Cultural Solidarity - Peace Report

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CULTURAL SOLIDARITYCHAPTER 6


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OutlineI. Concepts affecting cultural solidarity

A. Culture

B. Cultural Relativism

C. Racial Ethnicity

D. PrejudiceE. Racism

F. Discrimination

G. Patterns of Majority and Minority InteractionII. Philippine Setting

III. Peace Education and Cultural Solidarity


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I. Concepts affecting cultural

solidarity (Racquel Leongson)

Culture solidarity is best expressed in thespirit of intellectual trust, empathy, respectand understanding in plural societies where

different cultures learn to live together inpeace.


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A CultureEvery human society has its own particular

culture ad that only man has a culture

Two ways of looking culture:

EthnocentrismIs the practice of judging another culture using the

standards of ones own culture.

XenocentrismIs the idea that what is foreign is best and that ones

lifestyles, products or ideas are inferior to that of others.


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B Cultural Relativism (Jesse Ganzon)Judging culture by own standardsComparative approach understanding and

appreciation of culture

Culture shock - impact you may feel whenyou enter a culture very different from one towhich you are accustomed


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Situational ethics

Elements of situation ethics

1. Moral judgments are decisions, not conclusions

Decisions ought to be made situationally, not prescriptively

We should seek the well-being of people, rather than loveprinciples.

2. Only one thing is intrinsically good, namely, love: nothing else

Love, in this context, means desiring and acting to promote the well

being of people

Nothing is inherently good or evil, except love (personal concern)and its opposite, indifference or actual malice

The ultimate norm of Christian decisions is love: nothing else

3. Love and justice are the same, for justice is love distributed Love and justice both require acts of will

Love and justice are not properties of actions, they are things thatpeople either do or don't do

Love and justice are essentially the same

http://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/introduction/situation_1.shtml


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C Racial EthinicityEthnicity is about the learned cultural

behaviors celebrated throughout regionsaround the world.

Ethnicity can be altered or mimicked throughchoice and beliefs.

Race is an indication of the heritage with

which you were born, regardless of location orlearned behavior.

Race cannot be altered.

http://www.differencebetween.net/science/nature/difference-between-ethnicity-and-race/


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C Racial EthinicityEthnic Strifes escalates to full-fledged warEffects of ethnicity:

Divides humanity, fuels anger and provokes

animositySets human being apart of cultural color and

heritage

Establishes racial or ethnic minority category ofpeople

Share distinctive identity and subordinated


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D. Prejudice (Venus Francisco)

Monty Python-Prejudice Prejudice..flv
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_4/Prejudice..flvhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_4/Prejudice..flvhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_4/Prejudice..flv


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Background of Movie

Monty Python were a British surreal comedy groupthat created Monty Python's Flying Circus, a Britishtelevision comedy sketch show that first aired on the

BBC on 5 October 1969. Forty-five episodes weremade over four series.


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Prejudice is

rigid and irrational generalization about the entirecategory of people

directed towards individual or particular social class,

sex, secual orientation, political, age affiliation, raceor ethnicity.

can be positive or negative


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preconceived judgment or opinion : an adverse

opinion or leaning formed without just grounds orbefore sufficient knowledge

Merriam-Webster Dictionary

Other definitions of prejudice


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Origin:

Latin praejudicium

prae = 'in advance'

judicium = 'judgement'

praejudicium

preconceived opinion that is not based on reason or

actual experiencePronunciation: /prdds/


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Types of Prejudice

1. Scapegoat TheoryPrejudice springs from frustration

Scapegoat is a person with little power who is

unfairly blamed for the trouble of others.Minorities are safe targets.


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http://changingminds.org/explanations/theories/scapegoat_theory.htm

DescriptionWhen problems occur, people do not like to blame

themselves.They will thus actively seek scapegoats ontowhom we can displace our aggression.These may be out-group individuals or even entire groups.Like bullies, we will often pick on powerless people who

cannot easily resist.Scapegoating increases when people are frustrated andseeking an outlet for their anger.

Once cast as a scapegoat it can be difficult to shake off theclassification.


