work.

The author feels pleasure to extend her heartiest respect, deepest gratitude and cordial

thanks to all respected teachers of the Department of Aquaculture, Bangladesh Agricultural

University, Mymensingh for their valuable teaching, inspiration and encouragement during

the whole course of study.

The author humbly desires to acknowledge her heartfelt appreciation and profound thanks

to all her friends, specially Zahidul Islam, Jayanto, Rasel, Mahbuba, Monoara, Monir,

Ruma and Zami for their help throughout the study period.

The author would like to acknowledge with great regards and pleasure, deepest sense of

gratitude and thanks to her beloved parents, dear brothers and sisters especially Raihana

Zannth and her relatives. They sacrificed a lot during her studies and were the constant

source of inspiration. Their sacrifices, blessings and inspiration have made all these

possible.

The Author

CONTENTS CHAPTER TITLE PAGE NO.

ABSTRACT i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii

LIST OF CONTENTS iv

LIST OF TABLES vii

LIST OF FIGURES viii

LIST OF PLATE viii

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ix

1 INTRODUCTION 1 2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 4 3 MATERIALS AND METHODS 12

3.1. Selection of the study area 14

3.2. Fisherman category 14

3.3 Design of questionnaire 15

3.4 Making final questionnaire 15

3.5 Collection of data 15

3.6 Key informant interview 17

3.7 Focus group discussion 17

3.8 Processing and analysis of data 17

3.9 Problems encountered during data

collection

18

4 RESULTS 19 4.1 General information of fish farming

19

4.1.1 Starting year of fish farming 19 4.1.2 Category of fish farmer on the basis of

size 20

4.1.3 Age structure 20

CONTENTS (Cont’d)

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE NO.

4.1.4 Level of education 21 4.1.5 Training status of fish farmers 21 4.2 Fish culture technologies 22

4.2.1 Pond size 22

4.2.2 Ownership of the ponds 22 4.2.3 Depth of the pond 23

4.2.4 Sources of pond water 23

4.2.5 Soil types of ponds 24

4.2.6 Culture season and methods 24

4.2.7 Pre-stocking pond management 25

4.2.8 Sources of fish fingerlings 25

4.2.9 Stoking frequency and density 26

4.2.10 Feeding and feed management for fish

farming

26

4.2.11. Disease occurrence in fish ponds 27

4.3 Fish productivity 28

4.3.1 Fish production 28

4.3.2 Harvesting and marketing of fish 28

4.4 Income level of pond fish farmers 28

4.5 Problems of fish farming 29

5 DISCUSSION 30

5.1 Age structure 30

5.2 Level of education 30 5.3 Training status of fish farmers 30 5.4 Pond production technology 31 5.4.1 Pond size 31 5.4.2 Ownership of the ponds 31 5.4.3 Soil types of ponds 31 5.4.4 Culture methods 32 5.4.5 Pre-stocking management 32

CONTENTS (Cont’d)

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE NO.

5.4.6 Stocking of fish 32

5.4.7 Feed 33 5.4.8 Food Conversion Ratio (FCR) 33

5.4.9 Harvesting and marketing fish 34 5.4.10 Fish production 34

5.5 Income level 34

5.6 Problems of fish farming 35

6 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 36

6.1 Summary 36

6.2 Recommendation 37 6.3 Conclusion 38 REFERNCES 39

APPENDIX 45

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE TITLE PAGE NO.

4.1 Training status of fish farmers in Trishal upazila 21

4.2 Pond size of fish farms in Trishal upazila 22

4.3 Distribution of the sources of pond water 23

4.4 Sources of fish fries/fingerlings for stocking in this

study area

26

4.5 Major Ingredients used to prepare farm made feed

for fish

27

4.6 Disease occurrence of fish in Trishal upazila 27

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE TITLE PAGE NO.

3.l Methodology followed for the study 13

3.2 Showing the study area 16

4.1 Fish farming starting year in Trishal upazila 19

4.2 Category of fish farmer on the basis of pond size in

Trishal upazila

20

4.3 Age distribution of fish farmers in the study area 20

4.4 The educational level in the study area 21

4.5 Ownership of the pond in the study area 22

4.6 Distribution of ponds according to the depth of

water

23

4.7 Soil types of fish ponds in the study area 24

4.8 Fish culture techniques in terms of species

composition in Trishal upazila

25

LIST OF PLATES

PLATE TITLE PAGE NO. 4.1 Photographs showing feeding of fish by farm

operations in Trishal upazila

27

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

BAU : Bangladesh Agricultural University

BFRI : Bangladesh Fisheries Research Institute

DoF : Department of Fisheries

et al. : Et alia (L.) and others

etc : Et cetera (and others and so forth)

Fig : Figure

FGD : Focus Group Discussion

g : Gram

HSC : Higher Secondary School Certificate

ha : Hectare

i.e. : That is

MS : Microsoft Excel

MS : Master of Science

Kg : Kilogram

T : (Metric) ton

NGOs : Non-Government Organizations

PRA : Participatory Rural Appraisal

SSC : Secondary School Certificate

BDT : Taka

UFO : Upazila Fisheries Officer

yr : Year

ABSTRACT

The present study was conducted to assess the different fish culture practices

and to determine the relative profitability of pond fish production in Trishal

Upazila under Mymensingh district. The study was based on some

participatory rural appraisal (PRA) technique tools such as personal interview,

focus group discussion (FGD) and key informant interview with fish farmers in

the areas. The study was conducted from September to October, 2011. Thirty

fish farmers were selected randomly and data were collected through

questionnaire interview at the farm house or pond sites. Data analysis revealed

that the average pond size was 0.83 ha with a range from 2.5 ha to 15 ha.

Overall, 80% of the fish farmers practiced polyculture while only 20% farmers

practiced monoculture. The fish fingerlings were usually collected from Bogra,

some of them collect from BFRI and other local hatcheries. Fingerlings varied

from 1-2 inch in size with price of BDT 0.8-1/fingerling. Majority of the

farmers stocked fingerlings in June to July and the average stocking density

was found to be 55,000 fingerlings/ha. About 36% fish farmers had leased

ponds and lease value is BDT 161,538/ha/yr. 100% of the fish farmers used

supplementary feeds for fish culture. The best harvesting period was November

to January and the average yield of pangasius was 30,985 kg/ha/yr and for

carps 800 kg/ha/yr. Though the potential of fish farming in Mymensingh

region is mentioned-worthy, it is currently facing a number of problems such

as, lack of capital, proper technological knowledge, lack of regular supply of

quality fingerlings, improper proportion of protein and supply of adulterate

feed, high price of feed, inbreeding, marketing and management problems. If

the suggested constraints could be solved, the fish production in Trishal would

possibly be increased tremendously.

CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION

Aquaculture contributes more than 50% of the total inland fish production

(capture and culture) indicating the importance of aquaculture in Bangladesh

for food security of the fish eating nation (DoF, 2008). In total aquaculture

production, regionally greater Mymensingh area has got significant

advancement with traditional fish production.

Total fish production from pond culture was 483,416 tons in the year 1998 and

now it was predicted to increase 811,954 tons in 2006-2007 (DoF, 2008).

Aquaculture contributes increasingly to animal protein supply with creating

employment opportunities for urban and rural people.

Fish and fisheries play a vital role in the socio-economic development, poverty

alleviation of large number of population and earning foreign currency. It is

generally estimated about 12 m people of the country are supported by fisheries

and its related activities, in which more than 1.3 m people are directly engaged

with fisheries sector (Ahmed, 2003).

