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Outline Introduction (use of method) Declaring a method Calling a method Methods calling methods Control flow of method call Generalizing method Parameterization Multiple parameters Parameter mystery Return values (vs. void) Summary
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Procedural decomposition using methods
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public class FraggleRock { public static void main(String[] args) { System.out.println("Dance your cares away,"); System.out.println("Worry's for another day."); System.out.println("Let the music play,"); System.out.println("Down at Fraggle Rock."); System.out.println(); System.out.println("Dance your cares away,"); System.out.println("Worry's for another day."); System.out.println("Let the music play,"); System.out.println("Down at Fraggle Rock."); } }
Redundancy in programs
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This is a space & timing problem: to find the redundancy of a certain part of program running at different time.
Compared with the timing problem in loop: 1st, 2nd, 3rd … iterations
Compared with the space problem in arrays: 1st, 2nd, 3rd … elements
1st, 2nd, 3rd … appearances of the same/similar procedure in your program!
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public class FraggleRock {
public static void singChorus() { System.out.println("Dance your cares away,"); System.out.println("Worry's for another day."); System.out.println("Let the music play,"); System.out.println("Down at Fraggle Rock."); }
public static void main(String[] args) { singChorus(); System.out.println(); singChorus(); }}
declaration, definition,
body
First time, four printlines repeated
The second time, four prints repeated
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static method: A group of statements given a name.
To use a static method:1. define it (write down the recipe)
Write a group of statements and give it a name.
2. call it (cook using the recipe) Tell our program to execute the method.
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public class FraggleRock {
public static void singChorus() { System.out.println("Dance your cares away,"); System.out.println("Worry's for another day."); System.out.println("Let the music play,"); System.out.println("Down at Fraggle Rock."); }
public static void main(String[] args) { singChorus(); System.out.println(); singChorus(); }}
Method body, declaration,
definition
Method call, 1st time
Method call, 2nd time
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Declaring a static method
The syntax for declaring a static method, Figure 5-3, p276:
public class <class name> {...public static void <method name>() {
<statement>;<statement>;…<statement>;
}}04/19/23
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Calling a static method
The syntax for calling a static method (p276):
<method name>();
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Declaring a static methodpublic static void printAffirmation() {
System.out.println("I am good enough!");System.out.println("I am smart enough!");System.out.println("People like me!");
} Calling a static method (possibly multiple times)
printAffirmation();printAffirmation();
OutputI am good enough!I am smart enough!People like me!I am good enough!I am smart enough!People like me!
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Methods calling methods One static method can call another (e.g., Code 5-4, p281):public class MethodsExample { public static void main(String[] args) { message1(); message2(); System.out.println("Done with main."); } public static void message1() { System.out.println("This is message1."); } public static void message2() { System.out.println("This is message2."); message1(); System.out.println("Done with message2."); }}
Output:This is message1.This is message2.This is message1.Done with message2.Done with main.
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When a method is called, the execution "jumps" into that method executes all of the method’s statements "jumps" back to the statement after the
method call
Control flow of methods
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public class MethodsExample {public static void main(String[] args) {
message1();
message2();
... }}
public static void message1() { System.out.println("This is message1.");}
public static void message2() { System.out.println("This is message2"); message1();
System.out.println("Done with message2.");}
public static void message1() { System.out.println("This is message1.");}
Output:This is message1.This is message2.This is message1.Done with message2.Done with main.
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Slide 12 (continue)
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Example: Figure drawing
______ / \/ \\ / \______/
\ / \______/+--------+
______ / \/ \| STOP |\ / \______/
______ / \/ \+--------+
Write a program to print the figures. Use static methods to capture structure and and eliminate redundancy.
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Version 1: Unstructured
______ / \/ \\ / \______/
\ / \______/+--------+
______ / \/ \| STOP |\ / \______/
______ / \/ \+--------+
Create an empty program with a skeletal header and main method.
Copy the expected output into it, surrounding each line with System.out.println syntax.
Run and verify that it produces the correct output.
