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Cultural Heritage Tourism: A Potential Adaptation Strategy to Climate Change in the Limpopo Basin: Case studies of Northeast and Bobirwa Districts - Botswana: AF42
by
NAOMI MOSWETE
Heritage tourism
it involves seeking an encounter with natives or feeling part of the history of a place. E.g. visitors to art galleries seek an encounter with beauty, uniqueness, authenticity and exclusiveness whilst visitors to museum are seeking discovery, novelty, diversity and knowledge (Hall, 1995).
cultural practices eg rainmaking rituals, storytelling, witchcraft etc
In its purest form, ecotourism
*minimises negative social, cultural and ecological impacts
Non consumptive eg photography, *empowers local communities in conservation and
management of natural and cultural resources. *brings economic benefits to local communities
and directs revenue to local people living in and around protected areas, and
*increases revenues for protected areas
Overview of Tourism in Botswana
2nd revenue earner after mining and contributes 5.8% to GDP
The rich wildlife and wilderness assets
Ranks high in wildlife resources in Southern Africa e.g. numbers and variety and less crowded parks
World class wilderness of the Kalahari desert
Botswana,s major tourism product
Wildlife
Wilderness
Okavango Delta
Tourism and Climate Change
Many areas of the Tourism industry rely on the climate, natural/semi-natural and cultural environment of a region to attract tourists.
Main objective
- to assess the extent to which cultural heritage tourism could become a possible adaptation strategy to climate change in the greater Limpopo Basin – Botswana
Case Study 1: Bobirwa Sub-District and The Tuli Block Area
Economic activity – focus on the growing of millet and sorghum, rearing cattle and goats
Phane caterpillar (lack of rain in 2002/2003) Arable land is scarce A larger proportion of the area is privately owned
(farms, private reserves, game farms) Recurrent droughts, which led to Fluctuations and decline of livestock in recent
years
Cattle trends in the case study areas
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1990
1993
1995
1996
1997
1998
Years
Cat
tle tr
ends
(000
)
Kgatleng
Bobirwa
North-East
Changing Status of key Wildlife Species in the Kalahari from 1978 to 1994 (Perkins and Ringrose, 1996)
Species 1978 1994 Comments
wildebeest 315,058 17,934 drought, cattlepostexpansion
Hartebeest 293, 462 44,737 drought, cattlepostexpansion
Gemsbok 71,423 85,368 Confined toprotected areas
Eland 18, 832 11,757 Loss of habitat,hunting
Ostrich 92,286 27,744 Hunting, livecapture
Buffalo 72,290(1987)
29, 037 Habitat loss,hunting
Wildlife Resources in both study areas
- Decline & very Low Wildlife Resources in Communal Land
Increases & Fluctuations in Freehold Land
Available Ecotourism Resources: Natural and Cultural Resources in both study sites
Wildlife eg lions Variety of birds unspoilt landscape inimitable pebbles-
shiny and unique colour found in Bobonong
Limpopo River The unique natural
landscape Outback/Remoteness
Unique architecture History Lifestyle, language, religion The rich cultural heritage Traditional songs/music
and dances Art and music, Poetry,
folklore,
Local food Handicrafts traditional costumes Rock paintings
Unique Site in Moroka village
Ecotourism: Bobirwa Sub-District and The Tuli Block: The existing Tourism Resources and Activities
The Zebra dance troupe (women dancers) in Mathathane
The goat dogs in Lentswe – Le – Moriti (unique & a niche for the village)
Handicraft shelter built in Motlhabaneng (new) Lepokole Hills Project – Mapanda
Conservation Trust formed in 2001 with the help of KCS
Ecotourism: Bobirwa Sub-District and The Tuli Block: The existing Tourism Resources and Activities
Solomon’s Wall with rich history Unique rock outcrops/sandstone pedestals in
Lentswe – Le - Moriti Matshekge Hills (Natural Twin towers) Wildlife of Mashatu G. Reserve is diverse Mokolwane tree hyphaene petersiana Lodges and campsites Talana Farms & ancient farm houses and
implements, farm tourism
Who benefits most from tourism in your area?