Bangladesh is bestowed with vast and highly diverse aquatic resources which

can be categorized as (a) inland capture fisheries, (b) freshwater and brackish

water aquaculture, and (c) marine fisheries. The inland fisheries are constituted

by rivers, estuaries, canals, flood plains, reservoirs and inundated paddy fields

and ponds covering an area of 5.3 m ha. The culture fisheries include

freshwater pond 0.26 m ha oxbow lakes, 0.0005 m ha and coastal shrimp farms

about 0.141 m ha. The country has a coastline of 710 km covering 166,000 sq.

km marine water body. Along with potential water resources the country is also

rich in the diversity of various fish species.

Bangladesh is ranked 3rd in aquatic bio-diversity in Asia behind China and

India, with approximately 300 of fresh and brackish water species (Hussain and

Mazid, 2001).These vast and varied aquatic resources support artisanal and

commercial fisheries as well as offer opportunities for aquaculture

development.

Annual fish production for Bangladesh is about 2.0 m mt (Economic Report,

2004). This production can not cover with the rapidly increasing demand. Fish

production form inland open water has been decreasing various reason such as

changing aquatic ecosystem, soil erosion, indiscriminate use of agro-chemicals,

destructive fishing practices, over fishing etc. Inland capture fishery

contributed 51.5 percent of the total fish production in 1987-88., whereas in

2001-02 it contributes 36 percent of the total production by this time

contribution from inland culture fishery has increased in two folds from 20.8 to

42 percent.

Fish plays vital role next to agriculture in food. It contributes about 63% of the

animal protein to our daily diet, 4.92% to the gross domestic product (GDP),

6% to the gross national product (GNP) and 5.71 % to the export earnings. It

supports an estimated 1.4 full-time and 12 million part-time fishermen (DoF,

2005). Thus, it plays a vital role in supplying food, supplementing protein

requirements and providing employment opportunities. So, it would be wise to

make maximum use to the available fisheries resources of the country on a

sustainable basis.

Fish is the main source of animal protein and essential nutrients in the people

diet throughout the country. The demand of fish has increased due to increase

in population. Our per capita annual fish demand is 18.00 kg but we are getting

only 15.04 kg (DoF, 2005). This quantity is even lower among the poor people

who live in rural areas. This result shows tremendous negative impact on the

health condition of the people. According to a recant nutrition survey

approximately 30,000 children are becoming blind each year due to vitamin –A

deficiency in this country

Most of the small indigenous fish species have high nutritional value in terms

of protein, micronutrients, vitamins and minerals. These micronutrients and

minerals are not commonly available in other foods. Moreover, larger carp

species are not eaten whole thus their nutritive value remains relatively low. On

the other hand, small indigenous species are cooked and eaten whole with head

and bones and thus provide a good source of nutrients.

Justification of the study

The shortage of fish in the country increased day by day due to increase in

population density. At the same time, due to land requirement of increased

people for housing, marketing extension, road, offices etc. the water resources

are declining every year. Therefore, to make animal protein available to the

country people, it is essential to increase the pond fish production in

Bangladesh. However, government and non government organizations (NGOs)

have been exerting efforts and allocation resources for production oriented

research and also initiation and encouraging the rural people to increase pond

fish culture. In this circumstance, pond fish culture may play vital role in over

fishing protein gap of the country. This study is expected to provide

information about socio-economic aspects of pond fish farmers and fish

culture, inputs used, their outputs, costs and return as by using different kinds

of inputs and also socio-economic problems associated in fish culture under

different culture systems.

In order to achieve the said goal, the objectives of the study were as follows:

to know the socio-economic condition of fish farmer,

to identify the problem of fish culture faced by the pond owner and

to suggest some policy measures and recommendations.

CHAPTER-2

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

This chapter is designed to review briefly the previous studies which are related

to the present research. A good number of studies carried out in the fisheries

sector but a few studies were concerned the topic of this research. Some related

literatures on other allied species have also been reviewed.

Islam and Dewan (1987) conducted a research on “An economic analysis for

pond fish production in some areas of Bangladesh”. The authors identified the

production practices both fish pond and fish seed multiplication farms (FSMF)

in Bangladesh. This study was mainly based on economic analysis of pond fish

production process and method of distribution of fish seeds by the FMSF’s of

both government and privately owned. They also discussed the different ways

of increasing fish production, either by constructing new ponds or improving

existing ponds or both.

Islam (1987) conducted a study on “Factors affecting pond fish production in

North-West Bangladesh” to explain productivity of fish ponds. He estimated a

Cobb- Douglas production function to explain productivity of ponds. The

selected variables were stocking of fish seed, fertilizers and artificial feed,

human labor, farm size, age of ponds, effective depth of water and number of

owners. Considering the aggregate production for all locations it was found the

except depth of pond water, all other factors were significant in explaining the

variation of pond fish output.

Sharma and Thakur (1988) evaluated the performance of carp culture

technology in India. For this experiment 25 ponds were selected randomly.

Analysis of data showed that production from village ponds (0.05-0.07ha)

touched an average of 1,816.72 kg ha-1 indicating six-fold increase from the

initial biomass-mark production average of 306.09 kg h-1

.

Nandeesha and Rao (1989) reported that in polyculture grass carp largely feeds

on macro vegetation and does not compete for food with other carps, while

silver carp, a voracious feeder of phytoplankton and common carp, which feed

on detritus, compete to some extent for food with the Indian major carps.

Hephaer and Milstein (1989) studied the interaction between bottom feeder fish

(common carp and hybrid tilapia) and filter feeder (silver carp) in polyculture

in fertilized ponds with no supplementary feeding. The silver carps were

stocked at two densities; 1,300 and 2,600ha-1. Combined yield of all species in

the polyculture was the highest at the density of 1,300 silver carp ha-1 (2,116 kg

ha -1 in 156 days). At 2,600 silver carp ha-1(1,690 kg ha-1

in 156 days)

inhibition of growth rate of silver carp itself, reduced total yield as compared

with the lower density.

Rahman et al. (1992) reported highest production of 9.97 t/ha in a polyculture

experiment on Pangasius pangasius when the stocking rate of Pangasius

pangasius, Catla catla and Labeo rohita was 8,000 fry/ha, 1,000 fry/ha and 500

fry/ha respectively.

Bangladesh Fisheries Research Institute (BFRI, 1992) conducted a “Research

on benchmark survey of aquaculture practices potentials and constraints in

Bangladesh”. The study observed the number of species of fish in uncultured

ponds. They also observed current practices and pond conditions. Constraints

on adoption of improved practices by pond owners by zones were also explored

in this study.

Ahmed et al. (1993) carried out household survey on socio-economic,

resources use and marketing in two thanas of Bangladesh. They studied a

sample of 333 households from the owners and operators of small waterbodies

(ponds and ditches) in two thanas of the district of Gazipur. It was revealed that

these persons enjoyed higher socio-economic status than the rest of the

community. Low-cost technologies for aquaculture would be developed in

order to involve the poor and landless aquaculture activities.

Khan (1995) conducted a study on fish marketing in some selected areas of

Bangladesh. He analyzed the existing system of fish marketing and estimated

costs and profit margins at different stages of fish marketing. The fishes he

studied were Rohu, Mrigal, Boal, Tengra, Pangasius, Shing, Magur and Koi as

a whole, the paikers of Mymensingh earned more profit than all others traders.

In the study areas, two marketing channels were identified. One was

fishermen→ aratdar(commission agent)→paiker( wholesale) →retailer→

consumer and the other was fishermen → paiker → consumer. He also

identified the problems of fish marketing in the selected areas. Those were

shorted of capital fluctuation and low price of fish.

