20
 CS182 Leon Barrett with slides inspired by Eva Mok and Joe Makin April 25, 2008

CS182 - University of California, Berkeleycs182/sp08/sections/week13.pdf · • Last Week – Metaphor understanding using KARMA – Grammars and parsing • This Week – Construction

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Page 1: CS182 - University of California, Berkeleycs182/sp08/sections/week13.pdf · • Last Week – Metaphor understanding using KARMA – Grammars and parsing • This Week – Construction

   

CS182

Leon Barrett

with slides inspired by Eva Mok and Joe Makin

April 25, 2008

Page 2: CS182 - University of California, Berkeleycs182/sp08/sections/week13.pdf · • Last Week – Metaphor understanding using KARMA – Grammars and parsing • This Week – Construction

   

Announcements

• a9 out, due Thursday

• BBS articles are assigned for the final paper!

Page 3: CS182 - University of California, Berkeleycs182/sp08/sections/week13.pdf · • Last Week – Metaphor understanding using KARMA – Grammars and parsing • This Week – Construction

   

Schedule

• Last Week– Metaphor understanding using KARMA

– Grammars and parsing

• This Week– Construction Grammar, ECG

– Grammar Learning

• Next Week– ECG Learning

Page 4: CS182 - University of California, Berkeleycs182/sp08/sections/week13.pdf · • Last Week – Metaphor understanding using KARMA – Grammars and parsing • This Week – Construction

   

Questions

• What are constructions?

• How does ECG use constructions?

• Why is learning language hard?

• What is the poverty of the stimulus?

• What is Gold's Theorem?

Page 5: CS182 - University of California, Berkeleycs182/sp08/sections/week13.pdf · • Last Week – Metaphor understanding using KARMA – Grammars and parsing • This Week – Construction

   

Embodied constructions

construction HARRYform : /hEriy/meaning : Harry

construction CAFEform : /khaefej/meaning : Cafe

Harry

CAFEcafe

ECG NotationForm Meaning

Constructions have form and meaning poles that are subject to type constraints.

Page 6: CS182 - University of California, Berkeleycs182/sp08/sections/week13.pdf · • Last Week – Metaphor understanding using KARMA – Grammars and parsing • This Week – Construction

   

Questions

• What are constructions?

• How does ECG use constructions?

• Why is learning language hard?

• What is the poverty of the stimulus?

• What is Gold's Theorem?

Page 7: CS182 - University of California, Berkeleycs182/sp08/sections/week13.pdf · • Last Week – Metaphor understanding using KARMA – Grammars and parsing • This Week – Construction

   

A schema hierarchy of objects (Nomi)

schema Referentsubcase of Entityroles

categorydistributionboundednessnumbergenderaccessibilityresolved­ref

schema Object subcase of Entity

schema Entity

schema Place

schema Physical­Objectsubcase of Object, Place

schema Animate subcase of Physical­Objectroles

animacyconstraints

animacy   true←

schema Humansubcase of Animateroles

sexschema Nomi

subcase of Humansex   female←

schema Manipulable­Object subcase of Physical­Object

schema Toysubcase of 

Manipulable­Objectschema Ball 

subcase of Toy

slot filler

schema Cup subcase of Manipulable­Object

Page 8: CS182 - University of California, Berkeleycs182/sp08/sections/week13.pdf · • Last Week – Metaphor understanding using KARMA – Grammars and parsing • This Week – Construction

   

The schemas we just defined

Entity Place

Object

Physical­Object

Referent

AnimateManipulable­Object

HumanToy

Nomi Mother FatherBook

Cup

Ball Block

Food

Doll Bed

Cake Juice

Page 9: CS182 - University of California, Berkeleycs182/sp08/sections/week13.pdf · • Last Week – Metaphor understanding using KARMA – Grammars and parsing • This Week – Construction

   

A schema hierarchy of actions (Nomi)

schema DirectedActionsubcase of Actionroles

patient : Entity

schema Actionroles

agent : Entity

schema Move subcase of Actionroles

mover : Entitydirection : Place

schema CauseMove subcase of DirectedAction, Moveroles

causer : Humanmover : Physical­Objectmotion : Move

constraints motion.mover   mover↔

motion.agent   causer↔

motion.direction   direction↔

agent   causer↔

patient   mover↔

identification constraint

type constraint

Page 10: CS182 - University of California, Berkeleycs182/sp08/sections/week13.pdf · • Last Week – Metaphor understanding using KARMA – Grammars and parsing • This Week – Construction

   

