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Current and Future Prospects on Long-Baseline Experiments in EuropeDave WarkOxford University/RALNuPhys 2013IoP, LondonDec. 19th, 2013NuPhys 2013Oxford U./RALDave Wark 1Future Prospects on Long Baseline Experiments In EuropeIn the aftermath of the CERN Strategy, they are perhaps somewhat bleak.NuPhys 2013Oxford U./RALDave Wark 2

Current and Future Prospects on Long-Baseline Experiments in EuropeDave WarkOxford University/RALNuPhys 2013IoP, LondonDec. 19th, 2013NuPhys 2013Oxford U./RALDave Wark 3

Current and Future Prospects on Long-Baseline Experiments (Partially) Done by EuropeansDave WarkOxford University/RALNuPhys 2013IoP, LondonDec. 19th, 2013NuPhys 2013Oxford U./RALDave Wark 4

>50% of members are from Europe.Largest neutrino experiment in EuropeNuPhys 2013Oxford U./RALDave Wark

European Contributions:UA1/NOMAD MagnetTPC MicroMegasTPC/FGD ElectronicsContributions to INGRIDECALTrip-T electronicsDAQSoftwareAnalysis

NuPhys 2013Oxford U./RALDave Wark

European Contributions to T2K Beamline

Beam Baffle

Beam Window

Target, Target Design,Target Remote Handling

Dump Design

Demonstrates the ability of Europe to make significant contributions to facilities which are not in Europe!78ICHEP2010 -- T.Nakaya (Kyoto) --

735kmMINOSICHEP talk by Justin EvansNeutrino PhysicsImperial College/RALDave Wark

CNGS

nmnt ?

OPERA has now seen 3 tau-appearance events, confirming the oscillation interpretation of q23-driven oscillationsICARUS has successfully pioneered the underground operation of a large LAr detector, and set useful limits on sterile n NuPhys 2013Oxford U./RALDave Wark 9

This was followed by the LAGUNA-LBNO Design Study to concentrate on Long Baseline options identified by LAGUNANuPhys 2013Oxford U./RALDave Wark

NuPhys 2013Oxford U./RALDave Wark

NuPhys 2013Oxford U./RALDave Wark

NuPhys 2013Oxford U./RALDave Wark

NuPhys 2013Oxford U./RALDave Wark

MH effect increases with baseline, CP effect is ~roughly constant.Note size of CP effect in second maximum2nd Max + MH Concentrate on longest baseline.NuPhys 2013Oxford U./RALDave Wark

NuPhys 2013Oxford U./RALDave Wark

NuPhys 2013Oxford U./RALDave Wark

NuPhys 2013Oxford U./RALDave Wark

NuPhys 2013Oxford U./RALDave Wark

NuPhys 2013Oxford U./RALDave Wark

NuPhys 2013Oxford U./RALDave Wark

NuPhys 2013Oxford U./RALDave Wark

NuPhys 2013Oxford U./RALDave Wark

NuPhys 2013Oxford U./RALDave Wark

NuPhys 2013Oxford U./RALDave Wark

NuPhys 2013Oxford U./RALDave Wark

NuPhys 2013Oxford U./RALDave Wark

NuPhys 2013Oxford U./RALDave Wark

NuPhys 2013Oxford U./RALDave Wark

NuPhys 2013Oxford U./RALDave Wark

NuPhys 2013Oxford U./RALDave Wark

An ESS Based Super Beam for Lepton CP violation discovery

arXiv:1309.7022v2 [hep-ex] 14 Oct 2013

Tord Ekelof, Uppsala Univerisity of behalf of the ESSSB Collaboration

2013-11-26CERN Neutrino Meeting Tord Ekelf Uppsala University 321477

The ESS 2 GeV proton linac as proton driver for a neutrino Super Beam

1.6x1016 protons on target/second*

which is two orders of magnitude more than any other planned proton driver for a neutrino beam

T2HK JPARK to HyperKamiokande 30 GeV, 0.75 MW -> 1.6x1014 protons on target/second

LBNE FNAL to Sanford Lab 60-120 GeV, 0.7 MW > 1.1x1014 protons on target/second

First beams 2019 Full linac power installed 2022 * = Power [W]/(Energy [eV]x1.6x10-19)

2013-11-26CERN Neutrino Meeting Tord Ekelf Uppsala University 33

The European Spallation Source (ESS), which is being built in Lund, Sweden, will have a 2 GeV 5 MW (alternatively 2.5 GeV 5MW) superconduction linac to produce 33

Proposal; By rising the linac 2.86-ms-pulse frequency from 14 Hz, i.e. 4.0 % duty cycle, to 28 Hz, i.e. 8.0% duty cycle, thereby doubling the average RF power from 5MW to 10 MW without increasing the instantaneous power of 125 MW.

This will allow for that 14 linac pulses per second be used for neutron physics and 14 pulses for neutrino physics. For this it will be necessary to double the output power from the linac RF sources and the linac cooling capacity. Modulators, amplifiers and power transfer equipment should be designed for the doubled average power of the linac already during the build-up phase.

