CtIA O C S V N : QUA 7 5 NAM V A N

"TRUdC SAU N I I U MOT" TOn That Thien

C h u d e c u a ba i n a y

Sir kitn quan trong nliut vfi Dai Ildi gitta nhi6)n ky (Dai H6i VII-B) cua Dang COng San Vifit Nam (DCSVN) hop trong nhimg ngay 20-25/01/1994 la Dai H6i khang dinh "quyfe't tam thuc hi6n thanh c6ng" nghj qu6't ciia Dai H6i VII (thang 6, 1991)'. Theo nghi quyd ciia Dai HOi nay (Dai H6i VII-A) thi Dang "trung thanh v6i dm nghTa Mac-U-nin", la'y chu nghTa Mac-L6-nin va tu tucrng IT6 Chf Minh "Ihm nfin tang tu tucrtig. kun chi nam cho hhnh dOng...", va khang dinh "kifin trl chii nghTa Mac-I^-nin la va'n d'fi co tinh nguyfin tac s6'mOt v(Si Dang ta".^

Nfi'u ta xet ky nhiing ban cuong ITnh vh quyG't nghi cua nhiJng dai hOi ciia Dang tir liic thanh lap, va diing ban, tuf liic Ong iro Chi Minh "tifi'p thu" chii nghTa 1^-nin, nghTa la tiJ nam 1920. dfi'n nay, thi ta tha'y ducfng \6\a DCSVN v5n "truo'c ,sau nhu m6t", khOng co thay d6i, trong khi tr6n th6' giofi, ki ca cf nhung nude c6ng .san. va ca xir khai sinh ch6' d6 cOng .san. la Lifin XO, da co bifi't bao bifi'n chuy^n, vh nhan

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loai dang birOc nhiJng budc I6n lr6n nhCrng con ducmg mdi va theo nhiJng hirdfng di mdi. DCSVN, vh nha't la nhom lanh dao cua no hi6n nay, cung nhu m6t con ngua gih quen chi m6t con duofng, va bifi't chi m6t con ducmg do, h§ nghe h6 "di" la viing chay bon bon vi, hudng cu.

Cum liJ "kh6ng co thay ddi" tr6n day nfen hidu theo nghTa la kh6ng CO thay d6i can ban, v6 muc ti6u va n6i dung, v& chibu hudng, nghTa la v& phuofng di6n chifi'n lugc, V& phuong difen van dung, phuong phap, hlnh thirc, thich ling v6i cue difen va thofi di^m, nghTa la vfi phuong di6n chifi'n thuat, thi ta't nhifin phai cd thay ddi, hoae nhifiu hoac it, vl nguyfen tac can ban Idn ciia chu nghTa IjS-nin la, tuy rang nha't quy6't khdng khi nao thay ddi muc ti6u, nhung phai eye ky uydn chuy^n va ludn Iu6n thay ddi v6 hlnh thiit. Di^m nhy, va chu nghTa L6-nin ndi chung, c'an dugc nam vQng nfi'u ta mud'n thdng hi^u DCSVN va tifin doan hhnh ddng cua nhdm lanh dao dang do bifen nay.

VI ly do n6u tr6n, chii dieh cua bai nay la vach ro md'i giay tiJ Lifin-Xd, hidu theo nghTa da trlnh bhy d trfin, nghTa la Cach Mang thang Mudi. chii nghTa L6-nin, Dt Tam Qud'c T6' (DTQT), d6'n Dai Hdi VII-B, hay, ndi mdt each khac, Jiirdng di clji6n Iir&c da dugc DCSVN lua chgn, dac bi6t la vao dip nhtJng dai hdi toan qud'c ciia Dang, va ddng luc chinh cua Dang do, trong 75 nam qua, Chinh sach ngoai giao, Ibudc v6 lanh vuc chiC'n (huat va (hii doan cue bd vh nhirt thdi, chi Ih mdt khfa canh cua va'n d'6 nay, mdt manh trong cai khung khai qual, se khdng Ih chii va khdng dugc ciTu xet mdt each chi tife'l trong bhi nay.

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Tlii»i l a o l a p »CSVI\ I»20-1!I30 Trong lich sir DCSVN. giai doan 1920-1930 Ih giai doan

ciia Ong IT6. Do 6t 6ng coi Ong "la ngu'di cOng san Vi6t Nam d'au tifen ... ngircyi hoc tro iru tii nhul ciia Iv6-nin"3, va "ngirdi da sang lap. t6 chiic. giao due va lanh dao Dang ta", va "chifi'n s7 guong mSu trong phong trho c6ng san quO'c [&'' . Ong cCing dugc bao chi Nga s6 tOn vinh la "Cominternshik" (can bo nOng cO'l va dac lyfc ciia DTQT), nguOi can bO AdOng duy nha't dugc vinh du dd^. Tii: 1923 d6'n 1930, la ngudi Viet Nam duy nha't lam vi6n chiic cao ca'p ciia DTQT va dugc co quan dd tin diing, Ong da h6't mlnh phuc vu eg quan dd, nghTa la boat ddng cho muc ti6u chch mang th6' gidi. Vdi tu cdch, tu the' va sii mang dd, Ong da truyfin nhap chii nghTa va dudng lO'i cOng san vho Vifit Nam bang each thau nap mOn d6 va hua'n luyfen hg d^ hg cung phuc vu each mang th6' gidi mOt each hang say va huti hi6u nhu Ong. MOt dibu can ban ma Ong pro da day mOn de Ong trong DCSVN ra't ky ludng ngay tii d'au. va dugc nhiing ngudi nay hap thu va thi hanh tri6t d^, la phai bam sat vho Lifin XO, chii nghTa L6-nin, vh DTQT.

Ngay tit khda hua'n luy6n nhung dang viCn dhn tifen d Quang DOng trong nhQng nam 1925-1927, trong nhiing bai giang day, sau nay gdp thanh tap Dwdtjg fCich M6nh, Ong PFO ndi hge thuy6't va chii nghTa vfi each mang thi nhi'fiu, "nhung chii nghTa chan chinh nha't, ehrie chrin nha't, each mtnh. nha't la chii nghTa L6-nin". Ong nha'n manh rang Irong ba cuOc each mang da x&y ra trong lich sir each mang the' gidi, each mang My la "each m^nh tu ban", each mang Phap thi "chua dfe'n

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nai", va "ch'i co each mfinh Nga la da thanh c6ng, va thhnh c6ng d6n noi". "Cach nifinh Nga day cho chiing ta rang muO'n cho each mfenh thanh c6ng Ihl ... phai theo chu nghTa Ma-khde-tu va U-nin" va "phai nh6 d6 lam qude Ong hT6 giiii thich rang "D6 tam qud'c t6'ehu truofng dap d6 tu ban lam ih6 gidi each mang"; "Dt tam qud'c tfi' la mdt Dang edng san the'gidi. Cac dang cac nude nhu la chi bd, d'fiu phai nghe theo k6' hoach va quy tde chung. Vific gl chua cd m6nh \tnh va k6' hoach d6 tam qud'c 16' thi cac dang khdng dugc lam". Va tra Idi eau hdi Cach Mfinli Vi6t Nam n6n theo Qud'c T6 nay hay khdng, dng ITd tra Idi; "N6n lam. Cach mfinh Vi6t Nam cung la mdt bd phan trong each m6nh Ihfi'gidi."^

Trong "Di'fiu 1ft van tat cua Dang Cdng San Viftt Nam", do dng ta thao ra, dng ITd ndi; DCSVN td chtic ra vdi muc dich "tranh da'u d^ tiftu trir tu ban dft' qud'c chu nghTa, lam cho thuc hiftn xa hdi cdng san"; ai mudn dugc vao Dang phai "tin theo chii nghTa cdng san, chuong trlnh Diing va Qud'c Tft' cdng san...", va trach nhiftm ciia dang viftn la "phai thuc hanh cho dugc chanh sach va nghi quyft't ciia Dang va Qud'c Tft' cdng san"''. Sau khi thanh lap dugc dang, trong "Idi kftu ggi", dng tuyftn bd' la dng da "nhan chi thi ciia Qud'c tft' cdng san giai quyft'l va'n d~ft each mang d nude ta".^

d day can d~ft cap dft'n mdt di^m ma it ai nhac tdi hay bift't dft'n, nhung cd t'am quan trong dac biftt trong va'n d~ft thdng hi^u dudng Id'l chinh sach ngoai giao ciia DCSVN. Dd la trong "Nam d~ftu Idn" ma dng ITd nftu ra tai Hdi nghj thanh lap Dang (3-7 thang 2, nam 1930) cd difeu sau day; "Cir mdt ban Trung Vang him thdi gbm 9 ngudi, trong dd cd hai dai

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bi^u chi b6 c6ng san Trung Qu6'c b D6ng duofng". Theo chu thich ciia tai liftu DCSVN \6 "Nam d"&u Ion" nhy thi 6ng IT6 dua ra d& nghi nay "vdi tu each la IJy viftn B6 phuong Ddng, phu trach Cue phUOng Nam cua Qud'c T6' Cdng San"'. Ph^an khac, Luan cuofng chinh tri d"au tifin cua Dang dugc thdng qua vao thang 10 nam 1930 nha'n manh "vd san Ddng duong phai liftn lac mat thift't vdi vd san thfi' gidi", va trong cdng tac "Dang phai liftn lac mat thift't vdi Dang cdng san Phdp, Trung Qud 'cva AnDd . io

Trftn day la nhiing dfeu can ban vh nguyftn tac chi dao cho DCSVN tii nghy thanh lap cho dft'n nghy nay, nghTa la dft'n dai hdi giira nhiftm ky thang giftng viia rdi. Va nd se la nhirng can ban va nguyftn iic chi dao cho Dang cho dft'n nam 1995 vh ngay ca dft'n nam 2000 hay lau hOn niia. Cho nftn cluing ta can bift't rd nhiJng su kiftn nay d^ thdng hi^u nhiJng hanh ddng cua DCSVN trong qua khii', va nha't la trong tuong lai.

Danh tii "Liftn Xd"ma lanh tu va cac co quan tuyftn truyftn cua DCSVN thudng dung cd nghTa trim tugng horn la mdt danh tii dia du chinh tri diing d^ chi danh xung cua mdt qud'c gia. Nftn hii^u nd nhu theo nghTa khai niftm "Cach mang thang Mudi", chii nghTa Ift-ni-nit, DTQT, hay "T6 qud'c ciia Chii nghTa xa hdi". Nhirng cum tii nay la nhung cum tut dng Ifd vh d'd dft ciia dng diing ra't thudng mdi khi ndi dft'n dudng Id'i each mang. Do dd, mud'n hi^u rd dudng Id'i vh chinh sach, dac biftt la chinh sach ngoai giao, ciia DCSVN ta phai thdng sud't ndi dung va ham nghTa ciia nhung khai niftm nay. Nftu khdng, ta chi tha'y b'ft ngoai, thay hiftn tuong mh khdng tha'y thuc tai, tha'y hlnh Ihile ma khdng tha'y ndi dung, tha'y hanh

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d6ng hho nhoang mh khOng tha'y muc tiftu thuc sU, nha't la tha'y hanh vi ma khdng tha'y d6ng ca, va ta se nhan xet sai. Nhan xet sai ta't nhiftn nhan dinh phai sai, va nhan dinh sai thi quyft't dinh cEng sai. Quyft't dinh sai ta't nhiftn hanh ddng ciing sai ludn.

Nhung doan trftn da d'ft cap dft'n nhiing su kiftn quan trong nha't vft liftn hft giira dng ITd va DCSVN vdi chii nghTa Lft-nin, DTQT, va Liftn Xd (Cach mang thang Mudi) va Dang Cdng San Trung Qud'c (DCSTQ) trong giai doan tao lap Dang, nghTa la trong nhung nam 1920-1930. Trong giai doan nay, Trung Qud'c ddng mdt vai trd ra't quan trong, vi DCSTQ sinh trudc DCSVN, vi Trung Qud'c la dia ban xua't diftn va boat ddng cua dng ITd, va ddng thdi la can cir dd DTQT, qua dng Hd, truyftn nhap chii nghTa cdng san vho Viftt Nam va Ddng Nam A Ong ITd, la ngudi dugc DTQT phii dft'n Trung Qud'c vdi sii mang dac biftt dd, y thiic dfftu nky han ai ca.

Dbng thdi, nhu ta da tha'y d doan trftn, dng Hd ciing cha'p nhan vd di'ftu kiftn luan thuyft't cua DTQT la (r^n (MgidJ' chi CO mdl dang cdng son va nhimg dang qud'c gia chi la chi bd cua dang nay. Do dd, nhu ta dugc bift't qua hbi ky ciia Nguy§n Luang Bang, dng Kd nhac nhd dang viftn DCSVN hgat ddng d Trung Qud'c rang "mdt ngudi cdng san ludn ludn phai cha'p nhan su lanh dao cua dang d noi mh mlnh boat ddng"" . Riftng vft ph'an dng ta, theo tift't Id cua nhi'ftu nhan vat cdng san Liftn Xd vh Viftt Nam, trong dd cd Ilohng Van Hoan, mdt dang viftn cao ca'p va ngudi than tin ciia dng, trong thdi gian boat ddng d Trung Qud'c vh d Ddng Nam A trong nhirng nam

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1924-1927 va 1928-1930, 6ng luOn lu6n thinh y cua DCSTQ.'2

DAI HOI II CX95X} Hoanh Van Moan cung la ngudi cho ta bift't ra't nhiftu chi

tift't quan trong b6 trie nhirng hanh vi ciia dng ITd vh cua DCSVN trong giai doan 1950 trd di. Giu kiftn then chd't ciia giai doan nay la dai hdi toan qud'c Tan thii hai ciia DCSVN, thang hai nam 1951. Day la mdt dip cho Dang a'n dinh dudng Id'i chfnh .sach ciia Dang d mdt thdi di^m mdi.