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// Suzy Student, CSC 142, Autumn 2012// This program prints several assorted figures.//public class Figures1 { public static void main(String[] args) { System.out.println(" ______"); System.out.println(" / \\"); System.out.println("/ \\"); System.out.println("\\ /"); System.out.println(" \\______/"); System.out.println(); System.out.println("\\ /"); System.out.println(" \\______/"); System.out.println("+--------+"); System.out.println(); System.out.println(" ______"); System.out.println(" / \\"); System.out.println("/ \\"); System.out.println("| STOP |"); System.out.println("\\ /"); System.out.println(" \\______/"); System.out.println(); System.out.println(" ______"); System.out.println(" / \\"); System.out.println("/ \\"); System.out.println("+--------+"); }}
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Version 2: Structured with redundancy
______ / \/ \\ / \______/
\ / \______/+--------+
______ / \/ \| STOP |\ / \______/
______ / \/ \+--------+
Identify the overall structure of the output, and divide the main method into several static methods based on this structure.
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______ / \/ \\ / \______/
\ / \______/+--------+
______ / \/ \| STOP |\ / \______/
______ / \/ \+--------+
Identify the overall structure of the output, and divide the main method into several static methods based on this structure.
The structure of the output: initial "egg" figure second "teacup" figure third "stop sign" figure fourth "hat" figure
This structure can be represented by methods:
drawEgg drawTeaCup drawStopSign drawHat
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// Suzy Student, CSC 142, Autumn 2012// Prints several assorted figures, with methods for structure.//public class Figures2 { public static void main(String[] args) { drawEgg(); drawTeaCup(); drawStopSign(); drawHat(); } // Draws a figure that vaguely resembles an egg. public static void drawEgg() { System.out.println(" ______"); System.out.println(" / \\"); System.out.println("/ \\"); System.out.println("\\ /"); System.out.println(" \\______/"); System.out.println(); } // Draws a figure that vaguely resembles a teacup. public static void drawTeaCup() { System.out.println("\\ /"); System.out.println(" \\______/"); System.out.println("+--------+"); System.out.println(); }
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// Draws a figure that vaguely resembles a stop sign. public static void drawStopSign() { System.out.println(" ______"); System.out.println(" / \\"); System.out.println("/ \\"); System.out.println("| STOP |"); System.out.println("\\ /"); System.out.println(" \\______/"); System.out.println(); } // Draws a figure that vaguely resembles a hat. public static void drawHat() { System.out.println(" ______"); System.out.println(" / \\"); System.out.println("/ \\"); System.out.println("+--------+"); }}
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Version 3: Structured without redundancy
______ / \/ \\ / \______/
\ / \______/+--------+
______ / \/ \| STOP |\ / \______/
______ / \/ \+--------+
Further divide the program to eliminate all redundancy.
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Further divide the program to eliminate all redundancy.
The redundancy: top half of egg (purple) bottom half of egg (green) divider line (yellow)
This redundancy can be fixed by methods: drawEggTop drawEggBottom drawLine
______ / \/ \\ / \______/
\ / \______/+--------+
______ / \/ \| STOP |\ / \______/
______ / \/ \+--------+
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// Suzy Student, CSC 142, Autumn 2012// Prints several figures, with methods for structure and redundancy.
public class Figures3 { public static void main(String[] args) { drawEgg(); drawTeaCup(); drawStopSign(); drawHat(); } // draws redundant part that looks like the top of an egg public static void drawEggTop() { System.out.println(" ______"); System.out.println(" / \\"); System.out.println("/ \\"); } // draws redundant part that looks like the bottom of an egg public static void drawEggBottom() { System.out.println("\\ /"); System.out.println(" \\______/"); }
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// Draws a figure that vaguely resembles an egg. public static void drawEgg() { drawEggTop(); drawEggBottom(); System.out.println(); }
// Draws a figure that vaguely resembles a teacup. public static void drawTeaCup() { drawEggBottom(); System.out.println("+--------+"); System.out.println(); } // Draws a figure that vaguely resembles a stop sign. public static void drawStopSign() { drawEggTop(); System.out.println("| STOP |"); drawEggBottom(); System.out.println(); } // Draws a figure that vaguely resembles a hat. public static void drawHat() { drawEggTop(); System.out.println("+--------+"); }}
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Generalizing Method Consider the task of drawing the following figures:
*************
*******
***********************************
*********** ***********
****** ** ******
The lines and figures are similar, but not exactly the same.04/19/23
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public class Stars { public static void main(String[] args) { drawLineOf13Stars(); drawLineOf7Stars(); drawLineOf35Stars(); draw10x3Box(); draw5x4Box(); } public static void drawLineOf13Stars() { for (int i = 1; i <= 13; i++) { System.out.print("*"); } System.out.println(); } public static void drawLineOf7Stars() { for (int i = 1; i <= 7; i++) { System.out.print("*"); } System.out.println(); } public static void drawLineOf35Stars() { for (int i = 1; i <= 35; i++) { System.out.print("*"); } System.out.println(); } ...