2013-11-26CERN Neutrino Meeting Tord Ekelf Uppsala University 34How can the ESS linac be used as a proton driver for a neutrino Super Beam, maintainingspallation neutron production unchanged?

2013-11-26CERN Neutrino Meeting Tord Ekelf Uppsala University 35Lay-out of ESS neutrino beam35

AccumulatorTarget/horn stationNeutrino beamESS linacNeutron spallation targetH-pOf course will need target station and horns which can take 5 MW!

Several mines located at the second oscillation maximum distance from ESS/Lund available2013-11-26CERN Neutrino Meeting Tord Ekelf Uppsala University 36

2013-11-26CERN Neutrino Meeting Tord Ekelf Uppsala University 37

37A Hyperkamiokande type detector to study;Neutrinos from accelerators (Super Beam)but alsoSupernovae neutrinos (burst + "relics"), Solar Neutrinos, Atmospheric neutrinos, GeoneutrinosProton decay up to ~1035 years life time.All these other measurements require the detector to be shielded by ~1000 m rock from cosmic ray muons

The MEMPHYS detector of the FP7 LAGUNA project;Fiducial mass: 440 kt in 3 cylinders 65x65 mReadout: 3x81k 12 PMTs, 30% geom. cover.Order of magnitude cost : 700 MEuro

To measure low energy neutrinos a large water Cherenkov detector is required (low neutrino cross section) and sufficient (few inelastic events)

2013-11-26CERN Neutrino Meeting Tord Ekelf Uppsala University 3838

Low background because of low energy

Number of ->e oscillation signal (blue) and background (other colors) events for electron neutrinos and anti-neutrinos for 2+8 GeV run as detected in a MEMPHYS type detector after 2 years of neutrino running (left) plus 8 years of antineutrino running (right) with a baseline length of 540 km and 2.5 GeV protons neutrinos anti-neutrinos

The signifiance in terms of number of standard deviations with which CP violation could be discovered for CP-values from -180 to +180 degrees for 2.0 GeV protons2013-11-26CERN Neutrino Meeting Tord Ekelf Uppsala University 39

2013-11-26CERN Neutrino Meeting Tord Ekelf Uppsala University 40Coarse cost estimateUnit: Billion Euro (109 Euro)

Upgrading the ESS accelerator0.1 Accumulator ring0.2(* Target station0.2 Detector 0.7 The ESS linac0.6 --------------------------------------------------Green field project cost1.8Using the ESS linac -0.6--------------------------------------------------ESS neutrino Super beam project 1.2

(* this cost to possibly be shared with the neutron physics community

Neutrinos in the CERN Strategy The good news is that the European Strategy identified only 4 top priorities.The highest priority was the complete exploitation of the LHC.The other three top priorities (not ranked) were doing R&D on CERNs next big project, discussing contributions to the ILC, and long-baseline neutrino oscillations.

The bad news, however: Oxford U./RALDave Wark NuPhys 2013We are already heavily involved in Hyper-Kamiokande as a natural outgrowth of our activities in T2K.

First European-wide meeting for Hyper Kamiokande was held yesterday at QMUL 41 registered!Europeans likely to be heavily involved in near detectors and other systems like electronics and DAQ.European involvement in HK is essentially certain, we are discussing how much and on what.

Oxford U./RALDave Wark NuPhys 2013DG Neutrino Project mandate and recent P5-DG presentation

LAGUNA-PROTONESSiEICARUS T150~64 metersMINDNew detectors?

n + charged beams for all experimentsContract for design approved by Finance Committee and Council last week!

Conclusions (I)A large (~400) and effective European Long-Baseline community exists who have been heavily involved in K2K, MINOS, T2K, ICARUS, OPERA, etc.Many of these physicists (and many others as well) want to be involved in future activities in this field.In light of the European Strategy is seems unlikely that a long baseline experiment will be built in Europe in the near term.European physicists will play a significant part in the design, construction, and operation of the Hyper Kamiokande experiment more are welcome!Whatever else happens, we will need hadron production measurements like NA61 and cross-section measurements like nStorm, which will require substantial European investment.

Oxford U./RALDave Wark NuPhys 201345

Conclusions (II)A complex negotiation is taking place concerning how Europeans will contribute to the LBNE project, however CERN has been mandated to assist and is showing a strong willingness to do so. The LAGUNA-LBNO and LBNE collaborations have been conducting high-level discussions concerning merging the collaborations.The WA104 and WA105 projects at CERN are both aimed at contributing significant European effort to the LBNE far-detector(s), but greater clarification of goals and schedules are needed and discussions continue.It is clear this area of physics will remain very active highly significant discoveries remain to be made, and Europeans will help make them!I havent talked about a Neutrino Factory, but that should remain the long-term goal (and therefore we have to finish MICE!)

Oxford U./RALDave Wark NuPhys 201346