Cultivo de Bacillus thuringiensis y su uso como bioinsecticida

7/23/2019 Cultivo de Bacillus thuringiensis y su uso como bioinsecticida

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D^NTDBL FLNGIFLB MD NGDFNGL^ KGIBÞCGNL^

Blki{l}i{gi md Jgn{ikgibicêl Lc{ênibl& D~ntdbl Flngiflb md Ngdfngl~ Kgibþcgnl~& U{ibifclngþfmd Nl{ugi w Ublf md Lwlbl" Nib& ^lf}i ]ijì~ N&U& <<>=5& Jçqgni M&H&" Jçqgni&

NTB]GXI MD Klngbbt~ }at{gfcgdf~g~ W ^T TÎ NIJIKGIGF^DN]GNGML

Ui{? Bl{l Xdcl G~{ldb

Df}{dcl? Fixgdjk{d >" ;551&

Ikod}gxi cdfd{lb

Db lbtjfi md~l{{ibbl{l db ntb}gxi md Klngbbt~ }at{gfcgdf~g~ ul{l gmdf}ghgnl{ wmd~n{gkg{ ~t ji{hibicêl nibifglb w jgn{i~nþugnl nif ~t~ d~ui{l~ w ntd{ui~ul{ld~ui{lbd~& Dxlbtl{ì ~t nlulngmlm md kgigf~dn}gngml&

Ikod}gxi~ ul{}gntbl{d~

<& Ntb}gxl{ Klngbbt~ }at{gfcgdf~g~ w md~n{gkg{ ~t ji{hibicêl nibifglb&

;& D~}gjtbl{ bl d~ui{tblngþf mdb Klngbbt~ }at{gfcgdf~g~ ntb}gxlmi w md~n{gkg{bl ji{hibicêl md ~t~ d~ui{l~ w ntd{ui~ ul{ld~ui{lbd~&

>& Dxlbtl{ ~t nlulngmlm md kgigf~dn}gngml nif}{l ]dfdk{gi~ !Nibdþu}d{i~'&



Gf}{imtnngþf

Bl~ ublcl~ }lf}i t{klfl~ niji {t{lbd~ ~if tfl ljdflzl nif~}lf}d ul{l bl~lbtm w bl nlbgmlm md xgml atjlfl !Mtbjlcd" d} lb&" b775'" ~if }ljkgçf bl nlt~l

md c{lfmd~ uç{mgml~ dnifþjgnl~ df bi~ ntb}gxi~ !@ldbgf " d} lb&" b77='& Al~}llai{l bl ÿfgnl hi{jl dhgnlz md nif}{ibl{ d~}i~ gf~dn}i~ ublcl ~d kl~l df bllubgnlngþf md ud~}gngml~ |têjgni~" ltf|td dbbi }{ld df nif~dntdfngl u{ikbdjl~dnibþcgni~0 ui{ }lf}i db t~i g{{lngiflb md bi~ lc{i|têjgni~ al ~gmi nlt~l mdnif}ljgflngþf ljkgdf}lb" df d~udnglb l hgflbd~ md bl ~dctfml ctd{{l jtfmglbnif db ~t{cgjgdf}i md ublctgngml~ md i{gcdf þ{clfi*~gf}ç}gni" |td lbmd~d|tgbgk{l{ db klblfnd dnibþcgni" alf mg~jgftgmi bl kgimgxd{~gmlm" jgdf}{l~|td ~t~ {d~gmti~ }þqgni~ alf nif}ljgflmi bi~ lbgjdf}i~ d gfmtngmi {d~g~}dfngldf bi~ gf~dn}i~ ublcl !Mtbjlcd& d} lb&" b775 0 @l{ljlfbgmit" d} lb&" b77< w Klmgg"d} lb&" b778'"df bl ln}tlbgmlm 455 gf~dn}i~ ~if {d~g~}df}d~ l tfi i jl~ud~}gngml~ w db ftjd{i utdmd ltjdf}l{ fi}lkbdjdf}d df uini~ lüi~ ![isd w