Observation: Methods are redundant.
Would constants help us solve this problem?
Other ideas?
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What if we had the following? drawLine - A method to draw a line of any
number of stars. drawBox - A method to draw a box of any size.
main
drawLine
*******
7
drawLine
*************
13
Character of each repetition
General format ofrepetition
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Parameterization
parameterized method: A method that is given extra information (e.g.
number of stars to draw) when it is called. The common part of all calls in a generalization: 1st,
2nd, 3rd, …
parameter: A value passed to a method by its caller, mapping the difference of each call.
Examples: System.out.println(“*”) or System.out.println(“**”)
random.nextInt(10)04/19/23
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Parameterized method declaration syntax:public static void <name> (<type> <name>) { <statement(s)>;}
The scope of the parameter is the entire method. P286
Example:public static void printSpaces(int count) { for (int i = 1; i <= count; i++) { System.out.print(" "); }}
Whenever printSpaces is called, the caller must specify how many spaces to print.
count’s scope
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passing an argument for parameter: Calling a parameterized method and specifying a value for its parameter(s). P283
Parameterized method call syntax:<name>(<expression>);
Example:System.out.print("*");printSpaces(7);System.out.print("**");int x = 3 * 5;printSpaces(x + 2);System.out.println("***");
Output:
* ** ***04/19/23
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When the parameterized method call executes: the value passed to the method is copied into the parameter
variable the method's code executes using that value
public static void main(String[] args) { printSpaces(7); printSpaces(13);}
public static void printSpaces(int count) { for (int i = 1; i <= count; i++) { System.out.print(" "); }}
137count:
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value semantics: When primitive variables (such as int or double) are passed as parameters, their values are copied into the method's parameter variable. P288 (Code 5-6)
Modifying the method’s parameter variable will NOT affect the the variable which was passed to the method.
... int x = 23; strange(x); System.out.println("2. x = " + x); // this x unchanged ...}
public static void strange(int x) { x = x + 1; // modifies my x System.out.println("1. x = " + x);}
Output:
1. x = 242. x = 23
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ERROR: Not passing a parameter to a method that accepts parameters.
printSpaces(); // ERROR: parameter value required
ERROR: Passing a parameter of the wrong type.
printSpaces(3.7); // ERROR: must be of type int The parameter must satisfy the domain of the method.
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Change the Stars program to use parameterized methods.
public class Stars { public static void main(String[] args) { drawLineOf13Stars(); drawLineOf7Stars(); drawLineOf35Stars(); draw10x3Box(); draw5x4Box(); } public static void drawLineOf13Stars() { for (int i = 1; i <= 13; i++) { System.out.print("*"); } System.out.println(); } public static void drawLineOf7Stars() { for (int i = 1; i <= 7; i++) { System.out.print("*"); } System.out.println(); } ...04/19/23
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// Prints several lines of stars.// Uses a parameterized method to remove redundancy.
public class Stars2 { public static void main(String[] args) { drawLine(13); drawLine(7); drawLine(35); } // Prints the given number of stars plus a line break. public static void drawLine(int count) { for (int i = 1; i <= count; i++) { System.out.print("*"); } System.out.println(); }}
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Multiple parameters
Methods can accept as many parameters as you like, p286.
When the method is called, it must be passed values for each of its parameters.