Dudng Id'i nhy dugc dng ITd cdng bd qua Bao cao chinh tri ngay 11-02-1951. Theo bao cao nay. Viftt Nam cdng khai di con dudng Mac-Lft-nin va diing ban vft phe Liftn Xd trong mdt thft' gidi chia thanh hai phe rd rftt: "Phe dan chii do Liftn Xd lanh dao" vh "Phe phan dan chii do My cam d'au". Trong tinh trang nay, su lua chgn ciia dng Hd ra't rd rhng dirt khoat. Ong ndi: "Viftt Nam la mdt bd phan cua phe dan chu thft' gidi. Hiftn nay lai la mdt dbn luy chdng dft' qud'c, chd'ng phe phan dan chu do My chm dhu". Tinh hlnh thft' gidi "dfnh dang mat thift't" vdi Viftt Nam, va "thang Igi ciia phe dan chii ciing Ih thang Igi ciia ta, ma ta thang Igi phe dan chu thang Igi". Nhln lui lai 50 qua, dng tha'y di§n bift'n "quan trgng nha't"ciia thdi gian dd la Cach mang Nga thanh cdng. Sau dd Lft-nin xay dung Qudc Tft' Cdng San, va vd san thft' gidi, each mang thft' gidi "thanh mdt dai gia dlnh ma Dang ta la mdt trong nhiing con lit ciia gia dlnh a'y."'^

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Cung trong dip nSy 6ng Hb c6ng kiiai goi Li6n X6 Ik "thhnli trl cua each mang th6' gidi" va "T6 qudc cua xa hdi chii nghTa", ciing xac dinh ndi dung mdt khai niftm ra't quan trong va se cd anh hudng quyft't dinh vft thft' gidi quan ciia nhiing ngudi Viftt Nam theo cdng san. va vft su dinh hudng dudng Id'i va a'n dinh chinh sach cua DCSVN, dac biftt la vft ngoai giao. Dd la khai niftm "tinh th'an yftu nude chan chinh".

Danh til quan trong d day la "cJidn chfnh". Ong FFd xac dinh rhng tinh th'an "yftu nude chan chinh" khdc bin vdi tinh than "vi qud'e"cua bon dft'qud'c phan ddng. Nd la mdt bd phan ciia "tinh thlfin qud'c tft'"'' . Song song vdi tinh th"an "yftu nudc chan chinh" la tinh tlVan "qud'c tft'vd san trong sang". Day chi la hai mat dinh liftn cua mdt khai niftm, hai khia canh cua hanh vi, mdt diftu ma dng Kd khdng ngdt nh^c nhd dan em. Quan didm nay Ih mdt trong nhirng quan didm chii chd't cua chu nghTa Lft-nin, da dugc Lft-nin diing lam can ban cho chu nghTa qud'c tft' vd san cua dng ta, vh mdt nguyftn t^c chi dao chinh cua DTQT.

Lft-nin ddi hdi ai mudn theo cdng san phai tuySI doi lii' bd tinh thh] qud'c gia. 0 day dan nha'n manh rang, trong nhirng tuyftn bd cua hg hudng vft edng chiing, lanh dao DCSVN ludn ludn dft cap dft'n "tinh th'an yftu nudc" ciia nhung ngudi cdng san, va qua quyft't dd la ddng luc thiic ddy hg trong cdng cude "ciiix nudc dung nude". Hg khdng nhac dft'n khai niftm "chan chinh", hidu theo nghTa ma dng LTd. theo Lft-nin, da ghep cho nd. Chi trong nhirng tai liftu hudng dSn va giang day ndi bd hg mdi nha'n manh, va ra't manh, didm nay. Vi du, sach giao

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khoa chuong Irlnh cao ctfp cua Trudng Cao Cap NguySn Ai QuO'c, a'n hanh nam 1986, da khai tri6n didm nay nhu sau:

"... dudi su lanh dao ctia giai ca'p c6ng nhan, each mang & mSi nudc kh6ng ihi khOng dat minh trong d6i quan cua each mang thfi' gidi, kh6ng th^ kh6ng coi mlnh la m6t b6 phan gan bo ma( (hie't cua c^ch mang tha'gidi.

Co nam vung m6'i quan ht khang khit giiia each mang nudc minh vdi each mang th6 gidi thi mdi co th^ d'6 ra dudng Idi chiS'n lucfc, sach lutfc dung dan, mdi CO thi giai quyfi'l diing dan mdi quan h6 glBa Idi fch dan tCc vk lai ich qudc tfi'. Ld-nm da Itmg cSn din: khi Igi icii hd phM mdu tbuSn vdi Igi fch iohn bd. khi Igi fch din I6c mdu IhuSn vdi icfi fch qud'c 16'. (hi phai bi&'t hy sinh hi fch din (dc. dm led fch qud'c (€ Idn (r&n. Trong chi dao cich mang. f)ang (a thirc hi6n nghi&m tucl&i chidSn do cua Ld-nin."^^ (Tac gia nha'n manh)

Mdt dac didm khac cua Dai Hdi II (1951) dan dugc chii y la su quan hd giu-a DCSVN va DCSTQ. Doan trdn da cd d~e cap ddn vai trd hau dan va chi dao ciia DCSTQ dd'i vdi dng Hd trong boat ddng cua dng ta nhan danh la uy vidn cua Bd Ddng Phuong ciia DTQT trong nhung nam 1924-1927 vh 1928-1930. Tir 1950 trd di. khdng nhung dng Hd, ma toan bd DCSVN, se phai chiu anh hucmg true tidp ciia DCSTQ. Anh hudng nay ra't Idn va ra't bao quat. cd tinh cdch chi dao, vh cd thi ndi la cd tinh each chi huy. Ta't nhiftn tinh trang nay phai dugc lanh tu Liftn Xd, la Stalin, cha'p nhan.

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That ra, kh6ng nhtmg Stalin, m6t ngirdi co tiftng la thau 6m quyfin lire, cha'p nhan sir kiftn nay, ma, theo tift't 16 cua Hoang Van Hoah, trong budi h6i dam tay ba - Liftn X6, Trung Qu6'c va Viftt Nam - tai Mac Tu Khoa trong chuyft'n du hanh bi mat dft'n Bac Kinh va Mac Tu Khoa cua 6ng H6 wao d~au thang giftng nam 1950 dd xin c6ng nhan ngoai giao va viftn trg, chinh 6ng ta (Stalin) la nguofi giao cho DCSTQ trach nhiftm phu trach vft DCSVN .'^

Hau qua cua quyft't dinh ciia Stalin la dat DCSVN vho v6ng anh hucmg true lift'p ciia DCSTQ. Tlieo tinh th"an yftu nude "chan chinh" vh tinh th'an qude tft' v6 san "trong sdng" ciia chu nghTa Lft-nin, va theo quy chft' cua DTQT, DCSVN bi dat dudi su lanh dao va chi phd'i ciia DhsTQ, vi dang nay la mdt dang "dan anh", sinh trudc DCSVN, la dang cua mdt nudc Idn, va thftm nira, dugc Stalin giao cho quyftn lanh dao d A Ddng.

Cac van kiftn ciia DCSVN thudng nhac dft'n su kiftn dan Viftt Nam bi "mdl cd hai Irdng" (Phap va Nhut) trong nhiing nam 1941-1945. Nay, tinh trang dd lai la tinh trang ciia Dang. DCSVN cung mang hai Irdng: DCSIJC va DCSTQ. Nhung dd la Dang tu nguyftn nhu thft'. Nft'u ta ghi thftm su kiftn la theo quy chft' ciia DTQT, DCSVN thude th^m quyftn DCS Phap trong Ban Tay Au va Nam My, thi thuc su DCSVN mdt cd mang mdt liic ba trong.

DCi sao, vi la thanh pKan, va la mdt thanh ph"an "td't", cua DTQT - theo y mud'n cua dng Lid - nftn trong nhung n i m

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1950 trd di DCSVN bi Id thudc ning vao DCSTQ. Su Id thudc nay cd hai hSu qua chinh.

Mdt, la DCSVN di ciing hudng va ciing nhip vdi DCSTQ trong dudng Idi "chidn tranh giai phdng" cue doan chd'ng dd' qud'c, dac bidt la chd'ng IToa Ky. vd ngoai giao. vh dudng Id'i "dan chu mdi". theo md hlnh Trung Qud'c, nghTa la ddc tai kiiu Mao Trach Ddng, vd ndi vu. Chii truong "dan chii mdi" dugc Mao dd ra tir nam 1940. dugc ap dung tridt di d Trung Qud'c tiir 1949. va dua vao Vidt Nam tir 1950 trd di. Con dudng Id'i "chid'n tranh giai phdng" cue doan la dudng Id'i DCSTQ dua ra tai Hdi Nghi Cdng Doan Thd Gidi d Bac Kinh thang 10. 1949 di thuc due c{\c dan tdc thudc dia vh bdn thudc dia diing dudng Id'i dd ndi Ifin ta'n cdng dd qud'c. nha't la Hoa Ky. Dudng Id'i nay se dua ddn quyd't dinh cua dng ITd tuydn bd: ngoai Phap. Viftt Nam cd "thftm mdt ke dich chinh nCia" la My. Riftng Trung Qud'c. nd .se dua dft'n chift'n tranh Tridu Tiftn va dd'i d~au vdi Hoa Ky trong hon 20 nam.

Trong khung canh bai nay khdng thd di vao chi tift't. Chi dan trich mdt vai doan ciia hbi ky ciia Hoang Van Hoan dd ddc gia tha'y rd rang trong nhung nam 1950, vl tinh th'an yftu nudc "chan chinh" va tinh thfln qud'c Id vd san "trong sang", thftm vao cai Irdng DCSLX, DCSVN lai mang edi trong DCSTQ ra't nang. Hoang Van Hoan vift't:

"... d Dai l l6i Tan (hii hai ciia Dang lai nang cao t~am quan Irong cua vific hoc tap kinh nghifim ciia each mang Trung Qudc va tu (udng Mao Trach D6ng thanh mdt nfi/dm vu cho toin Dang, bang each ghi rd vho

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trong di'&u 1& m&j cua DangmCil doan nhuf sau; "Dang 1^0 Ddng Viet Nam la'y hoc Lhuyfi't ciia Mac. A n g -ghcn, lii-nin, Slalin va ( u lucmg Mao Trach D6ng kfi't h o f p vod thuc t f i ' each mang Viei Nam Rm n~6n tang t u tucrtig ciia Dang v a kim chi n a m cua t a ' t c a moi h ^ n h d6ng."'^ C r a e gia nha'n manh)

Hoang Van Hoan blnh luan rang dd la "mdt vide dac bidt", thd hidn ciia "tinh hiru nghi chid'n da'u khang khit" giira hai nudc Vidt-Trung "nhu mdi vdi rang". 6 n g ta nhac lai su kidn trdn mat bao Nh^ D&n nghy 11-3-1951, dudi chan dung cua Mac, Ang-ghen, Ld-nin" la chan dung ciia Stalin va Mao Trach Ddng". Ong ta vidt tidp;

1 "Va trong biic difin Dai Hdi thanh l a p Dang Lao

D6ng Vi6t Nam gdi Dang COng San Trung Qudc co doan noi: Dang Lao D6ng Vifil Nam nguyfin noi guong anh dung Dang CCng San Trung Qude, hoc t a p t u tuong Mao Trach D6ng, t u tudng lanh dao nhan d a n Trung Qud'c v a c a c d a n t6c A D6ng trfin con dudng d6c l a p vh t u chii.

"Kinh nghiem ciia each mang Trung Qude v a tU tuong Mao Trach DOng d a anh hudng kha s a u r6ng trong Dang v i trong eu6c ehie'n d a ' u cua nhan d a n t a Ai bao v6 T 6 Qudc. Trong b^i gidi thifiu quyin Khang chidn n h a i dinh thang Id cua anh Trudng Chinh trfin bao Nhdn Din ngay 02-01-1956 co doan noi; "Dang C O dudng idi chfnh Irj v i duong Idi quSn s u dung dSn, l^y chu nghla Mac-L&-nin vh tw fwdng Mao Trach Ddng Mm n'dn tang^'^. (Tac gia nha'n manh).

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Ong Hoan cung ghi rang Tudng Vo Nguyftn Giap da vift't (trong bao Nhan Ddn ngay 07-05-1964):

"Tir nam 1951 trof di, sau each mang Trung Qu6'c thang lai, quan d6i vk nhan dan ta ckng cd didu kiftn hoc tap nhiJng kinh nghiftm quy bau cua Quan giai phong nhan dan Tmng Qudc, hoc tap tU tudng quan sU Mao Trach DOng. Do Ik mOt yft'u td quan trong giup vao sU trudiig thkuh nhanh chong cita quan d6i ta, gop ph"an vao nhfrng thang Id liftn tift'p ciia quan ta, dac biftt trong chift'n dich Thu DOng nam 1953-1954 va trortg chift'n dich Diftn Biftn Phii vi dai..,"20

Tinh trang hiru nghi va than thift't "nhu mdi vdi rang" nky se dirge duy trl den dai hdi III cua DCSVN (thdng 9 nam 1960), (uy rang, nhu quydn Bach Thu vd 30 nam bang giao Vidt-Trung dugc cdng bd nam 1979 tift't Id, giiia hai phia cd nhung ba'l ddng y kift'n vd Hdi Nghi Gendve thdng 7 nam 1954.21 Nhung vi tinh th'an yftu nudc "chan chinh" vk tinh th'an qud'c td vd san "trong sang" DCSVN da phai \km theo y mud'n ciia DCSLX I5n DCSTQ. 22

DAI HOI III CX96o) Dai Hdi III ciia Dang Lao Ddng Viftt Nam (DLDVN) - tftn

mdi cua DCSVN khi dang nky bat d'au Id diftn cdng san - la dip cho dng H6, mdt fan nira, yk manh hon niia, xdc djnh vi tri cua DCSVN trong khd'i edng san vk su quan hft mat thift't cua DCSVN vdi hai dan anh, la DCSLX wk DCSTQ. Nhung ddng thdi dng nhflh manh Liftn Xd la lanh tu ciia khd'i edng san. Trong di§n van khai mac Dai Hdi dng ndi:

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"Cach mang Viftt Nam Ih. mdt bft phan ciia lire luofng hoa blnh dan chii, xa h6i chii nghTa trftn thft' g i d . Nitdc Viftt Nam Dan Chti C6ng Hoa Ik mftt th^nh viftn trong dai gia dlnh xa hfti chii nghTa dutig d'au la Liftn X6 vT dai.

