Current & Future LTE & Wireless Considerations for Emergency Response & Public Safety

March 25 & 26, 2015

Lee Williams, MBA, MSCIS, Member – IEEE

CEO, Digital Connections, Inc. (DCi)

Agenda

Research Based The Challenge - The Bridges Why LTE?

Characteristics of LTE The demand for data services is growing at an exponential pace. How will service providers meet this challenge?

The Strategic Win, Win, Win, Win, Win Scenario Required Cellular Characteristics Why Wireless?

Characteristics of wireless Concerns for privacy and security Connecting the Bridges: A reasonable migration strategy & future-proofing Future Needs, Proposal & Final Comments

Citations & Works Sited and Consulted

“3GPP – Release 12 and Beyond – Highlights”, Third Generation Partnership Project, www.3GPP.org Accessed February 21, 2015. (Slide 9) “Benefits of Project 25” Project 25 Technology Interest Group, Project25.org. September 24, 2013. www.project25.org/images/stories/ptig/docs/Benefits_of_P25_Standards_v1_2013_09_24.pdf Accessed February 23, 2015. (Slide 10) Bertenyi, Balazs, “3GPP Rel 12 and beyond – highlights” 3GPP, https://vimeo.com/30848685. Accessed, February 21, 2015 (Slides 9, 10) “Downlink Spectrums for LTE Deployments”, AllNet Labs: Advanced Spectrum Analytics. May be found at http://www.allnetlabs.com. (Slides27-30) Entner, Roger, “Every Way You Look At It: US Carriers Spend More in CAPEX Than Their EU Peers”, June 9, 2014. http://reconanalytics.com/2014/06/every-way-you-look-at-it-us-carriers-spend-more-in-capex-than-their-eu-peers/ Accessed March 7, 2015. (Slide 19) Farrar, Tony, “SELF-AWARENESS TO BEING WATCHED AND SOCIALLY-DESIRABLE BEHAVIOR: A FIELD EXPERIMENT ON THE EFFECT OF BODY-WORN CAMERAS ON POLICE USE-OF-FORCE” , The Police Foundation, Washington, D.C. (2015) Entire document may be found at: http://www.policefoundation.org/sites/g/files/g798246/f/201303/The%20Effect%20of%20Body-Worn%20Cameras%20on%20Police%20Use-of-Force.pdf Accessed February 24, 2015. (Slide 55) Note: Some slides may be credited to multiple sources.

Citations & Works Sited and Consulted (Continued)

“FirstNet and LTE Overview”, FirstNet. Download for slide presentation may be found at: www.firstnet.gov/sites/default/files/lte-overview.pptx Accessed 12/23/2014. (Slides 19, 20) Gregorek, Myron, “Mobile Evolution Network Update”, Presented in Scottsdale, AZ on February, 2015. (Slides 9-13, 17,19, 25-29, 33-37) Hansryd, Jonas, et.al., “Non-line-of-sight microwave backhaul for small cells”. Ericsson Review. February, 2013. www.ericsson.com/res/thecompany/docs/publications/ericsson_review/2013/er-nlow-microwave-backhaul.pdf Accessed February 23, 2015. (Slide 34) International Telecommunication Union – Radio Sector; Report ITU-R M.2243, 2011. “Assessment of the Global Mobile Broadband Deployments and forecasts for International Mobile Telecommunications”. Document may be found at http://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-r/opb/rep/R-REP-M.2243-2011-PDF-E.pdf (Slide 14) Nakamura, Takehiro, “LTE Release 12 and Beyond: 3GPP TSG-RAN, NTT DOCOMO”, 3GPP, 3GPP.org. www.3gpp.org/IMG/pdf/lte_africa_2013_3gpp_lte_release_12.pdf Accessed February 21, 2015. (Slides 9, 33-47) “Qualcomm Announces Nest Generation Biometrics Solution with its New Snapdragon Sense ID 3D Fingerprint Technology”, March 2, 2015. https://www.qualcomm.com/news/releases/2015/03/02/qualcomm-announces-next-generation-biometrics-solution-its-new-snapdragon Accessed March 9, 2015. (Slide 53)

Note: Some slides may be credited to multiple sources.