Rahman (1995) carried out a study in Betrokona Sadar, Purbadhala and Kendua

of Netrokona district and found that ownership of pond, number of species and

human labor had negative impact on pond fish production, while depth of pond

water, farm size, fish seed, fertilizer and artificial seed are statistically

significant in explaining the variation in fish pond production in study area. He

found the yield per hectare yearly was 943 kg and average gross and net return

were Tk. 49,515 and Tk. 39,412 respectively. He also observed that medium

and small farmers had the highest gross and net returns because of using higher

amount of inputs compare to large farmers.

Shohag (1996) studied in Nandail Thana of Mymensingh and showed that pond

fish production under supervised credit system was mainly based on stocking

of fingerlings, use of fertilizers and artificial feed and human for different

operation in the study area. The average annual fish production was 5,229.44

kg per hectare. Low product price, lack of water during dry season, and lack of

desired fingerlings in proper time were identified as the dominant problems in

pond fish production.

Kanak (1997) found the highest gross production of fish (2623.02 kg/ha) over

the period of 6 months in polyculture of Indian major carps, Chinese carps and

Pangasius sutchi jn the earthen ponds receiving supplementary feed (50%

wheat bran, 45% mustard oilcak e and 5% fish meal) at the rate of 3% the total

body weight daily.

Hossain et al. (1997) obtained the average production of carp 2,133.3 kg ha-1

in

105 days in a mixed culture system using supplementary feed (rice bran and

mustard oil cake 1:1) at the rate of 5% of total body weight.

Haque and Razzaque (1998) conducted a polyculture experiment maintaining

the stocking density and ratio of rohu, catla, silver carp, mrigal, common carp

and Thai sarputi at the rate of 8,000-1,000 ha-1 in the ratio of 16:12:15:12:15:30

and reported the yield of 18-20 kg decimal-1

in 6 months ( 4,500-5,000 kg fish

ha-1 in 6 months).

Rahman (1999) studied aspect of pond fish production of both BRAC contract

and non-contract farmers and found that it was highly profitable. It was found

that the average annual per hectare fish production of BRAC contract and non

contract farmers were 6,323.0 kg and 5,411.0 kg, respectively while their per

hectare per year gross returns were Tk 34,00,00 and 25,50,00 respectively. The

findings of the study clearly indicated that BRAC farmers obtained higher

profit than non contract farmers. It was indicated that scientific use of inputs,

depth of pond, easy flow of capital, efficient extension services increased the

fish production.

Mazid and Hussain (1999) reported that present average yield (nationwide) of

carp polyculture is nearly 1,800-2,000 kg ha-1 and by using BFRI’s mature carp

polyculture technology this production rate could be increased four to five fold

i.e. with this technology production rate to the range of 7,000 to 10,000 kg ha-1

is possible.

Borash et al. (1999) conducted a study on the feasibility of fish farming with

application of fresh cow dung without supplemental feed and inorganic

fertilizer. They reported the experiments showed the production was 12.5%

lower, but the net return was 44.5% higher than the control. Input cost was

29.5% lower in the experimental units. The system was suitable for fish

farming in homestead ponds in rural NE India.

Islam (2000) found that the growth rate of fish production is still low in

Bangladesh. As far as the nutritional standard is concerned, Bangladesh should

produce 4.5 million tons, which is much higher than the present level of 1.6

million tons. Lacks of public policies along with the weaknesses in

implementing the existing ones are the main reasons for not getting desired

production in fisheries sector.

Haque (2000) carried out a study which showed that per hectare gross cost of

production of pond fish was Tk 65,917.52 while gross return and net return

were Tk 91,705.61 and Tk 25,789.09 respectively. Per hectare gross cost of

production of nursery fish was Tk 87,488.94 while gross return and net return

were Tk 139,272.2 and Tk 51,783.26 respectively. He observed that variation

in gross returns was largely influenced by the use of fry and fingerlings, human

labor and inputs. Cobb- Douglas production function analysis proved that all

the variables (Stock value of pond per farm, material cost per farm, area under

pond, depth of pond water) had positive impact on return from pond fish

production but stock value of pond, material cost and pond area had positive

impact on return from, fish nursery operation.

Akter (2000) revealed that the average per acre fish production for PROSHIKA

and RAKUB were 988 kg and 754 kg, respectively while their per acre net

return stood at Tk 52,769 and Tk 36,843. This findings of the study clearly

indicated that the loaner farmers of PROSHIKA obtained higher profit than

that of RAKUB and fishery credit borrowers were generally large and medium

farmers. The findings also revealed that scientific use of inputs, normal depth

of water, and easy flow of capital: efficient extension services increased the

fish production.

Quddus et al. (2000) conducted a study on fish culture status in Demra, Dhaka,

and found that ponds were classified into 4 categories like wild stock (27%),

extensive culture (24%) improved extensive culture (33%) and semi-intensive

culture (16%). Percentages of small, medium and large ponds were 38, 44 and

18 respectively whereas single owners belonged to 54% of the ponds. Per

hectare yields of extensive, improve extensive and semi-intensive categories of

culture were 1.3, 2.12 and 4.0 metric tons respectively and their net returns

were 46, 63 and 92 thousand taka respectively.

Sultana (2001) found that the farmers of Trisal upazilla, made profits from both

polyculture and carp nursery technologies. The study however, revealed that

the carp nursery was more profitable (Tk 10,444 ha-1) than the production of

polyculture (Tk 50, 0 21 ha-1

). The study has also identified some major

problems associated with economic, technical and social aspects that have

currently been facing by the producers in adopting polyculture and carp nursery

technologies.

Alam and Thomson (2001) examined the current status of fisheries in

Bangladesh, for each of the major sub sectors, namely inland open waters,

inland close waters (aquaculture) and marine fisheries. They explained that

production has been increased for all types of fisheries. There are many

constraints on expansion, and it is difficult to identified significant achievement

from government policy effort. A host of factors are responsible for the under

utilization of fishing areas, including resources limitations, poor

implementations of fisheries laws, the limited spread of fish farming

technology, low financial capacities and ineffective production practices.

Robbani (2002) conducted a survey of fisheries resources in Mymensingh,

Jessore and Laxmipur region. Fish production was found 1-2 tons per acre per

year. Majority of farm owners showed their preference for culturing major

carps. Inbreeding problems, lack of technical knowledge on scientific fish

culture, incidence of fish disease, credit facilities, security, marketing, multiple

ownership and lack of quality feed were identified as the constraints of fish

culture.

Rahman (2003) conducted a survey on socio-economic aspects of carp culture

development in Gazipur district and observed that 90% farmers culture both

Indian major carps and exotic carps. The average stocking density of carp fry

was found to be 25, 250 ha-1. Rice bran, oil cake and wheat bran were mainly

used for feeding. The average annual yield of carp was estimated about 2,925

kg ha-1

.

Gopakumar (2003) reported that the production level of fish (5.8 million tons

in 1999-2000) makes India the second largest aquaculture producing country in

the world. India cultures many different species including Indian major carps(

catla,Catla catla; rohu ,Labeo rohita; mrigala, Cirrhinus mrigala; and calbasu,

Labeo calbasu) marine shrimp, freshwater shrimp, oysters, green and brown

muscles, and pearl oysters for domestic and international markets.

Ahmed (2003) conducted a study mainly to asses the different culture practices

and to determine the relative profitability of pond fish production in

Mymensingh district. He observed the average stocking density of carp

fingerlings to be 9,537-10,445 ha-1. The average fish production cost was

estimated at Tk 23,210- Tk 24,790 ha-1. While the net return was found to be

Tk 59,119- Tk 56,484 ha-1 yr-1

. He stated the carp polyculture is a profitable

business and 71% farmers have improved their socio-economic condition

through the income of fish farming. Lack of money, lack of technical

knowledge, non-availability of quality seed and poor institutional support were

the major problems of sustainable development of carp polyculture.

