Cumulative Impacts Assessment

Cumulative Impacts Assessment Heritage Wind Project Town of Barre Orleans County, New York Case No. 16-F-0546 Prepared by:

Environmental Design & Research, Landscape Architecture, Engineering, & Environmental Services, D.P.C. 41 State Street, Suite 806 Albany, NY 12207 Contact: Gregory Liberman Phone: (518) 451-9150

February 2020

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.0 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Project Description ....................................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Purpose and Scope ...................................................................................................................................... 1

2.0 WIND ENERGY DEVELOPMENT .................................................................................................................... 2 2.1 New York ...................................................................................................................................................... 2 2.2 Region .......................................................................................................................................................... 2

3.0 AVIAN IMPACTS .............................................................................................................................................. 3 3.1 Sources of Avian Fatalities ........................................................................................................................... 3 3.2 Wind Energy Mortality .................................................................................................................................. 4

3.2.1 New York .................................................................................................................................................. 4

3.2.2 Region ...................................................................................................................................................... 5

3.2.3 Individual Species and Populations .......................................................................................................... 5

3.3 Summary of Cumulative Avian Impacts ........................................................................................................ 6 4.0 BAT IMPACTS .................................................................................................................................................. 7

4.1 Sources of Bat Fatalities ............................................................................................................................... 7 4.2 Wind Energy Mortality .................................................................................................................................. 7

4.2.1 New York .................................................................................................................................................. 7

4.2.2 Region ...................................................................................................................................................... 8

4.2.3 Individual Species .................................................................................................................................... 8

4.3 Summary of Cumulative Bat Impacts ........................................................................................................... 9 5.0 Cumulative Habitat Impacts ............................................................................................................................ 10 6.0 References ...................................................................................................................................................... 11

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Comparison of Sources of Avian Fatalities. ..................................................................................................... 3 Table 2. Typical Composition of Avian Mortality at Operational Wind Energy Facilities. ............................................... 6

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: Regional Facility Location

LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix A. List of Projects Used to Evaluate Cumulative Impacts for Birds (New York State) Appendix B. List of Projects Used to Evaluate Cumulative Impacts for Birds (within 100 miles) Appendix C. List of Projects Used to Evaluate Cumulative Impacts for Bats (New York State) Appendix D. List of Projects Used to Evaluate Cumulative Impacts for Bats (within 100 miles)

Cumulative Impacts Assessment Heritage Wind Project 1

1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 PROJECT DESCRIPTION Heritage Wind, LLC (the Applicant) is proposing to construct a 184.8-megawatt (MW) wind energy facility (the Facility) in the Town of Barre in Orleans County, New York. The Facility will include the construction and operation of up to 33 wind turbines, along with associated 34.5 kilovolt (kV) underground electrical collection lines, access roads, meteorological towers, an operation and maintenance (O&M) building, and a temporary construction staging/laydown area. These turbines and related facilities will be sited on privately-owned leased land within an approximately 5,800-acre Facility Site. The Facility’s physical footprint will be substantially smaller than the Facility Site and will have only minor impacts on land use (i.e., farming, logging, and other operations will be largely unaffected). To deliver electricity to the New York power grid, the Applicant proposes to construct a collection substation, which will “step-up” power from 34.5 kV to 115 kV, and a point of interconnection (POI) substation that will tie in with National Grid’s existing Lockport-Mortimer 115 kV transmission line directly north of the POI substation. 1.2 PURPOSE AND SCOPE Based on section 2.22(h) of the Final Scoping Statement (FSS) (Stipulations) prepared for the Facility, the primary objective of this Cumulative Impacts Assessment is to evaluate the potential cumulative impacts to avian and bat species and their habitats from the construction and operation of this Facility in relation to all currently proposed and operating wind energy projects within New York State and within 100 miles of the Facility (a regional level that includes projects within New York and Ontario, Canada). For the purpose of this report, “proposed projects” or “proposed turbines” are defined as any wind energy project, or turbines that are associated with a project, for which a Preliminary Scoping Statement (PSS) has been submitted to the New York State Department of Public Service (NYSDPS) and a case number has been assigned under Article 10 of the Public Service Law. In addition, “proposed projects” and “proposed turbines” also include any wind energy project, or turbines that are associated with a project, that has completed or is currently undergoing the State Environmental Quality Review (SEQR) process, for which there is a publicly available Draft Environmental Impact Statement (DEIS) or Final Environmental Impact Statement (FEIS) document. These definitions apply to projects documented as of the date of submission of the Facility’s Article 10 Application. Only publicly available data were used for this analysis. For the temporal scope, a 30-year operational life for the Facility was assumed, beginning in 2023. In addition, it was assumed that Facility wind turbines will operate under a curtailment schedule from 30 minutes before sunset to 30 minutes after sunrise when temperatures are greater than 50 degrees Fahrenheit (10 degrees Celsius) for the full


operational life when wind speeds are less than <BEGIN CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION/>___</END CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION> meters per second (m/s) (cut-in speed) during the period from July 1 through October 1. Outside of this curtailment schedule, turbines will operate at the manufacturer’s rated cut-in speed(s). 2.0 WIND ENERGY DEVELOPMENT 2.1 NEW YORK According to data compiled by the American Wind Energy Association (AWEA), there were 29 existing wind energy facilities in the state of New York at the end of October 2019. In total, these facilities included 1,128 turbines generating 1,987 MW of renewable energy (AWEA, 2019). Additionally, as of February 2020, publicly available sources cite an additional 16 wind energy projects that are advancing through the Article 10 process (including the Facility; NYSDPS, 2020), and one project that completed the SEQR process in New York in October 2019 (NYSDEC, 2019a). Together, these proposed projects could add up to 1,023 turbines and up to 3,180 MW of additional capacity. Existing and proposed wind energy projects in New York are listed in Appendices A and C. In 2019, New York updated its renewable portfolio standard (RPS) to increase the proportion of renewable energy used. The RPS now requires utilities in the state to derive 70% of their electricity from renewable energy by 2030. New York also established a new goal for the state to obtain 100% of its electricity from carbon-free resources by 2040 (AWEA, 2019). Therefore, it is anticipated that wind energy development will experience considerable growth in New York in the coming decades. The United States Department of Energy (USDOE) projects that onshore wind energy capacity in New York may increase to an estimated 5,610 MW in 2050 (USDOE, 2018). If the current New York capacity (1,987 MW) and the projected 2050 capacity estimate are used to approximate installed capacity at the start and end of the Facility’s 30-year operational life (i.e., 2023 and 2053), the 184.8-MW Facility would represent about 9.3% and 3.9% of installed capacity, respectively. Though wind energy technology is continually evolving, and many factors may affect whether or not a given wind energy project reaches the construction, operation, and/or repowering phases, these assumptions and capacity estimates are intended to represent a potential wind energy scenario with which to consider cumulative effects to birds and bats in New York. 2.2 REGION As described above, this report also considered the nearby region within 100 miles of the Facility. This area includes much of western and central New York, and a large portion of Ontario, Canada (see Figure 1). Wind energy has become the largest source of new electricity generation in Canada over the last decade largely due to the federal government’s goal of 90% renewable energy by 2030 (NEB, 2016; CANWEA, 2018). According to data compiled by the Canadian Wind Energy Association (CANWEA) in 2018, the province of Ontario has 96 built facilities, comprising a total of 2,577


turbines that generate up to 5,075.80 MW of energy per year (CANWEA, 2018). The National Energy Board (NEB) predicts that wind energy will continue to be a major contributor of new power through the installation of a projected average of 510 MW of new wind energy capacity every year (NEB, 2016). Therefore, it is anticipated that at least some of this projected new wind energy capacity will be installed in Ontario within 100 miles of the Facility. The exact capacity, however, cannot be easily predicted based on publicly available data. Within New York, up to eight new wind energy projects could potentially be constructed within 100 miles of the Facility in the coming years. Together, these projects could add up to 1,449 MW and up to 512 new turbines within 100 miles of the Facility (NYSDPS, 2020). Existing and proposed wind energy projects within 100 miles of the Facility are listed in Appendices B and D. 3.0 AVIAN IMPACTS 3.1 SOURCES OF AVIAN FATALITIES In order to better understand cumulative impacts of wind energy facilities on avian species, it is important to quantitatively compare a range of sources of bird fatalities. Of the main sources of avian fatalities regularly identified in scientific reviews, six of these account for an overwhelming majority of bird deaths in the United States and Canada: (1) domestic cats; (2) windows and buildings; (3) highways and vehicles; (4) pesticides; (5) legal and illegal hunting; and (6) electrical transmission line structures. Together, these sources result in more than four billion (4,000,000,000) estimated avian fatalities per year in the United States and Canada. Compared to this estimate, wind turbines in the United States and Canada result in only a very small proportion (~368,000 or ~0.009%) of estimated avian fatalities (Erickson et al., 2014). Sources of avian fatalities, along with annual avian fatality estimates and supporting scientific citations, are presented below in Table 1.