Citations & Works Sited and Consulted (Continued) Sauter, Martin, Beyond 3G – Bringing Networks, Terminals and the Web Together: LTE, WiMax, IMS, 4G Devices and the Mobile Web. Pages 23 – 26. John Wiley & Sons Publishers, Ltd., West Sussex, U.K. Copyright, 2009. (Slides 36-41) Segan, Sascha, “Fastest Mobile Networks 2014”, PC Magazine, June 11, 2014. http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2459186,00.asp Accessed Feb 14, 2015. (Slide 26) Segan, Sascha, “CDMA vs. GSM: What’s the difference?” PC Magazine, February 6, 2015. www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2407896,00.asp . Accessed February 20, 2015. (Slides 10, 11) “Telecoms to invest $1.7 trillion as Capex in networks during 2014 – 2020”. December 8, 2014. www.telecomlead.com/telecom-statistics-invest-1-7-trillion-capex-networks-2014-2020-54781 (Accessed March 5, 2014. (Slides 19, 48) Teral, Stephane, Infonetics Research White Paper, February, 2014. http://mavenir.com/files/doc_downloads/Stoke_Documents/2014-Infonetics-White-Paper-Security-at-the-Speed-of-VoLTE.pdf Accessed Feb 15, 2015. (Slides 17, 46) Trefis Team, “Verizon’s Top Spot Threatened As AT&T Catches Up”, Forbes Magazine, June 6, 2014. www.forbes.com/sites/greatspeculations/2014/06/05/verizons-top-spot-threatened-as-att-catches-up/ Accessed Mar 24, 2015. (Slide 23) US FCC, “National Broadband Plan Workshop”, Washington, DC, Sept 17, 2009. Document may be found at: http://www.broadband.gov/docs/ws_25_spectrum.pdf (Slides 14-17) Note: Some slides may be credited to multiple sources.

Citations & Works Sited and Consulted (Continued)

“Verizon Wireless Continues Significant Network Investment in South Louisiana”. Verizon. Document may be found at: http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/verizon-wireless-continues-significant-network-investment-in-south-louisiana-300056113.html (Slide 19)

Wannstrom, Jeanette, “LTE – Advanced”, 3GPP, 3GPP.org. http://www.3gpp.org/technologies/keywords-acronyms/97-lte-advanced Accessed, February 19, 2015 (Slides 38 - 40)

“Wireless Communications”, New HighTed Edge, November, 2013. May be found at: http://www.hightech-edge.com/wireless-communications/14037/ Accessed February 10, 2015. (Slides 11, 15)

“Wi-Fi Technology & Speeds”, Amped Wireless. www.ampedwireless.com/learningcenter/default2.html. Accessed February 23, 2015. (Slides 49, 50, 52)

Zeman, Eric M. “Qualcomm to add new Radios”, Phone Scoop, February 22, 2015. May be found at: http://www.phonescoop.com/articles/news.php Accessed February 24, 2015. (Slide 41)

Williams, Lee. “Architectural Vision of Current Emergency Response and Public Safety Communications Requirements” (copyrighted slide). February 24, 2015 (Slide 56)

Note: Some slides may be credited to multiple sources.

The Challenge - The Bridges 1) Bridge from where we are now to where we should be 2) And from where we should be to the adoption of FirstNet Technology always evolves so you never actually “arrive”. (Think of your laptop or cell phone.) This presentation provides a draft roadmap for how you get “there” technically, politically, and economically.

Many Perspectives of Mobile Communications Growth

ITU (International Telecommunications Union), APCO (Association of Public Safety Officials, NASTD (National Association of State Technology Directors), OEC (Office of Emergency Communications), 3GPP (Third Generation Partnership Project), IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers), NIST (National Institute of Standards & Technology) Manufacturers - Drivers of LTE Growth (e.g., Alcatel – Lucent, Qualcomm) (427 companies in 3GPP alone) Others: Tait Communications, Kenwood, etc. Research Firms & Others (Infonetics, All-Net Labs, Forrester, Goldman Sachs, etc.) Media for Telecom, Mobile & Wireless - IWCE Individuals – (e.g. Myron Gregorek, Martin Sauter, Robert Desourdis)

3GPP Release 12 and Beyond – Technically What We Need is already a Standard

“3GPP Rel 12 and beyond – highlights” 3GPP, 3GPP.org. Accessed, February 21, 2015

Why LTE? - Differences of 3G and 4G-LTE 3G has a download speed of about 1Mbps to 3Mbps. In excellent conditions the speed may reach as high as 4Mbps to 5Mbps. 3G is not slow when compared to a T1. T1 is only 1.544Mbps. 3G is digital but may utilize both packet & circuit switching. 3.5G (HPSA+) has a download speed of about 15Mbps to 20Mbps. It is 10x faster than 3G and is often marketed as 4G. 4G-LTE can currently operate from 40Mbps to 70Mbps. VoLTE or voice packet switching becomes a reality with 4G-LTE given both the bandwidth and QoS (Quality of Service) controls. 4G-LTE provides a solid basis for video such as IPTV, surveillance, body cameras, medical applications, fire documentation.