Jl{cl{g}g~" <713 ng}lmi~ ui{ Jlnêl~" <774'& Tfl ui~gkbd lb}d{fl}gxl ul{l~ibtngifl{ d~}d u{ikbdjl d~ db nif}{ib kgibþcgni" mdhgfgmi niji db t~i md tfi{clfg~ji fl}t{lb i jimghgnlmi cdfç}gnljdf}d w)i ~t~ u{imtn}i~ ul{l {dmtng{bi~ dhdn}i~ md gf~dn}i~ ublcl !Clbìf d} lb&" b778'& Gcfihhi w Agf` " ng}lmi~ ui{Klmgg df <778 " {dui{}lf bl dqg~}dfngl md jì~ md <455 d~udngd~ mdjgn{ii{clfg~ji~ df}ijiul}þcdfi~ nif ui}dfnglb ul{l db nif}{ib jgn{ikglfi mdgf~dn}i~" df {dblngþf l ~t mgxd{~gmlm ~d ~dülblf? aifci~" xg{t~" u{i}izil{gi~ wkln}d{gl~" df mifmd bl~ ÿb}gjl~ ~if bl~ md jlwi{ gjui{}lfngl& Md bl~ kln}d{gl~bl jì~ ~ik{d~lbgdf}d ud{}dfdnd lb cçfd{i Klngbbt~ & Hlbnþf ng}lmi ui{ Klmgg df<778" nbl~ghgnþ l bl~ kln}d{gl~ df mi~ c{tui~ l' bl~ d~ui{tblml~ w k' bl~ fid~ui{tblml~& Df mifmd bl~ kln}d{gl~ df}iji}þqgnl~ nif jlwi{ ui}dfnglb ul{l

bl u{imtnngþf md kgigf~dn}gngml d~ Klngbbt~ }at{gfcgdf~g~ !K}a'" bl |td jì~ ~d aldqubi}lmi nijd{nglbjdf}d" jgdf}{l~ |td df ~dctfmi btcl{ ~d tkgnl l K&uiugbbld w jì~ {dngdf}djdf}d K& ~uald{gnt~ w K& ji{l}g |td }gdfd xlbi{{dnifingmi df db nif}{ib md ublcl~ t{klfl~ niji bi~ ji~|tg}i~" xdn}i{d~ mdulbtmg~ji" mdfctd" d}n& !Klmgg" d} lb&" <778'&

Klngbbt~ }at{gfcgdf~g~

Bl kln}d{gl Klngbbt~ }at{gfcgdf~g~ !K}a' d~ tf klngbi c{lj*ui~g}gxi" hblcdblmi wd~ui{tblmi |td ~d nl{ln}d{gzl ui{ bl hi{jlngþf md tf ntd{ui ul{ld~ui{lb i

n{g~}lb md u{i}dêfl" nifingmi niji mdb}l*dfmi}iqgfl" d~}i~ n{g~}lbd~ ~d hi{jlfmt{lf}d bl d~ui{tblngþf w }gdfdf ln}gxgmlm }þqgnl ul{l bl{xl~ md gf~dn}i~ !âgda"b711'& L K}a ~d bd nif~gmd{l ni~jiuibg}l" utd~ ~t~ d~ui{l~ ~d alf lg~blmi md~tdbi !Jdlmis~" d} lb&" b77;' " md bl{xl~ md gf~dn}i~ dfhd{ji~ !@ldbgf U&" d} lb&"<77='" md u{imtn}i~ lbjlndflmi~ !@l{ljlfbgmit" d} lb&" <77<'" w aiol~ mdì{kibd~ !Jdlmis~" d} lb&" <77;0 ^ìfnadz*Wìüdz w Udül*Nlk{glbd~" <774'"ltf|td d~ jì~ h{dntdf}d lg~bl{bl md u{imtn}i~ lbjlndflmi~" utd~ bl~nifmgngifd~ ljkgdf}lbd~ mdb lbjlnçf ud{jg}df bl ud{~g~}dfngl md ~t~ d~ui{l~!Jl{}êfdz w ^ìfnadz* Wìüdz"<771' gfnbtwdfmi bl {gzi~hd{l md ublf}l~ !Jdm{lfi"d} lb&" <771'&



Bl mdb}l*dfmi}iqgfl utdmd xl{gl{ df }ljlüi w df hi{jl" wl |td ~dcÿf blxl{gdmlm md K}a" utdmdf u{imtng{ df db jdmgi md ntb}gxi jì~ md tfl hi{jl mdn{g~}lbd~& K&}at{gfcgdf~g~ xl{& G~{ldbdf~g~ d~ dhdn}gxl h{df}d l ji~|tg}i~natulmi{d~ md ~lfc{d }{lf~jg~i{d~ md tf ljubgi d~udn}{i md dfhd{jdmlmd~lfgjlbd~ nlt~lml~ ui{ xg{t~" kln}d{gl~" adbjgf}i~ i u{i}izii~& K&}at{gfcgdf~g~

xl{& ]dfdk{i~g~ md~ntkgd{}l df <71>" ui~dd tf ul}i}gui dhdn}gxi nif}{l bl{xl~md nibdþu}d{i~& Utdmd gfhdn}l{ l bl bl{xl mdb d~nl{lkloi md bl ul}l}l" nlt~lf}dmd bl jlwi{ ud~}d md bl~ ul}l}l~ df Dt{iul w Fi{}d Ljç{gnl" |td almd~l{{ibblmi {d~g~}dfngl l jtnai~ gf~dn}gngml~ |têjgni~& K&}at{gfcgdf~g~ xl{&`t{~}l`g ndul AM*< d~ bl ndul kì~gnl t~lml df jtnal~ u{dul{lngifd~ ul{l dbnif}{ib md i{tcl~& ^t cdf md bl u{i}dêfl gf~dn}gngml !N{w' htd db u{gjd{i dfnbifl{~d&

