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A computer system is made up of the following components

Hardware Software Middleware( Users)

Software:These are computer programs; instructions that cause the hardwarethe machinesto do workSoftware refers to sets of instructions, known as programs, which are written by human beings. Without

programs the computer cannot operate. A software directs the computer on how to perform various

tasks.

The two primary software categories are:

System software, this is a program that control the workings of the computer, thus system software is a

program that control the operation of a computer example of system software are:

(i) Operating System, this is a program that operates a computer system, it controls andmanages all the activities of a computer (windows98, windows Me windows XP, Mac OS

(ii) Utilities or service software are also another example of system software that performs a

very specific task usually related to managing system resources, operating systems containsa number of utilities for managing drives, printers and other devices

(iii) Device Drivers: Most devices require the installation of software routines called device

drivers, which allow the computer to transmit and receive information to and from thedevice. E.g.; Disk Drive; Joystick driver; Light Pen driver; Mouse driver.

Application software, also known as an application or an "app", is computer software designed to help

the user to perform singular or multiple related specific tasks. Examples include enterprise software

accounting software, office suites, graphics software and media players. Many application programs

deal principally with documents. Apps may be bundled with the computer and its system software, or

may be published separately. Some users are satisfied with the bundled apps and need never install one.

Application software is contrasted with system software and middleware, which manage and integrate a

computer's capabilities, but typically do not directly apply them in the performance of tasks that benefit

the user. The system software serves the application, which in turn serves the user.

Custom software (also known as bespoke software) is software that is specially developed for some

specific organization or other user. As such, it can be contrasted with the use of software packages

developed for the mass market, such as commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) software, or existing free

software.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_%28computing%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accounting_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_suitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphics_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_player_%28application_software%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Document_file_formathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_bundlinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middlewarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_marketinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_off-the-shelfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_off-the-shelfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_marketinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middlewarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_bundlinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Document_file_formathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_player_%28application_software%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphics_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_suitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accounting_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_%28computing%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_software

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Custom software can be developed by an in-house software development group, or be commissioned

from a software house or independent software developer.

Generic Application

Software which can perform many different types of tasks but is not specifically designed for one type

of application. Example Microsoft Office, Open Office etc.

APPLICATION PACKAGES: A BRIEF HISTORY

Application packages perform business-specific functions, as opposed to operating system or

environmental software such as IBM's Series operating system or Windows NT. Most important is the

fact that while operating or environmental software upgrades are typically transparent to the business

community, application package upgrades are not.

Application packages first became available during the mid-to-late 1960s when financial accounting andpayroll software was made available for lease from companies such as McCormack & Dodge. Early

application packages focused on accounting or financial solutions. Application packages eventually

offered manufacturing, customer management, human resources, and various other functions.

Many of these systems were designed using the same principles as inhouse legacy applications. Early

packages focused on a single function within a corporate or government hierarchy, such as accounting

and were built using older software languages and programming techniques. This has caused application

packages to become inflexible and increasingly hard to fine-tune to customer requirements.

Application packages must be integrated into inhouse application and data architectures. As a result

inhouse programming teams have had to modify application packages, and this has resulted in

difficulties in reintegrating vendor upgrades back into the package software. Falling behind current

releases of a given package increases the challenge of upgrading packages exponentially.

Over the past decade, a variety of ERP packages were released that appealed to executives frustrated

with inadequate responsiveness from in-house programming teams. Many times, the decision to acquire

and install these packages is driven by senior management, based on promises from vendors stating that

the package will provide a low-cost way to rid themselves of legacy systems while delivering new

business functionality. .
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_househttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_developerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_developerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_house

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Word ProcessingWord processing is using computers to enter, store, manipulate and print text in letters, reports, booksand so on.

A word processor is a program that enables you to create, edit and print documents. Of all computer

applications, word processors are the most common.