Differences of 3G and 4G-LTE – Download Speeds

3.5G

What we want For the State of Tennessee!

Understanding the Differences of 3G and 4G-LTE

• HD (1080) video is normally transmitted between 3Mbps and 6Mbps.

• Thus video transmission is highly realistic with the bandwidths available today and even more so in the future. Remember the

How Long to Download a 2.5 Hour Movie?

• 3G = 3 to 9 hours • 4G-LTE = 7 to 14 minutes • 5G (or Bonding) = 30 seconds to 5 minutes • Theoretical limit of 4G-LTE = less than 1/2 second (100MHz)

The demand for data services is growing at an exponential pace – Difference in ITU Forecast & Reality

The demand for data services is growing at an exponential pace – and by type of Technology

Drivers of LTE Growth

World is moving to LTE at a fast and unstoppable pace Infonetics Research forecast 755 million LTE subscribers by 2017 from 175 million in 2013. With more and more subscribers flocking to LTE networks, voice services will inevitably move to LTE, with 2014 - 2016 as the VoLTE ramp-up years.

Total global wireless subscribers will reach 7.4 billion by 2017, and LTE subscribers will account for just 10% of total mobile subscribers worldwide at that time.

The Challenge

As the wireless industry experiences exponential growth in data consumption, end users may begin to experience a degradation in Quality of Experience (QoE). However, with appropriately negotiated requirements – this can be avoided and dramatically improved.

More powerful devices and video rich applications requires proactive network advancements to maintain a quality end user experience

$7 Billion – Surely You Jest… Then Again… Maybe Not…

• In 2013 ALONE… • U.S. Carriers spent $34.4 BILLION in Capital Expenditures for Cellular infrastructure. Note:

Does not include Operational Expenses. • Verizon alone has invested in excess of $100B in wireless capital expenditures since 2000.

They only have 120M customers. • Telecom Companies to spend $1.7 TRILLION from 2014 – 2020, mainly on LTE. • FirstNet will be forced to utilize private carriers’ infrastructure. • Tennessee should end up with $90M to $120M • This amount will NOT provide a “FirstNet” specified cellular network to Tennessee – Not

even close! • At 45,000 end users ALL of FirstNet would provide is $2,000 to $2,667 per individual. • You need $3,500 to $7,000 per vehicle (not including COWs). How do you get it?

$7 Billion – Surely You Jest… Then Again… Maybe Not…

$0$200,000,000,000$400,000,000,000$600,000,000,000$800,000,000,000

$1,000,000,000,000$1,200,000,000,000$1,400,000,000,000

Allocated Reality

U.S. Cellular Infrastructure Costs - Allocated vs. Reality

Allocated Reality

So What is the Optimal Strategy? Use the Carrier’s Investment!

• If the Private Carrier has 45,000 “Emergency Response and Public Safety” users @ $40/month that is only equal to $1.8M per month or $21.6M in revenue annually – small change in the larger picture. Below will show you why this cost should actually be $0 per user.

• So how do you get the Carrier to provide a fully reliable, robust network that provides priority queuing, preemptive rights, and meets the needs and specifications of FirstNet and the State of Tennessee?

• Here’s how:

Is IoT Real? E-mail I Received from Verizon on March 20, 2015

So WHY would the Carriers Provide the FirstNet Network for Tennessee? • Notice this headline from Forbes in mid-2014:

“Verizon’s Top Spot Threatened As AT&T Catches Up” • Tennessee can “lease” its 20Mz within the 700Mz spectrum for an

estimated $2.1B in value. • ALL Carriers badly want this spectrum (Look at the AWS-3 bids for

substantiation). Assuming value at $2.1B, the Carrier’s estimated investment would be $1.1B (upgrades) + $200M (to Tennessee) + no subscription costs. Basically, the Carrier gets $2.1B of value for $1.3B in cost. This equates to about a 35% return for the Carrier.