Chung ta co nhiftm vu gits' vOng vi trf liftn d"6n cua chii nghTa xa hfti d Dftng Nam Chau A, ra siic tang cUcmg luc luang cua phe xa h6i chu nghTa vh. bao vft hoa blnh aDftng Nam Avh trftn Ihft'gi6fi."23

Ong ITd ra't cf1n tban vft viftc dat Liftn X6 Iftn hang d~au, Mdi ran ndi dft'n "dai gia dinh xa hdi chu nghTa" dng ddu thftm cum tii "diing dau la Liftn Xd vT dai".^'^ Trong ngdn ngS ciia DCSVN cum iii "bao vft hoa binh thd gidi" cd nghTa la "chd'ng Hoa Ky dd bao vft Liftn Xd". Ta't^nhiftn dng H6 khdng quftn nhac dft'n Trung Qud'c khi ndi dft'n "nhung xa hdi chu nghTa anh em", nhung dng ludn ludn sdp Trung Qud'c sau Liftn Xd. Cum tii "dung dau la ... vT dai" chi danh riftng cho Liftn Xd,

6 day dan nhac lai la Dai Hdi III td chirc vao thdi gian dang cd sU cang thfing Idn trong khd'i cdng san, dac biftt la giQa Liftn Xd va Trung Qud'c. vl ba't d~dng quan didm vd con dudng qua dd Iftn chii nghTa xa hdi tir Dai Hdi thii 20 ciia Dang Cdng San Liftn Xd nam 1957, Luc dd, Kroutchev cdng bd chu truong qua dd Iftn chii nghTa xa hdi bang con dudng hoa binh vh thi dua vft kinh tft', trong khi DCSTQ chd'ng dudng Id'i boa binh va hoa hoan vdi Hoa Ky. Tai Dai Hdi nay, mdt sU dd vd hoan toan tranh dugc nhd Liftn Xd va Trung Qud'c cha'p nhan mdt Tuyftn Ngdn vft hoa blnh trong dd cdc

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lye lugng caeh mang co thd ap dung ducmg 16'i ta'n c6ng d nhiJng viing mh tu ban ydu, dac biftt la nhirng vung A-phi.

Trong CUOC tranh chap noi trftn, DCSVN dung vft phia DCSTQ, V I dung vft pliia DCvSTQ la trung thanh \6i chu nghia Mac-l^-nin. va nhu Bao cao chinh tri ciia Ban Cha'p Hanh Trung Udng nha'n manh, "tuyftt dd'i trung thanh vdi chu nghTa Mac-Lft-nin" la didu kiftn tao ra "sire manh v6 dich" cua Dang.25 Nghi quyft't cua Dai Hdi tuyftn bd':

"Nhan dinh toan diftn nhOng thanh qua each mang da danh duofc, Dai llfti kft't luan rang: iirDai H6i Ihn (bdhai d&'n nay, dixdng Idi cua Dang vh sir lanh dao cua Han Chh'p Hhnh Trung Udng do dbng chf ITd Chf JVfinh dung d'du Ih dung. Dang (a (uy£( ddi (rung (hhnh vdi chu nghla Mic-U.-nin.,,"'^^ (Xkc gia nha'n manh)

\h\n bd trftn day khfing dinh DCSVN vSn di diing dudng theo chii nghTa I^-nin. va am chi la cd ngudi di sai dudng. Ngudi dd la Kroutchev. 6 mdt doan khac ciia nghi quyft't, sU kiftn nhy dugc ndi Iftn ra't ro rang, tuy nghi quyft't khdng nftu dich danh dng ta. Nghi quyft't ndi: "La mdt b6 phan ciia phong trao c6ng san qudc td Idn manh, Dang ta ... lich cue da'u tranh bao vft sU trong sang ciia chii nghTa Mdc-1^-nin, kiftn quyft't chdng chii ngiiTa xet lai vh chii nghTa giao didu. "27

Tai dai hdi nay. trong Bao cao chfnh tri. 1^ Du^n ciing dd cap dft'n nhirng dudng Id'i da dugc Dang cha'p nhan tii Iiic khai sinh, quan trgng hda nd va se ap dung nd triftt dd trong nhiJng

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nam sau. Nhung duong lO'i nay tift'p tuc dugc ap dung sau khi Lft Dufln ma't, \h vSn con dugc ap dung hiftn nay. D6 ih:

1) "su doan kft't qud'c tft' ... trftn co sd chii nghTa qud'c tft'vd san ... Dang ta ludn ludn ... coi trgng viftc giao due chu nghTa qud'c tft' cho nhan dan ta, chd'ng nhirng quan didm dan tdc chu nghTa cua giai ca'p tu san va tidu tu san ... phai ra sire giao due cho dang viftn tha'm nhuan thft' gidi quan Mac-Lft-nin va nhan sinh quan edng san chii nghTa";

2) da'u tranh giiia eon dudng xa hdi chu nghTa va con dudng tu ban chii nghTa ... trong cudc dafu tranh nham giai quyft't "ai thing ai. . .";

3) kheo Igi dung nhung man thuSn cue bd va tam thdi trong ndi bd ke thii dd phan hda chiing, trung lap nhung thd luc cd thd trung lap, tao thftm didu kiftn cho luc lugng each mang phat tridn vh chift'n thang".

Nam 1960 cQng la nam ma cic dang cdng san thd gidi hgp tai Mac Tu Khoa dua ra mdt Tuyftn Ngdn xac nhan quan didm ciia Tuyftn Ngdn cua DCSLX tai Dai Hdi 1957. Can cir trftn tuyftn ngdn nay l ^ Duiln gat bd dudng Id'i hda blnh va thi dua kinh tft' ciia Kroutchev, ca nggi Stalin, va dua ra luSn thuyft't vd "each mang tift'n cdng"trong tinh trang thft' gidi chia thanh hai phe vh cac nude dd qud'c d thd yft'u d cac viing A-Phi.

Trong mdt bai ndi chuyftn tai Hdi Nghi Tan IX cua BCHTU'Ddng thang 12 nam 1963 vd dd tai "Mdt vhi vah dd

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trong nhiftm vu qu6c tft' ciia Dang ta" Lft Dudn da kich nhiing luan thuyft't ma ai cung bift't la luhn thuyft't cua Kroutchev. Lft Duc1n nhac nhor dang viftn "kh6ng bao giof dugc quftn rang, vft nguyftn tac va can ban thft' gidi vSn chia lam hai bft thd'ng; xa hdi chii nghla va tu ban chii nghla..." Do dd ma "dac didm cua phong trao da'u tranh giai phdng dan tdc trong thdi dai hiftn nay la ... cudc da'u tranh giiia hai con dudng: con dudng phat tridn tu ban chii nghTa va con dudng phdt tridn khdng tu ban chu nghTa." Theo dng ta,

"chift'n lugfc each mang khftng phai b thft' phong ngu ... chift'n luac each mang nftn la chift'n luac tift'n eftng ... pha tan toan bft kft'hoach gay chift'n tranh cua chu nghTa dft' quft'c do My dam d'au, nham danh lui timg budc va danh dd timg b6 phan chii nghTa dft' quft'e, di dft'n thu (iftu hoan loan chu nghTa dft'qudc."

COng trong dip nay 1^ Dudn gat gao da kich dudng Id'i Kroutchev chu truong. Ong ta ndi rang thuc hanh mdt chift'n lugc phdng ngu trong thdi ky luc lugng so sanh trftn thd gidi da thay ddi cd Igi cho phe xa hdi chu nghTa. nhu "mdt sd' ngudi" - n.l. Kroutchev - da nghT "la tir bd each mang"; nft'u chi thi dua xhy dung kinh td la "tir bd thd tift'n cdng dich la di vao thft'bi ddng ehd thdi... Ihm tdn hai cho phong trao cdeh mang". Lft Dudn cho rang "each mang khdng phai d thd phdng ngu. chift'n lugc each mang khdng nftn la chift'n lugc phdng ngu". Va dng ta nhac dft'n Stalin, ngudi ma "trong ly luan cQng nhu trong thuc tiSn... da thuc hiftn mdt each trung thanh va phat tridn tu tudng (vft each mang vd san) cua Ld-nin." Tai Dai Mdi lan XIX ciia DCSLX Stalin da dua ra Idi

25

kftu goi nhu "tidng ken thuc due chung ta tift'n ra mat Iran." v a cuO'i cung Lft Dudn Iftn an Kroutchev la phan each mang vcJi IM phft phdn:

"Trong thoi dai ma can bao tap each mang da n6i Iftn rbi, dang Ikm cho chu nghla dft' quft'e sup d6 tii manh nhy dft'n manh Idiac, mk noi dft'n tranh thu hoa hoan vdi chu nghla dft' quft'e di x&y dung kinh tft', cho day la yftu cau cao hun ta't ca, thi dii muft'n hay khOng, kftl qua cBng chi co thi Ikm kim ham siic tift'n Iftn ciia each mang"2'

Nhung didm trftn day dugc lam ndi bat vl nd la nhirng dudng hudng dugc Lft Dudn vach ra cho Dang va khdng nhiing se dugc chinh dng ta ap dung triftt dd cho dft'n khi dng ta ma't (thdng 7 ndm 1986), mh con dugc Dang tift'p tuc dp dung sau dd, mai cho dft'n ngay nay. Nhung ai da nghiftn ciiu ky chu thuyft't Ld-nin thi se tha'y rang nhiJng gi Ld Dudn ndu ra, ngay ca trong nhirng tdc phdm dai dang dang cd ve thdm thiiy vd ddc ddo cua mdt dai tu tudng each mang, chi la nhiJng ludn thuyft't va chii truong cua Lft-nin vft each mang (dac biftt la Que fate , vh Le gauchisme, maladie infantile du communisms^ dugc nhai di nhai lai, tuy rang ta da phai edng nhan la dng ta rd't thudc bai.-'°

Cd ba didm nira ciing dan dugc nha'n manh. M<5t la dudng Id'i trftn day Id dudng Id'i cua DCSTQ chii truong va Mao Trach Ddng, nhan danh bao vd su trong sang ciia chii nghla I^-nin, dung dd td edo su "phan bdi" ciia Kroutchev vd ban lanh dao Liftn-Xd. Nguyftn do that cua sir td edo ndy la su tranh gianh anh hudng giira Nga vd Trung Qud'c, trong cuong

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vi qudc gia trfin dia ban dia ly chinh (ri (geopolitique), chd khdng phai la y Ihirc hd cdng san, Nhung chi ddn nam 1970, va nha't la sau nam 1975. lanh dao DCSVN mdi tha'y ro didu nay,

Hai la tuy Ld Dudn da kich "mdt sd ngudi" chu truong chii nghla xet lai. ma ai cOng hidu la Kroutchev va ban lanh dao Liftn Xd. nhung. nhu da giai thich d d'au bai nay. "Liftn Xd" d day phai bidu theo nghTa truru tuong la tiftu bidu cho Cach Mang thang Mudi, chu nghTa Lft-nm. va DTQT, vh Lft Dudn vdn kftu goi dang viftn triftt dd trung thanh vdi chii nghTa vh dudng Idi each mang Mac-l^-nin, Su trung thanh se dugc khang dinh lai tai Dai Hdi IV ciia Dang (thang 12 nam 1976), va nha't la d Dai Hdi V (thdng 3 nam 1982),

Didm thtr ba, liftn quan mat thift't vdi didm thii hai, la sU chi trich va Iftn an vira nftu d trftn day chi nham Kroutchev vd phe "xet lai" ehd khdng nham vao Liftn Xd, noi phat xud't ciia Cach mang thang Mudi vd chu nghTa 1.^-nin, vd sau khi Kroutchev bi Idt dd (thdng 10, nam 1964) thi liftn hft mdt thift't giiia DCSVN vd DCSLX khdng nhirng dugc tdi lap ma con sdu dam ban trudc, Dd la vl Brejnev, ngudi k d v i Kroutchev, theo dudi mdt dudng Id'i dd'i d'au vdi Hoa Ky, ngugc vdi dudng Id'i Kroutchev,

Vft phia DCvSVN. dd cOng la eg hdi cho dng Hd giai thich thftm tai sao dng da "hoan toan tin theo 1^-nin. tin theo Qud'c tdtbii ba".3i va nhac nbii nhan dan Viftt Nam "phai tuyftt dd'i trung thanh vdi chii nghTa qud'c tft' vd san" va "eon dudng thang Igi ciia Cdch mang Viftt Nam chfnh la theo con dudng

27

cua Cdch mang thang Mucfi Nga, md I^-nin vT dai da vach ra cho nhdn ddn lao d6ng todn thft'gidi". Vao dip ndy, 6ng ciing tai khang dinh rdng Viftt Nam Id m6t "tiftn dbn cua phe xa h6i chii nghTa cf OOng Nam A".'^

Vdi cdn bd cao cd'p ciia Dang dng ITd giai thich rdng cudc chift'n da'u ciia ddn Viftt Nam Id "wd/ nhi6w vu qudc Nft'u chung ta thdng d midn Nam tiic Id chiing ta da de dugc luc lugng xdm Idng My, dd Id ta gop phhi v^o each mang thS" gi&l Vi vdy, ta quyd't chift'n, quyft't thang b midn Nam chdng nhung vi nhiftm vu cua ta, md cdn Id nghTa vu cua la dd'i vdj each mang lh&'gidd."'^'^ Vd vdi dai bidu Qud'c Hdi dng ndi nhdn ddn Viftt Nam "co trach nhiSm vh vinh du" dung trdn tuySh d'Su ciia nh/in d&n thd"gid'J' chd'ng dd qud'c My xdm lugc VI ddc Idp vd thdng nhd't ciia Viftt Nam va 'V/ an ninh phe xa hdi chu nghJd\d Id "mdl sir mang nang nd tuy vd ciing ve vang".^'^ Tudng cung nftn ghi b ddy Id nhung muc tiftu vd quan didm trftn ddy la muc tiftu va quan didm md da sd ngudi Viftt iing hd Viftt Minh nam 1945 va ddu qudn chd'ng Phap nhiing ndm 1946-1954 hodn todn khdng hd nghT dft'n, (Tac gia nhd'n manh)

DAI HOI IV C1976)

Dai Hdi IV la dai hdi Id dip tdng kft't nhung thdnh qua cua nhirng tbdp niftn qua cua todn thd su nghiftp each mang ciia Dang, nhung trong b'du khdng khi thang Iran, ciia ke thang trdn vd say sua vft lhang trdn.