Table 1. Comparison of Sources of Avian Fatalities.

Fatality Source(s) Annual Fatality Estimate1 (Number of Birds) Scientific Citation(s)

Domestic Cats (Predation) ~3,000,000,000 Loss et al., 2013

Windows and Buildings (Strikes) ~1,000,000,000 Loss et al., 2014a; Klem, 1990

Highways and Vehicles <340,000,000 Loss et al., 2014b

Pesticides (Poisoning) <100,000,000 Mineau, 2005; Pimentel et al., 1991

Legal and Illegal Hunting ~100,000,000 Raftovich et al., 2017

Electric Transmission Lines (Collision and Electrocution) <64,000,000 Loss et al., 2014c

Communication Towers (Strikes) ~6,800,000 Longcore et al., 2012


Fatality Source(s) Annual Fatality Estimate1 (Number of Birds) Scientific Citation(s)

Agricultural Activities (Hay Mowing and Tilling) Unknown Kerlinger and Guarnaccia, 2011

Electric Substations and Natural Gas Pumping Stations Unknown Kerlinger et al., 2010

Wind Turbines – United States and Canada ~368,0002 Erickson et al., 2014

Wind Turbines – Canada ~24,000 Zimmerling et al., 2013

1 Fatality estimates are for the United States, with the exception of the last row (Wind Turbines – Canada). 2 The Erickson et al. (2014) estimate of ~368,000 is for the United States and Canada; therefore, the estimate for the United States only is less than this number.

As shown above in Table 1, an analysis of fatality data from 116 studies at wind facilities across the United States and Canada found that about 368,000 bird fatalities from collision with wind turbines occur annually (Erickson et al. 2014). Therefore, wind turbines are estimated to be responsible for a minimal proportion of all avian fatalities and wind energy is considered a minor contributor to bird mortality compared to other anthropogenic activities. Furthermore, if unmitigated through the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, the effects of climate change may threaten up to two-thirds of North American bird species with extinction, which represents a significant source of avian mortality that will likely be present in the coming decades (Audubon, 2019; Sovacool, 2009). Wind energy is one means of ameliorating the effects of climate change. 3.2 WIND ENERGY MORTALITY 3.2.1 New York In New York, average avian fatality rates have ranged from 0.37 to 5.81 birds/MW/year based on post-construction surveys conducted at 13 operational wind energy facilities (see Appendix A). As described above, onshore wind energy development is expected to increase in New York in the coming decades. Based on the assumed 30-year operational life of the Facility (i.e., 2023 to 2053), the projected increase in total New York onshore wind energy capacity in the coming decades (USDOE, 2018), and the range of documented avian fatality rates in New York, it is clear that additional cumulative avian fatalities will occur by 2053. Of these anticipated cumulative fatalities, only a small proportion would result from the operation of the Facility. It is anticipated that avian fatalities at the Facility, and at other proposed wind energy facilities in New York, will occur at similar rates to those documented at operational wind energy facilities. As noted above, avian mortality related to wind energy projects represents only a very small proportion of all estimated anthropogenic bird fatalities (see Table 1).


3.2.2 Region This report also considered the nearby region within 100 miles of the Facility. This area includes much of western and central New York, and a portion of southern Ontario, Canada (see Figure 1). Average avian fatality rates at specific facilities with post-construction survey data within the region varied from 0 to 3.38 birds/MW/year (see Appendix B). It is anticipated that the Facility and other proposed projects within 100 miles would have similar average avian fatality rates, with potential for somewhat higher rates if larger turbine models are selected. However, the use of larger turbines typically means fewer turbines, which will present fewer obstacles/areas for possible collisions than at other currently operating facilities (and any potentially constructed facility in the future). Given these considerations, proposed projects may comparatively reduce risk to birds. Regardless of the total number of fatalities within the region, wind energy facilities will continue to represent only a very small contributor to overall avian fatalities compared to other anthropogenic sources (see Table 1 above). 3.2.3 Individual Species and Populations In general, avian species composition data suggest that less than 0.8% of the population of any species is currently affected by mortality from wind turbine development in the United States and Canada, and that population-level impacts are unlikely (Erickson et al., 2014; Zimmerling et al., 2013). For the top 20 species of small passerines documented during post-construction fatality studies, no more than 0.043% of populations are likely to be affected (Erickson et al., 2014). Therefore, neither Facility-related nor cumulative population-level impacts are anticipated. Avian occupancy and usage of the Facility are comparable to other proposed and existing wind energy projects nearby the Facility, in New York, and throughout the northeastern United States. Species identified during numerous pre-construction avian studies conducted for the Facility were typical of rural agricultural landscapes within the region, and included relatively few observations of special status (i.e., rare, threatened, endangered, or special concern) species (please refer to Exhibit 22 of the Facility’s Article 10 Application for more details). Species-specific avian mortality at the Facility will likely be similar to that of operational facilities, where several common passerine species represent the majority of documented fatalities (Erickson et al., 2014). Of the species typically documented during post-construction fatality studies, seven may occur (or have been observed) within the Facility Site (see Table 2 below). These species may represent most of the potential avian fatalities associated with the Facility. The Facility’s planned nighttime curtailment schedule during the July 1 to October 1 period (to minimize risk to the and federally and state-listed northern long-eared bat [Myotis septentrionalis]) is expected to reduce the number of avian fatalities–particularly to nocturnally migrating songbirds, which are the species most frequently impacted by operational turbines). Additional information regarding species-specific impacts to birds is provided in the Avian Risk Assessment prepared for the Facility’s Article 10 Application.


Table 2. Typical Composition of Avian Mortality at Operational Wind Energy Facilities.

3.3 SUMMARY OF CUMULATIVE AVIAN IMPACTS This cumulative impacts assessment for avian species was conducted to evaluate the potential effects of the Facility in combination with the effects of wind energy facilities that are operating or proposed to be constructed within New York and within 100 miles of the Facility. The Facility’s addition of 33 new wind turbines in New York will increase the potential numbers of avian fatalities slightly, but the numbers will not significantly affect the population of any given species. Fatality rates are expected to be similar to those reported for operational wind energy facilities in New York and within 100 miles of the Facility (see Appendices A and B). Overall, the results of this assessment suggest that cumulative impacts to birds by the proposed Facility would be minimal.

Species Population Estimate (United States and Canada)1

Typical Percent of Passerine Fatalities2

Horned Lark Eremophila alpestris 100,000,000 21.90%

Red-eyed Vireo Vireo olivaceus 130,000,000 8.50%

Golden-crowned Kinglet Regulus satrapa 130,000,000 5.10%

European Starling Sturnus vulgaris 93,000,000 3.30%

Red-winged Blackbird Agelaius phoeniceus 170,000,000 2.30%

Tree Swallow Tachycineta bicolor 19,000,000 1.10%

Black-throated Blue Warbler Setophaga caerulescens 2,400,000 0.90%

1 Partners in Flight (2019). 2 Based on Erickson et al. (2014) estimates of small-passerine fatalities at wind energy facilities.