• Tennessee gets the technical upgrades (via the Carrier proposed later in this presentation), a check for $200M + the funding from FirstNet

• The Carrier becomes the absolute dominate wireless provider in Tennessee and Tennesseans have the best wireless in the Nation.

This is a Win, Win, Win, Win, Win, Win Scenario. Why? • For the State of Tennessee Politically:

• No Subscription Costs: Savings $21.6M annually (e.g. State Patrol saves $432,000 a year) • Complete Coverage in 4G-LTE with no “legal issues” of land use, etc. • $90M to $120M check from FirstNet (plus possible future monies) + match $ by carrier.

• For the Emergency Response/Public Safety Users: • Interoperability • Preemptive Rights • Seamless, Reliability • Can use previous subscription costs for maintenance, upgrades

• For Localities: Dollars to do it right! $3,500 to $7,000 per vehicle (including infrastructure) • For the Carrier:

• State provides specifications & standards they will meet • Can make a $1B investment (40% return) – Gets $2B in value in Spectrum (20% return) • Will clearly dominate the public sector market

• For the Citizenry: • Can you imagine having a high speed, reliable network everywhere in the State?

• For FirstNet: • They accomplish their mission • Provides a “road map” for other states. Integrates into FirstNet Nationwide Core Copyright 2015, Lee Williams

Example of Being Fair with the Carrier – Tennessee must have Emergency Response/Public Safety Use Reasonable Equipment (e.g., modem, antenna, etc.)

There can be a Significant Difference Within Carriers (Fastest Speeds in 30 US Cities)

Why the 4G-LTE Will Work - Introduction of 5 New Technologies … and ones that need to be required of the Carrier

Technology What Will It Do? What Is It?

AWS Increase network capacity Additional licensed spectrum (already purchased in AWS – 3)

Small Cells Increase network coverage and capacity Reduced footprint cell sites Meets Urban demands

LTE - Advanced • Increase network capacity • Improve small cell hand-offs • Improve end user experience • Improve reliability

• Carrier Aggregation • Het Net Interference management • Cell edge performance • eICIC & CoMP

VoLTE Enhance voice call experience with HD voice, video and messaging

IP support for voice on LTE networks Allows greater interoperability

LTE Multicast Enable the same content to be delivered simultaneously to literally thousands of devices

Popular content is sent only once over a dedicated, “tunable” channel.

Must integrate into FirstNet’s Nationwide Core and Local RANs

It’s NOT as Complex as it Appears…

• I • Joe is 20, Tom is 30; Sally is 40. • What is there average age? • Sum of the first variable (20)

through the sum of the last (30 and 40) is equal to 90.

• Divided by the Number of variables (3), the answer is 30.

AWS Spectrum

1700 MHz UL / 2100 MHz DL Acquired in blockbuster deal from cable companies Can be deployed in larger channels

(i.e. 20 MHz on Uplink and 20 MHz on Downlink)

Doubles LTE network capacity nationwide

Triples LTE network capacity east of the Mississippi Frequency ideal for dense urban deployments and for Multicast

LTE 700 MHz is the best piece of pie in the restaurant. Provides coverage & capacity

FCC is currently in a spectrum auction and expecting final bids for approx $45B up from $10.8B original forecast by the FCC.

Evolution Towards Small Cell

Baseband Processing

Antenna Radio

Amplifier

Small Cell – MCO Architecture - All

Components Co-Located

Antenna

Radio Amplifier

Baseband Processing

Macro Network with Distributed Radio Amplifier

and Antenna

CPRI (fiber)

Antenna

Radio Amplifier

Baseband Processing

Small Cell – MRO Architecture – Distributed

Amplifier and Antenna

CPRI (fiber)

Antenna

Radio Amplifier

Baseband Processing

Macro Network with Radio Amplifier and Baseband

Co-Located

CPRI (fiber)

The Next Leap In Performance—Small Cells

• Radio Link approaching theoretical limit

Radio Link approaching theoretical limit

Evolution to LTE Advanced Keeping up with the demand for mobile data services

Spectrum

Antennas

Radio

Small cells

VoLTE

Carrier Aggregation

Samsung Galaxy Note 3 LG G2

Snapdragon 800

Carrier Aggregation solves the challenge of ever increasing demand for data services, allowing Service Providers to combine spectrum holdings for better user performance.

