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Current situation and issues of Industrial Wastewater Management in Thailand
Chayawee Wangcharoenrung Ph.D.Water Quality Management Bureau,
Pollution Control Department, MNRE Thailand
WEPA International Workshop on Industrial Wastewater ManagementSeptember 26th 2017 @ Sari Pan Pacific Jakarta, Jakarta City, Indonesia
1
Presentation Structure
Overview of Industrial Wastewater Regulations
• Industrial Statistics• Government and Environmental Regulation Structure• Industrial Wastewater Quality Standards• Industrial Wastewater Monitoring Methods• Compliance and Challenges
Situation and Challenges for the Problematic Industries and Countermeasures • Overview of Problematic Industry• Environmental Impact• Reason for Non compliance• Current Mitigation for Problems• Technologies and Needs
2
Thailand - Location
Thailand
Bangkok
3
Thailand General Statistics
4
Thailand Industrial Export Income
5
Office of the Prime
Minister, OPM
Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, MOAC Ministry of Commerce, MOC Ministry of Culture, MCulture
Ministry of Defence, MOD Ministry of Education, MOEMinistry of Energy, MOEN Ministry of Finance, MOF
Ministry of Foreign Affairs, MFA Ministry of Industry, MOI
Ministry of Information and Communication Technology, ICT Ministry of Interior, MOI Ministry of Justice, MOJ Ministry of Labor, MOL
Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, MNRE Ministry of Public Health, MOPH
Ministry of Science and Technology, MOST Ministry of Social Development and Human Security, MOS
Ministry of Tourism and Sports, MTS Ministry of Transport, MOT
19 Ministries
Thai Government Structure
6
Environmental Regulation Structure
Other Regulations
MNRE MOI MOLMOPH
7
Set by NEQA 1992 Sect 55 and enforced directly by
FA 1992
Set by NEQA 1992 Sect. 32, indirect control
Control StandardsThai Environmental
Standards for Industry
Ambient Standards Effluent Standards
Wastewater Effluent General Std.Surface Water Quality Std.
Wastewater Effluent Specific Std.
Water Reuse Guideline (Std.)Coastal Water Quality Std.
Ground Water Quality Std.
Ambient Air Std.
VOCs in Ambient Air Std.
Emission Std. for Power Plants
Emission Std. for Waste Incinerators
Emission Std. for Mining and Quarry
Emission Std. for Cement Plants
Emission Std. for Gasoline Terminals
General Emission Std.
Ambient Noise Std.
Vibration from Mining and Quarry Std.
8
2016 Industrial Effluent Ctl Std.
Former Industrial Ctl Effluent Std. Begin Drafting Since 2007
• MOSTE’s 4th decree B.E. 2539 (1996) on designated type of factory and industrial estate as pollution source which effluent to water resource must be controlled on 3rd January 1996 and
• MOSTE’s 3rd decree B.E. 2539 (1996) on effluent standard from factory and industrial estate pollution source on 3rd January 1996
MNRE Decree on Industrial Effluent Control Standard B.E. 2559 (2016)
Announced on June 6th 2016 – effective on June 6th 2017
Do not allow exemption to the standard Designate measurable standard for effluent
color referring to international standard Improve measurement method on some
parameters Cut off “odor” from standard Update analysis methods to current and
modern technique Designate sampling point and method in one
regulation that more practical Improve on definition and wording to
compatible with modern technical dictionary.
9
Item Former Regulation (1996 - 2017) Current Regulation (2017 - )Color No Objectionable 300 ADMI
TDS• 3,000-5,000 mg/l depended on TDS of
receiving water body.• Analyzed at 103 oC
• 3,000 mg/l for fresh waster• 5,000 + TDS of water mg/l for water that
has TDS more than 3,000 mg/l• Analyzed at 180 oC
TSS • 50-150 mg/l • 50 mg/l
Sulfide • Analyzed as H2S • Analyzed as total S
BOD • 20 mg/l exemption to 60 mg/l for animal slaughter, starch, textile, chemical factory • 20 mg/l with no exemption
COD • 120 mg/l exemption to 400 mg/l for food seasoning, textile, pulp and paper, tan leather. • 120 mg/l with no exemption
Former industrial effluent standard composes of 16 groups of parameters has been used since 3 January 1996 (long time ago). The standard also give some exemptions for certain kind of industry such as chemical, starch, animal foods.
PCD and DIW has been working together since 5 years ago for new standard. The standard will composed of 2 parts general effluent standard and type specific
effluent standard
MNRE Decree on Industrial Effluent Control Standard B.E. 2559 (2016) (cont.)
