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ISSN : 2394-3580 Swadeshi Research Foundation Volume : 3, No. 4, Nov. 2016

A Quarterly Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (Referred & Review Journal)

SRF National & International Research Journal & Book Publication House, 320, Sewa path, Sangeevni Nagar, Garha, Jabalpur (M.P.)

Email Id:[email protected],[email protected] , www.srfresearchjournal.comPhone- 0761-4036611, Mo. 9993332299 Page 1

Role of Local Community in Enhancement of Tourism

(With Reference to Jabalpur Region)

Mrs. Gunjan Shrivastav

ABSTRACT

Local people are the real carriers of culture and traditions. They are the only ones who know the

importance of their tourist places and its cultural heritag. They had learnt the historical or mythological stories

related to tourist places nearby from their forefathers. Therefore their support can be very useful for the development

of tourism at any place.

Successfully planning for tourism development requires the active support and involvement of the local

community. It is important to plan tourism so that it does not compromise their quality of life. The issues that can be

included are over-crowding their localities, undue changes in social values, increased demand that raises the price

of consumer commodities, and degradation of the natural environment.

Concept

According to UNESCO, “the aim is not only to preserve increasingly numerous items of cultural property

but also to safeguard complexes which go far beyond single large monuments or individual buildings. The idea of

the heritage has now been broadened to include both the human and the natural environment, both architectural

complexes and archaeological sites, not only the rural heritage and the countryside but also the urban, technical or

industrial heritage, industrial design and street furniture.

Furthermore the preservation of the toursim sites and cultural heritage now covers the non-physical cultural

heritage, which includes the sigh and symbols passed on by oral transmission, artistic and literary forms of

expression, languages, ways of life, myths, beliefs and rituals value systems and traditional knowledge and know-

how.

In Jabalpur region various monuments are not protected. They are being continuously damaged by people.

Even their stones, doors, decorative motifs and sculpture are taken out and sold. Here the contribution of local

population is needed, to extend their help to local bodies, and voluntary agencies in the protection of historical

heritage.

Participation of local People in the Conservation of Heritage

The most important aspect of conservation is the participation of local people. Local participation is‘the

ability of local communities to influence the outcome of development projects that have an impact on them.

Educational efforts should be made with the help of press to build public awareness.

The participation of local people can be increased by organizing workshops and meetings. All research and

information collected from the local people can be synthesized. The skills of youth can be gained by involving them

in the conservation. The ecotourism project team together with the community could develop an action plan for

implementing solutions to identified problems. Participation therefore plays a key role in the initiative, as it

empowers people to play a role in the decision making process, where in many cases it is only those who are

politically connected or affluent who are involved in the control and management of the enterprise. Development

initiatives have better results if being implemented according to the suggestions of local people. Tourism policies

should no longer concentrate on economic and technical necessities alone, but rather emphasise the demand for an

unspoiled environment and consideration of the needs of the local people. This softer approach places the natural

and cultural resources at the forefront of planning and development, instead of as an afterthought.”2

Therefore it

becomes more important to adopt Alternative Tourism.

Alternative Tourism is a term that encompasses various applications, (appropriate, eco-friendly, soft,





responsible, controlled and people to people tourism). This responsible tourism saves displacing local people from

traditional life-style and original culture. This more sensitive approach to tourism development strives to satisfy the

needs of local people and tourists and the host country in a complementary way.

Presently, Mass tourism is not preferred for the fact that it dominates tourism of a region, its environment

and its people. Thus, Alternative tourism is form of tourism that advocates an approach opposite to mass tourism.

Advantages of Alternative Tourism

Families will acquire managerial skills.

Alternative Tourism will generate direct revenue for community members, thus benefitting the local

community.

Alternative Tourism will also help to preserve local traditions.

Alternative Tourism is ideal for travelers who prefer close contacts with local people.

Alternative Tourism will promote intercultural understanding.

Local people are the first to recognize the benefits of conserving their natural-resources-base, much more so

than large developers who don’t live in the area. Therefore, it is important that the local people should be involved.

uch involvement can take the form of community representatives who speak for various elements of the population3

Education plays a key role and local people should be allowed to develop their own educational

programmes for tourists. This will inspire them to shape and design tourism according to their needs and desire. It

should be seen that tourists must abide by the structured guidelines developed by local people.

Local people should be given responsibility by involving them in preparing management plans, which is

also important from the point of view of both the community development and development of the country.

