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This document was a presentation for a lab meeting at the University of Glasgow (2014) about the current state of malaria vectors in Ecuador and what can be done in the future. Most of the information was gathered from various sources with a special focus on the most recent work done by Dr. Lauren Pinault (2008-2012) in the Ecuadorian Andes.
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Presented by:
Leonardo Ortega Student at the MSc in QMBCE University of Glasgow 2014
starrycluster.wordpress.com
www.aitelephone.com www.worldatlas.com
www.sangay.com
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dyPMhd5K7ec
Major plasmodium species:
P. falciparum (14%),
P. vivax (86%)
Major anopheles species:
An.albimanus
WORLD MALARIA REPORT 2013 commons.wikimedia.org
Anopheles (Anopheles) apicimacula Dyar & Knab 1906
Anopheles (Anopheles) eiseni Coquillett 1902
Anopheles (Anopheles) gomezdelatorrei Levi-Castillo 1955
Anopheles (Anopheles) mediopunctatus (Lutz) 1903
Anopheles (Anopheles) pseudopunctipennis Theobald 1901
Anopheles (Anopheles) punctimacula Dyar & Knab 1906
Anopheles (Kerteszia) bambusicolus Komp 1937
Anopheles (Kerteszia) boliviensis (Theobald) 1905
Anopheles (Kerteszia) cruzii Dyar & Knab 1908
Anopheles (Kerteszia) neivai Howard, Dyar & Knab 1912
Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) albimanus Wiedemann 1820
Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) aquasalis Curry 1932
Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) darlingi Root 1926
Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) oswaldoi (Peryassu) 1922
Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) rangeli Gabaldon, Cova Garcia & Lopez 1940
Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) triannulatus (Neiva & Pinto) 1922
Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) trinkae Faran 1979
Map of all attempted larval collection localities in Ecuador (black circles), between 2008 - 2010. Map prepared in ArcGIS v.9.3 with ESRI World Terrain base
Pinault and Hunter Malaria Journal 2011, 10:236 http://www.malariajournal.com/content/10/1/236
An. albimanus An. pseudopunctipennis
Circle size (legend) indicates mean number of larvae per dip in a 30-dip sample
An. punctimacula An. eiseni
Circle size (legend) indicates mean number of larvae per dip in a 30-dip sample
An. pseudopunctipenis Empty lots (14% of n=30)
River edges and eddies (28% of n=41)
An. albimanus Empty lots (14% of n=30)
River edges and eddies (58% of n=41)
Road water bodies (26% of n=38)
An. punctimacula Road water bodies (44% of n=38)
An. pseudopunctipenis floating algae
(cyanobacterial mats),
warmer temperatures,
and higher water clarity
An. Albimanus Permanent habitats,
sand substrates,
floating algae (cyanobacterial mats),
and warmer temperatures
An. punctimacula floating algae (neg)
and dissolved oxygen
An. oswaldoi Not associations
SURVEYS: Highland (n=131); Lowland (n=262) Well understanding
Where disease occurs
Relationship b/w standing water, mosquitoes and malaria
Approx. half denied risk at their own properties
People with potential habitat 50% did not report their presence (definition of suitable
habitat??)
Most of at-risk population use bed nets.
Consider ecological roles of mosquitoes
Biochemical research on antimalarials
Socioeconomical studies for free access
Transgenesis of mosquitoes
Transgenesis of Wolbachia
Ecological studies of mosquitoes
Link behaviour, adaptation and speciation
Society empowerment for prevention Educative workshops
Policies of poverty reduction Access to clean water
Access to formal education
Access to formal jobs
Reduction of social problems (crime, intrafamiliar violence)
Investment on research