4.0 BAT IMPACTS 4.1 SOURCES OF BAT FATALITIES White-nose syndrome (WNS) represents the most significant source of bat fatalities in the United States and Canada since it was first documented in New York in 2006 (USFWS, 2012a). In the following years, WNS has spread to more than 16 states and four Canadian provinces, resulting in approximately 5 to 7 million bat fatalities (USFWS, 2012b). Cave-dwelling species are particularly susceptible to this fungal disease, which compromises a bat’s ability to survive the winter hibernation period (NYSDEC, 2019b). Though not as detrimental as WNS, other threats to bats include intentional direct killing/persecution by humans, exposure to environmental contaminants, collisions or entrapment associated with built structures, viral/bacterial diseases, roost site loss/disturbance, habitat loss/modification, and climate change (O’Shea et al., 2016; Mickleburgh et al., 2002; Sherwin et al., 2012). 4.2 WIND ENERGY MORTALITY Though WNS represents the primary source of bat fatalities in New York and the surrounding region, evaluation of studies conducted at wind energy facilities across the United States and Canada indicated that operational fatality rates for all bat species ranged widely from 0 bats/MW/year to 70 bats/MW/year (Cryan, 2011; AWWA, 2018). Other studies have estimated that fatalities may total 500,000 bats per year (Arnett and Baerwald, 2013; Hayes, 2013; Smallwood, 2013). Therefore, wind energy facilities generally represent a more significant threat to bats than to birds (O’Shea et al., 2016), but bat impacts vary widely based on region and the species that may be present at a given site. Bat species impacted most severely by WNS differ from those most affected by wind turbines. WNS generally impacts cave-dwelling species, largely in the Myotis genus, whereas wind turbines impact mainly migratory tree bat species that are not susceptible to WNS (Arnett et al., 2013). In addition, while wind energy facilities affect bats, population-level impacts are difficult to estimate given the relative lack of basic demographic data for many species (Frick et al., 2017). Additional information regarding individual species impacts are provided below in Section 1.2.4. 4.2.1 New York In New York, average bat fatality rates have ranged from 1.78 to 16.30 bats/MW/year based on post-construction surveys conducted at 24 wind energy facilities (see Appendix C). However, many existing wind energy facilities have operated without curtailment regimes in place and therefore these estimates are not necessarily comparable to proposed facilities that are required to implement turbine curtailment. Though onshore wind energy development is anticipated to increase considerably in New York in the coming decades, it is assumed that these facilities will be expected to implement turbine curtailment as a means of significantly reducing bat mortality. Multiple studies show that turbine curtailment can reduce all bat fatalities by between 50% and more than 80%, depending on the cut-in speed used and the bat species that typically occur at a given site (Arnett et al., 2011; AWWI, 2018; Baerwald et al.,


2009; Martin et al., 2017). Given these considerations, it is likely that bat fatality rates at the Facility and at other proposed projects in New York would be similar, or lower, than those reported for operational wind energy facilities. In addition, the combination of bat deterrent systems (BDS) and curtailment has been shown to be even more effective at reducing overall bat fatalities. Currently available BDS emit ultrasonic sound in the same natural frequency range as bats, interfering with their ability to echolocate and discouraging them from entering the area surrounding a turbine. Although the response of various species of bats to curtailment and/or BDS may vary, the combination of these two minimization methods provides a more comprehensive strategy to lower overall bat fatality rates (Iskali et al., 2019). The Applicant will employ both of these minimization measures during Facility operation. 4.2.2 Region Based on post-construction studies conducted for wind energy facilities within 100 miles of the Facility (including those in Ontario), average bat fatality rates have ranged from 0.11 to 16.3 bats/MW/year (see Appendix D). The Facility and other proposed projects within 100 miles would likely result in similar average bat fatality rates to these projects, or potentially lower fatality rates given anticipated increased implementation of curtailment compared to the operational facilities within the region. With the Facility’s proposed curtailment schedule and a BDS minimization strategy in place, Facility-related bat fatalities would likely be reduced by between 60% and 95% (Iskali et al., 2019). 4.2.3 Individual Species Hoary bat (Lasiurus cinereus), eastern red bat (Lasiurus borealis), and silver-haired bat (Lasionycteris noctivagans) account for between 50 and 75% of post-construction bat fatalities at wind energy facilities in the United States (and also in New York and the region surrounding the Facility) (Ellison, 2012). These migratory, tree-roosting species have broad geographic distributions that include most of North America and portions of South America (hoary bat), much of eastern and central North America (eastern red bat), and most of North America (silver-haired bat) (IUCN, 2020; Reid, 2006). Currently, all three of these species have global conservation statuses of “Least Concern” (IUCN, 2020), though future population trends are not clear, and these species may be at risk of future decline (Frick et al., 2017). Other bat species expected to occur within or near the Facility during certain times of the year (including migratory periods, as applicable) may include big brown bat (Eptesicus fuscus), little brown bat (Myotis lucifugus), northern long-eared bat, and tricolored bat (Perimyotis subflavus) (IUCN, 2020; NYSDEC, 2020; USFWS, 2019; USFWS, 2020). These species typically represent a much smaller proportion of documented fatalities at wind energy facilities, particularly following the introduction of WNS in 2006 and its associated effects (Gruver and Bishop-Boros, 2015).


Given this information, most bat fatalities at the Facility (and at other facilities within the region) are expected to include the three migratory tree-roosting species listed above rather than the rarer cave-dwelling species. As described above, the Facility will implement a curtailment schedule that is expected to minimize risk to the federally and state-listed northern long-eared bat, which will also significantly reduce overall bat fatalities each year, and throughout the operational life of the Facility. As mentioned above, the Facility also plans to test the use of BDS, and/or other technologies that may become available, as a further measure to avoid and minimize potential impacts to bats. These systems have been shown to be effective in reducing bat fatalities, and can be paired with curtailment for even further reductions by providing a more comprehensive minimization strategy. At an operational wind project in Illinois, bat fatalities were reduced by approximately 60% to 95% when combining curtailment at 5.0 m/s and BDS (Iskali et al. 2019). This study also demonstrated that each of the migratory tree bat species, which differ in their ecology, call frequencies, and migration patterns, may have reacted differently to the application of the BDS and/or curtailment treatment. Silver-haired bat fatalities were not significantly reduced from curtailment-only treatment, but addition of the BDS system further reduced fatalities by 66.7% compared to curtailment alone. Eastern red bats saw the higher reduction in fatalities from curtailment, but also benefited from the addition of the BDS system with a 31.6% further reduction in fatalities compared to curtailment alone. Hoary bats appeared to benefit from both curtailment and BDS (Iskali et al. 2019). Other studies have showed a significant reduction in hoary bat mortality as a result of BDS implementation (Weaver et al., 2018; unpublished data from Weaver et al., 2018). The BDS can also be deployed for the entire active season for bats, which will further reduce fatalities outside of the fall migration period when curtailment is typically implemented.

4.3 SUMMARY OF CUMULATIVE BAT IMPACTS Overall, this cumulative impacts assessment for bat species was conducted to evaluate the potential effects of the Facility in combination with the effects of wind energy facilities that are operating or proposed to be constructed within New York and within 100 miles of the Facility. The Facility’s addition of 33 new wind turbines in New York will increase the potential numbers of bat fatalities, but this increase is not expected to significantly affect the population of any given species. Fatality rates are expected to be similar to those reported for operational wind energy facilities in New York and within 100 miles of the Facility (see Appendices C and D). In addition, the Facility’s planned nighttime curtailment regime during July 1 to October 1 period, paired with BDS minimization, is expected to significantly reduce the number of bat fatalities (see Exhibit 22 of the Article 10 Application for additional information related to minimization measures and impact avoidance/minimization to state-listed bats specifically).


5.0 CUMULATIVE HABITAT IMPACTS Cumulative impacts to habitat (including forestland and grassland) as a result of wind energy facility development within the region are expected to be minimal. This is largely because most operational and proposed wind turbines within New York and the region are/will be sited in existing agricultural fields that are actively managed for the production of row and/or field crops, and do not represent suitable habitat for most bird and bat species. Though wind energy facilities may require the clearing of forest habitat at some turbine locations, these impacts are typically minor on a landscape-scale and occur primarily on the edges of existing forest patches. In addition, tree removal activities for the Facility will occur between November 1 and March 31 to the extent possible, which will serve to further minimize impacts to birds and bats that utilize forest habitat. Furthermore, existing wind turbine locations and current aerial imagery were reviewed using the U.S. Wind Turbine Database (USGS, 2020), and many operational wind energy facilities appear to have had minimal effects on forest or grassland habitat. In other words, large areas of undisturbed forest and grassland habitat remain in the immediate vicinity of these facilities following construction. Additional information regarding direct and indirect habitat impacts is provided in Exhibit 22 of the Facility’s Article 10 Application.