Planning is for the benefit of the people, and they should be involved in the planning and development of

tourism in their areas. Tourism development should be aimed at to protect natural and socio-cultural resources and

improve the welfare of local people, while enhancing monetary gains and market access.4

Linking Communities,

tourism and conservation, through this involvement, tourism development will reflect a consensus of what the

people want. Also, if residents are involved in planning and development decisions and if they understand the

benefits the tourism can bring –they will more likely support it.5

An important aspect of sustainable development is emphasizing community based tourism. This approach

to tourism focuses on community involvement in the planning and development process, and developing the types of

tourism, which generate benefits to local communities. It applies techniques to ensure that most of the tourism goes

to local residents and not to the outsiders.6 Maximizing benefits to local residents typically results in tourism growth

and their active participation in the conservation of local tourism resources.

The benefits accruing to local communities are also beneficial to the country, through the income and

foreign exchange earned, employment generated and the support that local communities give to national tourism

development and conservation policies is beneficial to the country.7

The Contribution of Local People in the Conservation of Heritage in Jabalpur Region

The credit of development of cultural heritage of Jabalpur in earlier periods goes to Raja Gokul Das and

Beohar Raghubir Singh. Raja Gokul Das loaned money to the Jabalpur Municipality in 1881 for the construction of

Khandari water works to solve the problem of lack of water.8

Rajman Rajeshri Beohar Raghubeer Singh was the last jagirdar of Jabalpur to whose ancestors the estates

were granted by descendents of Rani Durgavati or acts of nationalism, patriotism, and bravery in the battlefield. In

the memory of Beohar Raghubeer Singh ‘Beohar Bagh’ is named.

The era of literary activities had begun with Pt. Makhanlal Chaturvedi and Shri Madhav Rao Sapre. Seth

Govind Das, grandson of Raja Gokul Das created enthusiasm in the youth for literary activities by opening





Rashtriya Hindi Mandir and Sharda Bhavan Pustakalaya in 1915.

Pt. Dwarka Prasad Mishra was the president of Jabalpur Municipal Committee from 1932-36. After

independence he became home minister. As a journalist he successfully edited ‘Lokmat’. He was Minister of

Education in 1955.He was Vice Chancellor of Sagar University from 1956-62 and became the Chief Minister of

M.P. in 1963.

Among the literary personalities were Pt. Kunjilal Dubey, who later became the speaker of M.P. Assembly,

and the Finance Minister, Beohar Rajendra Singh a prolific writer, Pt. Matadeen Shukla, at one time editor of

‘Madhuri’, Pt. Kamta Prasad Guru and Shri Harishankar Parsai, progressive writer of satire.

Pt. Lajjashankar Jha was bestowed the title of D. Litt., by the Jabalpur University in 1964. He was also

awarded with Sahitya Vachaspati in 1968 by Hindi Sahitya Sammelan. The same year Jabalpur Corporation

honoured him.

Shri Bhawani Prasad Tiwari was a poet, writer and seven times Mayor of Jabalpur Corporation. He was

honoured with the title of Padmashri and translated Gitanjali of Rabindra Nath Tagore in Hindi.

Dr. M.C. Choubey, an A.M.S., Medical Practitioner of Jabalpur had given great contribution in

conservation of culture of Jabalpur in the form of literature. The important works are ‘Jabalpur: The Past Revisited’

and ‘Tripuri’. The illustrations of Shri Vishnu Agnihotri, made the works immensely admirable.

Shri Ram Manohar Sinha is highly appreciated in painting. He was student of Nandlal Bose of Shanti

Niketan. He illustrated the original manuscript of the constitution of India. Shri Vishnu Agnihotri, Shri Kamta Sagar

and Shri Amritlal Vegad are also reputed artists.

Shri Amritlal Vegad did his studies from Shanti Niketan and was trined under able teachers like Nandlal

Bose. He joined as teacher at Institute of Fine Arts in Jabalpur. He was awarded with Sahitya Akedemi Award in

2004 for his travelogue- ‘Saundarya ki Nadi Narmada’14

He was also awarded Madhya Pradesh Rajya Sahitya

Award for his various works. He is also a recipient of the Mahapandit Rahul Sankrityayan award in Hindi.15

Vegad

has accomplished the entire Narmada Parikrama (literally , circumambulation, walking along the entire river bank)

commencing from his city Jabalpur right up till Bharuch in Gujarat and back, finally completing his parikrama by

1999.16

His other two travelogues are “Amritasya Narmada”, and “Teere Teere Narmada”.