Trong Bao cao chinh tri I_ft Dudn ndi

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"sy thang lai (hang 4 nam 1975 la mOl su tokn thang ciia chu nghia anh hiing each mang tri tu6 con ngudi, vd di vko con du&ng lich sii nhu mdt chifth c6ng vT dai cua (hft ky XX, mdf sir kidn cd ihri quan (rang qudc td'to Idn co tinh each thdi dai s^u sac ... [Dang da] lam Iron sU mftnh Lhiftng liftng dd'i vdi Td qude va nghTa vu qudc td' cao ca cua minh ... Vdi nhOng chift'n eftng hiln hach fly, nhan dan ta xung dang dung vao hang cac din tin tdc tidn phong tranh da'u cho nhiing ly 'tudng dep de cua lohi ngifoi, gdp ph'an tich cue thuc d^y tift'n trlnh each mang thd'gidi... da trd (hinh mftt dang Mac-l^-nin Idn manh, mdt ddi ngu kidn cwdng cua phong trao cdng san vi cdng nhin qud'c /d'"-'- n ac gia nha'n manh)

Su thang Igi dd l a "thang Igi ciia chift'n lugc tift'n cdng", cua "mdt qud trlnh liftn tuc giii vung thuc hhnh chid'n lugc tift'n cdng ... thang timg budc ... ddy lui dich timg budc ..."^^ Dudn giai thich rang mdt didu quan trgng niia trong dudng Id'i tift'n cdng nay l a "bift't Igi dung mau tbudn dich dd phan hda, cd lap dich". Trong mdt bdi trlnh bay trudc Ban Cha'p Hdnh Trung Udng. dng ta ndi:

"Ca nudc Vifti Nam nhai dinh se tift'n Iftn chii nghia xa hfti, nhung Irong budi dau, chung la chi dd ra muc (iftu (hue hiftn m6( midn Nam "dftc lap, dan chii, hoa blnh, trung lap, tift'n (di hoa blnh (hft'ng nha't Td Qudc". Vdi muc tiftu han chft' a'y ... Dft'i vdi cic nudc lang giftng DOng Nam chau A, chiing ta Rm cho b'au ban ta hilu rang nhan dan Viftt Nam ... khOng chii truang "xua't kh^u cich mang", "xua't kh^u chu nghTa

29

xa h6i" sang cac ntrdc khac, Vi thft chung ta da tranh thu duofc cac luc luong trung lap dilng vft phia ta vd lam cho thuyft't domino ctia My d'an d'an ma't tic dung,"37

Lft Dudn ghi nhan su giup do "to Idn "ciia Liftn Xd "da gdp ph'an quan trong vdo thang Igi ciia nhan dan ta, Chiing ta bift't On Liftn Xd ,,, ndi cho con chau ddi ddi ghi nhd cdng on dd."38 Vd Trung Qud'c dng ta chi dd cap dft'n mdt each gian tift'p, va ndi rang "dd khdng cho dich md rdng chift'n tranh bang bd binh ra midn Bac ,.. chiing ta khdng nhdn quan tinh nguyftn nudc ngodi ,,, bang each dd ,., gift vfing dugc hda binh cho phe ta,"39 "Dich" d day la Hoa Ky, "qudn tinh nguyftn nudc ngoai" la quan Trung edrig, vd "gift hda binh cho phe ta" la tranh cho Liftn Xd khdi bi keo vao vdng chift'n, Vd ph an viftn trg rdt Idn va cd tinh each quyd't dinh cua Trung Qud'c (20 ty dd la va khi gidi va quan trang dii trang bi cho 2 tridu qudn), nhu Hoang Van Hoan da tift't Id trong h'di ky ciia dng ta. Ld Dudn chi ndi phdt qua."^"

Chift'n thang Idn lao va dd ddng thudng tao tam ly kidu binh va mdt thdn trgng, Dd la tdm ly ciia Ld Dudn vd lanh dao DCSVN. Theo Lft Dudn. vdi chift'n thang 1975, hft thdng xa hdi chu nghTa thd gidi da cd "mdt sire manh tdng hgp vugt qua luc lugng ciia chii nghTa dd qud'c". Uii thd d'y eft theo thdi gian ma tdng Iftn "mdt each chac chan. khdng gl ngan can dugc". Sire manh ciia chii nghTa xa hdi "Id vd dich", va "hft thdng xa hdi chii nghTa thd gidi ngay nay ,,. Id nhdn td quyft't dinh sU phat tridn cua xa hdi lodi ngudi".'•^i

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Khi tuyfin bd didu nay, Dudn khdng cd mdl y nidm gl hd't vd su kiftn tbap niftn 1970-1980 la tbap niftn ma Liftn Xd dang tut hau tram trong vd kinh td yh ky thuat so vdi cac nudc tidn tift'n Tay Phuong, va y thuc vd su tut hau nay se budc (lorbatchev dd ra perestroika. glasno.<it. dua dft'n su tan ra nhanb chdng ciia khdi cdng san Au Chau va, cud'i cimg, dft'n su giai thd toan bd cua ngay ca Liftn Xd, "thanh trl viing chac" ciia each mang thd gidi va ciia khd'i xa hdi chii nghTa "vd dich".

\A ra thi U Dudn va ban lanh dao DCvSVN phai thdng hidu su ba'p bftnh ciia linh blnh hon ai ca, vl ho da trai qua mdt cudc khiing khoang cue ky tr'am trong tuong tu do sU dd'i d'au giiia Liftn Xd va Trung Qud'c gay ra tir nam 1957. Sau nam 1970 cudc dd'i d~au dd trd nftn vd phuong giai quyft't sau khi lanh dao DCSTQ tuyftn bd Liftn Xd la "ke thu sd mdt cua Trung Qude", vd khdi dau chfnh sach hda hoan vd hgp tdc vdi Hoa Ky. Chfnh sach mdi nay dugc thd hiftn qua cudc Trung Qud'c tift'p rude Tdng Thdng Nixon mdt each ngoan muc, vd su cdng bd "Tuydn cao vShanghai" vao thang 2 nam 1972. ^2 I-Ig cQng tbiia bift't rang siie manh "vd dieh"eua phe xa h()i chii nghTa tiiy thudc trong thuc td cd mdt "phe" nhu vdy khdng, va didu kiftn cd mdt "phe" nhu vay - su doan kft't chat che giira hai thanh viftn Idn nha't ciia khdi ndy, DCSLX vd DCvSTQ - thi lai khdng cd.

Dd la md'i uu tu Idn ciia dng ITd, va trudc khi tir gia thft' gian dd vd vdi "cac Cu" (Marx va l^ft-nin) trong di chiic cua dng, dng da luu y mdn dft vd Cam quan trgng ciia su kiftn nay. Didu nay dugc ghi nhan trong Bao cao chfnh tri. Bao edo ndi:

31

"Trong cu6c da'u tranh nham giai quyft't "ai th^ng ai" gi&a chu nghTa xa hfti vd chu nghTa tU ban trftn pham vi tokn thft' gidi, viftc khfti phuc vk ciing c6' doan kfti trong hft thft'ng xa hfti chti nghTa, trong phong trko cftng san va c6ng nhan thft gidi trftn cof sb cbn nghTa Mac-L.ft-nin vk chu nghTa quft'e tft' vft san la va'n dd co y nghTa cue ky quan trong."'^^

That ra, chid'n thang qua dd dang lam cho ban lanh dao DCSVN mil quang vk quftn rang trong nhung nam 1968-1975 DCSTQ da cd gang kdm ham ho trong vu xdm chid'm midn Nam VI Mao Trach Ddng mud'n di dft'n mdt su thda hidp vdi Hoa Ky dd duong d'au vdi Liftn Xd. Nam 1979, sau khi bang giao Vidt-Hoa dd vd va dua dft'n chid'n tranh giita hai nudc, DCSVN da tift't Id nhidu chi tift't dd td cao nhung muu db ciia DCSTQ dd'i vdi Viftt Nam trong sud't 30 nSm trudc dd trong quan hd giira hai dang.'^ Phan khac, bang giao giiia Liftn Xd va Trung Qud'c vSn cdng thang, va quan hft giira hai dang, bi gian doan Itr nam 1961, vSn chua dugc binh thudng hda. NhiJng su kidn nay, cdng vdi nhung didn bift'n xay ra sau nam 1976, tao ra mdt tinh thd mdi, vdi nhung va'n dd mdi. CJiai quyd't nhiJng va'n dd nay ddi hdi nhung nhdn dinh mdi va dudng Id'i mdi. Dd la trach nhiftm cua Dai Hdi V (thang 3 nam 1982).

DAI HOI V Cl98«)

Nft'u Dai Hdi IV didn ra trong mdt b'au khdng khi liftn hoan va lac quan vd tuong lai thi Dai Hdi V didn ra trong mdt b'au

32

khOng khi khiing khoang va lo du, Nhiing va'n dd can giai quyd't la nhirng va'n dd Idn va khd. Vd ndi vu, chinh sach "cai tao xa hdi chii nghia" vd trung phat "nguy" ap dung gat gao b midn Nam gdy xao trdn Idn vd xa hdi va nha't l a vd kinh td. Chfnh sach tra thii va cai tao dd. ciing thai do hung hang cua chinh quydn cdng san. khidn Hoa Ky tir chd'i vidn trg Vidt Nam trong cdng cudc tai thid't. Tranh cha'p vdi Trung Qud'c vd quan dao Moang Sa va Tay Sa. vd bifin gidi. vd vd quy ehd ngudi Vidt gd'c Hoa gdy xung khac Idn giiia hai qud'c gia vd khifi'n Trung Qud'c cung cat vifin trg. IMu qua ciia nhCmg sil kidn nay l a kd hoach kinh td ngu nifin 1976-1981 hodn toan that b a i . T r a n h chap vdi Kampuchia vd bidn gidi, nhung thuc ra l a vd DCSVN ddi DCS Kampuchia phuc tiing minh, dua dd'n chidn tranh vdi qudc gia ndy ciing vdi Trung Qud'c cud'i nam 1978 d'au nam 1979. Hau qua tdng hgp ciia nhiing du kifin trdn day l a ddy DCSVN sau vao 16 thudc DCSLX

Trong Bao cao chinh tri cua Chinh Tri Bd (CTB) do Ld Dudn trlnh bay. hai lanh vuc chinh l a kinh td va ngoai giao. Rifing vd ngoai giao DCSVN bi dat trudc mdt tinh thd "mdi" l a nhan dan Vidt Nam cd "mdt ke thii true tifi'p vd nguy hidm" mdi: dd Ri "tap doan phan ddng trong gidi dam quydn Trung Qud'c" ma ban chal la "phan each mang". Hg l a "nhung ke theo chu nghTa banh trudng va chii nghTa ba quydn dai Han", nhirng ke "phan bdi" va "d'dng minh mdi" ciia dd qud'c My." ^ Bao cao ndi Dang ta da nhan tha'y "gia'c mdng ba quydn" cua nhirng ngudi lanh dao Trung Qude "tit nhirng nam khang chid'n chd'ng My".

33

Nft'u ta so sanh thdi d6 va ng6n ngir vita m6 ta ciia CTB DCSVN vdi thai dd va ngdn ngir cua ho tai nhirng dai hdi trirdc thi la thd'y Id mia mai vd ly ky. Khd tudng tuong cd thd cd mdt su quay hudng 180 dd nhu thd dugc. Nhung nft'u dung vd khia canh "trung thanh tuyftt dd'i" vdi chii nghTa Mac-Ld-nin vd Cdch mang thdng Mudi thi khdng cd gi thay ddi, khdng cd vd'n dd ddi hudng. DCSVN vdn tu hao rang minh v3n giir diing hudng, v5n "trung thdnh vd han" vdi chu nghTa Mdc-Ld-nin vd chu nghTa qud'c idvd san trong khi DCSTQ da "phan cdch mang"vd "chd'ng chu nghTa xa hdi", cung nhu trong nhung ndm 1957-1964, DCSVN cho rang minh Id ngudi cdch mang v5n giii vung tinh th'an qud'c td vd sdn "trong sdng" trong khi Kroutchev da kim ham each mang.

Trong tinh trang "mdi" ndi trdn. Tan ndy, cung nhu trong nhirng nam 1957-1964, DCSVN vSn cd "ch5 dua viing chac". Ch6 dua dd Id DCSLX luc ndy ciing v5n chua binh thudng hda dugc bang giao vdi DCSTQ. Cho nftn khdng cd gi la trong vide Ld Dudn tuyftn bd' manh me:

"That chat tinh hiiu nghi va md rftng quan hft bap tac vdi cac nudc xa hfti chu nghTa anh em trftn ca sd chu nghTa Mac-lJi-nin va ehii nghTa quft'e tft' xa hfti chu nghTa U vdh dh hhng dhu trong chinh sach dft'i ngoai cua Dang vk Nhd nudc ta

"Doan kSl vh hgp tac lohn di&n vdi Li&n Xd ludn ludn la hon da lang cua chmh sach ddi ngoai cua Dang vh cua Nhh nwd'c ta. Vi lai ich cua nhan dan hai nudc. Id nay v'd sau, chung ta tidp tuc phdt tdSn manh me hon nOa tinh dohn kdt chidn dh'u vh six hgp tac lohn

34

didn VidI Nam - IJ&n X6. Chung (a coi do la mCl bao dam cho (hang Id cija cOng cuOc bao vft Td QuO'c (chO'ng Trung Hoa) va xiy dung xa hOi chii nghTa ciia nhan dan la, cung nhu cho viftc cung cO' dOc lap dan tOc va vi Iri cua chii nghTa xa hOi Irfin ban dao DOng duong; dbng Ihd do la mOI ddng gop tfch cue vdo viftc ciing cd' vd tang cUcmg hft Ihd'ng xa hOi chii nghTa, tang cuiyng cuOc da'u tranh vl hda blnh (n.l. vl Liftn Xd) va chii nghTa xa hOi trdn Ihd'gidi.

"Gan bd chSI che vi hgp lac lohn didn vdiLidn X6 li nguydn tic chid'n lirg'c dbng thd la tinh cam each mang. Dang la co nhiftm vu giao due cac (hft'hft n g u d Vift( Nam nam vutig nguyftn (Se ndy, tha'u suO't chid'n Jwffc n iy , bift'n thanh mO( dOng luc manh me dua .sU nghiftp each mang cua chung (a dft'n todn thang'"^''. (tac gia nha'n manh)

Doan trftn day dugc trich vdi d'ay du chi tift't dd lam sang to mdt didm rat quan trgng trong sU tha'u hidu dubng 16'i ngoai giao ciia DCSVN trong su6't bOn 10 nam tir 1982 dft'n nay, qua hai Dai H6i ruoi. va se tift'p tuc cho dft'n nam 2000, vd sau d6 nira.