@ldbgf d} lb&" b77=" jdfngiflf |td dfnif}{l{if n{g~}lbd~ md hi{jl~ {ijkigmlb!md u{i}dêfl~ md 84 `Ml'" md }gui lji{hi df}{d !<>5 w <=5 `Ml' w ad}d{icçfdi!md lu{iqgjlmljdf}d 8> `Ml' w }ljkgçf md bl nbl~d kgug{ljgmlb !b>5 w 84 `Ml '& Jgdf}{l~ @l{ljlfbgmit" d} lb&" <77<" {dui{}lf db lg~bljgdf}i md n{g~}lbd~g{{dctbl{d~" ntkigmlbd~" kgug{ljgmlbd~ w d~hç{gni~" ltf|td Jdlmis~" d} lb&"<77;" ~dülblf |td bl hi{jl jì~ nijÿf d~ bl kgug{ljgmlb& Jgdf}{l~ |td @ldbgf"d} lb&" b77=" u{iuifdf tfl hi{jl md nbl~ghgnlngþf md bi~ n{g~}lbd~ jì~ u{ìn}gnldf kl~d l ~t d~udn}{i md ln}gxgmlm gf~dn}gngml" df mifmd bi~ n{g~}lbd~ }gui N{w G~if }þqgni~ ul{l bdugmþu}d{i~" bi~ N{w GG ul{l bdugmþu}d{i~ w mêu}d{i~" bi~ }guiN{w GGG ul{l nibdþu}d{i~ w bi~ N{w GX ul{l mêu}d{i~&

Jdnlfg~ji md lnngþf md bl mdb}l*dfmi}iqgfl&

Ntlfmi db n{g~}lb d~ gfcd{gmi ui{ tf gf~dn}i ~t~ndu}gkbd df hl~d bl{xl{gl bbdcll ~t gf}d~}gfi jdmgi" ~d mg~tdbxd ui{ bl lnngþf md bi~ otci~ gf}d~}gflbd~ l uAlbnlbgfi" l|tê bl mdb}l*dfmi}iqgfl ~th{d tfl u{i}dibg~g~ dfzgjì}gnl w ml i{gcdf lbl }iqgfl ln}gxl" bl ntlb ~d tfd l tf {dndu}i{ d~udnêhgni md bl~ jdjk{lfl~dug}dbglbd~ md bl~ nçbtbl~ mdb gf}d~}gfi" bi |td cdfd{l ui{i~ |td md~d|tgbgk{lf ~tklblfnd i~jþ}gni w u{ixinlf bl bg~g~ ndbtbl{ md d~}l ul{}d mdb lul{l}i mgcd~}gxi"ui~}d{gi{jdf}d nlt~l mgl{{dl w xþjg}i~ df db gf~dn}i" bi |td utdmd u{ixinl{dxdf}tlbjdf}d ~t jtd{}d ui{ tfl md~agm{l}lngþf ~dxd{l !Atct}}d"b717" ng}lmiui{ Bdlb <7740 âgda" <711'&

Hgc& <& Jdnlfg~jimd lnngþf md bl

mdb}l*dfmi}iqgfl mdKlngbbt~

}at{gfcgdf~g~



Jl}d{glb

Jl}d{glb kgibþcgni?

• Ndul md Klngbbt~ }at{gfcgdf~g~ • ;45 bl{xl~ md ]dfdk{gi~ !Nibdþu}d{i~'• 4 zlflai{gl~• < ulul

D|tgui?

• Klblfzl lflbê}gnl• Jgn{i~niugi• Ui}dfngþjd}{i• Ndf}{ghtcl

N{g~}lbd{êl

• Jl}{lz d{bdfjdwd{ md 455 w <555 jB• Ugud}l~ md 4 w <5 jB• Xl~i md u{dngug}lmi~ md ;45 w <555 jB• ;5 }tki~ md xgm{gi nif }luþf md {i~nl

T}df~gbgi~?

• Lctol md mg~dnngþf• L~l w ui{}l*l~l jgn{ikgibþcgnl• D~uì}tbl• Jdnad{i i bìjul{l md lbniaib• Kl{{l jlcfç}gnl• Ugfzl~ md mg~dnngþf• Ui{}l w ntk{d ikod}i~• Kg~}t{ê w }god{l~

Xl{gi~?

•

Lbcimþf• Cl~l• Uludb lbtjgfgi• Uludb d~}{lzl• L}ijgzlmi{• ;4 xl~i~ md tfg~db• Bgcl~

[dln}gxi~?