The following components are needed for word processing A computer A word processing software A printer

Advantages of Word Processor

The greatest advantages of word processing over using a type writer are that you can makechanges without retyping the entire document.

It is easy to insert a word, sentence or paragraph in the middle of a document Word processors make it easy to move sections of text from one place to another within a

document or between documents

Allows for a final document to be send to a printer to get a hard copyWord processors vary considerably, but all word processors support the followingfeatures

Insert: Allows you to insert text anywhere in the document Delete text: Allows one to erase characters, words, lines or pages. Cut and paste: Cut and paste allows one to remove(cut) a section of text from one place in a

document and insert (paste) it somewhere else

Copy and paste: Allows for text to be copied from one section of a document and be pastedsomewhere

Page size and Margins: Allows one to define various page sizes and margins, and the wordprocessor will automatically readjust the text so that it fits

Word wrap: In word processing word wrap is the feature that causes all text to fit within thedefine margins. When you fill one line with text the word processor automatically jump to thenext line so that you are not required to keep track of line lengths or to press the return key after

each line

Font specifications: Allows one to change fonts within a document e.g. Bold, Italics, andunderline most words processors allows one to change the Font size and even typeface.

Graphics: allows one to embed illustrations and graphs into a document Headers and Footers: Headers is the line or lines of text that appears at the top of each page of a

document. Footers are one or more lines that appear at the bottom of every page of a document

Once you specify the text that should appear in the header or footer the word processorautomatically inserts it.

Automatic page numbering Tables of contents and indexes: allows you to automatically creates table of contents and index

based on special codes that you inset in a document

Add-on capabilities of a word processor:

Several programs are designed to enhance the functionality of a word processing programs. An

on-line dictionary is always ready with synonyms for any word in a document. The spelling checkerprogram checks every word in the text against the electronic dictionary and alerts the user when a word

is not in the dictionary. A grammar checker highlights grammatical concerns and deviation from

conventions.

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MICROSOFT WORD APPLICATION SCREENWord processing is using computer to enter, store manipulate and print text in letters, reports, booksand so on

MICROSOFT Word is Processing software used to create documents. Save documents, display

document on monitor and edit as necessary. Print documents any time in draft or final form.

TITTLE BAR: This shows the name of the application or document for which window is open. Its gives

document name information as well as the application program that deals with it. It is at the topmost

position of the windows screen.

MENU BAR: This contains available menu options from which you can select commands/instructions

for program execution. They have pull down menu because when select any of them more option are

display for you down the screen.

TOOLBAR: These are shortcut icons to the menu options available on the menu bar. It is usually

placed beneath the menu bar. The operations to be performed are often represented by icons on the tool

bar to ease program use and user speed.

STATUS BAR: The status bar gives status information on the program window that is opened. It tells

the state the program is in and gives the necessary summary analysis for such a program.

SCROLL BAR: The scroll bars enable you to move through a document when the entire document

does not fit the window that was opened for it. The vertical scroll bar appears on the right side of the

window for scrolling up and down while the horizontal scroll bar appears on the bottom edge of the

window screen for moving sideways.

Title

bar

Ruler

Menu

bar

Toolbar

Office

Assistant

Scrollbar

Status

bar

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CONTROL MENU: At the upper left corner of each window (i.e. on the title bar) there is an icon that

represents each program window opened. Clicking on this icon display a menu that allows you to

control the program window. You can reduce the size of the window to fit into the task bar, which is

known as MINIMIZING with this, your program remains opened but not displayed. You can display

it by just clicking on the icon on the task bar. You can equally reduce the size or increase the

size of the window otherwise known as RESTORE & MAXIMIZE. The entire program can also be

close using the control menu.CONTROL BUTTONS: These are used as short cuts to some of the control menu options. This

includes minimizing, maximizing, restoring and close. The icons are displayed at the top rightmost

corner of the program window. The icons below represent the operations of the control buttons.