Nhung, dbng thdi. cQng nftn nha'n manh rang, theo Bdo cao, dudng 16'i chift'n lugc ngoai giao dd la "ctiwh sacli dd'i ngoai l&-ni-nil do dbng cfif f-fd Chf IWinh d'6 xixdng vh Icidn In. vh Dang da Ihitc hhnh trong "hem ni/a thd ky hoat ddng" cua Ddng "trong ta't cii thdi ky phai tridn ciia each mang Viftt Nam". Nd "kdt hgp nhu'hn nhuy&n chu nghTa y6u nwdc chhn chfnh vdi chu nghTa qud'c 16'vd san trong sdng", dd la nguyftn

35

nhan thang Igi ciia Dang, va dbng thbi bao dam cho nhan dan ta "gopph'&n xiing dang vao sixnghi&p each mang th&'gidf'^'^. (Tac gia nha'n manh)

Su "grin bo chat che va hgp tac toan difin" vdi Liftn Xd dugc thd hiftn trong viftn trg kinh tft' qui mo trong nhirng nam 1976-1991 - tdng c6ng khoang 14-15 ty d6-la, trung blnh 2 ty mdi nam-, ydm trg quan su manh me cu thd hda bang Hidp Udc hiiu nghi va hgp tac giSa Viftt Nam va Liftn Xd (3-11-1978), ngan can Trung Qud'c danh Idn, sau, vd lau vdo Viftt Nam, va cho Viftt Nam kha nang "lam nghla vu qud'c td'", ta'n cdng Kampuchia vd thiftt lap "khd'i Ddng Duong" gbm ba nudc Viftt Nam, Kampuchia va Lao. Su Id thudc Vidt Nam dd'i vdi Liftn Xd dugc thd hiftn qua su Vidt Nam gia nhap Hdi dbng tuong trg kinh Id - CMEA - (27-6-1978), va cha'p nhan cho Liftn Xd xii dung Vung Cam Ranh. Nhirng didn bift'n ndy cd tinh chal chid'n thuat ban la chift'n lugc nftn khdng dan xdt mdt cdch chi tidt d day.

Mdt ddu dan nha'n manh la lanh dao DCSVN se tift'p tuc va bdm chat vdo dudng Id'i trftn day. Do dd, Dai Hdi VI (thang 12 nam 1986) hi mdt phan anh ciia Dai Hdi Tan XXVII ciia DCSIJC va Dai Hdi VII (thang 6 nam 1991) v5n tift'p tuc lung hd nhiing khdu hidu quen thudc tuy rang chi hai thang sau dd ehd dd cdng san d Nga giai thd vd Liftn Xd khdng cdn trftn ban db thd gidi nira.

36

DAI HOI VI C 1 9 8 6 )

Nhung ngudi cdng san Vidt Nam ludn ludn ndi ddn Dai Hdi VI nhu Id mdt diSn bidn cd mdt Cdm quan trong hdt sire Idn. khdi didm ciia mdt hudng di hodn todn mdi ciia Dang. Nhung thuc ra. nhu Cach mang thdng Tdm Id eon de Cach mang Nga, "ddi mdi" cua DCSVN cung chi Id con de cua perestroika cm\.

Trong Idi phat bidu tai Dai Hdi, Trudng Chinh tuydn bd rang dai hdi ndy Id dai bdi ciia "ddi mdi ... phai danh dd'u su ddi mdi ciia Dang ta vd tu duy, vd phong cdch ..."'^'. vd "dd cung la xu thd td't yd'u ciia thdi dai dugc thd hidn ndi bdt trong nhung tu tudng ciia Dai Hdi Tdn thir XXVII ciia Lifin Xd ...". Trong mdt bai vd "Cach mang thang Mudi vd Cdch mang Vidt Nam" nhdn dip ky nidm 70 nam Cdch mang thdng Mudi, Nguydn Van Linh vidt:

"Duotc su cd vu lo Idn cua Dai Il6i XXVTl Dang c6ng san LiCn XO v i ciia cOng cuOc cai id b Lifin XO, Dai llOi Ihii VI Dang cOng san ViftI Nam nCu cao tinh Ihiln ddi mdi, van dung linh lhan phft phan cua tridt hoc mac-xit d l nhln (hang vdo su t h a t , danh gia dung sulhat, noi ro s u ( h a ( . . .

Tucmg cung ndn ghi d ddy rang nhdn dip vid'ng thdm Liftn Xd thdng 6 nam 1986, U Dudn da dugc Corbatehev thdng bao vd perestroika nam thdng trudc khi dudng Id'i mdi ndy dugc chinh thirc cdng bd d Nga, vd sau dd, Trudng Chinh vd Lft Dudn ddu dugc Gorbatchev giai thich vd dudng Id'i mdi

37

cua DCSLX Khdng bidt trong nhung budi ddm tboai vdi Ld Dudn (thang 6 nam 1986). Trudng Chinh (thdng 8 vd 10 cung nam) va Nguydn Vdn Linh (thang Nam, 1987), Gorbatchev da trlnh bdy dudng Id'i perestroika cua dng ra sao. Nhung cdn cii trdn nhirng tuydn bd ciia dng trudc cac co quan ciia DCSLX thi la thd'y rang chinh dng ta cung mud'n cim chu nghla xa hdi vd xir sd Lifin Xd cua dng ra khdi mdt "tinh trang dinh trd", vd dng tin rang dp dung chu nghla id-ni-nit la phuong Ihiic thich hgp dd thuc hidn muc tidu dd. D'du ndy rdl ro trong bdi phuc irinh ciia dng cho Trung Udng DCSLX vd Qud'c Hdi Lidn Xd ngdy 2 thang 11 ndm 1987 vd vd'n dd perestroika vdi dd tdi "Thang Mudi vd Perestroika: cudc cdch mang tidp tuc". Bai dd bat d'du vdi cdu: PiTdn chinh yd'u ciia uu lu vd cdng tac ciia chiing ta ngay nay, nhidm vu va bdn phdn ciia chiing ta ngdy nay Id ddy chii nghla xa hdi tidn Idn va phat buy nhirng ly thuydt vd thuc hdnh ciia chu nghla Ld-nin vd Cdch mang thdng Mudi", vd kdt thiic vdi cdu: "Chung ta khdng khi ndo tir bd chu nghla cdng san".5'

Nhirng Idi ndu trdn ddy rd't hgp y ban lanh dao DCSVN. Nhung nd ciing 1dm cho hg cd nhidu ao tudng. Cho ndn nhung ngudi ndy da cd mdt nhdn dinh sai Tdm rdl Idn vd vd'n dd ndy. VI "trung thdnh vd ban" vdi chii nghla Ld-nin, hg chd'p nhdn didu kidn nguydn tac ddn chii tdp trung, nhdm mat tin vdo su anh minh cua DCSLX vd lanh tu ciia nd, vdo sU sang sud't cua Gorbatchev vd su nhdy ben ciia perestroika, vd hodn lodn khdng nghi ddn kha nang thdi bai.

Lanh dao DCSVN rdl lac quan vd tinh hlnh hidn tai cung nhu vd tuong lai. Bao cao chfnh tri nhdn dinh nhu sau:

38

"Trong nhiJng nam l6i, each mang nirdfc (a Lift'p tuc phai triln Irong bd'i ciinh qud'c Ift'co nhi'ftu su bift'n cl6i.

Cac luc lucmg each mang Ihft' gidi dang khdng ngimg manh Iftn vh. ro rang a thft'chu ddng, lift'n cdng. Luc lucmg moi mat ciia hft thdng xa hdi chu nghTa, do Liftn Xd Ihm tru edt, ngay ciing dudc tang cudng. Dai Hdi ran thd- XXVII Dang cdng san Liftn Xd md ra mdt giai doan mdi co tfnh chai budc ngoae, giai doan phat tridn nang ddng trong tai ca cac ITnh vuc ciia ddi sd'ng xa hdi trftn dai nude Xd Vifil, Vdi chift'n luc ddy nhanh kinh tft' xa hdi, ndn kinh tft' xd viftl dang ehuydn manh sang hudng phat tridn theo chiftu sau nham thuc hiftn nhiJng muc tiftu to Idn trong nhiJng nam con lai cua thft'ky XX.

lift thdng xa hdi chu nghTa tift'n vao giai doan phat tridn mdi vdi cha't luong mdi. Nhung thdnh tuu cua edng ddng xa hdi chu nghTa ... \h nhan td' quyftl dinh thang lori cua chu nghTa xa hdi trong sU tranh dua giiia hai hft thd'ng chinh tri xa hdi dd'i lap trftn thft'gidi".•^^

d mdt doan khac, Bao cao ndi Cucrng ITnh ciia Dai Hdi XXVII ciia DCSLX la "mdt m3u muc ciia su van dung sdng tao hoc thuyftl mac-sit-lft-ni-nft".^-' Trong nhan quang cua nhirng ngudi da muc kich nhung bift'n chuydn trftn thd gidi tiir liic biic tudng Ba Linh bi dap bd dft'n nay, nhiJng nhdn dinh trftn thdt la vd vdn. Liic dd Nguydn Van Linh chua dugc b'du 1dm Tdng Tliu Ky thay Lft Dudn (mdl ma'y thang trudc) vd Bdo edo ndy do Trudng Chinh dgc. Nhung dng tdn Tdng Thu

39

K y N g u y S n V a n L i n h c u n g k h 6 n g k6m l a c q u a n . T h e o 6 n g t a

t h l

"Dai H6i X X V I I ciia Dang c6ng san Lifin X6 da kS' tuc nSu cao tinh th'Sii ddi mdi sdng tao cija L6-nin vk ci!ia C.'ich mang thang Mu6d. Dai H6i da xua't phat tir thuc t£' kh^ch quan hiSn nay ciia tinh hinh trong nudfc vk trSn the' gi&i, dua ra nhiing nhan thiic mdi, phdt trien skng tao hoc thuyfi't Mdc-Le-nin trfin ta't ca v ie Hnh vuc quan trong nhft, soi sdng con dudfng di Ifin ciia th&i dai vk ciia chii nghTa xa hfii. Difeu d6 giup chiing ta hidu sku sac hofn vfe th&i dai, v'S con dudng hifin tai vk tuofng lai cua chii nghTa xa hfli Cling vdi cac quy luat khkch quan cua n6."

Cuoc cai t6 duorc tie'n hknh or Li6n'X6 Ik cu6c each mang tokn diSn vk triSt di ... chac chan c6 gik tri ly luan vk thuc tiSn d6'i vdi chii nghTa xa hOi th&' gidi. Cai t6 a Lifin x6 do tinh chk't vk quy m6 ciia n6, thuc tS' Ik mOt sU nghiSp hokn tokn mod, no c6 anh hudng to Idn vk t^c dfing sku sac de'n tiS'n trinh cdch mang the'gidi...

Su ddi mdi tu duy m6t c5ch sku sac nhk't ciia Dang c6ng san LiSn X6 thd hiSn ndi bat of vi6c 1km phong phu quan niSm ciia Lfi-nin v^ thdfi dai, v^ nhiJng va'n d'S chij yS'u ciia Ihcri dai..."- '

C u n g n h i r T r u c m g C h i x i h , N g u y S n V a n L i n h t i n c h a c r a n g

d a c d i ^ m c i i a t h o f i d a i la " s i r l o t i m a n h c h u a t i r n g c 6 c i i a l u c

l u ' o f n g x a h C i c h i i n g l i T a t r f i n t h 6 ' g i d i , n o n g c 6 ' t la L i 6 n X 6 v i

e 6 n g d b n g x a h 6 i c h i i n g h T a , d a n g q u y S ' t d i n h c h i e u hvcdng

40

p h a t t r i ^ n c u a x a h o i l o a i n g u d i " , v a d u c m g 16'i c a i t6 c i i a D a i H O i X X Y I I "la c a u t r a Kii d u n g d a n " dO ' i v6i n h i r n g t h a c h t h i i c g a y g f i t hi&n n a y d a n g d a t r a t r u d c L i 6 n X 6 v h c h u n g h T a x a h O i . - " C h o n&n I c h O n g l a g i k h i h o 6 m c h a t U t y "d6i mdi" v a L i 6 n X 6 , t r o n g n i b m t i n r a n g , v d i "d6i mdi". D a i H 6 i V I la " m 6 t b u d c n g o a c c o y n g h T a q u y f i ' t d i n h t r o n g v i f i c t a n g c u c f t i g s i r e m a n h c u a D a n g ..." v a " m 6 t c u 6 c c a i t6 r 6 n g I d n , c6 y n g h T a e a c h m a n g s a u s a c , c h a c c h a n s e t a o r a b i f e n d6i t o I d t i t r o n g m 6 t t h 6 i g i a n k h 6 n g x a , " • ' ' ' '

R i 6 n g v& n g o a i g i a o , B a o c a o c h f n h t r i t u y 6 n b 6 :

" T a n g cucrtig dokn kdi vk hc/p tac tohn didn v6\ L i e n X 6 hon da tang trong chfnh sach dd'i ngoai cua D a n g vh Nhh nwdc ta. L i f i n X 6 , T d q u d c cua V . I . I j i -n i n vT d a i , q u e h u c n g c i i a C a c h m a n g t h a n g M u & i ... l a b i d u t u o f n g s a n g n g o f i c i i a s i i c m a n h vk t i n h u t i v i e t cua chu n g h T a xa h 6 i vk qu6 'c te ' xa h d i chu n g h T a . D a n g ta, mCt I'kn nOa, bay ( 6 sU ung hd ho^n tohn chmti sach dOi n6i vA ddj ngoai duac IhOng q u a t a i d a i h 6 i r a n t h i t X X V H cua D a n g c 6 n g san I J e n X O , ung hd hokn tohn CitongITnh c u a D a n g c 6 n g s i i n L i e n X 6 . . . " ^ ' ^ ( T d c g i a nha'n manh)

N g o a i v i 6 c L i e n X 6 c a m kfe't b a o v 6 V i e t N a m c h 6 n g T r u n g Q u O ' e v d i H i f i p u o ' c hCru n g h i V i e t - X 6 n g k y 3 t h a n g 1 ] n S m 1 9 7 8 , n h a n d i p N g u y S n V a n L i n h d S n m 6 t p h a i d o k n d a i bi^u D C S V N v i e ' n g l h a m L i f i n X 6 v a o t h a n g 5 n a m 1 9 8 7 L i ^ n X 6 c o n h i r a s e g i a t a n g ga 'p b 6 i v i f i n t r g k i n h te' c h o Viet N a m . D o d6, Nguy§n V a n L i n h g h i n h a n " b u d c p h a t t r i ^ n m d i " n k y t r o n g b a n g g i a o V i e t - X 6 v k n h a ' n m a n h r a n g D C S V N "coi sii

41

hop tac va sir giiip do cua Li&n X6 Ik cd't loi cua chiSh Iwffc tcinh t6'ddi ngoai cua Vi&t Nam ... ", v a l u y f i n b 6 ' r a n g t r o n g 7 0 n a m q u a L i f i n X 6 l a "ngubn cd' vS vk la chd dm dang tin cky c u a n h C r n g n g u d i e a c h m a n g " . v a "tCr \x\x6c d 6 ' n n a y , n h i f n g n g u d i c 6 n g .san v a n h f t n d f t n V i & t N a m d'fiu g h i n h ^ n m 6 t c h a n l y l a ... k h o n g c 6 L i f i n X 6 v a s u g i i i p d o t o I d t i c u a L i 6 n X 6 ... t h i V i f i t N a m k h 6 n g d a n h d u g c d 6 c lap hoan t o a n , t h O ' n g nha't da't n u d e va d i I f i n x a h 6 i c h u n g h T a x a h 6 i b o q u a g i a i d o a n p h d t t r i ^ n t u b a n c h u n g h T a . " C h o n 6 n " u 6 ' n g n u d e n h d n g u b n " , D C S V N " d d i d d i g h i n h d c d n g an t o I d n c u a C a c h m a n g t h d n g M u d i v a c u a L i 6 n X d v T d a i d d ' i v d i C a c h m a n g V i 6 t N a m v a n h a n d a n V i 6 t N a m , " ^ *

N h i r n g I d i t u y f i n b d t r f i n d a y v i i a q u a d d , v i i a q u a s d m , l a n h t u c u a D C S L X d a n g c h u d n b i m d t c u d e d d i h i r d n g n g o a n m u e .