Among the few great man of Jabalpur Region, there is always mention of Rajneesh (Osho). He has marked

his times with his thoughts and vision. He taught in Jabalpur University for 9 years. His global intellectual impact

can be seen by the number of disciples.

Maharishi Mahesh Yogi developed the Transcendental Meditation technique and was the leader and guru

of a worldwide organization. He had trained nearly 40,000 TM teachers and taught the Transcendental Meditation

technique to more than five million people and founded thousands of teaching centre and hundreds of colleges,

Universities and schools.

Shri Premnath, Arjun Rampal, Ashutosh Rana and Raghubeer Yadav are well known for their

performances in cinema. Rajnikant Trivedi, Kulkarni Bandhu and K.K. Naikar are famous in the field of comedy.

Jadugar Anand, as magician achieved success internationally. Smt. Sushila Bai Pohankar, Shri Ajay Pohankar and

Adesh Shrivastava earned great fame in the field of music. In the field of photography Shashin and Rajnikant Yadav

are acknowledged.

Local artists such as painters and sculptors had also contributed in the promotion of heritage. Numerous

committees welcome the tourists and local public wholeheartedly in their well decorated pandals during Durga

Pooja and Ganesh Utsav festivals. These members work hard 2-3 months prior to the festivals to decorate the pandal

in an innovative and unique style each year. This healthy competition develops the spirit of better performance the

next year. These committees also held Chal Samaroh (Grand procession of idols) in festive manner but peacefully.





Conclusion :Thus we can say that contribution of local people works in two ways in the conservation of heritage.

They are the one who had preserved traditional art, craft, and cultural heritage. Secondly, they can be involved in the

planning and management of tourism. Also local people become the main pillars, offering to tourists in a sustainable

form, local products in which they have pride as things representing their locality, so developing and sharing

emotions and happiness between tourists and themselves (local residents) making at the same time a contribution to

the development of tourism of the local area concerned.

REFERENCES :

1. Agrawal Prateek, Aspects of Cross Cultural Interaction and Tourism, Mohit publications, New Delhi, 2005

2. Badan B.S.& Harish Bhatt, Tourism planning and development, Commonwealth publishers, New Delhi, 2007

3. Choubey M.C, Jabalpur, The Past Revisited, INTACH, 1993

4. Competition Science Vision, February, 2005

5. Gaur Mahendra, Indian Affairs Annual, Volume 2, 2007

6. Gutirrez Eileen, Kristin Lamoureux, Seleni Metus, The George Washington University, New York, 2005

7. River of life and learning-Chat from Amrit lal Vegad by Parul Sharma Singh-The Hindu, 25 February 2011





usr`Ro dk leLr ekuoh; fØ;kvksa esa egRo gS ijUrq iztkrkfU=d O;oLFkk esa eq[;r% fuEu Lrjksa ij bldk egRo

cgqr vf/kd gSA usr`Ro ,d lkekftd fØ;k gS blfy, lkekftd foKkuksa & fo’ks"k :i ls lekt'kkL= vkSj jktuhfr

foKku ds Nk=kas dks bldk v/;;u djus esa fo’ks"k :fp jgh gSA blds lkFk gh lkekftd vkfFkZd ifjorZu dh izfØ;k Hkh

mfpr usr`Ro ds izfreku ds dkj.k ls eUn ;k rhoz xfr ls pyrh gS vkSj usrRo ,d izkphu dyk gS ftldk lH;rk dh

fujUrjrk esa vkSj mls vkxs c<kus esa fo’ks"k egRo jgrk gSA blds lkFk gh uxjh; lektksa dh c<+rh tfVyrkvksa dks ns[krs

gq, turk dks laxfBr djus dh vfr vko’;drk gS ftlls O;fDr vkSj lewg feydj usr`Ro iznku dj ldsaA

vr% usr`Ro ,d lkekftd rF; gS vkSj usr`Ro dks ,d rqyukRed /kkj.kk dgk tk ldrk gS ftldk vfHkizk; gS

fd ftl O;fDr esa usr`Ro ds xq.k ik;s tkrs gSa mlesa vuqlj.k djus ds Hkh xq.k vo’; jgrs gSa ijUrq tc O;fDr dh