For closing the program X For Maximizing & Restoring For Minimizing -

DIALOG BOX: When you make a selection and the program you are working with requires more

Information to execute your instruction a box liked window is displayed. This is known as the dialog

box. It is used to receive more information from you the user so that your desired instruction can be

carried out successfully. Several selections are often displayed some of which include the default setting

of the program. To make any changes you click the options that best suit yo u or if you dont want to

make any changes you click OK button or CANCEL to stop the operation.

Editing - change the contents of your document. Formatting - change the appearance of your document. Change basic typography elements such as fonts.

Select-Then-Do

Cut command Copy command Paste command Drag-and-Drop Clipboard Undo command Redo command

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Typography

Typography is the process of selecting typefaces, type styles, and type sizes.

Font type Font size Font style (e.g., bold, italic) Color Font effects

The first 3 of these can be set in the formatting toolbar, and all of them can be set in the Format =>

Font dialog box:

Font styles Regular [Roman], Italic, Bold and Bold Italic

Underlining

Underlining is usually used to emphasize text or make it stand out as different from therest of the text.

single underline, is available in the formatting toolbar. For other formats use the Format => Font dialog box:

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Color

Color can be applied to: text, drawing elements like lines and arrows, paragraphs [fill], highlightingand in Word Art

You can access color via the formatting toolbar as well as the drawing toolbar and via the Format menu.

Coloring borders

Fill

color

Line color

Font color

Highlighting color

20 different

underline styles

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Format => Borders and Shading allows you to color paragraph borders, page borders,and shading [fill behind the text of the paragraph]

Character spacing The spacing between characters can also be changed from the default for some fonts. This is also mainly used for emphasis. You can change the character spacing in the Format => Font dialog box.

To get a drop cap Format => Drop Cap

Line spacing Line spacing determines the amount of vertical space between lines of text. The line spacing you select will affect all lines of text in the selected paragraph or theparagraph that contains the insertion point.

Word uses single line spacing by default. Line spacing is in the Format => Paragraph menu. Some of the choices are:

Single 1.5 lines Double Multiple

Borders and shading

Format => Borders and Shading can be used to highlight portions of text. It is applied either to selected text, if any, or the paragraph where the insertion point is. The resulting dialog box looks like this:

Bulleting and numbering

Bulleting or numbering items in a list helps highlight the individual items You can use the numbering button or the bulleting button on the standard toolbar or

Format => Bullets and Numbering

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AlignmentAligning paragraphs is used in helping to delimit parts of text, emphasize others, etc. Alignment can be

set from the toolbar:

or from the Format => Paragraph menu

Indents

Alignment buttons

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Indents are used in paragraphs to visibly separate paragraphs from each other. Only the first line of each

paragraph is indented.

You can also have more control over the size of the indent by using the Format => Paragraph dialogbox

Tabs

Tabs are positions on a line that can be set so that the insertion point can advance to that positionwith one touch of the Tab key.

Once a tab has been set, hitting the tab key bounces the insertion point to that position on that line. You can set the tabs either from the ruler or from the Format => Tabs dialog box.

TablesThe simplest way to insert a table is to click on the table button and drag your cursor down to specify the

structure of the table by selecting the number of rows and columns you want:

First line indent

Subsequent line

indent

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Page Features

Footnotes and endnotes Headers and footers Page numbering Margins Columns

Margins Margins refer to the space between the edges of your printed paper and the text. One way is through the File => Page Setup dialog box:

You can also set your margins in Print Preview:

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ColumnsNewspaper style columns can be created in MICROSOFT word, on the format menu click on column

specified the number and format in the dialogue box and click OK.

If you use Format => Columns you can also set Whether there are vertical lines between columns The width of the columns The spacing between columns

When you put your

cursor over the indent

icons on the ruler inPrint Preview, the

cursor turns into a

double-headedarrow.

Hold your left mouse

button down and drag

the indent icon left or

right in order to change

the margin width.