How Aggregation is Achieved

How Aggregation is Achieved

How Aggregation is Achieved

Yes, Aggregation is for Real

Zeman, Eric M. “Qualcomm to add new Radios”, Phone Scoop, February 22, 2015 http://www.phonescoop.com/articles/news.php

Extending the benefits of LTE Advanced :unlicensed spectrum

LTE Multicast

Unicast (current) Multicast

Key Differentiators • Repeatable, high quality data stream

• Flexible channel planning (2 typical; 10+ possible)

• Hyper-localized, regional, national

• Virtually limitless end user capacity

National Content

Regional Content

Venue Content

LTE- Advanced

Macro Extended coverage

Small Cell

Without eICIC

With eICIC

VoLTE carries voice calls over a phone’s LTE data connection instead of a 3G circuit-switched network.

What is VoLTE?

VoLTE enables superior voice calls while using less spectrum

Higher spectral efficiency LTE networks can transmit voice calls with as little as half the spectrum needed for 3G voice calls.

Better call quality and HD Voice LTE networks support Quality-of-Service scheduling which allows the voice call quality to approach that of a landline call. VoLTE also supports variable rates for the voice codec, which enables HD Voice services based on greater speech sampling bandwidth and reduced compression.

Lower power consumption LTE technology enables the phone to dramatically reduce power consumption during inactive periods when the phone is either not receiving or not transmitting voice traffic.

Interactive Services LTE is a network designed to support low-latency IP traffic, voice is handled like just another data application on the network. And since a voice call consumes very little resources, there is ample bandwidth left for a phone to simultaneously send and receive additional data traffic and add messaging or video capabilities to a voice call, anytime and on demand.

Network Resource Optimization – eMBMS (enhanced Multimedia Broadcast, Multicast Service)

Local Sports Events

Major News Events

Major Sports Events

additional content

Live TV show

eMBMS enables multicast of selective content in specific geographical areas. Network resources are dynamically allocated.

So What to Make of Cellular? The cellular network is already very viable as an emergency response and public safety communication medium. The cellular infrastructure is not only improving but at an increasingly faster pace. Bandwidth and reliability are increasing significantly. Video, voice and data can be connected simultaneously. This is especially important in emergency response and public safety. We will see strides towards Virtualization and SDN. My personal prediction is that we will see speeds of 1Gbps (lower end fiber speeds) within three two years; possibly sooner.

So Why Dual Band Wireless?

Characteristics of Wireless (as in 802.11), not Cellular Why do we need wireless? Provides local connections, buffers. Wireless is currently available in five versions: a, b, g, n, & ac Frequencies, Speeds & Distance of wireless (IEEE):

Security Concerns - Cellular

4G-LTE in some ways is less secure than 2G, 3G. Why? 4G-LTE in some ways is more secure than 2G, 3G. Why? Largest single major threat is that of DDoS attack on the cellular system. Thus, shortwave is required for redundancy. Video, voice and data can be connected simultaneously. This is especially important in emergency response and public safety. My personal prediction is that we will see speeds of 1Gbps (lower end fiber speeds) within three two years; possibly sooner.

Security Concerns & Recommendations - Wireless Largest Threat is Social Engineering

Weak passwords

Man-In-The-Middle attacks

Phishing & Web-based attacks

Use separate SSIDs for various functions

Use encryption – WPA2 –AES (Not TKIP)

Use Multi-Authentication (e.g., Toopher)

Use 3D Bionics

Use z-Scaler for web filtering

New Security Enhancements for Wi-Fi

Bridge from where we are to where we should be Migration – What Should be Current Construct? Connectivity mobile/fixed locations via 4G-LTE/3G Use a Router/Cellular Modem with at least 3 RJ-45 connected ports. Use a Commercial grade/mil spec (for data persistence & reliability) Ensure that your Modem can be upgraded without replacement. (GOBI radio for firmware updates) & meets Mil Spec. Use MIMO antennas for both cellular & wireless with single form factor functionality and does NOT require ground planes where possible.

Utilization of short wave radio (P-25) (for redundancy now and in the future). Wireless With multiple SSIDs with wireless for different functions (security, bandwidth). ONLY use WPA2 encryption. Dual concurrency – both 2.4G and 5G capabilities (speed, range)

Consider personal body cameras that supplement SDM uploading with cache hard drive located in vehicle and use remote sensors. (Huge list here.)