Hossain (2006) in a study in Mymensingh area stated that the average

production rate was 14,943 kg/ ha/ year. From the survey, it was found that all

ponds were under polyculture system and farmers stocked mainly pangas along

with Indian major carps and exotic carps.

CHAPTER-3

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Methodology is an indispensable and important part of scientific research.

Appropriate methodology is a prime necessity that enables the researchers to

collect valid and reliable information and to analyze the information properly

in order to achieve a good conclusion. The methodology includes the selection

of the research title and objectives, selection of research area; identify target

groups, data collection and selection of analytical method.

There are several methods of collecting data and information. Selection of

particular method depends on many considerations such as the nature of the

research, time constrains, and availability of funds etc. The present study is

based on field survey where primary data was collected both from the farm

owners and the local people living near the farm. The survey method was

chosen for the present study because it was thought to be more advantageous.

The word “survey” refers to a method of study in which an overall picture is

obtained by a systematic collection of available data on the subject (Efferson,

1953). The major advantage of this method is that it is less expensive and its

coverage is much wider. But one of the major defects of this method is that the

investigation has to depend solely upon the memory of the farmers. This was

however, overcome by repeated visit and asking question in such a manner that

the farmer could answer from their memory. Figure 3.1 described the

schematic diagram of data collection procedure followed in the present study.

Fig.3.1 Methodology followed for the study

Cross check/ data velidation

Data processing and analysis

Data collection through questionnaire interview

Selection of the title and objectives

Design and test of questionnaire

Thesis presentation

Selection of the study area

Identify target groups

Preparing final questionnaire

3.1. Selection of the study area

Selection of the study area for the study of socioeconomic and environmental

impact of aquaculture is an important step. The selection of an area depends on

the objectives or purpose set for the study. The area in which a farm business

survey is to be carried out depends on the particular purpose of the study and

possible cooperation from the farmers. Thus, information was collected for

fulfillment of the objectives of the study. Primary information about fish farm

present in Trisal Upazila covering all the union and Upazila Fisheries Office of

selected area (Fig.3.2).

Finally data were collected from 30 farm owners living near the farm randomly

covering the selected study area. This area was selected considering the

following factors:

a. Large number of pond farms in this area.

b. Fish culture is a rising trend in this area.

c. There is an easy communication facility.

d. The study area was not far away and thus it was less expensive as well

as easier for data collection for the researcher.

e. Social norms and common believes were well known by the researcher;

and

f. No research was conducted in this respect.

3.2. Fisherman category:

In the study area of fisherman communities were divided into two distinct

groups such as:

• Professional farmers

• Subsistence farmers

Thirty fisherman were selected randomly from both professional and

subsistence fish farmers groups and relevant data were collected once weekly

through out the study period.

3.3 Design of questionnaire

According to the objectives of the study a draft questionnaire (consisting of two

parts, one is for farm owners and another is for local people living near the

farm) was prepared to collect the relevant data. Some questionnaires that were

used in such type of study by other researchers were also studied to have some

idea to make a well- developed questionnaire.

3.4 Making final questionnaire

Initially prepared draft questionnaire was tested with 5 farmers by the

researcher himself. In this pilot survey, much attention was given to any new

information, which was not designed to be asked but was important and

information towards the objectives of the study. Thus some parts of draft

questionnaire was improved, re-arranged and modified according to the

experiences gained from the pilot survey.

3.5 Collection of data

Data were collected by direct interviews. With a set of interview schedule

designed for this study each respondent was given a brief introduction about

the nature and purpose of the study during the interview. Besides, the

researcher asked the questions systematically in a very simple manner with

explanations wherever needed.

Fig. 3.2 Showing the Study Area.

3.6 Key informant interview

Crosscheck interviews were conducted with key informants such as Upazila

Fisheries Officer (UFO), school and college teachers, local leaders and NGO

workers where information was contradictory. The interviews of respondents

were conducted in their offices and / or houses.

3.7 Focus group discussion

PRA (Participatory Rural Appraisal) is a group of methods to collect

information form target group in a Participatory fashion (Chambers, 1992). The

information collected through wider participation of the community is likely to

be more accurate and it is advantage of PRA over other methods. The

participation provides an opportunity for cross-checking individual opinions as

well as allowing the community to discuss the issues that they full important,

rather than responding to a questionnaire. In present study, FGD (Focus Group

Discussion) was used to depict the overviews. A total of 10 FGD sessions were

conducted during data collection where each group size of FGD was 6 to 12

people. FGD sessions were held in village shops, under the big trees and

farmers house wherever there was spontaneous gathering. Focus group

discussion (FGD) is very effective PRA tool to get real information from

farmers. It was applied to address particular issues such as existing fish farming

technology, problem associated with it and constraints of fish production etc.

3.8 Processing and analysis of data

After the phase of data collection, the collected data were inserted in to the

computer, summarized, tabulated and analyzed according to the objectives of

the study. A tabular method of analysis was followed in analyzing the collected

information.

3.9 Problems encountered during data collection

Following problems encountered by the researcher during data collection.

These are as follows:

(i) Most of the people involved in fish farming activities in the study

area had no idea about research work and therefore it was difficult to

explain the purpose of this research to convince them.

(ii) Usually most of the respondents do not keep records of their

activities. Hence it was very difficult to collect actual data and the

researcher had to rely on memory of the respondents.

(iii) On some occasions farmers were not available at home and in such

case the research had to give extra effort and time to collect

information from them.

CHAPTER - 4

RESULTS This chapter describes results concerning the existing fish culture practices in

the pond system in the study area, including production technology such as

pond size, pond type, culture method, cultivated species, using fish and

fertilizer, learning of fish rearing, stocking density, productivity, market price

and problem of fish culture and other relevant aspects of fish production.

4.1. General information of fish farming 4.1.1. Starting year of fish farming During the PRA, it has been known that the culture of fish started at Trishal

upazilla of Mymensingh region by some rich people in leased ponds.

Observing first growth, high yield and net profit many local farmers and young

educated people became motivated and started fish farming. In this way fish

farming extended in the region within a few years. Presently fish are cultured in

almost all upazilas of the Mymensingh district and relatively at higher level in

Trishal upazila. Among the 30 sampled farmers, recently 7% farmers started

fish farming in 2010-2011 traditional way, 33% farmers started in 2005-06,

44% farmers started in 2000-2001 and 16% farmers started in 1995-96.

Moreover, the trend of fish farming is still increasing in the area with a little

higher trend in Trishal upazila (Fig.4.1).

05

1015202530354045

Perc

ent o

f far

mer

s

Recently( 2011)

5 yearsbefore(2006)

10 yearsbefore (

2001)

15 yearsbefore(1996)

Fig.4.1.1. Starting year of fish farming in Trishal upazila.

4.1.2. Category of fish farmer on the basis of size Among the fish farmers in the studied areas, 50% pond size was found to be

0.5-1 ha, 40% was 2.4 ha and 10% was 5-7 ha. The bigger size was found in

50% farmers in Trishal area (Fig. 4.2).

0

10

20

30

40

50Pe

rcen

t of F

arm

ers

0.5-1 ha 2-4 ha 05-Jul

Fig.4.2. Category of fish farmer on the basis of pond size in Trishal upazila.

4.1.3. Age structure Knowledge of the age structure of fish farmers is important in estimating potential productive human resources. In the study area, 20% were less than 30 years old, 24% between 31-40, 43% between 41-50 years old and 13% more than 50 years old. The highest percentage farmer was found in this area was in 41-50 age group (Fig. 4.3).

05

1015202530354045

Perc

ent o

f Far

mer

s

> 30 31-40 41-50 <50

Fig.4.3. Age distribution of fish farmers in the study area.