The schemas we just definedAction

Directed Action

Cause­Move

Move

JointMoveTransfer

Page 11: CS182 - University of California, Berkeleycs182/sp08/sections/week13.pdf · • Last Week – Metaphor understanding using KARMA – Grammars and parsing • This Week – Construction

   

Constructions, finally (Nomi)construction Ref­Expr

form : Schematic­Formmeaning : Referent

construction Nomi­Cnlevel 0subcase of Ref­Exprform : Word

self.f.orth   "Nomi"←

meaningevokes Nomi as nself.m.category   n↔

self.m.resolved­ref   n↔

local name

fancy way of sayingthat the category ofthe referent is Nomi

construction Cup­Cnlevel 0subcase of Ref­Exprform : Word

self.f.orth   “cup"←

meaningevokes Cup as nself.m.category   n↔

self.m.resolved­ref   n↔

Page 12: CS182 - University of California, Berkeleycs182/sp08/sections/week13.pdf · • Last Week – Metaphor understanding using KARMA – Grammars and parsing • This Week – Construction

   

Constructions, finally (Nomi)

construction Cause­Motion­Verbsubcase of Motion­Verbmeaning : CauseMove 

construction Motion­Verbmeaning : Move

construction Get­Cnlevel 0subcase of Cause­Motion­Verbform : Word

self.f.orth   "get"←

lexical construction

Page 13: CS182 - University of California, Berkeleycs182/sp08/sections/week13.pdf · • Last Week – Metaphor understanding using KARMA – Grammars and parsing • This Week – Construction

   

Constructions, finally (Nomi)

construction Transitive­Cnlevel 2constructional

constituentsagt : Ref­Exprv : Cause­Motion­Verbobj : Ref­Expr

formagt.f before v.fv.f before obj.f

meaningv.m.agent   agt.m.resolved­ref↔

v.m.patient   obj.m.resolved­ref↔

smaller constructions that it takes

ordering constraints on the constituents

Page 14: CS182 - University of California, Berkeleycs182/sp08/sections/week13.pdf · • Last Week – Metaphor understanding using KARMA – Grammars and parsing • This Week – Construction

   

Questions

• What are constructions?

• How does ECG use constructions?

• Why is learning language hard?

• What is the poverty of the stimulus?

• What is Gold's Theorem?

Page 15: CS182 - University of California, Berkeleycs182/sp08/sections/week13.pdf · • Last Week – Metaphor understanding using KARMA – Grammars and parsing • This Week – Construction

   

Difficulty of learning language

• What makes learning language difficult?– How many sentences do children hear?

– How often are those sentences even correct?

– Even when they're correct, how often are they complete?

– How often are children corrected when saying something wrong?

– How many possible languages are there?

Page 16: CS182 - University of California, Berkeleycs182/sp08/sections/week13.pdf · • Last Week – Metaphor understanding using KARMA – Grammars and parsing • This Week – Construction

   

Larger context

• War!– Is language innate?

– Covered in book

Page 17: CS182 - University of California, Berkeleycs182/sp08/sections/week13.pdf · • Last Week – Metaphor understanding using KARMA – Grammars and parsing • This Week – Construction

   

Questions

• What are constructions?

• How does ECG use constructions?

• Why is learning language hard?

• What is the poverty of the stimulus?

• What is Gold's Theorem?

Page 18: CS182 - University of California, Berkeleycs182/sp08/sections/week13.pdf · • Last Week – Metaphor understanding using KARMA – Grammars and parsing • This Week – Construction

   

Poverty and Opulence

• Poverty of the stimulus– Coined to suggest how little information children have to 

learn from

• Opulence of the substrate– Opulence = “richness”

– Coined in response to suggest how much background information children have

Page 19: CS182 - University of California, Berkeleycs182/sp08/sections/week13.pdf · • Last Week – Metaphor understanding using KARMA – Grammars and parsing • This Week – Construction

   

Questions

• What are constructions?

• How does ECG use constructions?

• Why is learning language hard?

• What is the poverty of the stimulus?

• What is Gold's Theorem?

Page 20: CS182 - University of California, Berkeleycs182/sp08/sections/week13.pdf · • Last Week – Metaphor understanding using KARMA – Grammars and parsing • This Week – Construction

   

Gold's Theorem• Suppose that you have an infinite number of languages

– language = “set of legal sentences”

• Suppose that for every language Ln, there is a bigger language Ln+1

– makes every sentence, and then some

• There's some language Linfinity

– contains all the sentences in all other languages

• You can arrange data so that no one ever learns Linfinity

– http://www.lps.uci.edu/~johnsonk/Publications/Johnson.GoldsTheorem.pdf