S U T A N R A C U A " H O N D A T A N G " L I E N x 6 V A

D A I H O I V I I C 1 9 9 1 )

C h i m d t n a m s a u c u d e I h i i o l u a n " n h a ' t t r i " t h d n g 5 n a m 1 9 8 7 g i i r a G o r b a t e h e v v a N g u y S n V a n L i n h c d n h i r n g b a n g c h i m g r o r a n g vt t h a y d d i I d n v f i d u d n g h u d n g c i i a L i S n X d . B a n g e h i i n g c u t h ^ \t t h a y d d i d u d n g h u d n g nay t h ^ h i 6 n t r o n g m d t d g t h d i g i u a d a i b i ^ u D C S V N va D C S L X T h e o t h d n g 16 , t r u d e k h i d u a e u o n g I T n h r a t r i n h D a i H d i T o a n D a n g , T U - D C S V N t r i n h c u o n g I T n h n k y c h o T U - D C S L X d u y f i t p h 6 . D o d d , t h a n g 5 n a m 1 9 8 8 T U - D C S V N c i r m d t p h a i d o a n g " d m 1 2 d a i b i ^ u c a o ca'p d o N g u y S n D i r e B i n h c a m d~au m a n g

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d y t h a o C i r c m g 17nh D a i I I 6 i V I I s a n g M a c T a K h o a gap n i 6 t p h a i d o a n Litn X6 g6m 1 3 l i 6 ' n s7 v a d o B i k e n i n , t 6 n g bitn t a p t a p c h i Ngirdi Cdng San c a m d~au. P h a i d o k n L i 6 n X 6 c h i t r i c h b a n d i r t h a o C i r o n g I T n h c i i a D C S V N m d t e a c h nang n 6 v a t h a n g t h i m g . T h e o p h i i c t r i n h mat c i i a Nguy§n D u * c B l n h c h o T U D a n g , p h a i d o a n L i f i n X 6 c h o r a n g m d t s d ' q u a n d i ^ m D C S V N d u a r a " q u a s d m " ( n h u q u a n d i ^ m n d i c h u n g h T a x a h d i d d n g v a i t r d q u y f i ' t d i n h c i i a n h a n l o a i ) , h o S c " q u a l a c q u a n v a k h d n g p h i i h o p v d i t h u c 16"' ( n h u q u a n d i ^ m n d i l u c l u o n g c i i a h 6 t h d n g x a h d i c h u n g h T a d o L i f e n X d I k m c d t t r u d a d a t d u g c m d t b u d c p h a t t r i i ^ n m d i c a c h i ' f i u r d n g I 3 n c h i f e u sau), " k h d n g d u n g " ( n h u c h u n g h T a t u b a n g i S y c h 6 ' t ) . " d a t s a i u u t i 6 n " ( n h u q u a n d i ^ m n d i d 6 n n h u c a u d a ' u t r a n h " a i t h a n g a i " ) , " c h 6 c h h u d n g v a o c h i i n g h T a x a h d i k i ^ u t r a i l i n h " ( n h u q u a n d i < ^ m \t b a o l u c e a c h m a n g ) v . v . . . N d i c h u n g . h o k h u y f i n e d o D C S V N p h a i t i m m d t c o n d u c m g " t h i c h h g p v d i t h u c t d ' h o n " . v a m u d ' n g i a i q u y f i ' t n g h e o d d i p h a i " t r a n h lap l a i k i n h n g h i 6 m d a u d d n e i t a L i f i n X d " , ' ' ^

T u y vay. n h u n g q u a n d i ( ^ m c i i a b a n l a n h d a o D C S V N v 3 n k h d n g t h a y d d i va d u g c l a p l a i t a i D a i H d i V I I - A ( t h a n g 6 n a m 1 9 9 1 ) . B a o c a o e h i n h t r i c i i a B C I I T U t a i D a i H d i nay v 5 n t u y f e n b d ' " q u y f i ' t t a i n t h e o d u d i d f i ' n c u n g " e o n d u d n g d S n dfe'n x a h d i c h u n g h T a . " k i S n I r i c h i i n g h T a M a c - I _ . d - n i n la va'n d'e c d t i n h n g u y 6 n t a c s d m d t d d i v d i D a n g t a ...", v k " k h d n g c h a ' p n h a n c o n d u d n g n a o k h a e " , Vt L i S n X d , B a o c a o g h i n h a n " l o n g t i n c a y v a s u i i n g h d m a n h m e " c u a D C S I X ; va n h a n d a n L i f i n X d , va l u y f i n b d r a n g " t r u d e s a u n h u m d t " D a n g s e " t a n g c u d n g d o a n k 6 ' l h g i ? t a c v d i Ufin X d .,."^°

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D J 6 U d a n g g h i d d a y l a Nguy§n V S n L i n h d o c B a o c a o n k y v a o n g a y 24 t h a n g 6 nam 1991. T r i r d c d o , c u 6 c g 5 p g & t h u c m g d i n h G o r b a t c h e v - R e a g a n c u 6 ' i t h a n g 12 n a m 1989 of d a o M a l t e d a d a n h d a ' u s i r cha 'm d u t c h i 6 ' n t r a n h l a n h , c u 6 c d u hanh c u a G o r b a t e h e v of H o a K y t r o n g n a m 1990 d a n d i Idn t h u c t a m va nha't q u y f i ' t c u a d n g t a t r o n g v a ' n rfe t h u c h i 6 n d u d n g I d ' i gJasnosl va perestrolka, q u y d n l u c d a c h u y ^ n t i i T U " D C S L X q u a Q u d ' c H d i L i 6 n X d , va n h a ' t l a c h i h a i t h a n g s a u thl D C S L X b i g i a i t d n s a u c u d e d a o c h i n h h u t c u a n h d m c d n g s a n b a o t h u ( t h d n g 8 n a m 1991), v d b d ' n t h a n g s a u ( t h d n g 12 n a m 1991) n g a y c a L i f i n X d e t i n g b i g i a i t h ^ .

H a u q u a k h d n g t h ^ t r d n h d u p e c i i a n h i r n g b i f i ' n c h u y ^ n t r f i n la D C S I J C " n g u d n c d vQ v a c h d d u a d d n g t i n " c t i a D C S V N , k h d n g e o n n i r a . H a i q u d n v a k h d n g q u a n N g a r u t k h d i C a m R a n h , Hi6p u d e " h u n n g h i " ( q u a n s u ) t u y tr6n l y t h u y d ' t c o n h i d u l u c (I6n 1998, n h u n g n d d u a c k y v d i L i f i n X d , m a n a y L i f e n X d g i a i t h ^ r d i , t h i tr6n t h u c n d c h i c d g i a t r i m d t m a n h g i a ' y , H d i d b n g t u o n g t r g k i n h 16' ( C M E A ) g i a i t d n , v i 6 n t r g N g a c h a ' m d i i l . C a i "cd ' t l o i c i i a c h i f i h l u g e k i n h 16' d d ' i n g o a i " c i i a D C S V N , v i f i n t r g c i i a L i 6 n X d , ti6u b i f i ' n . C d i m d ' e e h i n h y d ' u c u a c h u thuy6't L 6 - n i n d a l a m c h o d n g L F d k h d c l 6 n v d " h o d n t o d n t i n t u d n g " v a o L 6 - n i n v a D T Q T n a m 1920 k h i d n g d g c thSiy L 6 - n i n q u a q u y f i ' t r a n g m d t n u d e n h u Vi6t N a m c d t h ^ b d q u a g i a i d o a n p h d t t r i ^ n t u b a n c h u n g h T a tife 'n t h d n g 1 6 n c h u n g h T a x a h d i v i c d D C S d a n a n h N g a t r g g i i i p n a y t h a n h a o t u d n g . B a y g i d l a m s a o d a y d ^ l i 6 ' n l 6 n c h i i n g h T a x a h d i ? K h d n g ti6'n d u g c t h i p h a i d i m g l a i ? H a y l i i i ?

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S u - l i f i u v o n g c u a L i f i n X6 ir&n d a y d u g c D a i H 6 i V I I - B g l i i n h a n , n h u n g c h i m O t e a c h g i a n t i f i ' p , v c r i s u tOr b o n h i J n g c a u s a o m a D C S V N h a n g c a t r o n g n h U n g n a m q u a . T r o n g B a o c a o c h i n h t r i c i i a I 3 C H T U , D 6 M u d i , n g u d i t h a y N g u y g n Van L i n h d c h i r c v u T d n g T h u K y , v a c i i n g l a T d n g T h u k y dlau t i 6 n c u a D C S V N k h d n g d u g c c d n g d u L i f i n X d hang n a m , va k h d n g d u g c t i e ' p r u d e c h i n h t h i J e d d i 6 n K r e m l i n , c h i d'6 cap dfi'n N g a v d i ma'y c h i J : " D u y t r i va t h i i c d^y q u a n he h g p t a c v d ' n CO v d i Lien B a n g N g a , c a c n u d e t h u d c Lien X d t r u d e d a y , va c d c n u d c D d n g A u . "

L a n h d a o D C S V N d a l a ' y d o a n k e ' t v a h g p t a c t o a n dien v d i Lien X d lam " h d n d a l i i n g " c u a c h i n h s a c h n g o a i g i a o c u a D a n g v i hg t i n t u d n g r r i a n h l i e t r a n g k h d i c d n g s a n " d i i n g d"au la Lien X d v 7 d a i " l a m d t l u c l u g n g v d d i c h v a d a n g d S n d'au n h a n l o a i tren d u d n g di de'n c h i i n g h i a x a h d i t r o n g k h i t u ban d a n g r 3 y c h e ' t . D o d d . . su p h a v d b i i c t u d n g B d L i n h v d n h i i t i g b i e ' n e h u y ( ? n tie'p t h e o d d - s u s u p d d c i i a c a c n u d e c d n g s a n D d n g A u . v a , c u d ' i c u n g , s u tieu v o n g c i i a DCvSLX \h sU g i a i t h ^ c i i a Lien X d l a m c h o hg k i n h n g a e v a d a o d d n g I d n . N h C m g n h a n d i n h t i n h h i n h c i i a D a n g d ' eu g h i n h a n d i b u d d .

S a u s u g i a i Ih^ D C S L X v i v u d a o e h i n h h u t 1 7 - 8 - 1 9 9 1 D 5 M u d i t h u n h a n r a n g t i n h h i n h D d n g A u v a L i 6 n X d " t a c d d n g m a n h v a o n d i b d D a n g k h i e ' n c h o y c h i e h i e ' n da'u c u a m d t b d p h a n d a n g v i e n d a s u t k c m c a n g g i a m s i i t h o n " . ' ' ' N g a y c a m d t n g u d i c d n g s a n k i e n c u d n g n h u D d o D u y T u n g c u n g p h a i t h u n h a n r a n g " s u t a n r a n h a n h c h d n g " c u a n h i f e u n u d e x a h d i c h u n g h T a "lam c h o m d t s d n g u d i c h o a n g v d n g , d a o d d n g .

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m a ' t d i 1 6 n g t i n v a o c h u n g h i a x a h 6 i d a d u g c x d y d u n g n h f e u n a m " . 6 2

T<lT n h i f i n , l a n h d a o c u a D a n g p h a i t i m h i ^ u v d d u a r a n h u n g b i f e n g i a i t h i c h n g h i t a i s a o c 6 s u s u p d6 n h u v d y , d ^ t r a i n a n h a n g n g i i , v a n g a y c a c h i n h m i n h , d b n g t h c f i d ^ x a c d i n h t h e ' g i d f i q u a n l a m n f i n t a n g c h o d u o n g l O ' i n g o a i g i a o c u a D a n g t r o n g t i n h t h 6 ' m d i n a y .