• Lcl{ ft}{g}gxi• [dln}gxi md K{lmhi{m



• Nibi{lf}d~ ul{l }gfngþf md C{lj• Cbtni~l• Dq}{ln}i md bdxlmt{l• !FA=';Î= • @;AUI= • HdÎ=3A;I• A;I md~gifgzlml• A;I; • JcÎ=3A;I• JfÎ= • NlNb;&;A;I• _fÎ=3A;I• NtÎ=

U{indmgjgdf}i

L& NTB]GXI MD BL KLN]D[GL

<& L ul{}g{ md bl ndul }gui Klngbbt~ }at{gfcgdf~g~ " alnd{ ~t ~gdjk{l df }tkinif lcl{ ft}{g}gxi d gfntkl{ l ;1µN ui{ ;= i =1 ai{ l~&

;& Ul~lmi db }gdjui md gfntklngþf" ik~d{xl{ bl~ nl{ln}d{ê~}gnl~ji{hibþcgnl~ md bl~ nibifgl~ md~l{{ibblml~& ]ijl{ tfl jtd~}{l md d~}l~ul{l }düg{ nif C{lj w {dcg~}{l{ ~t~ nl{ln}d{ê~}gnl~ jgn{i~nþugnl~&

K& IK]DFNGIF MD DÛI[L^

<& Ntb}gxl{ K& }at{gfcgdf~g~ df jdmgi C ul{l ik}dfd{ dfmi~ui{l~&;& Gfntkl{ mt{lf}d =1 i 3; ai{l~ al~}l bg~g~ ndbtbl{&>& Alnd{ tf h{i}g~ mdb ntb}gxi bg~lmi w }düg{ nif db nibi{lf}d md K{lmhi{m ul{l

ik~d{xl{ bl~ dfmi~ui{l~ w bi~ ntd{ui~ ul{ld~ui{lbd~ u{imtngmi~ ui{ blkln}d{gl&

**NTB]GXI MD JDMGI C !Kdna}db w Ktbbl <738'

Ft}{gdf}d Nlf}gmlm< Cbtni~l <c; Dq}{ln}i md bdxlmt{l ;c> !FA=';Î= ;c= NtÎ= 5&554c4 JcÎ=3A;I 5&;c8 HdÎ=3A;I 5&5554c3 NlNb;&;A;I 5&5;4c1 _fÎ=3A;I 5&554c7 JfÎ= 5&54c<5 @;AUI= 5&4c

<< A;I <BuA 3&5



**]GFNGÞF MD BL^ DÛI[L^ NIF DB NIBI[LF]D MD K[LMHI[M

<& Alnd{ tfl u{dul{lngþf hgol nif tfl ci}l mdb jdmgi md ntb}gxi;& Nibinl{ tfl ci}l mdb nibi{lf}d mt{lf}d 4 jgft}i~&>& Blxl{ bl u{dul{lngþf w mdol{ ~dnl{ lb lg{d&

=& Ik~d{xl{ lb jgn{i~niugi bi~ n{g~}lbd~ ul{ld~ui{lbd~ md nibi{ lztb&

FI]L? Nif bl~ dfmi~ui{l~ ~d bbdxl{ì l nlki tf kgidf~lwi df db |td ~d uifm{ìf dfnif}ln}i nif bl{xl~ md ]dfdk{gi~ |td ~if ublcl~ md ublf}l~&

N& KGIDF^LWI

<& Niju{ikl{ bl dqg~}dfngl md d~ui{l~ w ntd{ui~ ul{ld~ui{lbd~ df db h{i}g~mdb ntb}gxi md bl kln}d{gl df jdmgi C&

;& [dlbgzl{ 4 mgbtngifd~ !<5*<

" <5*;

"…"<5*4

' mdb ntb}gxi md bl kln}d{gl dfjdmgi C&>& Ni{}l{ bl~ zlflai{gl~ w bl ulul df ugdzl~ ud|tdül~ ~thgngdf}d~ ul{l

nibinl{ < ugdzl md nlml tfl ui{ xl~i&=& Nibinl{ <5 bl{xl~ md ]dfdk{gi~ ui{ xl~i&4& D}g|td}l{ bi~ xl~i~ md tfg~db niji ~gctd?