6.0 REFERENCES American Wind Energy Association (AWEA). 2019. Wind Energy in New York. Available at: https://www.awea.org/Awea/media/Resources/StateFactSheets/New-York.pdf (Accessed January 2020). American Wind Wildlife Institute (AWWI). 2018. Bats and Wind Energy: Impacts, Mitigation, and Tradeoffs. AWWI, Washington, D. C. November 15, 2018. Available at: https://awwi.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/AWWI-Bats-and-Wind-Energy-White-Paper-FINAL.pdf (Accessed February 2020). Arnett, E. B., M. R. Schirmacher, C. D. Hein, and M. M. P. Huso. 2011. Patterns of Bird and Bat Fatality at the Locust Ridge II Wind Project, Pennsylvania. 2009-2010 Final Report. Prepared for the Bats and Wind Energy Cooperative (BWEC) and the Pennsylvania Game Commission (PGC). Prepared by Bat Conservation International (BCI), Austin, Texas. January 2011. Arnett, E. B. and E. F. Baerwald. 2013. Chapter 21. Impacts of Wind Energy Development on Bats: Implications for Conservation. Pp. 435-456. In: R. A. Adams and S. C. Pederson, eds. Bat Ecology, Evolution and Conservation. Springer Science Press, New York. Arnett, E. B., G. D. Johnson, W. P. Erickson, and C. D. Hein. 2013. A Synthesis of Operational Mitigation Studies to Reduce Bat Fatalities at Wind Energy Facilities in North America. A report submitted to the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Golden Colorado. Bat Conservation International (BCI), Austin, Texas. March 2013. Available at: https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2015/03/f20/Operational-Mitigation-Synthesis-FINAL-REPORT-UPDATED.pdf Audubon (National Audubon Society). 2019. Survival by Degrees: 398 Bird Species on the Brink. Available at: https://www.audubon.org/climate/survivalbydegrees (Accessed February 2020). Baerwald, E.F., and R.M.R. Barclay. 2009. Geographic Variation in Activity and Fatality of Migratory Bats at Wind Energy Facilities. Journal of Mammalogy 90(6):1341-1349. Bowfin Environmental Consulting Inc. 2016. Ernstown Wind Park Post-Construction Monitoring: Bird (Including Raptors) and Bat Mortality Surveys. Final Report: Year 1. Prepared for Ernestown Windpark Inc., Toronto, Ontario. Prepared by Bowfin Environmental Consulting Inc., Cornwall, Ontario. August 2016. Canadian Wind Energy Association (CANWEA). 2018. Ontario Wind Energy Market Profile. Available at: https://canwea.ca/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Ontario-Market-Profile-2018.pdf (Accessed January 2020). Cryan, P. M. 2011. Wind Turbines as Landscape Impediments to the Migratory Connectivity of Bats. Environmental Law 41: 355–370. Dillon Consulting. 2016. Grand Renewable Wind 2015 Environmental Effects Monitoring Plan. July 2016. Ellison, L. E. 2012. Bats and Wind Energy: A Literature Synthesis and Annotated Bibliography. Open-File Report No. 2012-1110. US Geological Survey (USGS). Erickson, W. P., M. M. Wolfe, K. J. Bay, D. H. Johnson, and J. L. Gehring. 2014. A Comprehensive Analysis of Small Passerine Fatalities from Collisions with Turbines at Wind Energy Facilities. PLoS ONE 9(9): e107491.


Frick, W. F., E. F. Baerwald, J. F. Pollock, R. M. R. Barclay, J. A. Szymanski, T. J. Weller, A. L. Russell, S. C. Loeb, R. A. Medellin, and L. P. McGuire. 2017. Fatalities at Wind Turbines May Threaten Population Viability of a Migratory Bat. Biological Conservation 209: 172-177. Gruver, J., and L. Bishop-Boros. 2015. Summary and synthesis of Myotis fatalities at wind facilities with a focus on northeastern North America. Western EcoSystems Technology, Inc., Laramie, Wyoming, USA. Available at: http://documents.dps.ny.gov/public/Common/ViewDoc.aspx?DocRefId=%7B17B2D3A4-F15D-4AD0-B1EE-DE5BCE721BE0%7D (Accessed February 2020). Hayes, M. A. 2013. Bats Killed in Large Numbers at United States Wind Energy Facilities. Bioscience 63(12): 975-979. International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). 2020. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Available at: https://www.iucnredlist.org/ (Accessed January 2020). Iskali, G., J. Lombardi, R.E. Good, T. McDonald, and K. DuBridge. 2019. Post-Construction Monitoring for the Pilot Hill Wind Farm Kankakee and Iroquois Counties, Illinois. Western EcoSystems Technology, Inc., Bloomington, Indiana, USA. Jain, A., P. Kerlinger, R. Curry, and L. Slobodnik. 2007. Annual Report for the Maple Ridge Wind Power Project: Post-Construction Bird and Bat Fatality Study – 2006. Final Report. Prepared for PPM Energy and Horizon Energy and Technical Advisory Committee (TAC) for the Maple Ridge Project Study. Available at: https://tethys.pnnl.gov/sites/default/files/publications/Jain-et-al-2007.pdf Jain, A., P. Kerlinger, R. Curry, and L. Slobodnik. 2009a. Annual Report for the Maple Ridge Wind Power Project: Post-Construction Bird and Bat Fatality Study - 2007. Final report prepared for PPM Energy and Horizon Energy and Technical Advisory Committee (TAC) for the Maple Ridge Project Study. May 6, 2009. Available at: http://batsandwind.org/pdf/Jain_2009a.pdf Jain, A., P. Kerlinger, R. Curry, L. Slobodnik, and M. Lehman. 2009b. Maple Ridge Wind Power Avian and Bat Fatality Study Report - 2008. Annual Report for the Maple Ridge Wind Power Project, Post-construction Bird and Bat Fatality Study - 2008. Prepared for Iberdrola Renewables, Inc, Horizon Energy, and the Technical Advisory Committee (TAC) for the Maple Ridge Project Study. Prepared by Curry and Kerlinger, LLC. May 14, 2009. Jain, A., P. Kerlinger, R. Curry, L. Slobodnik, J. Quant, and D. Pursell. 2009c. Annual Report for the Noble Bliss Windpark, LLC, Postconstruction Bird and Bat Fatality Study - 2008. Prepared for Noble Environmental Power, LLC by Curry and Kerlinger, LLC. April 13, 2009. Jain, A., P. Kerlinger, R. Curry, L. Slobodnik, J. Histed, and J. Meacham. 2009d. Annual Report for the Noble Clinton Windpark, LLC, Postconstruction Bird and Bat Fatality Study - 2008. Prepared for Noble Environmental Power, LLC by Curry and Kerlinger, LLC. April 13, 2009. Jain, A., P. Kerlinger, R. Curry, L. Slobodnik, A. Fuerst, and C. Hansen. 2009e. Annual Report for the Noble Ellenburg Windpark, LLC, Postconstruction Bird and Bat Fatality Study - 2008. Prepared for Noble Environmental Power, LLC by Curry and Kerlinger, LLC. April 13, 2009. Jain, A., P. Kerlinger, L. Slobodnik, R. Curry, and K. Russell. 2010a. Annual Report for the Noble Clinton Windpark, LLC: Postconstruction Bird and Bat Fatality Study - 2009. Prepared for Noble Environmental Power, LLC. Prepared by Curry and Kerlinger, LLC, Cape May, New Jersey. March 9, 2010.