G i a i t h i c h c u a l a n h d a o D C S V N v f i sU s u p d6 c i i a D 6 n g A u v a Littt X6 CO t h ^ c h i a thanh h a i l o a i . Loai tM nha't c h o r a n g n g u y f i n d o c i i a s u s u p d6 d o l a k e d i c h d a t h u c h a n h h i S u h i 6 u "di§n b i e ' n h o a b i n h " nhb lai d u n g t i n h t r a n g c h u q u a n m d t c a n h g i d c d o " p h a h o a i , p h a n b g i tir b f i n , t r o n g " , m h t h u p h a m c h i n h ye'u l a " t r a o l u u cO h d i ... d b n g m i n h t u n h i f e n c i i a c h i i n g h i a d 6 ' q u 6 ' c " , gay r a . Nhan x e t nay, d o T r u n g t u d n g D o a n C h u o n g t r i n h b a y , p h a n a n h q u a n d i ^ m c u a g i d i l a n h d a o q u a n dd i . ' '3 N h u n g n d c u n g l a q u a n d i ^ m c & a m d t s d l a n h d a o cd ' t c a n c i i a D a n g , n h u D a n g X u d n K y , v i 6 n t r u d n g V i 6 n N g h i f i n C i m M a c - l ^ - n i n . T h e o d n g nay, " t i n h t r a n g t h o a i t r k o " c u a k h d i x a h d i c h i i n g h i a d o " t a ' n c d n g d i f i n c u d n g " c u a n h u n g th€ l u c t h i i n g h i c h c u n g " b g n ccf h d i x e t l a i , n h i i n g k e p h a n b d i d~au h a n g " gay r a . ^ ' ^

V i l y d o di hiiu, l a n h d a o D C S V N k h d n g t h ^ c d n g k h a i I d n a n d i c h d a n h G o r b a t e h e v , n h u n g h g k h d n g n g a n c a n c a n b d d ca'p t h a ' p h o n lam e h u y f e n d d , V i d u , N g u y S n P h i i T r g n g , m d t g i d o s u v 6 m d n s i r , v i f i ' t t r o n g t a p c h i c u a T r u n g U d n g D a n g , c h o r a n g l y d o c i i a s u y sap l a " n g a y d s u b o a t d d n g , v a n d d n g c u a b a n t h a n D C S L X ma n b n g c d t l a m d t s d n g u d i

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l a n h d a o c h u chfi't c u a D a n g ( n g h T a l a C J o r b a t c h e v ) ; v a K h 6 n g D o a n L g f i . m 6 t c h u y f i n v i f i n ca 'p c a o c u a V i 6 n M a c - l _ ^ - n i n , c a p d 6 ' n " n h u n g c o h 6 i d u m a u s f i c ... q u a n n i 6 m r a n g s t t p h a t t r i ^ n b a y gib k h d n g c a n d f i ' n e a c h m a n g n u a " , k h d n g d o du" vifi ' t: " c h a n g a i k h a c ma c h f n h d n g G o r b a t e h e v ... n g u d i t h u y d n t r u d n g c o n tau C C C R d a n g c h i m x u d ' n g bi§n ... d a d u a r a l a p l u a n t u o n g tu"va d a " k h u y d n d a i h d i d a n g h a y tiir b d g i a o d i ' d u v d d a ' u t r a n h g i a i ca'p".'^-''

L x i a i g i a i t h i c h t h i r h a i . t d n h i h o n . l a p h a n u n g c u a n h u n g n g u d i k h d n g cha'p n h a n h o a n t o k n l a p l u a n c h o r h n g n g u y d n d o c u a s u s u y s d p c i i a D d n g A u v d L i 6 n X d l a am m u u c u a c h i i n g h T a d d ' q u d ' c . H o c h o r a n g d i ' d u d d d i i n g n h u n g k h d n g d u , v i n h u t h d "la g d n c h o d d ' q u d ' c svcc m a n h m d d d ' q u d ' c k h d n g c d " . T h e o h o , L i 6 n X d d a p h a m m d t l o a t s a i Fam n h u c h u q u a n , d u y y c h i , p h a m n g u y f i n t a c c o b a n c u a c h u n g h T a M a c - I ^ - n i n . ^ ^ ^ N g u y d n d o c i i a s u p d d Ih s u p h i i n h d n c h u n g h T a M d c - l ^ - n i n , d a k h d n g c o i c h Q n g h T a M a c - I ^ - n i n n h u l a n d n t a n g t u t u d n g c i i a D a n g c d n g s a n . Q u a n d i d m n a y d u g c N g u y S n P h u T r g n g t r i n h b d y c h i t i d t t r o n g t a p c h i t u t u d n g c i i a T U ' D a n g n h u s a u :

"Trong cac van kifen chinh thiJc vki nSm g&n day ciia D C S L X khdng noi de'n chu nghTa Mac-Le-nin nhu n~en tang tu tudng ciia Dang c6ng ,san mk chi ndi ke' thira cac gia tri tu (udng cua Mac Ang-ghen, I ^ -nin, dbng thdi tie'p (hu cac ngudn khac cua van minh nhan loai, Tren thuc le' \h. da mac muu ciaa chu nghTa de' qudc, cua cac tu tudng chdng cdng, ha tha'p, phu nhan chii nghTa Mac-Le-nin, thay ddi nhutig nguyen

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If ccf b a n b a n g n h u t i g l u k n d i d m c u a c h u n g h T a x£t h 6 i d d n c h u .

M6t l o a t v a ' n d'& ca b a n c u a hoc t h u y f i ' t M a c -Iv f i -n in d a b i " t u d u y c h f n h t r i m d i " l a m c h o s a i l a c . D a c b i e t n g u d i t a x e m n h e v a ' n d& da 'u t r a n h g i a i ca'p, n h a ' n m a n h n h u n g g i a t r i c h u n g c u a t o k n n h a n l o a i ; x e m n h e c h u y f i n c h f n h v6 s a n , n h a ' n m a n h h o a h o a n , n h a n quy ' fen ; c h o r a n g c h u n g h T a t u b a n d a t h a y d6i b a n cha ' t , x ^ t l a i s i r m f i n h c i i a g i a i ca'p c d n g n h a n ; n h a ' n m a n h v a ' n d~6 d a n t d c , x e m n h e c h u n g h T a qud ' c te'; n h a ' n m a n h v a ' n d"e d a n c h u c d n g k h a i , x e m n h e vSin dfe k y l u a t t a p t r u n g t h d ' n g n h a ' t t r o n g D a n g .,,

T i t ch6 x a r d i c h u n g h T a M a c - L e - n i n , n g u d i t a ( n . l . G o r b a t e h e v ) p h a m s a i Tarn n g h i e m t r o n g v e d u d n g I d ' i , x a r d i c o n d u d n g e a c h m a n g x a h d i c h u n g h T a , n g a d'an s a n g p h u o m g T a y , d i t h e o c o n d u d n g x a h d i d a n c h i i , a o t u d n g t r d n g c h d v k o sU c u u m a n g g i u p d d c u a c h i i n g h T a t u b a n n u d e n g o k i , R o r k n g s u x a r d i , p h u n h a n c h u n g h T a M a c - L e - n i n I k n g u y e n n h a n t e h a i d S n de'n s u s u p d6 c u a c h u n g h T a x a h d i h i e n t h u c v a I k m t a n r a D a n g v 'e m a t c h f n h t r i t u t u d n g " . ^ ' '

D o a n t r f i n d a y d u g c t r i c h n g u y d n v a n \h t o a n p h ' a n v i n o n d u r a m 6 t e a c h c h i lid't ta ' t c a n h i r n g g i md l a n h d a o D C S V N s e lam n g u g c l a i s a u d o , v a c h o d6'n n a y . N h u d a n o i d d ' a u bai n a y , D a i H d i V I I - B v i r a q u a q u y d ' t n g h i s e t i d ' p t u c d u d n g Id'i c u a D a i - H d i V I l - A c h o d d n nam 2 0 0 0 v d s a u nCra. T a d a n nam v u n g d i ' d u n a y n d u t a mud'n h i d u v a dur d o a n d u d n g Id'i c u a D C S V N t r o n g n h i m g nam t d i .

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D i r o n g I 6 ' i "Irirofc s a u nhu m 5 t " v a " I r u n g I h d n h t u y f e t d d ' i " v d i c h u n g h T a M a c - L d n i n s e d o n DCvSVN v a o t h d p h a i c h u y d n h u d n g lur d u a v a o D C S L X s a n g d u a v a o D C S T Q . H o s e b i k e t v d i T r u n g Q u d ' c . Nhu m d i c h a m n g d n l^hap n d i " q u i s e r e s s e m b l e s ' a s s e m b l e " . C h i n h t h i r c , T r u n g Q u d ' c v 5 n la m d t q u d ' c g i a x a h d i c h i i n g h T a t h e o c h i i t h u y d ' t M a c - L d - n i n . v d t r o n g h i d n t a i , D C S T Q c h d n g " d i d n t i d n h o a b i n h " m d t e a c h k i c h l i d t . V d p h i a V i d t N a m . D C S V N , c u n g k i c h i i d t c h d n g " d i d n t i d ' n h o a b i n h " , T h f i m v a o d d . D C S V N n a y d a ma't " c h d d u a v i f n g e h r i e " l a D C S L X m a l a i d d ' i d'au v d i H o a K y , n d n dan m d t " c h d d u a v i i t i g c h f i c " k h a c , v a c h d d u a n a y c h i c d t h d la D C S T Q VI n d l a m d t d a n g c d n g s a n , d a n g c u a m d t n u d e Idn, t h a m n i d n h o f n D C S V N , v d T r u n g Q u d ' c n a m n g a y t r d n d'au V i d t N a m .

D a i H d i VII-A q u y d t d i n h v 3 n k i d n q u y d t t i d p t u c l a ' y c h i i n g h T a M a c - L d - n i n lam " k i m c h i N a m " t r o n g l y t h u y d ' t va h k n h d d n g , D i d u d a c b i d t v d k i m c h i N a m nay l a n g u d i di, D C S V N , l u d n l u d n d i v d h u d n g Bic: hd ' t T r u n g Q u d ' c d d n hitn X d , vd hd ' t L i d n X d l a i d d n T r u n g Q u d ' c . Chi v i " t r u n g t h a n h t u y d t dd'i" v d i e h i i n g h T a M a e - l J i - n i n m a D C S V N l u d n l u d n p h a i m a n g m d t t r d n g Idn q u a n h c d . L i l n n a y , n h u n h i r n g n a m 1 9 5 0 - 1 9 6 5 d a d u g c d~d cap d d n d d o a n t r d n . D C S V N l a i m a n g t r d n g D C S T Q ,

M a n g t r d n g DCSTQ ta ' t p h a i h o c bM c u a DCSTQ. T r o n g n h i r n g n a m 1 9 5 0 DCvSVN p h a i hgc b a i " c a i e a c h r u d n g da't" va M y la " m d t k e d i c h e h i n h " c u a n h a n d a n V i d t N a m , Bay g i d t h i l a i p h a i h g c b a i " c h d n g d i d n b i d ' n h o a b i n h " vd M y l a i

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I d k e d i c h c u a n h a n dan V i f e t N a m . T r o n g l a i l i d u h o c tap c o q u y d n Bkn V6 VHi Dh Chdng DJSn BJSh Hda Blnh c u a D a i H o c C 6 n g An Nhan D a n T r u n g Q u d ' c ma N h a Xua't B a n C h i n h T r i Q u d ' c G i a v i i r a c h o d i c h v d x u a ' l b a n . ^ ^ Q u y d n s a c h n d y c h i d d d a n h r i d n g c h o c a n b d D a n g h o c t a p . T r o n g I d i t u a , nha x u a ' t b a n n d i h o h y v o n g q u y ^ n s a c h n a y " k h d n g c h i c u n g ca 'p c h o b a n d o c n h i r n g t h d n g t i n va t u l i d u b d i c h , m a c d n ggi m d c h o c h u n g t a n h u n g s u y n g h i v d c d c h p h d n g va c h d n g " d i d n b i d n h d a b i n h " n h a m t h u c d£y c d n g c u d e ddi m d i , b a o v d s u n g h i d p e a c h m a n g x a h d i c h u n g h T a d da't n u d e t a . " D i d u q u a i g d d d a y la t h e o q u a n d i d m d u g c t r i n h bay t r o n g n g a y b a i d'au c u a q u y d n s a c h n a y la c h i d n l u g e " d i d n b i d ' n h d a b i n h " b a t d"au t i r n a m 1 9 5 0 , va n g u d i d'd r a c h i d ' n l u g e d d l a d n g A c h e s o n , n g o a i t r u d n g H o a Ky t h d i T d n g Thd 'ng T r u m a n ! D C S V N t h e o d u d i D C S T Q t h u t l i i i l a i 4 4 n S m ! S a c h v i d ' t :

"Chii nghTa xa h6i va chii nghTa tU ban la hai chfi' d6 xa hdi ddi lap can ban. Su ddi Up va da'u tranh giiia hai ch6' d6 nky tir trude dfi'n nay chua bao gid ngiimg. Cac the' luc phan ddng qud'c te' tir trudc de'n nay chua bao gid lit bo lap trudng can ban thu dich vk lat dd che'dd xa hdi chu nghTa. Bat d^u tir nam 1950, sau khi bi tha't bai trong cude can thiep vu trang vao cac nude xa hdi chu nghTa, chiing da chuydn trong didm cua chinh sach sang "diSn bie'n hda binh."^'

D u d n g I d ' i " t r u n g thanh t u y d t d d ' i " v d i c h i i n g h T a M a c - L 6 -n i n ddi h d i D C S V N ' b u d c d a n V i d t N a m p h a i l u d n l u d n m a n g t r d n g n g o a i q u d ' c , h o d c c u n g h a i t r d n g m d t l u c - t r d n g D C S U C v a t r d n g D C S T Q - h o S e m d t t r o n g h a i t r d n g d d , v a

5 0

I h i t c n n g x u y f i n s O ' n g t r o n g t i n h t r a n g c h i f i ' n t r a n h t r i d n m i d i i , h o a c n o n g h o a c l a n h , v d i n h i i n g h d u q u a t a i h a i c u a n6. N h u t i g n h o m l a n h d a o h i f i n t a i c i i a D Q S V N c o v e k h d n g h d d a o d d n g v d n g u y c o n i \ y .

K E T L U A N : T U D I E N B I E N H O A B I N H ?

Q u a n d i d m c i i a n h i i n g n g u d i l a n h d a o D C S V N h i d n t a i rd ' t t r u n g h o p v d i q u a n d i d m c i i a l a n h d a o D C S T Q . S u k i d n n d y t h d h i d n ra't r o t r o n g p h a n i i n g c u a h o v d s u s u p d d c i i a c a c n u d e c d n g s a n D d n g A u va Li6n X d . H o d b n g n h i r t v d b a d i d m . M d t la t u y p h e x a h d i c h u n g h i a d a n g lam v a o t i n h t r a n g t h a i h d a v d c a n c a n l u c l u o n g t h d g i d i t h a y d d i ba ' t I g i c h o p h e nay. n h u n g s u " c h u y i ^ n h d a " d d " c h u a p h a i la t i d ' n g n d i c u d i c u n g , c h u a p h i i i l a t i d n g c d i k d l t h i i c I r a n da'u".^o N d c h i la " m d t k e o t a m t h d i " va t u t u d n g x a h d i c h i i n g h T a " v 5 n t i d ' p t u c c o n d u d n g p h a t inin c u a n d , k h d n g c d m d t l u c l u g n g n a o c d I h i ^ x d a b d d u g c " ' ^ ^ p j a j c u d e c h i d ' n t r a n h " a i t h a n g a i " la " m d t q u y luat ta ' t y d u " c i i a t h d i k y q u a d d I d n c h u n g h T a x a h d i . B a l a k h d n g t h ^ t i r b d c h i i n g h T a M a c - L d - n i n d u g c . T i r b d la p h a n b d i , T r a i l a i , p h a i t i d p t u c t a ' n c d n g ,

T r u n g t u d n g 1 ^ X u a n L u u v i d t :

"Tir bo tu tudng Mac-l^-nin se dua dCri con dudng phan bdi su nghifip ciia nhan dan,

Ngky nay, cude drfu I ranh tu I udng dang diSn ra gay ga( vk khdng khi nao ngUng trCn pham vi thfe' gidi. Cude da'u tranh do da vh dang diSn ra xoay quanh va n