10
Parameter Standard Analytical Method1. pH 5.5-9.0 pH Meter
2. Temperature less than 40oCUsing thermometer and use while conduct water
sampling3. Color 300 ADMI ADMI Method
4. Total Dissolved Solids or TDS
Not over 3,000 mg/l for discharge in to general water body
Not over 5,000 + TDS of receiving water body mg/l for discharge in to water body that has TDS of more than 3,000 mg/l
Pass through Glass Fiber Filter Disk and evaporate
at 180 0C for at least 1 hour
5. Total Suspended Solids less than 50 mg/l Pass through Glass Fiber Filter Disk and evaporate at 103-105 0C for at least
1 hour
6. Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) not over 20 mg/l
Keep at 20 oC for 5 days and measure oxygen using
azide modification or membrane electrode
method7. Chemical Oxygen
Demand (COD) not over 120 mg/l Dissolved using Potassium Dichromate
MNRE Decree on Industrial Effluent Standard B.E. 2016 (cont.)
11
Parameter Standard Analytical Method
8. Sulfide not over 1 mg/l Iodometric or methylene blue
9. Cyanides HCN not over 0.2 mg/l Distillation and
colorimetric or Flow Injection Analysis
10. Fat Oil and Greasenot over 5 mg/l
Liquid – Liquid Extraction or Soxhlet
Extraction with solvent and find weight of oil and
fat11. Formaldehyde not over 1 mg/l Colorimetric Method
12. Phenols not over 1 mg/l Distillation and Colorimetric Method
13. Free Chlorine not over 1 mg/l Titrimetric Method or
ColorimetricMethod
14. Pesticide Must not found Gas-ChromatographicMethod
15.Total KjeldahlNitrogen (TKN) not over 100 mg/l Kjeldahl Method
MNRE Decree on Industrial Effluent Standard B.E. 2016 (cont.)
12
Parameter Standard Analytical Method16. heavy metalo Zn not over 5.0 mg/l
Acid digestion and Atomic Absorption Spectrometry or Inductively Coupled Plasma
o Cu not over 2.0 mg/lo Cd not over 0.03 mg/lo Ba not over 1.0 mg/lo Pb not over 0.2 mg/lo Ni not over 1.0 mg/lo Mn not over 5.0 mg/lo Cr (VI) not over 0.25 mg/l Colorimetric Method or Atomic
Absorption Spectrometry: AASor Inductively Coupled Plasma
o Cr (III) not over 0.75 mg/l Calculate a different between total chromium to chromium VI
o As not over 0.25 mg/l Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry - Hydride Generation or Inductively Coupled Plasma
o Se not over 0.02 mg/l
o Hg not over 0.005 mg/l Vapor Atomic Absorption Spectrometry, Cold Vapor Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry or Inductively C l d Pl
MNRE Decree on Industrial Effluent Standard B.E. 2016 (cont.)
13
Future Thailand Industrial Effluent Control Standard
Specific EffluentStandard
Water RecycleStandard
General EffluentStandard
to water resource to water resource
Type of factory having problem treating water
• Starch 9(2) • Textile 22 • Pulp and paper 38 • Leather tanning 29
to plantation area
Type of factory having high pollution load, no toxic
• Starch 9(2) (drafted)• Vegetable/animal oil 7(1)• Sugar from crane or sweet
grass 11 • Liquor 16 • Ethanol 17 • Rubber 52
Higher Committee Policy • Petrochemical 42 44 49
50(4)• Desalination 90
Announced/Published on June 2016
Future Structure of Control Standard Under Development
Approved on Sept 2017
Proposing
14
Standard Industrial Group Reference
Effluent Standard for Petroleum Industry Petroleum Institute of Thailand IFC
Effluent Standard for Pulp and Paper Industry
IFC (unit conversion)
Effluent Standard for Desalination Industry Water Institute for Sustainability
US.EPA.(NPDES permit)
Effluent Standard for Tannery Industry
Thai Tanning Industry Association
IFC
Effluent Standard for Starch Industry
Thai Tapioca Starch Association
Many countries
Cooperation with Industry Group for Setting Up Industry-Specific Control Standard
15
Specific Standard for Leather Tanning Industry
Parameter StandardpH 6- 9 Temperature not over 50 oCColor not over 300 ADMITotal Dissolved Solid (TDS)
not over 3,000 – 5,000 + Water Body TDS
mg/l Suspended Solid (TSS)
not over 50 mg/l
Sulfide not over 1.0 mg/lOil and Grease not over 5.0 mg/lTKN not over 100 mg/l
Parameter StandardBOD not over 50 mg/lCOD not over 250 mg/lPhenol Compounds
not over 0.5 mg/l
Hexavalent Chromium
not over 0.1 mg/l
Total Chromium not over 0.8 mg/lTotal Phosphorus not over 2 mg/l
Same Control Parameters as General Standard Extra Control Parameters
16
Specific Standard for Desalination Industry
Control Measures Control
Standard @ the end of pipe
Parameter Control ValuepH 6 – 8.5
Turbidity 100 NTU Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN) 10 mg/l
Settleable Solid 2 ml/lFree Chlorine 0.1 mg/l
Designated Environmental Impact Protection Measures
1) designate pulling velocity of less than 0.1 m/s and must have a device that prevent aquatic animal of size bigger than 9.5 mm from pulling into system
2) discharging must be done by outfall, mixing with powerplant cooling water or solar pond
3) designated mixing zone with radius of 100 meter
5) must control that pH and salinity change less than 5 percent from natural level within the mixing zone.
