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CSAC ConferenceApril 10, 2013
Lynette M. Monteiro, Ph.D., C. Psych.
Three-minute Breathing Exercise (Goblet)
Bring awareness to all sensations Open to what is arising Invite an experience that brought you
joy, energy, faith in the process, personal satisfaction. ground, step back, observe
What would happen if that was your task: not to save the world but to love it?
Joanna Macy
Burnout is defined as experience of multi-level exhaustion, cynicism, and a sense of diminished personal effectiveness (Leiter et al. 2010)
Demands EX Value incongruence CY
& PE, less with EX
DEMANDSavailable resources & control of work flow
VALUESe.g.,organizational climate, fairness,
trust
EXHAUSTION
CYNICISM
PERSONAL EFFECTIVENESS
ValuesIncongruence between personal values and organizational values contributes to probability of burnout
Helping may be perceived differently at the different levels of organizational structure
Compensating for divergent ways of manifesting common values (e.g. – funding vs client care) lead to EXhaustion
Perceived lack of fairness and compensation lead to CYnicism
Inability to effect change leads to doubt about Personal Effectiveness, role insufficiency & role boundaries
Balancing personal and work life Multiple demands with overlapping timelines Uncertainty Perception of who we are in the context of
community we serve – split between roles
An allegory Sen-jo and her soul – Chinese legend and Zen
koanSen-jo and her soul are separated. Which is the real soul?
Let’s take a moment to get a personal sense of how we experience Emotional Exhaustion, Cynicism and Lack of Confidence in our own lives.
Settling into an ordinary pattern of breathing Starting with the phrase Emotional Exhaustion,
bringing it into our awareness Noticing what sensations, emotions or thoughts
may (or may not) arise Allowing time to notice what may or may not
resonate with this phrase And then, when ready bringing the next phrase into
awareness(Popcorn responses)
Spirituality – a distinctive, potentially creative and universal dimension arising within inner subjective awareness and within communities concerned with matters of meaning and purpose in life, truth and values. (A. Sims & C. Cook, 2009)
A lived experience that is an emergent quality of relationships a stance to the sacred in social & health contexts independent of appraisal of well being (“I feel at
peace in the presence of the Divine” vs “I feel the presence of the Divine” – prevents confounds with measures of health)
Spiritual Incongruence – a measure of discrepancy between an assessment of what matters in a spiritual life and the lived experience of that spirituality. (Fisher & colleagues, 1998, 2003)
Fisher’s Spiritual Well Being QuestionnairePersonalCommunalEnvironmentalTranscendental
Take a moment to complete the questionnaire and score.
What did you notice?
Hypotheses and Results
Is there a relationship between burnout and a specific form of values incongruence – spiritual incongruence (Fisher 2010)?
Does that relationship reflect a personal or transcendental stance to burnout?
(How can Buddhist teachings be a door out of that suffering?)
48 participants beginning an 8-week MBI program (pre-course)
Maslach Burnout Inventory: exhaustion, cynicism, effectiveness
Fisher’s Spiritual Well Being Questionnaire – incongruence as difference between ideal and actual scores on spiritual well being on four dimensions: personal, communal, environmental & transcendental
The dimensions of burnout would be associated with incongruence in the four domains of spiritual well being
(i.e., is burnout related to spiritual values?)
Variable EX CY PE iP iC iE iTExhaustion
Cynicism 0.74†
Effectiveness -0.30* -0.55†
iPersonal0.33* 0.33*
-0.45**
iCommunal 0.05 0.15 -0.38* 0.62†
iEnvironmental0.17 0.11
-0.44**
0.76† 0.49†
iTranscendental0.06 -0.07 -0.04
0.40**
0.28 0.53†
M 3.61 2.83 4.44 1.54 1.03 0.92 0.80
SD 1.69 1.79 1.28 0.80 0.61 0.88 0.82 †p < .001 , **p < .01, *p < .05
Incongruence in personal spiritual well being was related to all three burnout factors
Feeling disconnected in identity, joy, meaning, and self-awareness were associated with feeling unable to manage the challenges of the workplace (item analysis)
Personal Effectiveness was related to personal, communal, & environmental incongruence
The ideal and actual experience scores of each factor (Personal, Communal, Environmental, & Transcendental) would be significantly different, with ideal being higher than actual scores.
(i.e., do the participants have high ideals?)
Ideal ActualDifferen
ceScale Mean SD Mean SD t(47)Personal 4.70 0.46 3.16 0.82 13.40†
Communal 4.69 0.44 3.66 0.65 11.66†Environment
al4.33 0.63 3.41 0.91 7.25†
Transcendental
3.38 1.38
2.58 1.27 6.81†
One-tailed t-tests. † p < .0001
Spiritual Well Being Scores
Ideal scores were higher than actual (lived) scores
Participants believed they were moderately meeting their aspirations in all four spiritual domains
The spiritual incongruence of each factor (iPersonal, iCommunal, iEnvironmental, & iTranscendental) would differ from each other.