Jain, A., P. Kerlinger, L. Slobodnik, R. Curry, and K. Russell. 2010b. Annual Report for the Noble Ellenburg Windpark, LLC: Postconstruction Bird and Bat Fatality Study - 2009. Prepared for Noble Environmental Power, LLC. Prepared by Curry and Kerlinger, LLC, Cape May, New Jersey. March 14, 2010. Jain, A., P. Kerlinger, L. Slobodnik, R. Curry, A. Fuerst, and A. Harte. 2010c. Annual Report for the Noble Bliss Windpark, LLC: Postconstruction Bird and Bat Fatality Study - 2009. Prepared for Noble Environmental Power, LLC. Prepared by Curry and Kerlinger, LLC, Cape May, New Jersey. March 9, 2010. Jain, A., P. Kerlinger, L. Slobodnik, R. Curry, and K. Russell. 2011a. Annual Report for the Noble Altona Windpark, LLC: Postconstruction Bird and Bat Fatality Study - 2010. Prepared for Noble Environmental Power, LLC. Prepared by Curry and Kerlinger, LLC, Cape May, New Jersey. January 22, 2011. Jain, A., P. Kerlinger, L. Slobodnik, R. Curry, and K. Russell. 2011b. Annual Report for the Noble Chateaugay Windpark, LLC: Postconstruction Bird and Bat Fatality Study - 2010. Prepared for Noble Environmental Power, LLC. Prepared by Curry and Kerlinger, LLC, Cape May, New Jersey. January 22, 2011. Jain, A., P. Kerlinger, L. Slobodnik, R. Curry, and A. Harte. 2011c. Annual Report for the Noble Wethersfield Windpark, LLC: Postconstruction Bird and Bat Fatality Study - 2010. Prepared for Noble Environmental Power, LLC. Prepared by Curry and Kerlinger, LLC, Cape May, New Jersey. January 22, 2011. Kerlinger, P., J. L. Gehring, W. P. Erickson, R. Curry, A. Jain, and J. Guarnaccia. 2010. Night Migrant Fatalities and Obstruction Lighting at Wind Turbines in North America. The Wilson Journal of Ornithology 122:744-754. Kerlinger, P., and J. Guarnaccia. 2011. Grassland nesting bird displacement study – 2011. Maple Ridge Wind Energy Project, Lewis County, New York. Prepared for: Horizon Energy. Prepared by: Curry & Kerlinger, LLC Klem, D. Jr. 1990. Collisions between Birds and Windows: Mortality and Prevention. Journal of Field Ornithology 61(1): 120-128. Longcore, T., C. Rich, P. Mineau, B. MacDonald, D. G. Bert, L. M. Sullivan, E. Mutrie, S. A. Gauthreaux Jr, M. L. Avery, R. L. Crawford, A. M. Manville II, E. R. Travis, and D. Drake. 2012. An Estimate of Mortality at Communication Towers in the United States and Canada. PLoS ONE 7(4):1-17. Loss, S. R., T. Will, and P. P. Marra. 2013. The Impact of Free-Ranging Domestic Cats on Wildlife of the United States. Natural Communications 4: 1396. Loss, S.R., T. Will, S.S. Loss, and P.P. Marra. 2014a. Bird-building collisions in the United States: Estimates of Annual Mortality and Species Vulnerability. The Condor 116(1) 8-23. Loss, S.R., T. Will, P.P. Marra. 2014b. Estimation of Bird‐Vehicle Collision Mortality on U.S. Roads. The Journal of Wildlife Management 78(5): 763-771. Loss, S.R., T. Will, P. P. Marra. 2014c. Refining Estimates of Bird Collision and Electrocution Mortality at Power Lines in the United States. PLoS ONE 9(7): e101565. Lukins, W., M. Lout, and K. Bay. 2014. 2013 Post-Construction Monitoring Studies for the Howard Wind Project, Steuben County, New York. Final Report: May 15 - November 15, 2013. Prepared for Howard Wind, LLC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Prepared by Western EcoSystems Technology, Inc. (WEST), Northeast/Mid-Atlantic Branch, Burlington, Vermont. February 13, 2014.


Martin, C.M., E.B. Arnett, R.D. Stevens, and M.C. Wallace. 2017. Reducing Bat Fatalities at Wind Facilities While Improving the Economic Efficiency of Operational Mitigation. Journal of Mammalogy. 98(2): 378-385. Mickleburgh, S.P., A.M. Hutson, and P.A. Racey. 2002. A review of the global conservation status of bats. Oryx 36(1): 18-34. Available at: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/e1ed/8f90a13968cd21205c3786370dc4ef44a861.pdf (Accessed February 2020). Mineau, P. 2005. A Review and Analysis of Study Endpoints Relevant to the Assessment of “Long Term” Pesticide Toxicity in Avian and Mammalian Wildlife. Ecotoxicology 14: 775-799. Natural Resource Solutions Inc. (NRSI). 2013d. Mohawk Point Wind Farm: 2012 Post-Construction Monitoring Report. Project No. 0915D. Prepared for GDF SUEZ Canada Inc., Markham, Ontario. Prepared by NRSI, Waterloo, Ontario. March 2013. Natural Resource Solutions Inc. (NRSI). 2015. Summerhaven Wind Energy Centre 2014 Post-Construction Mortality Monitoring Report. Prepared for Summerhaven Wind, LP, Toronto, Ontario. Prepared by NRSI, Waterloo, Ontario. February 2015. Natural Resource Solutions Inc. (NRSI). 2016. Summerhaven Wind Energy Centre 2015 Post-Construction Mortality Monitoring Report. Prepared for Summerhaven Wind, LP, Toronto, Ontario. Prepared by NRSI, Waterloo, Ontario. February 2016. Natural Resource Solutions Inc. (NRSI). 2018a. ZEP Wind Farm Ganaraska 2018 Bird and Bat Mortality Monitoring. Prepared for ZEP Wing Farm Ganaraska, Clarington, Ontario. November 2018. National Energy Board (NEB). 2016. Canada’s Energy Future 2016: Update – Energy Supply and Demand Projections to 2040. Available at: https://www.cer-rec.gc.ca/nrg/ntgrtd/ftr/2016updt/index-eng.html (Accessed January 2020). NYSDEC. 2019a. Environmental Notice Bulletin October 9, 2019. ENB Region 6 Completed Applications. Available at: http://www.dec.ny.gov/enb/118365.html (Accessed January 2020). NYSDEC. 2019b. Northern Long-eared Bat. Available at: https://www.dec.ny.gov/animals/106713.html (Accessed December 2019). New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC). 2020. Bats of New York. Available at: https://www.dec.ny.gov/docs/administration_pdf/batsofny.pdf (Accessed January 2020). New York State Department of Public Service (NYSDPS). 2020. Active Article 10 Queue. Available at: http://www3.dps.ny.gov/W/PSCWeb.nsf/All/763B187DD5A792DE8525847400667D6B?OpenDocument (Accessed February 2020). O’Shea, T.J., P.M. Cryan, D.T.S. Hayman, R.K. Plowright, and D.G. Streicker. 2016. Multiple mortality events in bats: a global review. Mammal Review 46(3): 175-190. Pimentel, D., L. McLaughlin, A. Zepp, B. Lakitan, T. Kraus, P. Kleinman, F. Vancini, W. J. Roach, E. Graap, W. S. Keeton, and G. Selig. 1991. Environmental and Economic Impacts of Reducing U.S. Agricultural Pesticide Use. Pp. 679-718. In: D. Pimentel, ed. Handbook of Pest Management in Agriculture. Second Edition. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.