** > niji ]d~}gci Fdcl}gxi !lctl'** > niji ]d~}gci Ui~g}gxi !ntb}gxi kln}d{gl i{gcgflb'** > niji Mgbtngþf <5*< ** = niji Mgbtngþf <5*;

** = niji Mgbtngþf <5*>

** = niji Mgbtngþf <5*= ** = niji Mgbtngþf <5*4

8& ^dul{l{ bl~ ugdzl~ ni{}lml~ md xd{mt{l ui{ }{l}ljgdf}i w nibinl{bi~~ik{d uludb d~}{lzl&

3& Nif lwtml mdb l}ijgzlmi{ klül{ bl~ ugdzl~ nif bl ~ibtngþfni{{d~uifmgdf}d l nlml }{l}ljgdf}i md hi{jl |td |tdmdf }i}lbjdf}dklülml~&



1& Nibinl{ bl~ ugdzl~ df bi~ xl~i~ ni{{d~uifmgdf}d~&

7& Ni{}l{ cl~l~ ul{l ntk{g{ }imi~ bi~ xl~i~ w nd{{l{ nif bgcl~&

<5& Mdol{ bi~ xl~i~ df btcl{ h{d~ni ui{ 4 mêl~ w ik~d{xl{ {d~tb}lmi~&

[d~tb}lmi~

L& NTB]GXI MD BL KLN]D[GL&

Hgct{l ;& Ntb}gxi md bl ndul md Klngbbt~ }at{gfcgdf~g~ t}gbgzlml&



Niji utdmd ik~d{xl~d df bl Hgc& ;& K& }at{gfcgdf~g~ u{d~df}l tfl ji{hibicêlnibifglb n{dji~l nif ki{md~ l~d{{lmi~" bl~ nibifgl~ ~if ublfl~ w md nibi{kblf|td~gfi&

Hgct{l >l w k& ]gfngþf md C{lj md Klngbbt~ ]at{gfcgdf~g~ }{l~ ntb}gxl{ df lcl{ft}{g}gxi&

Lb {dlbgzl{ bl }gfngþf md C{lj l bl kln}d{gl uimdji~ ik~d{xl{ ~t ji{hibicêljgn{i~niugnl !Hgc& >'& Bi~ klngbi~ ~d }güdf md nibi{ xgibd}l bi |td gfmgnl |td K&}at{gfcgdf~g~ d~ C{lj+" lmdjl~ db klngbi u{d~df}l ki{md~ {dn}i~ w ~d ik~d{xlfdf cdfd{lb hi{jlfmi nlmdfl~ bl{cl~ md xl{gi~ klngbi~&

K& IK]DFNGÞF MD DÛI[L^&

Hgct{l =& ]gfngþf md C{lj md K& }at{gfcgdf~g~ mt{lf}d d~ui{tblngþf }{l~ ntb}gxl{df jdmgi C&

Klngbi

Dfmi~ui{l

Ntd{ui~ul{ld~ui{lbd~

Klngbi~



Nif bl }gfngþf md C{lj {dlbgzlml l bl kln}d{gl md~utç~ md ntb}gxl{ df jdmgi C!Hgc& =' uimdji~ ik~d{xl{ niji ~d al gfmtngmi bl d~ui{tblngþf mdb klngbiC{lj +" utd~ ~d ik~d{xlf dfmi~ui{l~ md nibi{ {i~l df klngbi~ ltf fi bg~lmi~w ntd{ui~ ul{ld~ui{lbd~ gctlbjdf}d md nibi{ {i~l" bi~ ntlbd~ u{d~df}lf df ~tjlwi{êl tfl hi{jl kgug{ljgmlb&

Hgct{l 4& ]gfngþf nif db nibi{lf}d md K{lmhi{m md K& }at{gfcgdf~g~ mt{lf}dd~ui{tblngþf }{l~ ntb}gxl{ df jdmgi C&

Df bl Hgc& 4 ik~d{xlji~ niji bi~ klngbi~ |td ltf fi ~d alf bg~lmi mt{lf}d bld~ui{tlbngþf ~d }güdf md nibi{ lztb jl{gfi t}gbgzlfmi db nibi{lf}d md K{lmhi{m&

Hgct{l 8& ]gfngþf nif db nibi{lf}d md K{lmhi{m md K& }at{gfcgdf~g~ mt{lf}dd~ui{tblngþf }{l~ ntb}gxl{ df jdmgi C&

Klngbi

D~ui{l

Ntd{ui~ul{ld~ui{lbd~



Df bl Hgc& 8 ik~d{xlji~ niji db nibi{lf}d md K{lmhi{m }güd }ljkgçf md lztbjl{gfi }lf}i bl~ d~ui{l~ niji bi~ ntd{ui~ ul{ld~ui{lbd~" w l mghd{dfngl md bl}gfngþf md C{lj" l|tê" utdmd ik~d{xl{~d nif jl~ nbl{gmlm bl hi{jl kgug{ljgmlb|td bl jlwi{êl md bi~ ntd{ui~ ul{ld~ui{lbd~ u{d~df}lf&

N& KGIDF^LWI

]lkbl <& Fÿjd{i md bl{xl~ md ]dfdk{gi~ xgxl~ w jtd{}l~ 4 mêl~ md~utç~ md~tjgfg~}{l{ K& }at{gfcgdf~g~ &

][L]LJGDF]I ]I]LB MD]DFDK[GI^

UI[][L]LJGDF]I

!{dud}gngifd~'