About Body Cameras… • Academic Studies by the Police Foundation concluded: “The findings suggest more than a 50% reduction in the total number of incidents of use-of-force compared to control-conditions, and nearly ten times more citizens’ complaints in the 12-months prior to the experiment.” Farrar, Tony, “SELF-AWARENESS TO BEING WATCHED AND SOCIALLY-DESIRABLE BEHAVIOR: A FIELD EXPERIMENT ON THE EFFECT OF BODY-WORN CAMERAS ON POLICE USE-OF-FORCE” Entire document may be found at:

http://www.policefoundation.org/sites/g/files/g798246/f/201303/The%20Effect%20of%20Body-Worn%20Cameras%20on%20Police%20Use-of-Force.pdf

• Why Not Used?

• Remember to turn camera off/on. • Must constantly upload SD memory to storage device. • Costs • No desire to change

Architectural Vision of Current Emergency Response & Public Safety Communications Requirements

24 Hour Battery Pack (Physical)

Personal Body Camera /w SD memory chip (wireless)

500G Hard Drive (USB)

MIMO Dual Concurrent Cellular Modem with GOBI radio (RJ-45, Physical, Wireless, Cellular)

SFF antenna – ground plane independent (Physical /w 1 single penetration)

Sensors (Physical)

Legend:

Sensors (Physical)

Rear Dash Camera (RJ-45)

Front Dash Camera (RJ-45)

Mobile Data Terminal (RJ-45)

On Individual In Vehicle In Trunk of Vehicle

On Top of Vehicle Copyright 2015, Lee Williams

P-25

Communication Links

2.4G AND 5G Wireless Cloud Min. 300’ a,b,g,n, ac

Emergency Management Drone

Multi-Authentication Bionics

Toopher & Z-Scaler

The Proposal – The Experimental Emergency Response/Public Safety Vehicle… Location – 2 Representative Samples of Cellular Connectivity in TN (Chosen by Group)

Department (Chosen by Group) would provide:

Vehicle Mobile Data Terminal In Vehicle Cameras SIM & Circuit for cellular modem

We would provide: Single Form Factor Antenna (includes MIMO cellular, dual Wi-Fi, GPS MIMO cellular, dual concurrent Wi-Fi GOBI cellular modem ECM by CradlePoint to manage cellular modem Hard Drive to store video Body Camera (Features determined by Group) ECM by Evidence.com cloud to store, manage & retrieve video Sensors (Sensor elements determined by Group) Cables for connectivity Toopher Multi-Authentication; 3D-Bionics Z-Scaler Drone /w Camera

Data set of metrics (Established by Group) on Findings published to Group with recommendations, enhancements, failures, problems, costs, etc. Recommended study length – 3 months. Total estimated Experiment Time – 6 months from established criteria. TN-CNECT will own the report.

About the Presenter – Lee Williams Lee Williams is the CEO of Digital Connections, Inc., an IT infrastructure firm that supports various IT infrastructures to small, medium and large customers throughout the United States. Lee holds an AA from Dalton State College, a BA from Jacksonville State University, and an MBA from Emory University where he participated in the London School exchange program. Additionally, Lee graduated with distinction with a MSCIS from Boston University with his main focus on IT Enterprise Architecture. Lee currently teaches Computer Theory and Applications and IT Networking as an adjunct faculty member at Volunteer State Community College. He also serves as a facilitator in Boston University’s MSCIS Graduate Program where he teaches Enterprise Architecture, Systems Analysis & Design, and IT Management & Strategy. Lee, along with his business partner, was awarded U.S. Patent # 8,996,401 on Feb 24, 2015 for quantitative methodological approaches regarding IT service infrastructures. Lee is a member of IEEE and his current major technological and research focus is in Emergency Response and Public Safety mobile communications. He and his wife Pam, and their Corgi, Bogie, reside in Springfield, Tennessee. Lee always welcomes comments and may be contacted via the information below: Lee Williams, MBA, MSCIS, Member - IEEE CEO, Digital Connections, Inc. (DCi) Office (615) 826-5035 Cell (615) 719-1890 e-mail: leewilliams@digitalconnections.com e-mail: L.Williams.US@ieee.org Website: www.digitalconnections.com Linked In: www.linkedin.com/in/leewilliamstechnologist/ "Innovation distinguishes between a leader and a follower." Steve Jobs, American entrepreneur and CEO of Apple, Inc., 1955-2011

Thank You. It Truly is an Honor to be of Service to TN CNECT