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These last two can also be set using the ruler, in Page Layout view.Desktop PublishingDesktop Publishing is the merger of text with graphics without using external services. Microsoft word

can be used as a desktop publishing package through the use of word art, word graphics and columns.

Desktop Publishing

Desktop Publishing is the merger of text with graphics within the confinement of a desktop computer Desktop Publishing is the merger of text with graphics without using external services. Use basic graphic design techniques to create a newsletter.Components Required for Desktop Publishing

Document Composition software:

The document composition software enables users to design and make up the page or pages of adocument e.g. PageMaker

Typefaces and fonts:A type face is a set of characters that are of the same type style (Monotype Corsiva, Courier, Times New

Roman etc.). A font is describe by its typeface, its height in points (8, 10, 14, 24, and so on) and its

presentation attributes (light, bold, italic,bold italic etc). When needed to print a document the soft font

for a particular font is retrieved from disk storage and downloaded to the page printers memory.

Clip Art:

No DTP environment will be completed without a healthy supply of clip arts. A clip art refers to

prepackaged electronic images that are stored on a disk to be used when needed

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SPREAD SHEETA spread sheet is a table of values arranged in rows and columns. Each value has a predefined

relationship to other values

Spreadsheets are organized in a tabular structure with rows and columns, the intersection of aparticular row and column designates a cell.

Electronic Spreadsheets

An electronic spreadsheet or a spreadsheet is a computer program that let you to create and

manipulate spreadsheets electronically.In electronic spreadsheets each value is entered into a cell, the relationships between cells are

called formulas and the names of the cells are called labels. Once cells and the formulas linking themhave been defined, the next step is to enter data.

A Blank Sheet of an electronic spreadsheet

Advantages of Electronic Spreadsheets1. Once the tables, numbers and formulas have been entered, spreadsheet software can automatically

complete the calculated result. And results are recalculated automatically when new values areentered

2. Storage and Retrieval: An important feature of spreadsheets software is its ability to store and

retrieve the data with which it works3. Spreadsheet software makes it possible to enter data into table format, manipulate the data, create

reports and graphs using the data

Microsoft ExcelMicrosoft Excel is an electronic spreadsheet package that can be use to manage, analyzes and

provide graphical representation of data. This package is often used in Banks, Insurance house, Account

division of an organization etc., Due to flexibility of its rows and columns Excel is perfect for keeping

track of lists, sorting and searching group of data even in huge collection.

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Work Book: a work book is another name for an Excel file. It consists of various work sheets. It isjust like a file holder, which holds many files that consist of related information.

Work Sheet: A work sheet is an area where you enter information. It consists of rows and columns.The columns are vertical an d are indicated by letters from A-IV while rows are horizontal and are

indicated by numbers. Worksheet consist of 256 columns and 65,536 rows

Cell: Cell is the intersection of rows and columns. A cell is identifiedby its column number and rownumber e.g. cell A1, B2,

Cell Pointer: It is a rectangular highlight that appears in the worksheet area. It indicates the currentcell.

Mouse Pointer: This is a cross like shape that appears on the worksheet area2.1 The Excel Screen

Title Bar: Displays the workbook you are working with and your file name Main Menu: This is where you select commands. Any command selected from the main menu gives

room for other commands to be selected through sub-menu. Commands like FILE, EDIT, VIEW

INSERT, etc., are found in main menu.

Standard Tool Bar: The standard tool bar provides an easy and quick way selecting commands; itdisplays icons that can be activated directly.

Formatting Tool bar: The formatting tool provides tools for formatting our data it displays somegraphics such as B(bold),I( italics) U(underline) etc.,

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Name box: Name box is synonyms to cell indicator. It identifies the current cell. Formula Bar: Is a rectangular box on which data appears as it is being entered, Calculations are also

carried our using this bar.