vuqlj.k djus dh izofRr dh rqyuk esa O;fDr dh vkns’kiw.kZ izofRr vf/kd izHkkoh ;k fodflr gksus yxrh gS vkSj

vf/kdrj turk LoHkkoo’k bls Lohdkj djus yxrh gS rHkh og O;fDr lewg esa usrk ds in dks vftZr dj ysus esa leFkZ

gks tkrk gSA

usr`Ro dks le>kus ds fy, cgqr ls fo}kuksa us bldh ifjHkk"kk,a nh gSa] ijUrq lHkh fo}ku fdlh ,d ifjHkk"kk ij

lger ugh gSa vr% usr`Ro ds ckjs esa le;≤ ij fo}kuksa }kjk nh x;h ifjHkk"kkvksa esa ls dqN dk v/;;u fuEu izdkj

ls fd;k tk ldrk gS & fyaMesu us usrk dks ,d ,slk O;fDr dgk gS] ftlds fu.kZ;ksa] Hkkoukvksa vkSj ;qfDr;ksa dks lewg

}kjk fo’okl vkSj dk;Z ds vk/kkj ds :i esa viuk;k tkrk gSa vr% muds vuqlkj % "A Leader is an individual whose

rationalizations, judgements and feelings are accepted by the group as bases of belief and action.”

blh izdkj ds fopkjksa dks vksMosZ VhM us O;Dr djrs gq, dgk gS fd usrRo O;fDr;ksa dk ,d lkekU; y{; dh

izkfIr djus dk ,d iz;kl gSA

muds vuqlkj "Leadership is the activity of influencing people to co-operate to some goal which they come

to find desirable.” cksxkMZl us Hkh usrRo ds ckjs esa vius fopkj izdV djrs gq, dgk gS fd usrk ,d ,slk O;fDr gksrk gS

ftldk turk ij fo’ks"k izHkko gksrk gSA muds vuqlkj "A Leader is a person who exerts special influence over a

number of people. Everyone exercises special influence over at least a few other persons, but we cannot say that

such activity is leadership. there must be both special influence and number of people involved.”

cukZMZ us Hkh usr`Ro ij fopkj djrs gq, fy[kk gS fd usrRo O;ogkj ds ml xq.k dks izdV djrk gS ftlds }kjk

lg;ksx vftZr djus ij cy fn;k tkrk gSA

"Any person who is more than ordinarily efficient in carrying psychological stiMuli to other and is thus

effective in conditioning collective responses may be called a leader.”

fiQuj ,oa isLFkl us usr`Ro dh la{ksi esa ifjHkk"kk nsrs gq;s O;Dr fd;k gS fd %& usrRo okafNr y{;ksa dh izkfIr

ds fy;s O;fDr;ksa ds ,d lewg dks izsfjr ,oa lefUor djus dh fØ;k gSA

blh çdkj lsdyu ,oa gMlu us Hkh usr`Ro ds ckjs esa O;Dr djrs gq;s dgk gS fd% ßfdlh lewg ds mn~ns’;ksa dks

vftZr djus ds fy;s O;fDr;ksa dks lk>s iz;Ru djus ds fy, izsfjr djuk gh usr`Ro gSA

vr% la{ksi esa dgk tk ldrk gS fd usr`Ro ,d O;ogkj gS tks vuq;kf;vksa ds O;ogkj dh rqyuk esa vf/kd





izHkko’kkyh gksrk gSa tks vuq;kf;vksa dks mn~ns’; vftZr djus esa lgk;rk iznRr djrk gS vkSj mUgsa lUrq"V Hkh djrk gSa vr%

usr`Ro ,d ,slk O;ogkj gS ftlds ek/;e ls vuq;kf;vksa dks funsZf'kr] fu;fU=r vkSj izksRlkfgr fd;k tkrk gSA

usr`Ro dks usrk vkSj vuq;kf;vksa ds lUnHkZ esa gh le>uk mi;qDr jgrk gSA usr`Ro ds usrk vkSj vuq;k;h gh nks

eq[; vax gksrs gSa] usr`Ro ds vUrxZr usrk ds vuq;kf;vksa esa usrk ds izfr vikj HkfDr ;k leiZ.k dh Hkkouk jgrh gS D;ksafd

dksbZ usrk 'kfDr ds cy ij ;k Hk; mRiUu djds ;k Mjk /kedk dj vf/kd fnuksa rd vius vuq;kf;;ksa dh ln~Hkkouk vkSj

lg;ksx dh Hkkouk ij vk/kkfjr ugha jg ldrkA ;fn dksbZ usrk lQy usr`Ro dh bPNk j[krk gS rks mlds fy;s ;g

vfuok;Z gks tkrk gS fd og vius vuq;kf;vksa ds fopkjksa] Hkkoukvksa] laosxksa] fØ;kvksa] izfrfØ;kvksa ds vuqlkj gh viuk