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Examples

British People attribute the nation's trouble tothe presence of Indian and Pakistan NationalsJews had been the scapegoat for many people

and groups up until the holocaust of World

War II. In some communities they are still areused as scapegoats.

http://changingminds.org/explanations/theories/scapegoat_theory.htm


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2. Authoritarian Personality Theory

states that extreme prejudice forms a personality trait

A person who is intolerant of one minority is usuallyintolerant to all

rigidly conformed to conventional cultural value,envisioning moral issue or clear cut right matters of rightand wrong and advocating strong ethnocentric views.

Example: The Spaniards considers the laziness ofFilipinos as hereditary to their race


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Research by Adorno et al. (1950)

proposed that prejudice is the results of an individuals personality

type.

They piloted and developed a questionnaire, which theycalled the F-scale (F for fascism). Adorno argued that deep-seated personality traits predisposed some individuals to behighly sensitive to totalitarian and antidemocratic ideas andtherefore were prone to be highly prejudicial.

See more at: http://www.simplypsychology.org/authoritarian-personality.html#sthash.Fp22Cgx5.dpu


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The evidence they gave to support this conclusionincluded:

Case studies, e.g. Nazis,

Psychometric testing (use of the F-scale)

Clinical interviews revealed situational aspects of

their childhood, such as the fact that they had beenbrought up by very strict parents or guardians, whichwere found of participants who scored highly on theF-scale not always found in the backgrounds of low

scorers.


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Those with an authoritarian personality are:

1. Hostile to those who are of inferior status, but obedientof people with high status

2. Fairly rigid in their opinions and beliefs

3. Conventional, upholding traditional values

Adorno concluded that people with authoritarianpersonalities where likely to categories people into usand them groups, seeing their own group as superior.

See more at: http://www.simplypsychology.org/authoritarian-personality.html#sthash.Fp22Cgx5.dpuf


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According to Adorno's theory, the elements of theAuthoritarian personality type are:

Blind allegiance to conventional beliefs about right andwrong

Respect for submission to acknowledged authority

Belief in aggression toward those who do not subscribe to

conventional thinking, or who are differentA negative view of people in general - i.e. the belief that

people would all lie, cheat or steal if given the opportunity


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A belief in simple answers and polemics - i.e. Themedia controls us all or The source of all our problems is

the loss of morals these days.Resistance to creative, dangerous ideas. A black and

white worldview.

A tendency to project one's own feelings of inadequacy,

rage and fear onto a scapegoated group

A need for strong leadership which displaysuncompromising power

A preoccupation with violence and sex


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To measure these things in subjects, Adorno devised a testthat asked

Q. The businessman and the manufacturer are more importantto our country than artists and writers. (Distrust of artists andwriters)

Q. Every person should have complete faith in a supernatural

being whose decisions he obeys without question.(Submission to established authority)

Q. An insult to our honor should always be punished.(aggression toward those who harbor unconventional

thinking)


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3. Cultural Theory

certain measure of prejudice is embedded in culturalvalues

feeling of social superiority of people towards theirvalues

Example:

For the whiteman, he always tells the truth

and the black man lies

Orientalism by Edward Said


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4. Conflict Theory

uses the ideology of prejudice to justify oppression of

minorityExample

Spanish Immigrants in the US are considereddenigrates to justify their low wages

pogrom and holocaust


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5. Stereotypes

prejudices concerning some category of people

Example

The poor are considered lazy and irresponsible

The black americans lack motivations toimprove their lives


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http://examples.yourdictionary.com/stereotype-examples.html

Saying that all African Americans are good at sportsis a stereotype, because its grouping the racetogether to indicate that everyone of that race is a

good athlete.


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Stereotypes of men and women

Men are strong and do all the work.

Men are the backbone.

Women aren't as smart as a man.

Women cant do as good of a job as a man.

Girls are not good at sports.

Guys are messy and unclean.

Men who spend too much time on the computer or

read are geeks.



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Stereotypes about cultures an countries as a whole

Mexican's are lazy and came into America illegally.

All Arabs and Muslims are terrorists.

Italian or French people are the best lovers.

All African Americans outside of the United States are poor.

All Jews are greedy.

All Asians are good at math. All Asians like to eat rice and driveslow.

All Irish people are drunks and eat potatoes.

All Americans are generally considered to be friendly, generous,

and tolerant, but also arrogant, impatient, and domineering



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E. Racism (Kathleen Mariano)

One racial category is superior or inferior tothe other.