Approved on Sept 2017
17
Enforced under NEQA 1992 Enforced under FA 1992
Monitoring Method
Operation Control Mechanism (Auditing)
Wastewater Treatment Plant Operator License
(Sect. 73)
Pollution Control Equipment's Supervisor(MOI Notification 2011)
Wastewater Treatment or Pollution Control
Inspection (Sect. 82)
General Factory Inspection(Sect 35)
18
Enforced by FA 1992
Reporting System
Enforced by NEQA 1992
Maintenance of Wastewater Treatment System Monthly
Report (Sect. 80) Emission Report (2 times/yr) (DIW Notification on 2012)
BOD/COD Online System(MOI Notification on 2011)
Continuous Emission Monitoring System
(CEMs/BOD Online) (MOI Notification on 2011)
Enforced by Marine Dept. (Navigation In Thai Waterway Act.)
Water Discharge Analysis Report (4 times/yr)
Monitoring Method (cont.)
19
Compliance Situation
Location of factories surveyed: under environmental army
project 10 years ago no better compliance statistic since then.
Blue dot indicated factories that comply with effluent std.
Red dot indicated factories that do not comply and need
improvement.
20
Challenges in Monitoring
Number of factories is far exceeding number of officials
• Approximately 120,000 factories in 77 provinces but only 3 inspection officers per province for Ministry of Industry and 40 officers for Pollution Control Department
Monitoring tools are insufficient
• Even for basic tools like pH/SCT meters - not to say tools for air quality and groundwater sampling
Laboratory availability and quality of analysis
Data exchanging between government agencies is not common thus there are some repetitive works
Lack of environmental awareness/honesty of factories – profit is the most important
21
Overview of Problematic Industry
High Risk Industry Group
• frequent accident such as petrochemical industry, ethanol industry, sugar industry and, cold storage industry
High Pollution Industry Group
• has difficulty comply with effluent standard such as starch industry, textile Pulp and paper industry and leather tanning industry
Low Capacity for Environmental
Management Group
• Do not treat wastewater such as small industry (SME) and community factory
22
Environmental Impact – Small Industry
There are approximately 87,000 small and community factory in Thailand.
Domestic Industrial AquacultureSwine farmSmall and community factory
Survey in 2014 shows that small and community factory contributed in 6% of BOD load for main river in Thailand
23
Reason for Non Compliance
Problem Possible Reasonfrequent accident - high
risk industry group factory do not have enough qualified/well-
trained safety and environmental officer lack of training/drill for accident
difficulty to comply with effluent standard -
high pollution group
one general effluent standard can not fit with all types of factories
only concentration – based standard lack of knowledgeable person for wastewater
treatment plant operationlow capacity for environmental
management - small and community industry group
do not have enough funding and knowhow for wastewater treatment
Impossible/too difficult for small site inspection
24
Example of Green Label Products..• Recycled Papers• Recycled plastic utilities• Fluorescent light bulb• Emulsion paints (no Pb & Hg)• Refrigerator• Sanitary ware• Air Conditions• Battery• Spray without CFC• Envi Friendly Detergent• Computer• Insulation• Automobile • Television• Fan• Tire• Vacuum Cleaner• LED light bulb
+Mitigation Measure - Green Label• Certification awarded to specific products that are
shown to have minimum impact on the environment in comparison with other products
• Initiated by the Thailand Business Council for Sustainable Development in October 1993
• The Thai green label board is set to take all major decisions regarding the green label. Thailand Environmental Institute as secretariat.
• The technical subcommittee is set to review criteria, test methods, and other requirements for applicants of Green Label. So far, 90 criteria have been developed
• See criteria at http://www.tei.or.th/greenlabel /thcategories.html
25
+Mitigation Measure - Green Industry
Sustainable Development
ContinuousImprovement
Sustainable Development
Improvement such that become environmental
friendly
Focus on social responsibilitywhich supports sustainable
development policy
Level 1 –Green Commitment
Level 2 –Green Activities
Level 3 –Green System
Level 4 –Green Culture
Level 5 –Green Network
Having business policy on
environment
•Environmental policy
•Implement•Evaluate•Reexamine
Having business policy on
environment and implement
• All in level 3• Development of
green culture• Disclose
environmental data
•All in level 4•Green supply chain•Environmental data report and relationship promotion
Green Supply Chain
ISO 26000
ISO 14001/50001
Green Product
CT
Lean Manufacturing
MOI Level of Green Industry Development
26
Mitigation Measure - Development
Key Policy Gap Mitigation Under Developmentlack of qualified
envi/safety person development of registration system for
operator/supervisor of wastewater treatment plant in NEQA
only one general effluent control
standard for all type of factory and only
control concentration
development of industry-specific effluent control standard for many type of industry
development of Effluent Permitting System (load-based regulation and economic instrument)
do not controlsmall and community
industry
development of control measure for small and community industry using process standard which designate pollution control process such as BPT (Best Practical Control Technology)
27
Mobile Application
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