4.1.4. Level of education

The interviewed fish farmers were found with seven levels of educational

background; (i) Cannot sign (ii) Can sign (iii) Primary (iv) SSC (v) HSC (vi)

BSc and (vii) MSc. Result of the present investigation indicated that, 10%

cannot sign, 3% capable of sign only, 57% had primary level of education, 17%

had SSC, 13% had HSC and above educational level was absent. The highest

number of fish farmers who have primary level of education was found in

Trishal upazila (Fig. 4.4).

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Can notSign

Can Sign Primary SSC HSC

Pece

nt o

f Far

mer

s

Fig. 4.4. The educational level in the study area.

4.1.5. Training status of fish farming

In the study area, most of the farmers have years of fish farming experiences. It

was found that 90% farmers learn the fish culture technology themselves

through learning by doing, that is culture in successive years and sharing of

knowledge among the fellow farmers. About 10% gained experience from

friend and neighbors. The higher percentage (90%) of farmers learnt by

themselves. Of the total (30) interviewed nobody received formal training on

fish culture.

Table.4.1. Training status of fish farmers in Trishal upazila.

Self study Through DoF Through NGOs Neighbors/

Friends

90% (27) 0% (0) 0% (0) 10% (3)

4.2. Fish culture technologies

4.2.1. Pond size

Size of ponds is an important factor influencing the use of inputs in the fish

pond. A suitable pond size is required to minimize the production cost and

maximize the profit. Small ponds are uneconomical in the sense that its

operating costs are high, on the other hand, very large ponds often become

unmanageable. An optimum pond size is, therefore, required to obtain the

maximum yield. Optimum pond size may vary in different locations on the

basis of physical and socio-economic conditions of a particular region. In the

study area the average pond size was found 0.83 ha, with a range from 2.50 ha

to 15 ha.

Table. 4.2. Pond size of fish farms in Trishal upazila.

Area Average pond

size

Largest pond size Smallest pond

size

Trishal 0.83 ha 15 ha 2.50 ha

4.2.2. Ownership of the ponds

In the study area, 64% of the farmers have their own pond without partnership

and, 36% have leased ponds. Lease value of land BDT 161,538 /ha/yr which

varied with the location, productivity and pond size (Fig. 4.5).

0

5

10

15

20

Perc

ent o

f Far

mer

s

Own Land Leased Land

Fig.4.5. Ownership of the pond in the study area.

4.2.3. Depth of the pond

In the study area, the distributions of ponds according to the minimum and

maximum pond water depth are shown in Fig 4.6. It was observed that the

minimum water depths of 17% ponds were 2-4 ft and maximum water depths

of 83% ponds were 5-7 ft.

0

20

40

60

80

100

Perc

ent o

f Far

mer

s

2-4 ft 5-7 ft

Fig.4.6. Distribution of ponds according to the depth of water.

4.2.4. Sources of pond water

Success of traditional aquaculture depends on the supply of sufficient amount

of good quality water. Supply of water in the pond can be from two main

sources- rain water and ground water. Distribution of the sources of pond water

is shown in Table 4.7. It was found that 33% ponds depend on rain water and

67% pond depends on ground water supply in the study area. They usually add

water when needed. Temperature created various problems such as oxygen

depletion; water quality deterioration etc. and excess rainfall flooded the ponds

in summer months.

Table.4.3. Distribution of the sources of pond water.

Only rain water Rain water and ground

water

Only ground water

33% 0% 67%

4.2.5. Soil types of ponds

Loamy soil is suitable for aquaculture farming and silty clay soil is less suitable

for aquaculture. From the study area, it was found that 90% of pond had loamy

soil and 10% had clay soil (Fig. 4.7)

Clay (10%)

Loamy ( (90%)

Fig.4.7. Soil types of fish ponds in the study area.

4.2.6. Culture season and methods

In the study area, the best season of fish farming was reported to be started in

May and end in January. The fish fingerlings are stocked in May to June and

harvested from November to January. It was also found that 80% farmers

cultured pangasius with other fish (polyculture), whereas 20% farmers cultured

only pangasius (monoculture). The highest percentage of polyculture farmers

was found in this area. Maximum polyculture farmers used carps including

Rohu (Labeo rohita), Silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix), Catla (Catla

catla), Mrigal (Cirrhinus cirrhosus), Tilapia (Tilapia mossambica) and Nilotica

(Tilapia nilotica) with Pangasius (Pangasius hypophthalmus).

0102030405060708090

Monoculture Polyculture

Perc

enta

ge o

f Far

mer

s

Fig.4.8 Fish culture techniques in terms of species composition in Trishal upazila.

4.2.7. Pre-stocking pond management

Pond preparation before stocking of fish fingerlings is an important part of

pond management. About 90% of the surveyed farmers made necessary

preparation before stocking of fingerlings. The unwanted fish, mainly small

indigenous fish species were removed from most of the surveyed ponds. About

99% farmers were found to use lime in their ponds at the rate of 58 kg/ha

during the pond preparation, 1-2 weeks prior to the release of fish fingerlings.

Only a few farmers (15%) reported to remove organic deposits from the pond

bottom during pond preparation in every alternative year. However, farmers did

not fertilize the pond before releasing the fish fingerlings.

4.2.8. Sources of fish fingerlings

Traders were the main sources of supplying fish fries/fingerlings to the farmers.

About 83% of the farmers collected fries/fingerlings from the fry traders, 10%

from the government farms and 7% from the local private farms or nurseries.

The traders brought fish fries and fingerlings in the study areas from private

nurseries in Bogra, some of them collect from BFRI and other local hatcheries

(Table4.4). Fingerlings size varies from 1-2 inch with price of BDT 0.8-

1/fingerling. The traders transported fish fingerlings in PVC drums on pickup

vans. The quality fish fingerlings have a major impact on production and

profitability in fish farming. Therefore, the farmers were reported to be always

eager to select good quality fingerlings to ensure profitable harvest. Farmers

complained about the low quality fingerlings for inbreeding problem that

supplied by the traders.

Table.4.4. Sources of fish fries/ fingerlings for stocking in this study area.

Fry trader Government farm Local private farm

83% (25) 10% (3) 7% (2)

4.2.9. Stoking frequency and density

In the study areas 90% of the fish farmers whether large, medium or small

stocked fish fingerlings in twice a year, for the first crop during February to

March and for the second crop during June to July. In both cases culture period

range from 120-150 days. Only a few farmers (10%) stocked fingerlings once a

year during May to June. The farmers were found to stock their ponds with

varied number of fish fingerlings from 50,000 to 60,000/ha/crop and average

stocking density 55,000/ha/crop. The stocking density of fish was much higher

than the density normally being used in carp polyculture in Bangladesh.

4.2.10. Feeding and feed management for fish farming

Supply of supplementary feeds, which can complement nutritional deficiency,

is important to increase fish production. It does vary according to intensity of

cultivation. In the study area, it was observed that the pond fish farmers used

wheat bran, rice bran, bone meal, fish meal, soybean meal, mustard oilcake and

molasses in their fish ponds. The 90% farmers had their own mills for

producing feeds. In the study areas fish were fed at high rates. Some farmers

were found to adjust the feed quality based on visual observation of fish growth

and some others by measuring the weight of a small number of stocked fishes.

Most of the farmers fed their fishes normally two times a day and the others

three times a day. In the study area, food conversion ratio (FCR) was 2. The

average quantity feed used by the farmers in the study area was found to be

55,000/kg/ha/yr (Table 4.5).

Plate.4.1. Photographs showing feeding of fish by farm operations in Trishal upazila.

Table.4.5 Major Ingredients used to prepare farm made feed for fish.