Multiple parameters declaration syntax:public static void <name> (<type> <name>, <type> <name>, ..., <type> <name>) { <statement(s)>;}
Multiple parameters call syntax:<name>(<expression>, <expression>, ...,
<expression>);04/19/23
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// Prints several lines and boxes made of stars.// Third version with multiple parameterized methods.
public class Stars3 { public static void main(String[] args) { drawLine(13); drawLine(7); drawLine(35); System.out.println(); drawBox(10, 3); drawBox(5, 4); drawBox(20, 7); } // Prints the given number of stars plus a line break. public static void drawLine(int count) { for (int i = 1; i <= count; i++) { System.out.print("*"); } System.out.println(); }
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// Prints a box of stars of the given size. public static void drawBox(int width, int height) { drawLine(width); for (int i = 1; i <= height - 2; i++) { System.out.print("*"); printSpaces(width - 2); System.out.println("*"); } drawLine(width); } // Prints the given number of spaces. public static void printSpaces(int count) { for (int i = 1; i <= count; i++) { System.out.print(" "); } } }
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Exercisepublic static void main(String[] args) { printNumber(4, 9); printNumber(17, 6); printNumber(8, 0); printNumber(0, 8);}
Output:444444444171717171717
00000000
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public static void main(String[] args) { printNumber(4, 9); printNumber(17, 6); printNumber(8, 0); printNumber(0, 8);}
Output:444444444171717171717
00000000
public static void printNumber(int number, int count){
for(int i=0; i<count; i++) {System.out.print(number);
}System.out.println();
}04/19/23
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Write a method named printDiamond that accepts a height as a parameter and prints a diamond figure. * ******** *** *
Write a method named multiplicationTable that accepts a maximum integer as a parameter and prints a table of multiplication from 1 x 1 up to that integer times itself.
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Rewrite the following program to use parameterized methods:
// Draws triangular figures of stars.public class Loops { public static void main(String[] args) { for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) { for (int j = 1; j <= i - 1; j++) { System.out.print(" "); } for (int j = 1; j <= 10 - 2 * i + 1; j++) { System.out.print("*"); } System.out.println(); } for (int i = 1; i <= 12; i++) { for (int j = 1; j <= i - 1; j++) { System.out.print(" "); } for (int j = 1; j <= 25 - 2 * i; j++) { System.out.print("*"); } System.out.println(); } }}04/19/23
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// Draws triangular figures using parameterized methods.public class Loops { public static void main(String[] args) { triangle(5); triangle(12); } // Draws a triangle figure of the given size. public static void triangle(int height) { for (int i = 1; i <= height; i++) { printSpaces(i - 1); drawLine(2 * height + 1 - 2 * i); } }}
04/19/23
What does this code do?public static void main(String[] args) {
int a = 7;
int b = 35;
System.out.println(a + " " + b);
int temp = a;
a = b;
b = temp;
System.out.println(a + " " + b);
}
45
Parameter mystery (value vs. object)
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public static void main(String[] args) { int a = 7; int b = 35; System.out.println(a + " " + b);
// swap a with b swap(a, b);
System.out.println(a + " " + b);}
public static void swap(int a, int b) { int temp = a; a = b; b = temp;}
Does this work? Why or why not?
4604/19/23
Class type vs. primitive type, P288-292 When a primitive type of argument is passed for
parameter, the value is copied. A method cannot change the value of an argument.
When an object is passed as a parameter, the object is not copied. The same object is referred to by both the original argument and the method's parameter.
If a method is called on the parameter, it will affect the original object that was passed to the method.
4704/19/23
Object are reference value like this:
Dog balto = new Dog();
Balto.name = “Balto”;
balto: “Balto” ?
name: breed:
Variable, with slot
in memory
Reference, a pointer to the object’s
data
?age:
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Example:public static void main(String[] args) { Point p1 = new Point(2, 3); move(p1);}
public static void move(Point p) { p.setLocation(-1, -2);}
49
p1 y:
x:
p
2 3-1 -2
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What is the output of the following program?public class Mystery { public static void main(String[] args) { int x = 5, y = 9, z = 2; mystery(z, y, x); System.out.println(x + " " + y + " " + z); mystery(y, x, z); System.out.println(x + " " + y + " " + z); }}
public static void mystery(int x, int z, int y) { x++; y = x - z * 2; x = z + 1; System.out.println(x + " " + y + " " + z); }}
x: y: z:
x: z: y:
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Return Values (vs. Void) return: To send a value out as the result of a
method, which can be used in an expression, p297.