]DFDK[GI^XGXI^

]DFDK[GI^JTD[]I^

]d~}gci !*' <5)<5)<5 <5)<5)<5 5]d~}gci !+' <5)<5)<5 <5)<5)7 <

M <5*< <5)<5)<5 <5)<5)7 <M <5*; <5)<5)<5)<5 <5)<5)<5)7 <M <5*> <5)<5)<5)<5 <5)<5)<5)1 ;M <5*= <5)<5)<5)<5 <5)<5)<5)<5 5M <5*4 <5)<5)<5)<5 <5)<5)<5)7 <

]I]LB ;45 ;== 8

$ <55 73&8$ ;&=$

Hgct{l 3& Bl{xl~ xgxl~ dfnif}{lml~ df db }{l}ljgdf}i ]d~}gci +&

Niji bi jtd~}{l bl }lkbl" ~ibi 8 md bl~ ;45 bl{xl~ t}gbgzlml~ jt{gd{if& ^dik~d{xl df bl Hgc& 3 niji bl~ bl{xl~ alf nif~tjgmi c{lf ul{}d mdb lbgjdf}i~tjgfg~}{lmi w ud{jlfdndf jtw ln}gxl~ utd~ gfnbt~i alf {l~clmi db xl~i mdtfg~db&

Lbgjdf}i

Tfg~db{l~clmi



Hgct{l 1& Bl{xl~" utul~ w < dodjubl{ lmtb}i dfnif}{lmi~ xgxi~ }{l~ ik~d{xl{

{d~tb}lmi~ df }imi~ bi~ }{l}ljgdf}i&

Hgct{l 7& ]gfngþf md K{lmhi{m lb jlnd{lmi md gf}d~}gfi md tfl bl{xl dfnif}{lmlxgxl&

Ul{l niju{ikl{ |td K& }at{gfcgdf~g~ alkêl ~gmi ~tjgfg~}{lmi ni{{dn}ljdf}d ~djlnd{i db gf}d~}gfi md tfl bl{xl xgxl w ~d bic{i dfnif}{l{ tfl d~ui{l&

Mg~nt~gþf

Lbctfl~ d~udngd~ md kln}d{gl~ C{lj ui~g}gxl~ !u{gfngulbjdf}d md bi~ cçfd{i~Klngbbt~" Nbi~}{gmgtj" ûi{i~l{ngfl w ]ad{jiln}gfijwnd~ '" mg~uifdf md tflfi}lkbd d~}{l}dcgl lmlu}l}gxl ntlfmi ~d xdf ~ijd}gml~ l u{gxlngþf mdft}{gdf}d~ df ~t jdmgi ljkgdf}d? ~g bi~ fgxdbd~ md htdf}d~ md N" F" i U nldfui{ mdkloi md tf tjk{lb" d~}i nif~}g}twd tfl ~dülb l bl nçbtbl md |td ~dlxdngfl tf bl{ci ud{êimi md u{gxlngþf md ft}{gdf}d~& Df}ifnd~" bl nçbtbl ~dgjubgnl df tfl ~d{gd md nijubdoi~ nljkgi~ cdfç}gni~" jd}lkþbgni~ wd~}{tn}t{lbd~ !u{ind~i md d~ui{tblngþf i d~ui{icçfd~g~'" |td nifmtndf l blmghd{dfnglngþf" df db gf}d{gi{ md bl nçbtbl xdcd}l}gxl i{gcgflb" md tfl nçbtblmt{jgdf}d !bl dfmi~ui{l'& Bl nçbtbl*jlm{d" bl nçbtbl xdcd}l}gxl i{gcgflb |tdcdfd{þ bl dfmi~ui{l hgflbjdf}d ~d lt}ibg~l" bgkd{lfmi bl d~ui{l" |td d~ nlulz

BL[XLUTULLMTB]I

D~ui{l



md ud{jlfdnd{ df d~}lmi n{gu}ikgþ}gni" mt{jgdf}d" xl{gi~ mdndfgi~" gfnbt~i~gcbi~&

Df db blki{l}i{gi }{l~ bic{l{ db ntb}gxi md Klngbbt~ }at{gfcgdf~g~ fi~i}{i~bic{lji~ gfmtng{ bl d~ui{tblngþf md K& }at{gfcgdf~g~ lb nljkgl{bl md tf jdmgi{gni df ft}{gdf}d~ !Lcl{ ft}{g}gxi' l tf jdmgi md ntb}gxi uik{d df ft}{gdf}d~

!jdmgi C'" lmdjì~ md |td ul{l l~dct{l{ |td bl jlwi{êl md bi~ klngbi~bic{l{lf bl d~ui{tblngþf w bg~lmi ndbtbl{" ~d jlf}txgd{if df d~}d jdmgi mt{lf}d4 mêl~&