Major feed ingredients Percentage of feed ingredients Rice bran 20-25 Wheat bran 15-20 Bone meal 5-10 Soybean meal 5-10 Fish meal 15-20 Mustard oilcake 15-20 Molasses 0.5-1.5

4.2.11. Disease occurrence in fish ponds

It was found from the study area that 23% fish farms were was affected by

disease and 77% farmers did not found any disease in their farm throughout the

production cycle. Major diseases or clinical signs include rectal protrusion, tail

and fin rot, cotton wool type lesion and black spot in the skin. (Table 4.6).

Table.4.6. Disease occurrence of fish in Trishal upazila.

Yes No

23% ( 7) 77% ( 23)

4.3. Fish productivity

4.3.1. Fish production

In the study area, it was found that 80% ponds were under polyculture system

and farmers stocked mainly pangasius along with Indian major carps.

According to the 30 fish farmers, average production of pangasius was 30,985

kg/ha/yr and for carps 800 kg/ha/yr.

4.3.2. Harvesting and marketing of fish

In the study area, the best harvesting season were found to be June to July and

November to January. It also found that 94% farmers harvested their fish

completely and only 6% of farmers harvested partially. The farmers were

reported to harvest their farmed fish when it reached around 500 g to 1 kg in

size. Normally all the fishes of a crop in a pond were harvested at a time and

then the ponds were made ready for the second crop of the year. Those who do

only one crop in a year harvested fish when it reached about 1 to 1.5 kg in size

in 10-11 months. Some large farmers reported to have their own fishing net and

fisher group formed by the farm labors. In the community there are separate

fishers group with nets formed by rural poor who do fishing farmers pond on

contract basis. In the study area, 94% of the farmers reported to sell their fishes

mostly to small traders and occasionally to larger traders. The small traders sell

the fishes to retailers in local markets and in neighboring districts, sometimes

to larges traders. The medium and large farmers (90%) sell their fishes to large

traders who transport the fish in live condition to Dhaka, the capital city and

the northern districts of the country. The fish are transported in PVC drums

with freshwater. The selling price of fish varied according to the size and

qualities; however the average selling price of pangasius was BDT 65-75 per

kg and carps was BDT 100-110 per kg.

4.4. Income level of pond fish farmers

The selected pond fish farmers were interviewed and their annual income was

calculated. The average annual income of the farmer was 115,000 BDT.

4.5. Problems of fish farming

From the study it was found that the fish farmers in Mymensingh area are

facing a number of technical and social problems in fish farming. The major

problems are lack of capital, high price of quality feed and fingerlings of fish,

inbreeding in hatcheries, adulterated feed, less protein in feed, marketing

problem, poor technical knowledge and transportation etc.

Moreover, the farmers reported some other problems, which are water

exchange problem, water quality deterioration with massive micro algal

blooms, off-flavor in fish flesh, reduced fish growth comparing to previous

year for inbreeding problem and less demand of fish in local market. Fish

farming within pond system was expensive due to increased cost for good

quality fish fingerlings and high quality feed.

CHAPTER - 5

DISCUSSION

Considering the objectives, Trishal upazila of Mymensingh district was

purposively selected for the study. From the study area 30 fish farmers were

randomly sampled. Using pre-tested interview questionnaire data were

collected through face to face interview. Other PRA tools were also used to

reinforce the findings along with the fish farming. The results obtained from

the study are discussed as follows:

5.1 Age structure

In the present study it was found that most of the farmers (43%) belong to the

age group 41-50. Kaiya et al. (1987) stated that fish culture efficiency varied

with the age and number of owners of pond which shows the similarity with the

age group only. Rana (1996) found in his study in Sirajgonj district that 70%

ponds farmers were in 18-45 age groups.

5.2 Level of education

Literacy level of pond fish farmers can play a vital role in efficient

management and operation as well as in successful production. From the study,

it was found that 10% farmers cannot sign, 3% can sign only, 57% had

primary, and 17% SSC and 13% had HSC level of education. The reported

literacy rate was found higher than the national adult literacy level of 65%

(BBS, 2002).

5.3 Training status of fish farmers

In the present study, only 10% farmers acquired their fish farming experience

from friends and neighbours and the majority of the (90%) farmers learnt by

themselves. Rahman (2003) found in his study in Gazipur district that about

49% farmers gained fish farming experience from friends and neighbours. Saha

(2006) observed in his study that about 45.6% pangasius farmers gained

experience from friends and neighbours. In the study, nobody received formal

training. Rahman (2003) reported that about 49% farmers received formal

training.

5.4 Pond production technology

5.4.1. Pond size

Size of pond is an important variable for the production of fish as analyzed by

Islam and Dewan (1987). Returns on per pond basis under different pond size

had a direct and positive relationship with input used, but on the basis of per

unit area, pond efficiency was greater in medium size (Mollah et al., 1986). It

was found in the present study, the average pond size was 0.83 ha. Rahman

(2003) found that the average pond size was 0.12 ha.The pond size differed in

the study with a range from 2.50 to 15 ha. Hossain et al. (1992-94) have

reported in their report in Chandpur districts that 82% pond were up to 0.20 ha.

According to BBS (1984) 80% ponds in rural areas are less than 0.13 ha. Khan

(1986) stated that fish culture efficiency varied with the size of ponds.

5.4.2. Ownership of the ponds

Ownership of pond is an essential factor making smooth decision regarding

fish farming. A pond having single ownership is very easy to monitor but very

tough in the case of multiple ownership. In the present study, 64% of farmers

have own pond without partnership and 36% had leased pond. Quddus et al.

(2000) observed that 34% of the ponds were under lease and the rest 12%

ponds were public or organizational property in Derma, Dhaka. In the present

study found that lease value of land was BDT 161,538/ha/yr which varies with

the location, productivity and size of the pond.

5.4.3. Soil types of ponds

In the present study it was observed that 90% pond had loamy soil and 10%

had clay soil. In loamy soil area, ponds have high capacity of water holding

with less turbidity problem and high productivity that is potential for other land

based aquaculture systems. On the contrary, Ali and Rahman (1986) stated that

sandy soil of the ponds was a major problem with 19% of the fish pond owners

in Rangpur district.

5.4.4. Culture methods

In the study area, the best season of fish farming was reported to be from May

to January. The fish fingerlings were stocked in May to June and harvested

from November to January. Ahmed (2003) observed the best period of

polyculture was from April to December. Hossain (2001) reported only 26% of

the ponds were used for culture of monoculture and 74% of the ponds were

used for pangasius with Indian major carps. From the survey it was found that

92% farmers carried out polyculture system. Rahman (2006) showed that

around 90% of the farmers cultured pagasius with carps.

5.4.5. Pre-stocking management

In the study area, pond repairing was the main activity as pre-stocking

management. Except pond repairing a little work such dyke, removing mud,

liming etc were done as pre-stocking management. From the survey it was

found that 99% farmers followed liming of their ponds. Dyke is the most

important part of fish farm. It provides the physical structure of the ponds and

obstructs the fish to escape from the ponds. The dyke should be wide enough to

allow the worker to walk around the ponds in carrying feeds, monitoring and

harvesting (New and Singholka, 1985). In the present study, it was found that

15% farmers repaired pond dykes.

5.4.6. Stocking of fish

Fish production depends on the rates of proper stocking of fingerlings.The

average stocking density in the study area was observed to be 55,000

fingerlings/ha. Hossain (2006) found that average stocking density was 24,206

fry/ha. Hasanuzzaman (1997) observed the average stocking density of 16,196

fry/ha in the district of Rajshahi. Hossain et al.(1992) found the range of

stoking density from 10,000 to 31,000 fry/ha. Akter (2001) found that the

average stocking density was 26,309 fry/ha. Kausari (2001) found average

stocking density 30,875 fry/ha in a village of Mymensingh district. However in

the present study, farmers followed higher level of stocking compared to

available literature suggesting fish farming getting intensified gradually.