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Raftovich, R.V., S. C. Chandler, and K.K. Fleming. 2017. Migratory bird hunting activity and harvest during the 2015-16 and 2016-17 hunting seasons. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Laurel, Maryland, USA. Available at: https://www.fws.gov/migratorybirds/pdf/surveys-and-data/HarvestSurveys/MBHActivityHarvest2015-16and2016-17.pdf (Accessed January 2020). Reid, F.A. 2006. A Field Guide to Mammals of North America, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston/New York. Sherwin, H.A., W. I. Montgomery, and M.G. Lundy. 2012. The impact and implications of climate change for bats. Mammal Review (2012) doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2907.2012.00214.x. Smallwood, K. S. 2013. Comparing Bird and Bat Fatality-Rate Estimates among North American Wind-Energy Projects. Wildlife Society Bulletin 37(1): 19-33. Sovacool, B. K. 2009. Rejecting Renewables: The Socio-Technical Impediments to Renewable Electricity in the United States. Elsevier 37(11): 4500-4513. Stantec Consulting Ltd. (Stantec Ltd.). 2008. Melancthon I Wind Plant Post-Construction Bird and Bat Monitoring Report: 2007. File No. 160960220. Prepared by Stantec Ltd., Guelph, Ontario. June 2008. Stantec Consulting, Inc. (Stantec). 2009. Post-Construction Monitoring at the Munnsville Wind Farm, New York: 2008. Prepared for E.ON Climate and Renewables, Austin, Texas. Prepared by Stantec Consulting, Topsham, Maine. January 2009. Stantec Consulting, Inc. (Stantec). 2010. Cohocton and Dutch Hill Wind Farms Year 1 Post-Construction Monitoring Report, 2009, for the Cohocton and Dutch Hill Wind Farms in Cohocton, New York. Prepared for Canandaigua Power Partners, LLC and Canandaigua Power Partners II, LLC, Portland, Maine. Prepared by Stantec, Topsham, Maine. January 2010. Stantec Consulting, Inc. (Stantec). 2011. Cohocton and Dutch Hill Wind Farms Year 2 Post-Construction Monitoring Report, 2010, for the Cohocton and Dutch Hill Wind Farms in Cohocton, New York. Prepared for Canandaigua Power Partners, LLC, and Canandaigua Power Partners II, LLC, Portland, Maine. Prepared by Stantec, Topsham, Maine. October 2011. Stantec Consulting, Inc. (Stantec). 2013. Steel Winds I and II Post-Construction Monitoring Report, 2012, Lackwanna and Hamburg, New York. Prepared for First Wind Management, LLC, Portland, Maine. Prepared by Stantec. Stantec Consulting, Inc. (Stantec). 2014a. Cohocton and Dutch Hill Wind Farms 2013 Post-Construction Wildlife Monitoring Report. Cohocton and Dutch Hill, Steuben County, New York. Prepared for First Wind, Portland, Maine. Prepared by Stantec, Topsham, Maine. May 2014. 41 pages + frontmatter and appendices. Stantec Consulting, Inc. (Stantec). 2014b. Steel Winds I & II Year 2 Post-Construction Wildlife Monitoring Report, 2013. Steel Winds I & II, Erie County, New York. Prepared for First Wind, Portland, Maine. Prepared by Stantec, Topsham, Maine. May 2014. 39 pp. + frontmatter and appendices. Stantec Consulting Ltd. (Stantec Ltd.). 2016. Port Dover and Nanticoke Wind Project: Year 2 Post-Construction Wildlife Monitoring Report (2015). File No. 160960909. Prepared for Capital Power (PDN) LP (Capital Power), Edmonton, Alberta. Prepared by Stantec Ltd., Guelph, Ontario. January 20, 2016.


Tidhar, D., L. McManus, Z. Courage, and W. L. Tidhar. 2012a. 2010 Post-Construction Fatality Monitoring Study and Bat Acoustic Study for the High Sheldon Wind Farm, Wyoming County, New York. Final Report: April 15 - November 15, 2010. Prepared for High Sheldon Wind Farm, Sheldon Energy LLC, Chicago, Illinois. Prepared by Western EcoSystems Technology, Inc. (WEST), Waterbury, Vermont. April 15, 2012. Tidhar, D., L. McManus, D. Solick, Z. Courage, and K. Bay. 2012b. 2011 Post-Construction Fatality Monitoring Study and Bat Acoustic Study for the High Sheldon Wind Farm, Wyoming County, New York. Final Report: April 15 - November 15, 2011. Prepared for High Sheldon Wind Farm, Sheldon Energy LLC, Chicago, Illinois. Prepared by Western EcoSystems Technology, Inc. (WEST), Waterbury, Vermont. April 25, 2012. Tidhar, D., J. Ritzert, M. Sonnenberg, M. Lout, and K. Bay. 2013a. 2012 Post-Construction Fatality Monitoring Study for the Maple Ridge Wind Farm, Lewis County, New York. Final Report: July 12 - October 15, 2012. Prepared for EDP Renewables North, Houston, Texas. Prepared by Western EcoSystems Technology, Inc. (WEST), NE/Mid-Atlantic Branch, Waterbury, Vermont. February 12, 2013 Tidhar, D., M. Sonnenberg, J. Griswold, E. Baumgartner, and K. Bay. 2013b. 2012 Post-Construction Monitoring Studies for the Howard Wind Project, Steuben County, New York. Final Report: April 13 - November 16, 2012. Prepared for Howard Wind, LLC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Prepared by Western EcoSystems Technology, Inc. (WEST), Northeast/Mid-Atlantic Branch, Waterbury, Vermont. February 15, 2013. United States Department of Energy (USDOE). 2018. Projected growth of the Wind Industry from now until 2050. Available at: https://www.energy.gov/maps/map-projected-growth-wind-industry-now-until-2050 (Accessed January 2020). United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). 2012a. White-Nose Syndrome in Bats: About WNS. Accessed June 2012. Revised October 2014. Available at: https://www.whitenosesyndrome.org/about-white-nose-syndrome, Current WNS map available at: https://www.whitenosesyndrome.org/resources/map United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). 2012b. North American bat death toll exceeds 5.5 million from white-nose syndrome. Available at: https://www.batcon.org/pdfs/USFWS_WNS_Mortality_2012_NR_FINAL.pdf (Accessed January 2020). United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). 2019. Indiana Bat Range Map. Available at: https://www.fws.gov/midwest/endangered/mammals/inba/RangeMapINBA.html (Accessed January 2020). United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). 2020. Northern Long-eared Bat Range Map. Available at: https://www.fws.gov/midwest/Endangered/mammals/nleb/nlebRangeMap.html (Accessed January 2020). United States Geological Survey (USGS). 2020. The U.S. Wind Turbine Database. Available at: https://eerscmap.usgs.gov/uswtdb/ (Accessed January 2020). Weaver, S. P., C. D. Hein, I. Castro-Arellano, T. R. Simpson. 2018. Testing Ultrasonic Acoustic Deterrents for Reducing Bat Fatalities at Wind Turbines in South Texas. Poster. AWEA Siting Conference 2018. Available online: https://s23.a2zinc.net/clients/AWEA/Siting2018/Custom/Handout/ Speaker12116_Session2982_1.pdf (Accessed February 2020). Western EcoSystems Technology, Inc. (WEST). 2013. 2011 Fatality Study October 18- December 30, 2011, Hardscrabble Wind Project Herkimer county, New York. Prepared by Western EcoSystems Technology, Inc. Lemoyne, Pennsylvania.


Zimmerling, J. R., A. C. Pomeroy, M. V. d'Entremont, and C. M. Francis. 2013. Canadian Estimate of Bird Mortality Due to Collisions and Direct Habitat Loss Associated with Wind Turbine Developments. Avian Conservation & Ecology 8(2): 10. Available at: http://www.ace-eco.org/vol8/iss2/art10/ (Accessed January 2020).

FIGURES

Facility Location

Lake Ontario

Canada

µHeritage Wind ProjectTown of Barre, Orleans County, New YorkFigure 1: Regional Facility LocationNotes: 1. Basemap: ESRI ArcGIS Online "World Topographic Map" map service. 2. This map was generated in ArcMap on January 31, 2020. 3. This is a color graphic. Reproduction in grayscale may misrepresent the data.