Babirwa1%
Government
9%
Non-citizens
64%
None3%
No idea23%
Ownership of tourism related Enterprise – North East District
85%
5% 10%
citizen
non-citizen
joint venture
Level of Ecotourism/Tourism Awareness in the Bobirwa Sub-Dis
Response PercentageDon't know 44
People visiting 28
Not Applicable 21
Seeing Animals 6
Leisure Travel 1
Case Study 2: North East District and Francistown: existing Resources and activities
Rich cultural heritage resources Eg Domboshaba cultural valley Domboshaba Ruins Matanga cultural site Modumela ecolodge and game park Moroka Zezeru pottery (since the 1960 droughts) Mapoka Tjilenje Group Historic city of Francistown Supa Ngwao Museum
Visitor Statistics 1999 to 2002 : Supa - Ngwao Museum in Francistown
Highest numbers recorded in 1999 (2160)
1462 visitors recorded in 2002
With highest numbers recorded in August in all years - school recess 0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Visitors
1999 2000 2001 2002
Years
Visitor Trends to Domboshaba Ruins: July 1997 to 2002 (North East)
July to December 1997 = 267 visitors
Jan to Dec. 1998 = 741 visitors
Jan to Dec. 2002 = 2314 visitors
Growth with no marketing except WOM
No tourism related developments
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
Years
Vis
ito
r N
um
be
rs
Tourist numbers to Matsieng Cultural heritage Sites (1999 to 2001) in Kgatleng
Botswana
S.Africa
Europe
Zimbabwe
America
Others
Benefits (Northeast & Bobirwa-Tuli Block sites)
Employment opportunities eg 198 people employed in lodges, Campsites and game reserves in the Tuli area alone
Recreation facilities eg Supa ngwao museum, Domboshaba site, Modumela Lodge (camping, picnics, game drives),
Revival of local cultures and traditions (not significant)
Craft production (shelter in Motlhabaneg Accommodation (campsites to upmarket lodges) Conference facilities
Benefits (Northeast & Bobirwa-Tuli Block sites): Tourism related developments e.g
Limpopo Valley Airfield (Air Botswana, chartered flights Game Park (on-going dev.) in Francistown Game Farm (on – going dev.) between Tshesebe and
Mosojane Tourism Offices in Francistown and Selebi Phikwe - New
(marketing and promoting) Conservation initiatives (Wildlife, wilderness, cultural
assets )
Challenges?
Most tourist resources in eastern Botswana are underutilized eg in 1998, 75% international tourist visited the popular Okavango region whilst only 2.8% visited eastern part (BTDP,2000)
Short length of stay - Tourism awareness/ understanding - critical. Communities seem to place more value on
arts tourism (contemporary art production)
Challenges?
Lack of skilled manpower (project management, finance, bookkeeping, marketing etc
Lack of monetary resources (& skills to access funds)
divert focus from wildlife tourism to historic and other cultural related resources
A larger proportion of the land on the hands of - non- citizen
Lack of business spirit amongst the locals (Government handouts)
Travel, tourism and HIV/AIDS
Plans
More community workshops, meetings(info dissemination Tourism Awareness programs Training and introduction of CBT Assist communities to establish cultural village as part of
CBT Use GIS to map out tourism sites/attractions in the
Limpopo Basin –Botswana Produce promotional maps, brochures,videos of eastern
Botswana
,
Eco-Tourism in both Study sites:Opportunities
Development of holidays linked with culture and environment
Development of cultural products (myths, legends, stories, folklore)
Target regional, international & domestic tourists
Accessibility (SA, Namibia, Zimb.) Rigorous promotion of domestic tourism
Eco-Tourism in both Study sites:Opportunities
Preservation of cultural heritage resources eg provide package tours to heritage sites in the area eg Fort Motloutse, Majande Ruins, Domboshaba, Museums, monuments etc
Encourage the locals to build huts using available local material eg stones/rocks, grass/log and mud huts, modelled on traditional Babirwa and Kalanga architecture (small scale)
Has the potential to create employment, reduce poverty, and curb rural-urban migration
Thank Youubrigado
Ke a lebogaDankie
SiabongaAsante
Eco-Tourism in both Study sites:Opportunities
Share knowledge with tourists about their villages, cultural practices eg rainmaking rituals, storytelling, witchcraft etc
Raise awareness among locals of the benefits and opportunities that tourism can bring. especially among the youth
Visitor Numbers to Phuthadikobo Museum in Kgatleng
1.388492712Others
1.170163123America
2.3151235969Europe
0.63818812Zimbabwe
1.6108421452South Africa
936146218419482014Botswana
%Total200120001999Country oforigin
Source: Site Visit Record Book
Visitor Number to Phuthadikolo Museum (1999 – 2001)