Central to Nazism in Germany

It has two kinds:1. Individual

2. Institutional


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Individual Racism

happens within the individual or small group.Example:

Relationship of white American to black American

Institutional Racism

Occurs within the institutions such as schools,

hospitals, police work and work place.Example:

A black American named Rodney King was beaten by thepolice officer in LA


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F. Discrimination

Distinguish others by exposing their differencesTreating people unequally

Prejudice is having a pre-judgement

Prejudice refers to attitude while Discriminationrefers to actions.

Example The Aetas were discriminated by the lowlanders by means of beating

them or making fun of them.

y


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G. Patterns of Majority and

Minority Interaction (Nicole Galang)

Pluralism A state of which social and ethnic minorities are distinct

but have social parityEx. Chinatowns, Little India etc

US far from being pluralistic, most people appreciate their

cultural heritage, only a small proportion wants their raceto set them apart. There exists tolerance of social diversity but it has limits Ex. People living in poor areas are being discriminated

because of poverty

Successful pluralism is found in Switzerland- 6 millionpeople consisting of Germans, French, Italians etcrecognize and appreciate their own language and culture

y


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Minority Interaction

Segregation Physical and social separation characterized residential

neighborhood, schools, workplace, hospitals and evencemeteries.

Kind of pluralism without advantage Ex. Segregation enforces separation to the detriment of the

minority as Africas system of apartheid

Racial segregation is rigid and persuasive Created by the European Minority, it favors and enforces

the use of brutal force. Before its abolition between 1950-60,US racial segregation was very evident Ex. Every public accommodations, hotels, restaurants, parks,

buses, drinking fountains, comfort rooms enforced segregation

y


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Genocide A systematic annihilation of one category of

people by another.

Brutal from of racismEx. During the Nazi regime, sux million Jews were

exterminated. Betwee 1976-1980, communist

regime in Cambodia killed and slaughtered anyonethought to represent capitalist cultural influence.In the killing filled, two million perished

y


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Assimilation

The process by which minorities gradually adoptpatterns and traits of the dominant culture.

Involves changes in ethnicity but not the race

The Japanese still retain their race identity


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II Philippine Setting (Mariel Gatpolintan)


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Geographically, located in ASIA. To be exact inSOUTHEAST ASIA.

Blend of East and West. (We are colonized bySpaniards and Americans for 333 and 48 years

respectively)

One historian claimed that the Filipinos have been

held for 300 years by the convent, 50 years byHollywood and 3 years by Kempeitai


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Racial Stock

Negritos- 10%

Indonesian- 30%

Malay-40%

Chinese-10%

India-8%

European-American-3%

Arab-2%


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Philippines as a unique nation

Religion Predominantly ChristianCatholic 82.9% (Roman Catholic 80.9%, Aglipayan 2%), Muslim5%,Evangelical 2.8%Iglesia ni Kristo 2.3%other Christian 4.5%other 1.8%unspecified 0.6%

none 0.1% (2000 census)

Christianity was introduced as early as the 16th century with thecoming of Ferdinand Magellan in 1521.


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Political History

-Philippines (first nation to achieve independenceby revolution)

June 12, 1898-Date of Independence (Cavite II el

Viejo (now Kawit), Cavite, Philippines.)

Benigno Noynoy Aquino Jr. 15thPresident of the

Philippine Republic


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Our culture is a combination of Asian, Europeans,

Latin and American.

Filipinos are known to easily adjust to the culture

presented to them.

As Filipinos, we should be proud of our own cultureand respect others culture as well.


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III. Peace Education ad Cultural

Solidarity (John Christopher Lapiz)

Education for cultural solidarity is the integration ofconflict resolution skills and values in the curriculum

Objective: To build peaceful relationships amongvarious Filipino culture especially the ethnic conflictin Mindanao


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Filipino education for cultural solidarity mustremind politically influential or majoritygroups to re-examine their biases and

stereotypes of disadvantaged or oppressedcommunities.

Non-violent strategies for change


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People can only live fully by helping others tolive. When you give life to friends you truly live.Cultures can only realize their further richness

by honoring other traditions. And only byrespecting natural life can humanity continue to

exist.

- Daisaku Ikeda, Japanese Peace Activist


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Ganzon Jesse Nicole Francisco Venus Ara Galang Nicole Ashley Gatpolintan Mariel T. Lapiz John Christopher Leongson Racquel Mariano Kathleen Mae

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Cultural Solidarity - Peace Report