0 30 6015Miles

www.edrdpc.com

1:2,500,000

100-mile Buffer (Nearby Region)

APPENDIX A

List of Projects Used to Evaluate Cumulative Impacts for Birds (New York State)

Appendix A. List of Projects Used to Evaluate Cumulative Impacts for Birds (New York State)

Project Name StateAnnual Bird

Fatalities (per Turbine)

Annual Bird Fatalities (per MW)

Survey Year(s)

Number of Turbines

Total Capacity (MW) Reference

Arkwright Summit NY * * * 36 78.4 USGS, 2020Cohocton/Dutch Hill NY 3.43 1.39 2009 50 125 Stantec 2010 Cohocton/Dutch Hill NY 1.98 1.32 2010 50 125 Stantec 2011 Cohocton/Dutch Hill NY 3.96 1.58 2013 50 125 Stantec 2014a

Copenhagen NY * * * 40 80 USGS, 2020Fenner Wind Power Project NY * * * 20 30 USGS, 2020

Hardscrabble NY 6.86 3.43 2012 37 74 West 2013High Sheldon NY 2.64 1.76 2010 75 112.5 Tidhar et al. 2012a High Sheldon NY 2.36 1.57 2011 75 112.5 Tidhar et al. 2012b

Howard NY 2.5 1.29 2012 25 51.25 Tidhar et al. 2013b Howard NY 0.75 0.37 2013 25 51.25 Lukins et al. 2014

Jericho Rise NY * * * 37 77.7 USGS, 2020Madison Windpower NY * * * 7 11.55 USGS, 2020

Maple Ridge NY 9.59 5.81 2006 112 184.8 Jain et al. 2007 Maple Ridge NY 3.87 2.34 2007 112 184.8 Jain et al. 2009a Maple Ridge NY 3.42 2.07 2007-2008 112 184.8 Jain et al. 2009b Marble River NY * * * 70 215.25 USGS, 2020

Marsh Hill NY * * * 10 16.2 USGS, 2020Munnsville NY 2.22 1.48 2008 23 34.5 Stantec 2009

New York State Thruway Authority NY * * * 4 1.1 USGS, 2020Noble Altona NY 2.76 1.84 2010 65 97.5 Jain et al. 2011a Noble Bliss NY 1.95 1.3 2008 67 100.5 Jain et al.2009c Noble Bliss NY 3.42 2.28 2009 67 100.5 Jain et al. 2010c

Noble Chateaugay NY 2.48 1.66 2010 71 106.5 Jain et al. 2011b Noble Clinton NY 2.39 1.59 2008 67 100.5 Jain et al. 2009d Noble Clinton NY 1.67 1.11 2009 67 100.5 Jain et al. 2010a

Noble Ellenburg NY 1.25 0.83 2008 54 80 Jain et al. 2009e Noble Ellenburg NY 5.69 3.84 2009 54 80 Jain et al. 2010b

Noble Wethersfield NY 2.55 1.7 2010 84 126 Jain et al. 2011c Orangeville Wind NY * * * 52 82.24 USGS, 2020Steel Winds I & II NY 8.46 3.38 2012 14 35 Stantec 2013

* = Information not publicly accessible or available. 1

Appendix A. List of Projects Used to Evaluate Cumulative Impacts for Birds (New York State)

Project Name StateAnnual Bird


Annual Bird Fatalities (per MW)

Survey Year(s)

Number of Turbines


Steel Winds I & II NY 15.5 6.2 2013 14 35 Stantec 2014bWethersfield NY * * * 10 6.6 USGS, 2020

Zotos NY * * * 2 3.3 USGS, 2020

Alle-Catt Wind NY * * * 117 340 NYSDPS, 2020Baron Winds Project NY * * * 68 242 NYSDPS, 2020

Bluestone Wind Project NY * * * 33 125 NYSDPS, 2020Bull Run Energy LLC NY * * * 139 450 NYSDPS, 2020

Canisteo Wind Energy Center NY * * * 122 290.7 NYSDPS, 2020Cassadaga Wind Farm NY * * * 58 126 NYSDPS, 2020Deer River Wind Farm NY * * * 40 100 NYSDPS, 2020

Dry Lots Wind NY * * * 11 33 NYSDPS, 2020Eight Point Wind NY * * * 32 101.8 NYSDPS, 2020

Heritage Wind Project NY * * * 33 184.8 NYSDPS, 2020High Bridge Wind NY * * * 25 100 NYSDPS, 2020Horse Creek Wind NY * * * 72 205 NYSDPS, 2020Lighthouse Wind NY * * * 71 201 NYSDPS, 2020Mad River Wind NY * * * 88 350 NYSDPS, 2020

Number Three Wind Farm NY * * * 50 105.8 NYSDPS, 2020Prattsburgh Wind NY * * * 44 147 NYSDPS, 2020

Roaring Brook Wind NY * * * 20 78 NYSDEC, 2019a

Proposed Projects


APPENDIX B

List of Projects Used to Evaluate Cumulative Impacts for Birds (within 100 miles)

Appendix B. List of Projects Used to Evaluate Cumulative Impacts for Birds (within 100 miles)

Project Name State/ProvinceAnnual Bird


Annual Bird Fatalities (per

MW)Survey Year Number of

TurbinesTotal Capacity

(MW) Reference

Amherst Island Wind Project ON * * * 27 75 CANWEA, 2018Cohocton/Dutch Hill NY 3.43 1.39 2009 50 125 Stantec 2010 Cohocton/Dutch Hill NY 1.98 1.32 2010 50 125 Stantec 2011 Cohocton/Dutch Hill NY 3.96 1.58 2013 50 125 Stantec 2014b

Ernestown Wind Park ON 1.4 0.7 2015 5 10 Bowfin Environmental Consulting, Inc. 2016 Ganaraska ON 1.84 0.34 2016 9 17.6 NRSI 2017Ganaraska ON 0.87 0.23 2017 9 17.6 NRSI 2018aGanaraska ON 1.18 0.17 2018 9 17.6 NRSI 2019

Grand Renewable Wind ON 2.17 0.98 2015 67 148.62 Dillon Consulting 2016HAF Energy ON * * * 5 9 CANWEA, 2018High Sheldon NY 2.64 1.76 2010 75 112.5 Tidhar et al. 2012a High Sheldon NY 2.36 1.57 2011 75 112.5 Tidhar et al. 2012b

Howard NY 2.5 1.29 2012 25 51.25 Tidhar et al. 2013b Howard NY 0.75 0.37 2013 25 51.25 Lukins et al. 2014

Marsh Hill NY * * * 10 16.2 USGS, 2020Munnsville NY 2.22 1.48 2008 23 34.5 Stantec 2009b

New York State Thruway Authority NY * * * 4 1.1 USGS, 2020Niagara Region Wind Farm ON 7.39 0.48 2017 77 230 NRSI 2018

Noble Bliss NY 1.95 1.3 2008 67 100.5 Jain et al.2009c Noble Bliss NY 3.42 2.28 2009 67 100.5 Jain et al. 2010c

Noble Wethersfield NY 2.55 1.7 2010 84 126 Jain et al. 2011c Orangeville Wind NY * * * 52 82.24 USGS, 2020

Port Dover and Nanticoke ON * * 2015 58 105 Stantec Ltd. 2016Settlers Landing Wind Park ON 0 0 2017 4 8 NRSI 2018Settlers Landing Wind Park ON 0 0 2018 4 8 NRSI 2019

Snowy Ridge Wind Park ON * * * 5 10 CANWEA, 2018Steel Winds I & II NY 8.46 3.38 2012 14 35 Stantec 2013Steel Winds I & II NY 15.5 6.2 2013 14 35 Stantec 2014b

Summerhaven Wind Energy Centre ON 3.91 1.76 2014 56 124.38 NRSI 2015Summerhaven Wind Energy Centre ON 5.39 2.43 2015 56 124.38 NRSI 2016

Wainfleet Wind Farm ON * * * 5 9 CANWEA, 2018Wethersfield NY * * * 10 6.6 USGS, 2020


Appendix B. List of Projects Used to Evaluate Cumulative Impacts for Birds (within 100 miles)

Project Name State/ProvinceAnnual Bird


Annual Bird Fatalities (per

MW)Survey Year Number of

TurbinesTotal Capacity

(MW) Reference

Zotos NY * * * 2 3.3 USGS, 2020


Canisteo Wind Energy Center NY * * * 122 290.7 NYSDPS, 2020Cassadaga Wind Farm NY * * * 58 126 NYSDPS, 2020

Eight Point Wind NY * * * 32 101.8 NYSDPS, 2020Heritage Wind Project NY * * * 33 184.8 NYSDPS, 2020

Lighthouse Wind NY * * * 71 201 NYSDPS, 2020Prattsburgh Wind NY * * * 44 147 NYSDPS, 2020

Proposed Projects


APPENDIX C

List of Projects Used to Evaluate Cumulative Impacts for Bats (New York State)

Appendix C. List of Projects Used to Evaluate Cumulative Impacts for Bats (New York State)

Project Name State/ProvinceAnnual Bat Fatalities

(per Turbine)

Annual Bat Fatalities (per MW)