]{l~ niju{ikl{ bl d~ui{tblngþf w bl u{imtnngþf md ntd{ui~ ul{ld~ui{lbd~jdmglf}d bl }çnfgnl md }gfngþf md C{lj W K{lmhi{m !Hgc& =" 4 w 8' ~d u{indmgþ l{dlbgzl{ tf kgidf~lwi nif ]dfdk{gi~ !Nibdþu}d{i~' ~tjgfg~}{ìfmibd~ bl ~ibtngþf|td nif}dfêl bl~ d~ui{l~ w ntd{ui~ ul{ld~ui{lbd~ df mghd{df}d~nifndf}{lngifd~ ul{l niju{ikl{ bl nlulngmlm gf~dn}gngml md ç~}i~&

^gf djkl{ci" niji uimdji~ ik~d{xl{ df bl ]lkbl < bi~ {d~tb}lmi~ }{l~ 4 mêl~md ik~d{xlngþf fi~ jtd~}{lf |td fi atki dhdn}i ~gcfghgnl}gxi ~ik{d bl

~ik{dxgxdfngl md bi~ }dfdk{gi~ lb ~tjgfg~}{l{bd db K& }at{gfcgdf~g~& Bi~{d~tb}lmi~ fi~ jtd~}{lf |td l ud~l{ md |td alw 8 bl{xl~ jtd{}l~ !;&=$ mdb}i}lb' |td ni{{d~uifmdf l mghd{df}d~ }{l}ljgdf}i~" d~ jtw u{iklkbd |td d~}l~bl{xl~ alwlf jtd{}i ui{ nlt~l~ }i}lbjdf}d mg~}gf}l~ l bl ~tjgfg~}{lngþf md K&}at{gfcgdf~g~&

Lmdjì~ tf ml}i jl~ gjui{}lf}d d~ |td fi fgfctfl mghd{dfngl df ntlf}i lb}{l}ljgdf}i ]d~}gci ! „' w ]d~}gci !+'" utd~ jgdf}{l~ df db ]d~}gci !*'~ik{dxgxgd{if bl~ >5 bl{xl~ t}gbgzlml~" df db ]d~}gci !+' mifmd ~d ~tjgfg~}{i dbnifndf}{lmi md K& }at{gfcgdf~g~ l bl~ zlflai{gl~ w ulul~" md bi~ >5 }dfdk{gi~t}gbgzlmi~ ~ibi < jt{gþ&

Mt{lf}d db lfìbg~g~ md {d~tb}lmi~ ~t{cgþ bl ui~gkgbgmlm md |td atkgd~d dqg~}gmitfl hlbbl df bl ~tjgfg~}{lngþf mdb klngbi lb lbgjdf}i ~gf djkl{ci d~}lui~gkgbgmlm ~d dbgjgfþ utd~ lb mdngmg{ {dlbgzl{ tfl }gfngþf nif db nibi{lf}d mdK{lmhi{m lb gf}d~}gfi md tfl bl{xl ~ik{dxgxgdf}d ~d bic{i dfnif}{l{ df ~t gf}d{gi{tfl d~ui{l" bi |td fi~ niju{tdkl |td bl~ bl{xl~ bic{l{if nif~tjg{ bl~d~ui{l~ w ui{ }lf}i bi~ ntd{ui~ ul{ld~ui{lbd~ ik}dfgmi~ mt{lf}d bld~ui{tblngþf&

D~ gjui{}lf}d jdfngifl{ |td lb gfgngi mdb kgidf~lwi ntlfmi {dngçf~tjgfg~}{lji~ db lbgjdf}i nif klngbi~ l bi~ }dfdk{gi~ bl jlwi{êl md ç~}i~ji~}{l{if lbctfi~ ~êf}ijl~ }êugni~ md bl{xl~ lhdn}lml~ md~n{g}i~ ui{ Bljki{i}

w L{lwl !<718'? df bl~ bl{xl~ ~d ud{ngkgþ tfl mg~jgftngþf mdb lud}g}i al~}lmdol{ md lbgjdf}l{~d" ud{jlfdngdfmi gfln}gxl~ d gfjþxgbd~& ^gf djkl{ci }{l~bi~ 4 mêl~ md ik~d{xlngþf d~}i~ ~êf}ijl~ md~lul{dngd{if&

Bl {lzþf md d~}l ik~d{xlngþf utmi ~d{ bl ~gctgdf}d?