A return value is like the opposite of a parameter.
Parameters pass information in from the caller to the method.
Return values pass information out from a method to its caller.
How would this be useful?04/19/23
52
Java has a class called Math that has several useful static methods to perform mathematical calculations.
logarithm base elog(value)
nearest whole numberround(value)
square rootsqrt(value)
random double between 0 and 1
random()
base to the exponent powerpow(base, exponent)
smaller of two valuesmin(value1, value2)
larger of two valuesmax(value1, value2)
logarithm base 10log10(value)
cosine, in radianscos(value)
absolute valueabs(value)
DescriptionMethod name
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Math method call syntax:Math.<method name>(<parameter(s)>)
Examples:double squareRoot = Math.sqrt(121.0);System.out.println(squareRoot); // 11.0
int absoluteValue = Math.abs(-50);System.out.println(absoluteValue); // 50
System.out.println(Math.min(3, 7) + 2); // 5
Notice that the preceding calls are used in expressions; they can be printed, stored into a variable, etc…
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The Math methods do not print results to the console.
Instead, each method evaluates to produce (or return) a numeric result, which can be used in an expression.
main
Math.abs
-42
Math.round
2.71
42
3
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Evaluate the following expressions: Math.abs(-1.23) Math.pow(3, 2) Math.pow(10, -2) Math.sqrt(121.0) - Math.sqrt(256.0) Math.ceil(6.022) + Math.floor(15.9994) Math.abs(Math.min(-3, -5))
Math.max and Math.min can be used to bound numbers.
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Declaring a method that returns a value (p298):
public static <type> <name>(<parameters>) { <statement(s)>;}
Returning a value from a method:
return <expression>;
Example:// Returns the given number cubed (to the third power).public static int cube(int number) { return number * number * number;}
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ERROR: Writing statements after a return statement.
public static int increment(int x) { return (x + 1); x = x + 1; // ERROR: statement unreachable! }
ERROR: Confusing the return variable with a variable in the calling method, AKA ignoring the return value.
public class ReturnExample { public static void main(String[] args) { int x = 1; addOne(x); System.out.println("x = " + x); }
public static int addOne(int x) { x = x + 1; return x; }}
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Write a method called isFactor that accepts two integers as parameters, and returns true if the first is a factor of the second.
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Methods can return different values under different conditions:
public static int min(int a, int b) { if (a > b) { return b; } else { return a; }}
public static String message(int place) { if (place == 1) { return "You won!"; } else { return "If you're not first, you're last!"; }}
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public static int min(int a, int b) {
if (a > b) {
return b;
}
}
The compiler will complain about a "missing return statement". Why?
ERROR: Not returning a value in every path. In the above example, what if a <= b?
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public static int min(int a, int b) { if (a > b) { return b; } else if (a <= b) { return a; }}
It still produces the "missing return statement" error. Why?
To our eyes, it is clear that all paths (greater, equal, less) do return a value.
But the compiler thinks that if/else if code might choose not to execute any branch, so it refuses to accept this code.
How can we fix it?04/19/23
62
Write a program that prompts the user for a maximum integer and prints out a list of all prime numbers up to that maximum. Here is an example log of execution:
Maximum number? 50
2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47
15 total primes
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import java.util.*;
public class PrintPrimes { public static void main(String[] args) { Scanner console = new Scanner(System.in); printPrimes(getNumber(console)); } public static int countFactors(int num) { int count = 0; for (int i = 1; i <= num; i++) { if (num % i == 0) { count++; } } return count; }
...
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public static int getNumber(Scanner console) { System.out.print("Maximum number? "); return console.nextInt(); }
public static void printPrimes(int max) { int numPrimes = 0; if (max >= 2) { System.out.print(2); numPrimes++; for (int i = 3; i <= max; i++) { if (countFactors(i) == 2) { numPrimes++; System.out.print(", " + i); } } System.out.println(); } System.out.println(numPrimes + " total primes"); }}
04/19/23
Procedure decomposition Method declaration, p276 Method call & control flow Scope of local variable, p286 Figure drawing, sample code, slides 15-25 Parameter and argument, p283 Primitive type (p288) vs. class type (p289-292) Return (vs. void) , p297
6504/19/23
Summary