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d'6 trung tarn cua IhM dai Ik va'n d& con dudng mk niian loai se lua chon; chu nghTa xa hOi hay chii nghTa tu ban ? Day la mdt cude ehie'n tranh khdng thi di'eu hoa vk khdng mdt ai cd th^ trung lap, vl trong y thirc con ngudi khdng h'e co [hi chan khdng. Han the', the' gidi quan mac-xit ddi hoi chung ta khdng phai chi co phdng thii, bao ve (U ludng xa hdi chii nghTa ciia chiing ta, mk trudc he't phai chu ddng ta'n cdng vach trkn vk dap tan moi lukn didm cua the' luc phan ddng."''-

6 n g t a c h o r a n g c l i S n b i d ' n h o a b i n h " I k m d t l o a i c h i d ' n t r a n h k h d n g c d k h d i s u n g " , v k n g u y d n "nha't d i n h .se d a n h b a i m o i a m muti v k t h u d o a n "di§n b i d n h d a b i n h " c u a c a c t h d l u c p h a n d d n g , g d p ph'an x u n g d a n g v a o c u . d c daii t r a n h t u t u d n g c h u n g c i i a p h o n g t r a o c d n g s a n v k c d n g n h a n t h d g i d i " . ^ ' ^

Q u a n d i d m t r d n d a y l a q u a n d i d m d u g c g h i v a o C u o n g I T n h cLia D a i H d i V I I - A v a d u g c n h a c l a i t r o n g n g h i q u y d ' t c i i a D a i H d i V I I - B , M d t t r o n g n h u n g n h i d m v u g h i t r o n g c u o n g I T n h D a i H d i V I I - A " l a d a ' u t r a n h k i d n q u y d t c h d n g a m m u u " d i d n b i d ' n h d a b i n h " " , v k t r o n g B d o c d o c h i n h t r i c u a D a i H d i V I I -B , D 6 M u d i l i d t d i d n b i d ' n h d a b i n h v a o l o a i " t h a c h t h i J c I d n " ma D a n g c d n h i d m v u k h a c p h u c . ' ^ ^

T h e o T r u n g l u d n g IJ, X u a n L u u d i d n b i d ' n h d a b i n h , " l o a i c h i d ' n t r a n h k h d n g c d k h d i s u n g " , d u g c t r i d n k h a i " m d t c d c h l o a n d i d n " , t a ' n cdng v a o c a c c o c a ' u y t h i r c x a h d i " c a c h i ' d u n g a n g I 5 n c h i d u dgc".'"^ D i d m n a y d u g c b i n h l u d n v i d n c h i n h t r i c u a B a o Qukn Ddi Nhan Ddn P h a n L a n g I r i d n k h a i c h i t i d ' t t r o n g m d t c u d e d d ' i t h o a i v d i n h a n v i d n b a n b i d n tap q u d ' c t d

5 2

c u a t & b a o . T h e o P h a n L a n g , t h l c h u n g h T a t h y c d a n m d i "mk l i d u b i e u l a t h u c d a n m d i c u a H o a K y " c h i " ( h a y h i n h d d i d a n g " v a " g i a ' u m a t h o ' h n l o a n " , n h u n g d u n g ta ' t c a t h u d o a n -" d d q u d ' c v a n h d a " , " d d q u d ' c k y t h u a t " , " d d q u d c k i n h t d " ' - d d . I h d ' n g t r i c a c q u d ' c g i a k h d c . N g a y c a v i d n t r g k i n h t d , h a y c h o v a y n g l a i , c u n g b i c o i I d t h u d o a n d d q u d ' c , " l a c d c h t u d c d o a t n g u d i k h d c n h e n h d n g n h a ' t " . 6 n g L a n g n d i r o r a n g q u a n d i d m n d y l a ' y t r o n g c d n g t r i n h n g h i d n c i r u c i i a m d t t d c g i a T r u n g Q u d ' c , Q u d c h C h d u V i S n , d o q u d n d d i T r u n g Q u d ' c Ssi h a n h . 7 7

N h i r n g q u a n n i 6 m t r S n d d y I d q u a n n i d m t h e o c h i i n g h T a L d - n i n t h u d n t u y , m a L d - n i n d a d d r a e a c h d d y h o n 7 0 n a m . N h u n g ( i r b a y n a m n a y D C S V N k h d n g n g d t n d i d d ' n " d d i m d i " . N h u H d S y P h u , m d t t r i t h u - e c d n g s a n d a s u y t u n h i d u v d d u d n g I d ' i c i i a D a n g , n h d n x e t ; " D d i m d i [ n h u l a n h d a o h i d n t a i c i i a D C S V N d a n g 1 d m ] c h a n g q u a I d t r d v d v d i n h i r n g n g u y e n l y c o b a n c u a M a c - L d - n i n . " ' ' ^ A i t h u n h d n t u y d t d d ' i c h i i n g h T a L d - n i n , n h u d n g L T d , v d t h e o d u d i d n g , n h d m l a n h d a o h i d n ( a i c u a D C S V N , td't n h i d n p h a i c h d ' p n h d n t h d g i d i q u a n d d ' i d i i u , " d a ' u t r a n h s i n h t i r c u d ' i c i i n g , m d t m a ' t m d t cbn".'^^ D a y l a l u d n t h u y d ' t e h i d n t r a n h k h d n g t h d t r d n h d u g c g i i r a t u b a n v d c d n g s a n m d L d - n i n d a d i i n g I d m c a n b a n c h o D T Q T .

N g u d i c d n g s a n I d p l u d n r a n g c d n l u b a n ( r d n t h d ' g i d i t h l e d n c h i d ' n t r a n h . N h u n g t a c u n g c d t h d d a o n g u g c I d p l u d n d'y v d n d i r a n g c d n c d n g s a n t h l c d n c h i d ' n ( r a n h . V d d u d n g I d ' i c i i a D C S V N d a ( r i n h b d y ( r d n d d y n d i r o s u k i d n n d y . N h d m l a n h d a o h i d n n a y c i i a D C S V N q u a n n i d m r a n g " t r u d c s a u n h u

53

m6t" phai "trung thhnh tuyfet d6'i" w6i chu nghTa Mdc-L6-nin "trong sang". Cho nfin ho phai ti^p tuc chiSn luoc "tSh c6ng cdch mang", vk quan niSm "diSn bifen h6a blnh" Id m6t loai chie'n tranh. Tiir ngdy thanh lap dSn nay, Dang ludn phiSn ch6ng Phdp, ch6ng My, ch6'ng Trung Qu6c, Nay ho lai cho rang lanh dao DCSLX Id phan b6i, dbng thofi ho v5n tiSp tuc coi Hoa Ky Id m6t ke thil nguy hi^m, trong m6t chifin tranh "d6i mdfi" mang ten Id "diSn bifin h6a blnh". Khi ndo vd noi ndo ho cung tha'y thu dich.

NguySn Thanh Giang, m6t tri thiic c6ng san khdc da thac mac nhifeu ve ducmg I6'i cua DCSVN, dat cdu hoi sau day vS duomg 16'i ngoai giao cua Dang;

"... do dau md htfii 40 nam qua chung ta lai phai duofng d'au vo'i qua nhifeu luc luang thu dich tr6n Ihfi' g\6i nhu vdy? Chung ta khfing nhfltig phai ddnh nhau vo'i cai md chiing ta goi Id "ke thii khflng dOi trod chung" md ca voi nhOng nguod md mod h6m qua chung ta xac dinh "tinh h&u nghi dod dod b'Sn viing"... Trong lich sir hifin dai cua nhan loai, ViSt Nam Id hifen tuong d6c dao nha't c6 le Id a ch6 ta phai chifiii ddu chd'ng lai Kdu h6't cdc cucmg qu6'c trSn th6' gidi... Vi sao md th&' gidi cii ludn ludn Id dd'i tucmg canh giac cua ta nhu the' ?... Trong xu the' the' gidi da chuy^n tir d6'i d&u sang dfi'i thoai, 1cm v&n trudc mat ta vSn cai bong ma "diSn bie'n hoa blnh"... Phai chang chinh chung ta tir "diln bi6'n h6a binh"?"80

Va 6ng ta tra Idi: khdng phai vl thien nhien cua Viet Nam gidu dep; md cung khdng phai vl nhdn loai mud'n y lai da

54

giao ta't ca sit mfinh lich six nang cho Viet Nam. "Set di chiing la c6 qua nhieu ke thil vl chiing ta nhln the' gidi qua lang kinh dd'i dich... Ro rkig Id tii Idu ta da th^ hitn mdt nhdn sinh quan khdng trong sang, mdt the' gidi quan khdng diing dan

Giai thich tren day rd't diing, Lanh dao hifn tai cua DCSVN da ludn ludn, "trudc sdu nhut mdt", cd mdt quan niem dd'i d'au ve the' gidi, vd cd nhirng hdnh vi hung hang hie'u chie'n thfch nghi vdi quan niem dd, vi ho Id nhiJng ngudi "trung thdnh tuyet dd'i" vdi chu nghla Mac-Le-nin. Ho phai chung minh rang tinh th'dn yeu nude ciia mlnh la "chdn chfnh" vd tinh th'dn qud'c te'vd san ciia mlnh Id "trong sang", rang ho khdng ngiitig tranh dd'u cho "each mang the' gidi", ludn ludn hang say chie'n da'u lrong eude tranh dd'u giQa chii nghla tu ban vd chii nghla cdng san "ai thang ai" d^ "gdp ph'an xiing dang vdo su nghiep each mang cua nhdn ddn the' gidi". Ho nhu mdt ngudi nhe rang trofn mat nhln vdo tain gitofng, tha'y ngudi dd'i dien mlnh cd ve hung hang hie'u chie'n nen mlnh phai len c6 Sling. Ho khdng y thire dugfc rang ngudi hung hang hie'u chie'n a'y chfnh Id mlnh! Cung nhu ho khdng y thirc duoe rang ngdy ndo ho cdn nhirt quye't dm chat chii nghla Mdc-Le-nin "lrong sang" vd Cach mang thang Mudi "vl dai" thl tu tudng vd dudng Id'i cua ho chi cd th^ Id tu tudfng vd dudng Id'i dd'i ddu, chi thfch hgfp vdi tinh, hlnh trong mdt the' gidi khdc ban the' gidi ngdy nay.

Td't nhien, ve mat chie'n thudt (sdch lucre) ho dua ra dudng Id'i "ddi mdi" nay no ve ngoai giao. Bao cao chinh tri Dai Hdi VII-B cd ndi de'n chfnh sach "rdng mo, da dang hda, da

55

phirtfng hda, tranh thu td'i da mat dbng, han ch6 mat ba't d(5ng",82 Ngoai Tnidng Nguy§n Manh Cam c6 d~6 cap d6'n "chuy^n hudng dd'i ngoai" nhu Ik "mdt quk trlnh ta't ye'u".^^ Nhung Dai Hdi VII-A da giai thich ro rkng: "Ddi mdi khdng phai Ik thay ddi muc tifiu xa hdi chii nghTa mk 1km cho muc tifiu a'y du'gfc thuc hifiii cd kS't qua,., bang nhiing hlnh thiic, budc di vk bifin phdp thich hop".*'^ Nhung dd chi Ik thii doan chie'n thuat (sdch luge) 16-ni-nit. Nhu Hk Sy Phu da ndi (d doan trSn) ddi mdi nhu th6' chi Ik "trd \6" vdi cdi cQ. Trong chi'6u hudng dd mdt trong nhiing nguy6n lac chi dao mk Dai Hdi VII-B viia qua de ra Ik "tie'n hknh cudc ddu tranh tokn ddn, tokn diSn, Idu dki" chd'ng "km miru vk hknh ddng "dign bifi'n hda blnh"'.^^ Ta cd cam tudng nghe Trudng Chinh giang v6 "Chie'n tranh trudng ky", hay Tudng Vo Nguy&n Giap giang ve llnh chk't "tokn dkn tokn difen" cua "Chi^n tranh nhkn dan" trong nhihig nam 1945-1950! Sau 50 nam chiSh tranh, v5n da'u tranh "tokn dkn, tokn di6n, Iku dki"! Trudc sau v5n nhu mdt!

Cuomg ITnh ciia tk't ca nam dai hdi ciia DCSVN tiit 1975 dfi'n nay deu nha'n manh rang Dang nha't quy&'t kifin dinh di con dudng xa hdi chii nghTa, la'y chu nghTa Mac-L6-nin 1km ccf sd ly ludn va hknh ddng, vk ngoki dirdng k'y ra khdng cd con dudng nko khdc. D'fiu nky dung, nhimg nd chi diing theo nghTa Id Dang khdng cd con dudng ndo khdc chi vl Dang nhul quyg't theo chu nghTa Mac-L6. Ngdy ndo Dang cdn dm cung chu nghTa nky thl thS' gidi quan ciia Dang chi cd Ih^ Ik mdt the'gidi quan dd'i d'au tai hai. Tai hai Idn nha't Ik moi phat tri^n cua xil sd bi dlnh trfi, dac biSt Ik phat trien kinh 16', co sd ciia mdt ddi sd'ng td't dep hon. Nhung nS'u Dang bd quyS't Ikm

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6m cung chu nghTa Lfe-nin thl trudc mat Dang se hifen ra hkng chuc con duong khac dua dfi'n nhung chdn trM mdi trong m6t the gidi mdi. Trong th6^ gidi nky, mt si nhudng ch5 cho tri Int, dd'i d'au nhudng ch5 cho hda giai, ddi thoai, vk hop tkc, vk dkn tdc Viet Nam cd th^ tao cho mlnh mdt ch6 dung thoa dang trong hkng ngu nhung dkn tdc duac hudng hda blnh, an lac, tu do vk sung man.

Tuy nhiSn, trong su lua chon mdt dudng Id'i ngoai giao khac cho Yitt Nam, cd hai quy tac Idn phai duoc tdn trong. Mdt Ik nfe'ii trong qud khu" su lua chon ciia nhdm lanh dao hien tai cua DCSVN can cii trfin nhiJng tifiu chudn y thiic theo dac hiing cua mdt nhdm ngudi Ik'y phuc vu giai ck'p vk each mang thS' gidi lam chu dich, thl nay sU lua chon phai can cii tren nhirng dieu kiSn dia ly chinh tri (geopolilique) dUdc ciru xet mdt each khoa hoe vk ckn nhac ky lufdng, vdi chii dich Ik phuc vu tokn th^ qud'e dkn Viet Nam, vk uai ti6n sd' mdt Ik phuc vu quySn I d thiS't thuc ciia nude Viet Nam. Hai Ik lanh dao Viet Nam phai tii bd trie't ly cue doan ciia Tky phucrtig vk trd v'e vdi triS't ly trung dung cua Ddng phuong: 1km ckch mang, nhung phiii trung dung trong ckch mang, khdng bk't ckp, nhung cung khdng thki quk.

T.T.T. Ottawa Thang4 nam 1994

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