Sheet Bar: This displays the current worksheet in a workbook. You can move from one worksheet toanother by clicking

Basic Data Entry on a Work sheet

On a worksheet there are three basic types that can be entered namely

1. Values: Number can be entered directly into the cells

2. Labels: Labels are used as descriptors such as account heading, field names and records

The rules governing entering labels are as follows

- Labels must begin with a letter, or any non-numeric prefix- Labels may be between 1-240 characters

3. Formula: A formula defines the relationship between cells in the worksheet a formula can be type

directly into a cell or through a formula bar. A formula must begin with an equal sign =

Entering data into worksheet cells

1. Click the cell where you want to enter data.

2. Type the data and press ENTER or TAB.

Auto Fill

Auto fill is used to fill cells automatically in Excel.Place the mouse pointer at the bottom right edge corner of the second cell until it changes to cross sign

(+). Press, hold and drag to fill the rest and release when satisfied.

Auto fill can also be used in calculating values automatically once a formula is defined

Fill handle

The small black square in the lower-right corner of the selection. When you point to the fill handle, the

pointer changes to a black cross, drag across the cells you want to fill, and then release the mouse

button. Fill handle can also be used in calculation once a formula is defined

Numbers and text in a list

1. Enter data in a cell in the first column, and then press TAB to move to the next cell.2. At the end of the row, press ENTER to move to the beginning of the next row.

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Dates Use a slash or a hyphen to separate the parts of a date; for example, type 9/5/2002 or 5-Sep-

2002. To enter today's date, press CTRL+; (semicolon).

Times To enter a time based on the 12-hour clock, type a space and then a or p after the time; for

example, 9:00 p. Otherwise, Microsoft Excel enters the time as AM. To enter the current time, press

CTRL+SHIFT+: (colon).

Enter numbers with a fixed number of decimal places or trailing zeros

1. On the Tools menu, clickOptions, and then click the Edit tab.2. Select the Fixed decimal check box.3. In the Places box, enter a positive number of digits to the right of the decimal point or a negative

number for digits to the left of the decimal point.

For example, if you enter 3 in the Places box and then type 2834 in the cell, the value will be 2.834.

If you enter -3 in the Places box and then type 283, the value will be 283000.

Enter the same data into several cells at once

1. Select the cells where you want to enter data. The cells do not have to be adjacent.2. Type the data and press CTRL+ENTER.Fill data within a row or column

1. Select the cells you want to copy.2. Drag the fill handle (fill handle: The small black square in the lower-right corner of the selection.When you point to the fill handle, the pointer changes to a black cross.) across the cells you want to fill

and then release the mouse button.

Tip:

To fill in the active cell with the contents of the cell above it (fill downward), press CTRL+D. To fill in

with contents of the cell to the left (fill to the right), press CTRL+R.

Undo or redo an action

To undo recent actions one at a time, click Undo .

To cancel an entry in a cell or the formula bar before you press ENTER, press ESC.

If you change your mind, clickRedo or click the arrow next to Redo and select from the list.

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i. =SUM (A1:A10) Adds all values within the specified range

ii. =AVERAGE (A1:A10) Gives the average of values in the rangeiii =MAX(A1:A10) Gives the maximum among the range

iv. =MIN(A1:A10) Gives the minimum among the range

v. =NOW( ) This will release the current datevi. =MODE (A1:A10) Modal number of the range

vii =MEDIAN(A1:A10) Gives the middle number of the range

viii. =MEAN (A1:A10) Gives the mean value of the range

ix. =PRODUCT(A1:A5) Gives the product of the values in the range

x. =ROUND(A1.2) Rounds the value of cell A1 to 2-decimal placesxi.. =COUNT(A1:A10) Counts the number of values within the range

xii. =SIN(A3) Gives the sine value of the argumentxiii =COS(A4) Cosine of the argument

xiv =TAN Gives the tangent value of the argument

Reference Operators: Combine ranges of cells for calculations with the following operators.