5.4.7. Feed

Supply of feeds which can compliment the nutritional deficiency, is important

to increase fish production. It was observed that fish farmers used high protein

pelleted as supplementary feed. Akter (2001) observed that the total rate of

feed used was 6,751 kg/ha which were separately given as rice polish (1,598

kg), wheat bran (870 kg), oilcake (2,540 kg), vitamin (41 kg) and fish meal

(1,702 kg). Kausari (2001) found that the rate of feeding was 38,916 kg/ha.

Rahman (2003) found the rate of rice bran and oilcakes were 2731 and 584

kg/ha. Saha et al. (1997) found the rate of rice bran and oilcakes were 2,731

and 584 kg/ha respectively. In the present study, fish farmers feed at high rate

to get high production of fish.

5.4.8. Food Conversion Ratio (FCR)

As feed is the most expensive item in rural aquaculture all concerned people

should think about commonly practiced two or three times feeding a day (DoF,

2004). Food conversion ratio is defined as the amount of dry feed per fed to get

live weight gain. In this experiment the pellected feed was given for pangasius

with Indian major carps that had an FCR of 2. Azimuddin et al. (1999) found

FCR of P. hypophthalmus from 1.73 to 2.04 in case of 40.50 and 60 fish 1 m3

stocking density. Pathmasothy and Jin (1987) found FCR was 2.27 to 3.66

when fish fed with 32% of protein feed. According to the above study, the FCR

of fish in the present experiment was not so satisfactory for increasing price of

feed. This was possibly due to availability of adulterate feed ingredients to

prepare fish feeds in the existing feed companies which necessarily needs

further attention from researchers and policy makers.

5.4.9. Harvesting and marketing fish

In the study, the best harvesting season June to July and November to January.

Rahman (2003) observed the best period of harvesting was from October to

January. Ahmed (2003) stated the best harvesting season was April to July and

found that 65% of farmers harvested their fish completely and only 35% of

farmers harvested partially. The fish harvest strategies as observed in the

present study comparable with those reported by Ahmed (2003). According to

the survey, 94% of farmers sold their fish to the small traders and 90% of

medium and large farmers sold their fish to the large traders. The selling price

of Pangasius was BDT 65-75 per kg and carps was BDT 100-110 per kg. Saha

(2006) reported that the average price was BDT 50 per kg. This difference may

due to increasing price of feed as well as demand of fish.

5.4.10. Fish production

In the study the average fish production was 30,985 kg/ha/yr. It was found that

all ponds were order polyculture system and farmers stocked mainly pangasius

along with Indian major carps. Rahman et al (1992) obtained 41.36 kg/decimal

(9.97 t/ha) fish in a polyculture experiment with pangasius and carps. Akter

(2001) conducted a survey in Trishal upazila under Mymensingh district and

found that average production of was 20,112 kg/ha.

5.5. Income level

In the study area, it was found that the average annual income of the fish

farmer was from 80,000-150,000 BDT. Khan (1986) stated that level of family

income is important economic factor affecting utilization of pond fish farming.

The annual income of fish farmers in the area seemed to be better than the

national average income of BDT 22,500 (BBS, 2002).

5.6. Problems of fish farming

The fish farmers in the present study reported a number of problems. The major

problems mentioned by the farmers are lack of money, lack of scientific

knowledge, inbreeding, adulterate feed, improper proportion of protein in feed,

poor water quality and lower market price. Rahman (2003) stated farming

constrains were lack of money and higher production cost. Ali and Rahman

(1986) stated that the non-availability of good quality fingerlings: both

indigenous and exotic species was the major problem in Rangpur district. Akter

(2001) stated that the major problems were also lack of credit, lack of scientific

knowledge, high price of input and low price of fish etc. Hossain (2006) stated

that the major problems were lack of proper knowledge, low market price of

fish, lack of knowledge on water quality maintenance. This suggests that fish

farming is being practiced in Mymensingh region with almost a consistent

feature where it is important to mitigate the current problems to make this

enterprise sustainable.

CHAPTER- 6

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 6.1 Summary

The study was conducted to determine the pond feature, fish culture system and

socio-economic condition of pond owners. The research work was carried out

in Trishal upazila under Mymensingh district. The study was conducted from

September to October, 2008 with 30 farmers. Although fish farming is a

profitable enterprise, concerns arise about sustainability in terms of technical

aspects of its farming. The present study was conducted to address different

technical issues of fish farming. The study was conducted based on personal

interview, participatory rural appraisal (PRA) technique and focus group

discussion (FGD) with fish farmers of the surveyed areas.

From the survey area, it was observed that the average pond size was 0.83 ha

with the range from 2.5 ha to 15 ha. In the study area, 80% farmer’s cultured

pangasius with carps (polyculture) and 20% farmers cultured only pangasius

(monoculture). The traders brought fish fries and fingerlings in the study areas

from private nurseries in Bogra whereas some of them collect from BFRI and

other local hatcheries. Fingerling size varies from 1-2 inch with price of BDT

0.8-1/fingerling. The fish fingerlings were usually stocked in May to June and

average stocking density was found to be 55,000 fingerlings/ha. In the area,

about 36% fish farmers had leased ponds and lease value was BDT

161,538/ha/yr. 100% of the fish farmers used supplementary feeds for fish

culture. From the survey, it was found that the fish are harvested throughout the

year but the best harvesting period was November to January and most of the

farmers harvested their fish by using seine net which locally known as Ber jal.

The average yield of pangasius was 30,985 kg/ha/yr and for carps 800 kg/ha/yr.

The fish farmers in the study area reported a number of problems. Though the

potential of fish farming in Mymensingh region is high but they mentioned the

farmers have lack of money, lack of scientific knowledge, inbreeding, supply

of adulterate feed, improper proportion of protein in feed, poor water quality

and low market price etc.

The findings of the study conform that the pond fish culture is a profitable

business.

6.2. Recommendation On the basis of major findings of the study, the following recommendations

were made to improve the fish production:

1) Training program should be updated for the hatchery and nursery owners

and, grow-out farmers with the help of DoF and NGOs.

2) For overcoming the problem of inbreeding, the hatchery owners should

exchange brood fish among themselves; it may be advisable to set up

“Brood Bank” in the hatcheries.

3) Reasonable price of feed, spawn, fingerling and other inputs should be

ensured.

4) Bank loan and other institutional credit should be made available on easy

terms and conditions to the farm owners.

5) Marketing facilities should be improved, so that stakeholders could get the

fair price of their product round the year.

6) Fisheries extension service should be strengthened to estimate the

prospective growers and circulate booklets and pamphlets about update

technologies of fish farming

7) Adulterated feed ingredients used by the feed companies which necessarily

need further attention from the researchers and policy makers.

8) Efforts should be taken to develop suitable market infrastructure in the

study area with respect to quick transportation, proper storage and other

physical facilities, provision of such facilities would diminish the high cost

of marketing.

6.3. Conclusion Apart from some adverse socio-economic condition and constraints of fish

farming, farmers in this region contribute a remarkable part of inland fish

production in Bangladesh. As the fishery sector plays a vital role in the socio-

economic development, opportunity for employment, poverty alleviation and

earning foreign currency for Bangladesh, it may be concluded that we have to

reduce all the constraints of aquaculture to achieve sustainable growth in

future.

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Questionnaire for: Factors Affecting Traditional Aquaculture in Mymensingh Region

Sl. No. ……………. Date…………… 1. Personal Information 1.1 Name of Farmer……………………….......................Sex ..…....Age………….