(i.e., can we localize the incongruence?)
t (47)
Scale Mean SD iP iC iE iT
iPersonal 1.54 0.80
iCommunal 1.03 0.61 5.58†
iEnvironmental 0.92 0.88 7.34† 0.95iTranscendenta
l 0.80 0.82 5.78† 1.801.00
Two-tailed t-tests. † p < .001
Summary Burnout
exhaustion & cynicism related only to personal values incongruence
personal effectiveness was related to personal, communal, & environmental incongruence
High personal spiritual ideals and moderate fulfillment
Personal incongruence was largest of the four
The personal domain played a significant role in SWB as it did on the burnout measure
Self: personal stewardship of careOrganizational: shift our stance to
demands
Counselling burnout
The current paradox of work and life work and personal lives are viewed as separate
and much energy is expended holding the boundaries between them
the emotional turmoil from one domain is kept from interfering with the other
Resolve the paradox seeing separation of self as artificial, socially
constructed engaging through personal values and wisdom Waking up to what is Aligning to our passion Acting in a way that brings us alive
Siddhartha (historical Buddha) found alignment between the evidence around him of suffering and responded only to what it asked of him
resolution was not transcendental but boundlessdissolved boundaries between work and personal
livesrefused to be defined by the organization or by a
narrow vision of who he wascould not be held in the thrall of values and
expectations that were not always congruent with who he was or wanted to be (Musten & Monteiro 2010)
Sen-josurrendered her self-stewardshipnot animated by her passion and dedicationnot aligned with her aspirations, not in
conversation with herself Paradox is artificial and designed to create
discomfortdualistic choices ignore the boundless and
seamless nature of how we are in relationship Single breath (pneuma, soul) sews together
internal & external, becomes one, gives vitality (nb vital exhaustion = burnout)
Our role is to hold the middle ground in apparent paradoxical states a dynamic tension between the individual’s ideal
and lived experience and is expected to take the “subjective pulse” of the person
Our practice is to embody the ministry remain connected with our soul engage fully beyond the boundaries of work-and-
life by being aligned through Ethics Mindfulness Wisdom
How do we remember what is important?
Seventh Generation Exercise*Was it true that the world was in crisis?What did you do in the face of the
despair?What kept you going?
*From Coming Back to Life by Joanna Macy
Trust in our values, our ethicsalign with our aspirationsdetach from specific outcomes to define
our worth or fire our passionHold a disciplined conversation (Whyte, 2001)
with ourselves about our intentions and our alignment with our values
Cultivate Mindfulness or awareness in the system we are embedded
become the captain of our own ship, cultivate captaincy that is not hinged on any specific person or circumstance for safety and fulfillment (Whyte 2001)
become wise to the systemic nature of our lives and avoid becoming absorbed into the system itself
Nurture our wisdom by opening to our experience, setting out on seamless adventures wholeheartedly
personal life is no longer defended from work but part of the entire seascape we navigate
work is not about producing objects or outcomes
life is alignment with who we are independent of label or space we hold
work-and-life gives way to engaging fully in life’s work
You, sent out beyond your recall,Go to the limits of your longing.
Embody me.Flare up like a flame
And make big shadows I can move in.Let everything happen to you: beauty
and terror.Just keep going. No feeling is final.
Don’t let yourself lose me.Nearby is the country they call life.
You will know it by its seriousness.Give me your hand.
Rilke
Fisher, J. W. (1998). Spiritual health: Its nature and place in the school curriculum. PhD, University of Melbourne, Melbourne AU.
Gomez, R., & Fisher, J. W. (2003). Domains of spiritual well-being and development and validation of the Spiritual Well-Being Questionnaire. Personality and Individual Differences, 35(8), 1975-1991. doi: 10.1016/s0191-8869(03)00045-x
Fisher, J. W. (2010). Development and application of a Spiritual Well-Being Questionnaire called SHALOM. Religions, 1, 105-112.
Leiter, M. P., Gascon, S., & Martinez-Jarreta, B. (2010). Making sense of work life: A structural model of burnout. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 40(1), 57–75.
Macy, Joanna (2009). Coming back to life. New Society Publishers, Gabriola BC Canada
Musten, R. F., & Monteiro, L. M. (2010). Minding the life you have. Ottawa Mindfulness Clinic. Ottawa, ON.
Sims, A., & Cook, C. (2009). Spirituality in psychiatry. In C. Cook, A. Powell & A. Sims (Eds.), Spirituality and psychiatry (pp. 1-15). London, UK: The Royal College of Psychiatry.
Whyte, D. (2001). Crossing the unknown sea: Work as a pilgrimage of identity. New York, NY: Riverhead Books.
Lynette Monteiro, PhD, C.Psych.595 Montreal Road Suite 301Ottawa ONK1K 4L2t. 613.745.5366 x3e. [email protected]