Reference operator Meaning (Example)

: (colon) Range operator, which produces one reference to all the cells between two referencesincluding the two references (B5:B15)

, (comma) Union operator, which combines multiple references into one reference(SUM(B5:B15,D5:D15))

(space) Intersection operator, which produces on reference to cells common to the two

references (B7:D7 C6:C8)

About cell and range references

A reference identifies a cell or a range of cells on a worksheet and tells Microsoft Excel where to look

for the values or data you want to use in a formula.

To refer to Use

The cell in column A and row 10 A10

The range of cells in column A and rows 10 through 20 A10:A20

The range of cells in row 15 and columns B through E B15:E15

All cells in row 5 5:5

All cells in rows 5 through 10 5:10

All cells in column H H:H

All cells in columns H through J H:J

The range of cells in columns A through E and rows 10 through 20 A10:E20

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CALCULATING VALUES BY MEANS OF FORMULA AND FUNCTIONS

Consider the cells below

A B C D E F

1. NAME ENGLISH MATHS PHYSICS CHEMISTRY TOTAL..

2. FEMI 45 50 55 65

3. MUSA 70 60 80 78

4. OKORO 50 67 34 56

5. PAUL 45 67 78 40

6. AUDU 60 79 80 67

To find total scores for each student, each of the following method can be used:

Cell Referencing Method:

Cell referencing is linking cells together by the use of an arithmetic operator or a function.

Example: To find Femis total score: we can type in cell F1 =(B2+C2+D2+E2) OR

=SUM (B2:E2)

Advantages of Cell Referencing Method.

Cell referencing can auto fill:This means once a formula is defined the computer can automatically calculate values for all cells

associated with the formula

It recognizes changes:A correction on any of the entered values will automatically cause all values to be modified to effect

the correction

Real Value Method

Real value method refers to typing the values contained in the cells to be, the values can be linked

by an arithmetic operator or a function.

Example: To find Musas score: we can type into cell F3, = (70+60+80+78) or =SUM (70,60,80,78)

Disadvantages of Real Value Method

It does not auto fill If a value is corrected all other values have to be modifiedExample

The following formulas contain relative references to and names of other cells. The cell that contains

the formula is known as a dependent cell when its value depends on the values in other cells. For

example, cell B2 is a dependent cell if it contains the formula =C2.

Example formula What it does

=C2 Uses the value in the cell C2

=A5-A3 Subtracts A3 from A5

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Example: A formula that contains a function: =AVERAGE (A1:B4)The following formulas contain functions.

Example formula What it does

=SUM(A:A) Adds all numbers in column A

=AVERAGE(A1:B4) Averages all numbers in the range

1.Click the cell in which you want to enter the formula.2.To start the formula with the function, clickInsert Function on the formula bar

3.Select the function you want to use. You can enter a question that describes what you want to do in the

Search for a function box (for example, "add numbers" returns the SUM function), or browse from

the categories in the Or Select a category box.

4.Enter the arguments. To enter cell references as an argument, click Collapse Dialog to temporarily

hide the dialog box. Select the cells on the worksheet, and then press Expand Dialog.

5.When you complete the formula, press ENTER.

Logical functionsAND Returns TRUE if all its arguments are TRUE

FALSE Returns the logical value FALSEIF Specifies a logical test to perform

NOT Reverses the logic of its argument

OR Returns TRUE if any argument is TRUETRUE Returns the logical value TRUE

IF

The IF function uses the following arguments Formula with the IF function

- logical test: the condition you want to checkReturns one value if a condition you specify evaluates to TRUE and another value if it evaluates to

FALSE.

SyntaxIF (logical_test, value_if_true, value_if_false)

Logical test is any value or expression that can be evaluated to TRUE or FALSE. For example

A10=100 is a logical expression; if the value in cell A10 is equal to 100, the expression evaluates to

TRUE. Otherwise, the expression evaluates to FALSE.