Nl~g }iml~ bl~ xl{gdmlmd~ md K& }at{gfcgdf~g~ ~if nlulnd~ md hi{jl{ jl~ md tf}gui md ntd{ui~ md gfnbt~gþf mg~}gf}i& Nlml xl{gdmlm md K} utdmd }dfd{ tffÿjd{i xl{glkbd md ubì~jgmi~ {d~uif~lkbd~ md bl ~êf}d~g~ md mghd{df}d~ m*dfmi}iqgfl~& D~}i~ ubì~jgmi~ ui{}lf xl{gi~ cdfd~ md }iqgfl !cdfd~ n{w'" lxdnd~ gmçf}gni~& Lmdjì~" K} utdmd }dfd{ mghd{df}d~ }{lf~ui~ifd~ |tdnif}{gktwdf l ltjdf}l{ bl mgxd{~gmlm cdfç}gnl md d~}l~ }iqgfl~&

Bl~ mghd{df}d~ xl{gdmlmd~ md K} utdmdf gf}d{nljkgl{ hìngbjdf}d ~t~ ubì~jgmi~jdmglf}d tf u{ind~i ~djdolf}d l bl nifotclngþf" hdfþjdfi |td al ~gmi



mdji~}{lmi df db gf}d~}gfi md bl{xl~ md ji~|tg}i& Md d~}d jimi" bl~xl{gdmlmd~ md K} utdmdf }ljkgçf gf}d{nljkgl{ ubì~jgmi~ |td nif}gdfdf cdfd~md m*dfmi}iqgfl !bi~ cdfd~ n{w'" w l~ê ltjdf}l{ ~t d~udn}{i md lnngþf nif}{ljì~ d~udngd~ md gf~dn}i~&

Df}ifnd~ d~ ui~gkbd |td bl xl{gdmlm md K& }at{gfcgdf~g~ |td t}gbgzlji~ df db

kgidf~lwi" ~g kgdf fi d~ d~udnêhgnl ul{l nibdþu}d{i~" d~ mdng{" fi d~ blxl{gdmlm ]dfdk{i~g~" ~dl nlulz md u{imtng{" ltf|td md hi{jl jêfgjl" db }guimd dfmi}iqgfl d~udnghgnl ul{l bi~ nibdþu}d{i~ bi |td u{imtoi bi~ ~êf}ijl~gfgnglbd~ w ui~gkbdjdf}d }{l~ bl lm|tg~gngþf md tfl gfjtfgmlm ui{ ul{}d md bl{xlmlml bl klol mdf~gmlm md bl m*df}iqgfl d~udnêhgnl ul{l nibdiu}d{i~" ~d alwldbgjgflmi db dhdn}i gf~dn}gngml ui{ nijubd}i& Bl~ d~udngd~ md gf~dn}i~{d~g~}df}d~ l xl{gi~ }gui~ md K& }at{gfcgdf~g~ al ~gmi mdji~}{lml ![imnal{idfO" Jtbbl J^&<77='&

Lb }d{jgfi md bl u{ìn}gnl niju{iklji~ |td bl xl{gdmlm t}gbgzlml md K&

}at{gfcgdf~g~ fi d~l bl ]dfdk{ifg~" bl xl{gdmlm d~udnghgnl ul{l jl}l{ bl{xl~ mdnibdþu}d{i~ bi |td ~d{ì md c{lf lwtml ul{l ui~}d{gi{d~ u{ìn}gnl~ utmgçfmi~dl~ê t}gbgzl{ tfl bl{xl mg~}gf}l ul{l {dlbgzl{ db kgidf~lwi&

Ui{ ÿb}gji nlkd jdfngifl{ |td ul{l ik}dfd{ jdoi{d~ {d~tb}lmi~ ~d ~tcgd{d |tdbi~ xl~i~ t}gbgzlmi~ ~dlf md ubì~}gni nif }lul w fi md tfg~db utd~ xl{gl~ bl{xl~bic{l{if ~lbg{~d md dbbi~&

Nifnbt~gþfd~

^d bic{þ ntb}gxl{ l Klngbbt~ }at{gfcgdf~g~ w md~n{gkg{ ~t ji{hibicêl nibifglb wjgn{i~nþugnl& ^t ji{hibicêl nibifglb d~ kblfnl" n{dji~l w ublfl nif ki{md~l~d{{lmi~ w ~t ji{hibicêl jgn{i~nþugnl ni{{d~uifmd l tf klngbi md ki{md~{dn}i~" C{lj + w d~ui{tblmi&

K& }at{gfcgdf~g~ bbdxl l nlki bl d~ui{icçfd~g~ lb ~djk{l{bl df tf jdmgi uik{dmd ft}{gdf}d~&

Mt{lf}d bl d~ui{icçfd~g~" K& }at{gfcgdf~g~ u{imtnd ntd{ui~ ul{ld~ui{lbd~" bl

jlwi{êl md ç~}i~ nif hi{jl kgug{ljgmlb&

Bl xl{gdmlm md K& }at{gfcgdf~g~ t}gbgzlml df bl u{ìn}gnl fi d{l d~udnghgnl ul{lbl~ bl{xl~ md ]dfdk{gi~ !Nibdþu}d{i~'" d~ mdng{" fi ni{{d~uifmd l bl xl{gdmlm]dfdk{i~g~&

[dhd{dfngl~ kgkbgic{ìhgnl~

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