Address: Village………………..Upazilla……………….District………. Mobile No. : 1.2. Level of education Cannot sign Can sign Primary SSC HSC BSc MSc Others

1.3. What is your main occupation? Agriculture

Fish culture

Hatchery owners

Govt. Service

Private service

Business Others

1.4.What is your secondary occupation? Agriculture

Fish culture

Hatchery owners

Govt. Service

Private service

Business Others

2. Fish Farming Information 2.1. When did you start fish farming? Recently 5 years before 10 years before 15 years before >15 years

2.2. How big your farm is? 0.5-1 ha 2-4 ha 5-7 ha 8-10 ha >10 ha

2.3.How did you learn fish farming? Self study through

DOF through NGOs

Neighbors/Friends other sources

2.4. Have you receive any formal training? Yes No

If yes, where............................................. and how long ? 2.5. Who own the land of fish farm? Own land Leased land Share cropping other sources

If leased, how much you have to pay for per ha/year in?......................Tk If share cropping what is your share? .........................................................

2.6. What is your present production system? Nursing Nursing and grow

out Only grow out

Rearing brood stock all of above

2.7. How did your allocate land in various system? Nursing Dec.

Nursing and grow out Dec

Only grow out Dec.

Rearing brood stock Dec.

all of above Dec.

2.8. What is the average depth of your ponds? 2-4 ft 5-7 ft 7-9 ft >9 ft

2.9. What are the sources of water supply for your farm? only Rain water Rain water and

Ground water only Ground water others

2.10. How often you add water in your ponds? Not at all during dry season when is needed every month others

2.11. Is temperature creating problem to your fish farming? 2.12. Is rain hampering your fish farming? 2.13. What are the soil types of your ponds? Clay Silty clay Loamy silt or sand others

3) Pre-Stocking Pond Management 3.1. Do you prepare pond before start culture? Yes No

If yes, what did you do?

Dry pond Remove mud Repair dykes Remove Aquatic weeds

others

3.2. Do you remove undesirable species before start culture? Yes No

If yes, which method do you follow? Drying

Netting

Apply Rotenone

Mechanical removal

Poison others

What is the dose of rotenone and poison per decimal? gm/ decimal............................... 3.3. Do you apply lime during pond preparation? Yes No

If lime is used, what is the dose per decimal? kg /decimal............................... 3.4. Do you apply fertilizer during pond preparation? Yes No

If yes, mention the dose per decimal.

Fertilizer Dose( kg/decimal) Cow manure Poultry manure Urea TSP Others( Specify)

4) Culture strategies:

4.1. Which type of culture usually you follow? Monoculture Polyculture others

If polyculture followed, why do you consider polyculture? Improve water quality

Higher production

Higher economic return

Less disease probability

Improve environmental condition

others

4.2. What are the species you use in polyculture system? Indian major carps

Pangus with tilapia

Tilapia with cat fish

SIS with Indian major carps

others

4.3. For polyculture, please give the information in details:

Name of Species

Source of fry

Size of fry

Month release

Duration of culture

Fish release/dec

Price/ fingerlings

Total cost

Total

4.4.Please give details about stocking density of fish in polyculture pond? Carps Pangasius Tilapia Cat fish Koi others Fish/dec.

4.5. Do you disinfect fish before release in ponds? Yes No

If yes, what do you use for disinfect the fish? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

If yes, how do you disinfect the fish prior to release in polyculture ponds? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

5) Water quality management and environmental issues: 5.1. Do you measure water quality in pond? Yes No

If yes, what do you measure? Temperature Dissolve

oxygen pH Ammonia

Alkalinity transparency Ammonia

If yes, how often do you measure? Temperature Dissolve

oxygen pH Ammonia

Alkalinity Transparency Ammonia

5.2. What was the range of these parameters in your pond?

Temperature Dissolve oxygen

pH Ammonia

Alkalinity Transparency Ammo-nia

Daily weekly

Monthly

Bi-weekly

Monthly If not, give region................................................................................................. 5.3. Do you have any problem with the water quality during culture period? Yes No

If yes, what are the problems you had during culture? Oxygen depletion

pH Algal bloom

fluctuation

Fish mortality

Low production

Others

5.4.How did you overcome the problems?

Name of Chemicals Dose(g/ decimal) Lime

Salt

Disinfectants

Potash

Others if any:

Through application of chemicals as following doses 5.5. .Do you use fertilizer during culture period? Yes No

If yes, give details of fertilizer used Fertilizer Frequency/how often apply Dose(kg/decimal) Cow manure Poultry manure Urea TSP Others

6) Feeding and Feed Management: 6.1. Do you feed the fish? Yes No

If yes, give details of feed you used Items Frequency/ how often

apply % body weight

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.Ohers

6.2. Do you prepare fish feed at home? Yes No

If yes, mention the ingredient-

7) Disease and Health Management Issues: 7.1. Do you regularly check health of fish? Yes No

If yes, how Items Frequency/ how often apply Method/How do you check

7.2. Do you take preventive measures? Yes No

If yes, what are the measures you usually take? Pond drying

Apply lime

Weed control

Remove undesirable fish

Add water Others

If no, why ................................................................................................. 7.3. Did you encounter any disease problem? Yes No

If yes, which type of disease you had earlier? Name of fish

Age/size of affected fish

Disease with clinical signs

% of affected fish

% of death Season of occurrence

7.4. What do you do with diseased fish? Eat Sale in market Through away Give to the

poor Others

7.5. Did you report to Upazilla Fisheries Office of disease outbreak in you pond? Yes No

If yes, did UFO/other officials come to visit your ponds? Yes No

If yes, what measures did they give to you?

7.6. Is your pond open to natural water sources? Yes No

If yes, why you keep it open? ............................................... 7.7. Did you treat the diseased fish? Yes No

If yes, mentioned the treatment and cost? Name of Disease

Drugs used Always use Once used Doses Price in (BDT)

7.8. Did you have any success with treatment? Yes No

If yes, on which diseases and mention the doses of medicine?

7.9. Do you get any help from GO/ NGOs for control and treatment of disease? Yes No

If yes, what support did you get from GO/NGOs?

(If the answer is yes) Types of assistance................................. 8) Harvesting and Productivity: 8.1. How do you harvest your fish? regularly once a year twice a year whenever

needed others

8.2. When is the best season of your harvesting?

8.3. Do you practice partial harvesting of fish to sort out marketable size? Yes No

If yes, how do you sort out fishes? by weight by size by appearance others

Who harvest fish for you? yourself contact fishermen your neighbor others

How much you pay to harvest fish? Tk /unit pond percent of harvest others

Do you sell fish? Yes No

If yes, how much you sell, donate and consume?

own consumption (kg)

donate to relatives(kg)

sell (kg) others (kg)

8.4. Do you sell the fish to the fishermen who harvest the fish? Yes No

If no, how do you transport the fish to the market? rickshaw van motor van others

8.5. Fish production and sell: Species Average size

harvested fish Fish production per cycle (kg/ha)

Fish production per year(kg/kg)

Price/kg of fish(BDT)

Total

8.6. Where do you sell fish? At pond site

Local market

To foriya Arat Distance market Others

9) How much you spend for fish culture in per bigha/acre/hectare water body?

Items Unit Tk/ unit Amount(Tk) Seed/fry Feed Fertilizer

Salary of management stuff

Labors Harvesting and marketing

Interest of loan

Depreciation cost

Others Total

10) Income from fish culture: How much you earn from fish culture? Tk/unit pond/year

11) Problems/ constraints of farmers: Do you have any other problem to culture fish? Yes No

If yes, please mention the problems. Do you have any comments to mention regarding fish culture problem or prospect? ........................................... (Signature of interviewer)