Remarks Up to seven IF functions can be nested as value_if_true and value_if_false arguments to construct

more elaborate tests. See the last of the following examples. When the value_if_true and value_if_false arguments are evaluated, IF returns the value returned by

those statements.

Example1

Check if a number is greater than or less than another numberUse the IF function to do this task.

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Worksheet example

1

2

3

4

Formula Description (Result)

=A2>A3 Is A2 greater than number in A3? (TRUE)

=IF(A3B2,"Over Budget","OK") Checks whether the first row is over budget (Over Budget)

=IF(A3>B3,"Over Budget","OK") Checks whether the second row is over budget (OK)

Example 3

12

3

4


=IF(A2>69,"A",IF(A2>59,"B",

IF(A2>49,"C",IF(A2>44,D,IF(A2>39"E","F")))))

Assigns a letter grade to the

first score (F)

=IF(A2>69,"A",IF(A2>59,"B",

IF(A2>49,"C",IF(A2>44,D,IF(A2>39"E","F")))))


second score (A)

=IF(A2>69,"A",IF(A2>59,"B",

IF(A2>49,"C",IF(A2>44,D,IF(A2>39"E","F")))))


third score (C)

In the preceding example, the second IF statement is also the value_if_false argument to the first IFstatement. Similarly, the third IF statement is the value_if_false argument to the second IF statement and

so on.

The letter grades are assigned to numbers using the following key.If Score is Then return

Greater than 69 A

From 60 to 69 B

From 50 to 59 C

From 45 to 49 D

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From 44 to 49 E

Less than 40 F

AND LOGICAL FUNCTION

Returns TRUE if all its arguments are TRUE; returns FALSE if one or more argument is FALSE.

Syntax

AND (logical1,logical2, ...)Logical1, logical2, ... are 1 to 30 conditions you want to test that can be either TRUE or FALSE.

Example

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=AND(TRUE, TRUE) All arguments are TRUE (TRUE)

=AND(TRUE, FALSE) One argument is FALSE (FALSE)

=AND(2+2=4, 2+3=5) All arguments evaluate to TRUE (TRUE)

Example

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=AND(1

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Note:Create conditional formulas by using the IF function

For a result that is a logical value (TRUE or FALSE)

Use the AND, OR, and NOT functions, and operators to do this task.

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=AND(A2>A3, A2A3, A2A3, A2A3, A2

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The selected graphic is repeated to fill the sheet. You can apply solid color shading to cells that contain

data.

Remove a sheet background pattern

On the Format menu, point to Sheet, and then clickDelete Background.

Sorting a list

Sort rows in ascending order (A to Z, or 0 to 9) or descending order (Z to A, or 9 to 0)1. Click a cell in the column you would like to sort by.2. ClickSort Ascending or Sort Descending .Sort rows by 2 or 3 columns

For best results, the list you sort should have column labels.

1. Click a cell in the list you want to sort.2. On the Data menu, clickSort.3. In the Sort by and Then by boxes, click the columns you want to sort.4. Select any other sort options you want, and then clickOK.

About charts

Charts are used to help people understand numerical data through visualization. Charts are visuallyappealing and make it easy for users to see comparisons, patterns, and trends in data.

Creating Charts

Make sure the data on your worksheet is arranged properly for the type of chart you want to use.

You can create a chart on its own sheet or as an embedded object on a worksheet. You can also publish achart on a Web page. To create a chart, you must first enter the data for the chart on the worksheet. Then

select that data and use the Chart Wizard to step through the process of choosing the chart type and thevarious chart options, or use the Chart toolbar to create a basic chart that you can format later.

Worksheet dataqtr1 qtr2

75 85

84 99

Chart created from worksheet data above is presented below.

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Where does Excel get the information it needs to create a chart?

Labels of axes and legends come from column and row headingsData points come from worksheet cell values

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qtr1 qtr2

Series1

Series2

Documents

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