Survey Year(s) Number of Turbines


Arkwright Summit NY * * * 36 78.4 USGS, 2020Cohocton/Dutch Hill NY 21.52 8.62 2009 50 125 Stantec 2010 Cohocton/Dutch Hill NY 15.48 10.32 2010 50 125 Stantec 2011 Cohocton/Dutch Hill NY 8.03 3.22 2013 50 125 Stantec 2014a

Copenhagen NY * * * 40 80 USGS, 2020Fenner Wind Power Project NY * * * 20 30 USGS, 2020

Hardscrabble NY 21.34 10.67 2012 37 74 West 2013Hardscrabble NY 4.4 2.2 2013 37 74 Denoncour and Herzog, 2017Hardscrabble NY 8.2 4.1 2014 37 74 Denoncour and Herzog, 2017High Sheldon NY 3.5 2.33 2010 75 112.5 Tidhar et al. 2012a High Sheldon NY 2.67 1.78 2011 75 112.5 Tidhar et al. 2012b

Howard NY 20.09 10 2012 25 51.25 Tidhar et al. 2013b Howard NY 4.29 2.13 2013 25 51.25 Lukins et al. 2014

Jericho Rise NY * * * 37 77.7 USGS, 2020Madison Windpower NY * * * 7 11.55 USGS, 2020

Maple Ridge NY 18.49 11.21 2006 112 184.8 Jain et al. 2007 Maple Ridge NY 10.7 6.49 2007 112 184.8 Jain et al. 2009a Maple Ridge NY 8.18 4.96 2007-2008 112 184.8 Jain et al. 2009b Maple Ridge NY 12.05 7.3 2012 112 184.8 Tidhar et al. 2013a Marble River NY * * * 70 215.25 USGS, 2020

Marsh Hill NY * * * 10 16.2 USGS, 2020Munnsville NY 2.9 1.93 2008 23 34.5 Stantec 2009

New York State Thruway Authority NY * * * 4 1.1 USGS, 2020Noble Altona NY 6.51 4.34 2010 65 97.5 Jain et al. 2011a Noble Bliss NY 11.7 7.8 2008 67 100.5 Jain et al.2009c Noble Bliss NY 5.77 3.85 2009 67 100.5 Jain et al. 2010c

Noble Chateaugay NY 3.66 2.44 2010 71 106.5 Jain et al. 2011b Noble Clinton NY 4.71 3.14 2008 67 100.5 Jain et al. 2009d Noble Clinton NY 6.75 4.5 2009 67 100.5 Jain et al. 2010a

Noble Ellenburg NY 5.19 3.46 2008 54 80 Jain et al. 2009e Noble Ellenburg NY 5.86 3.91 2009 54 80 Jain et al. 2010b

Noble Wethersfield NY 24.45 16.3 2010 84 126 Jain et al. 2011c Orangeville Wind NY * * * 52 82.24 USGS, 2020Steel Winds I & II NY 6.88 2.75 2012 14 35 Stantec 2013


Appendix C. List of Projects Used to Evaluate Cumulative Impacts for Bats (New York State)


(per Turbine)


Survey Year(s) Number of Turbines


Steel Winds I & II NY 15.3 6.14 2013 14 35 Stantec 2014b Wethersfield NY * * * 10 6.6 USGS, 2020

Zotos NY * * * 2 3.3 USGS, 2020


Bluestone Wind Project NY * * * 33 125 NYSDPS, 2020Bull Run Energy LLC NY * * * 139 450 NYSDPS, 2020

Canisteo Wind Energy Center NY * * * 122 290.7 NYSDPS, 2020Cassadaga Wind Farm NY * * * 58 126 NYSDPS, 2020Deer River Wind Farm NY * * * 40 100 NYSDPS, 2020

Dry Lots Wind NY * * * 11 33 NYSDPS, 2020Eight Point Wind NY * * * 32 101.8 NYSDPS, 2020

Heritage Wind Project NY * * * 33 184.8 NYSDPS, 2020High Bridge Wind NY * * * 25 100 NYSDPS, 2020Horse Creek Wind NY * * * 72 205 NYSDPS, 2020Lighthouse Wind NY * * * 71 201 NYSDPS, 2020Mad River Wind NY * * * 88 350 NYSDPS, 2020

Number Three Wind Farm NY * * * 50 105.8 NYSDPS, 2020Prattsburgh Wind NY * * * 44 147 NYSDPS, 2020

Roaring Brook Wind NY * * * 20 78 NYSDEC, 2019a

Proposed Projects


APPENDIX D

List of Projects Used to Evaluate Cumulative Impacts for Bats (within 100 miles)

Appendix D. List of Projects Used to Evaluate Cumulative Impacts for Bats (within 100 miles)


(per Turbine)


Survey Year Number of Turbines


Amherst Island Wind Project ON * * * 27 75 CANWEA, 2018Cohocton/Dutch Hill NY 21.52 8.62 2009 50 125 Stantec 2010 Cohocton/Dutch Hill NY 15.48 10.32 2010 50 125 Stantec 2011 Cohocton/Dutch Hill NY 8.03 3.22 2013 50 125 Stantec 2014b

Ernestown Wind Park ON 23.47 11.74 2015 5 10 Bowfin Environmental Consulting, Inc. 2016 Ganaraska ON 7.86 1.76 2016 9 17.6 NRSI 2017Ganaraska ON 5.04 0.96 2017 9 17.6 NRSI 2018Ganaraska ON 0.6 0.11 2018 9 17.6 NRSI 2019

Grand Renewable Wind ON 12.83 5.78 2015 67 148.62 Dillon Consulting 2016HAF Energy ON * * * 5 9 CANWEA, 2018High Sheldon NY 3.5 2.33 2010 75 112.5 Tidhar et al. 2012a High Sheldon NY 2.67 1.78 2011 75 112.5 Tidhar et al. 2012b

Howard NY 20.09 10 2012 25 51.25 Tidhar et al. 2013b Howard NY 4.29 2.13 2013 25 51.25 Lukins et al. 2014

Marsh Hill NY * * * 10 16.2 USGS, 2020New York State Thruway Authority NY * * * 4 1.1 USGS, 2020

Niagara Region Wind Farm ON 8.67 0.55 2017 77 230 NRSI 2018Noble Altona NY 6.51 4.34 2010 65 97.5 Jain et al. 2011a Noble Bliss NY 11.7 7.8 2008 67 100.5 Jain et al.2009c Noble Bliss NY 5.77 3.85 2009 67 100.5 Jain et al. 2010c

Noble Wethersfield NY 24.45 16.3 2010 84 126 Jain et al. 2011c Orangeville Wind NY * * * 52 82.24 USGS, 2020

Port Dover and Nanticoke ON 8.58 4.78 2015 58 105 Stantec Ltd. 2016Settlers Landing Wind Park ON 9.78 2 2017 4 8 NRSI 2018Settlers Landing Wind Park ON 3.47 0.63 2018 4 8 NRSI 2019

Snowy Ridge Wind Park ON * * * 5 10 CANWEA, 2018Steel Winds I & II NY 6.88 2.75 2012 14 35 Stantec 2013Steel Winds I & II NY 15.3 6.14 2013 14 35 Stantec 2014b

Summerhaven Wind Energy Centre ON 24.99 11.24 2014 56 124.38 NRSI 2015Summerhaven Wind Energy Centre ON 8.06 3.63 2015 56 124.38 NRSI 2016

Wainfleet Wind Farm ON * * * 5 9 CANWEA, 2018Wethersfield NY * * * 10 6.6 USGS, 2020

Zotos NY * * * 2 3.3 USGS, 2020


Appendix D. List of Projects Used to Evaluate Cumulative Impacts for Bats (within 100 miles)


(per Turbine)


Survey Year Number of Turbines



Canisteo Wind Energy Center NY * * * 122 290.7 NYSDPS, 2020Cassadaga Wind Farm NY * * * 58 126 NYSDPS, 2020

Eight Point Wind NY * * * 32 101.8 NYSDPS, 2020Heritage Wind Project NY * * * 33 184.8 NYSDPS, 2020

Lighthouse Wind NY * * * 71 201 NYSDPS, 2020Prattsburgh Wind NY * * * 44 147 NYSDPS, 2020

Proposed Projects


Documents

Cumulative Impacts Assessment