O;ogkj LFkkfir djs vkSj muds vuqlkj gh leLr dk;Z lEiUu djsA

vr% usr`Ro ls vfHkizk; gS fd tc O;fDr ,d fof'k"V jktuhfrd okrkoj.k esa ,d fof'k"V fLFkfr dks vftZr dj

ysrk gS rks og vius xq.kksa ;k {kerkvksa ds }kjk nwljs O;fDr;ksa ds O;ogkjksa dks izHkkfor djus yx tkrk gS rks bls gh

usr`Ro dh fLFkfr dgrs gSa ijUrq ;g /;ku nsus dh ckr gS fd usrk dk vius vuq;kf;;ksa ij dsoy ek= ,d rjQk gh

izHkko ugh jgrk gS vfirq usrk ds vuq;k;h Hkh vius O;ogkj ls usrk ds O;ogkj dks izHkkfor djrs jgrs gSa ijUrq usrk esa

nwljksa ds O;ogkj dks izHkkfor djus dh vR;f/kd {kerk ik;h tkrh gSA blh dkj.k ls usrk vius vuq;kf;;ksa ds O;ogkj

dks vf/kd izHkkfor djus esa leFkZ jgrk gSA blds lkFk gh lkFk ;g Hkh ns[kuk vfuok;Z gks tkrk gS fd vuq;kf;;ksa ;k

nwljksa ds O;ogkj dks izHkkfor dj ysuk gh usr`Ro ugh dgk tk ldrk gS vfirq O;fDr;ksa ds O;ogkjksa ;k vuq;kf;;ksa ds

O;ogkjksa dks ,d fuf’pr ;k bPNkuqlkj fn’kk esa ifjofrZr djus dk uke gh usrRo gSA ;gka ij ;g Hkh ns[kus dh

vko’;drk gS fd dHkh&dHkh Hkzeo’k usr`Ro vkSj izHkqRo dks ,d gh eku fy;k tkrk gSA usrRo dh /kkj.kk dks le>us esa

;g /;ku j[kus dh ckr gS fd usr`Ro vkSj izHkqRo nks fHkUu&fHkUu /kkj.kk,a gSaA

izHkqRo esa 'kfDr ;k lRrk dk rRo vfuok;Z :i ls tqM+k gksrk gSA izHkqRo }kjk O;fDr;ksa ds O;ogkjksa esa tks ifjorZu

djuk gksrk gS og dsoy ncko ds }kjk gh fd;k tkrk gS ijUrq usr`Ro O;fDr;ksa ds O;ogkjksa esa tks Hkh ifjorZu ykrk gS og

bPNk }kjk ykrk gSA blds lkFk gh ;g Hkh ns[kk x;k gS fd usr`Ro dh lQyrk gsrq usrk vkSj mlds vuq;kf;;ksa esa

ikjLifjd lg;ksx] ?kfu"Vrk] R;kx vkSj leiZ.k dh Hkkouk dk gksuk vko’;d gS tcfd izHkqRo dks fcuk fdlh lg;ksx

vkSj ?kfu"Vrk ds Hkh ge cuk;s j[kus esa leFkZ gks ldrs gSa ;g Hkh ,d rF; gS fd usr`Ro esa izxfr’khy O;ogkj ij cy

fn;k tkrk gS tcfd izHkqRo esa :f<okfnrk gh vf/kd izHkkoh jgrh gSa bruk lc dqN gksrs gq, Hkh dqN fo}ku bl ckr ij

cy nsrs gSa fd usr`Ro dh foospuk izHkqRo ds :i esa gh dh tkuh pkfg, vkSj nksuksa dks vyx ugh fd;k tkuk pkfg,A

la{ksi esa ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd usr`Ro esa fuEu ckrksa ij eq[; cy fn;k tkrk gS &

1- usr`Ro esa nks i{k jgrs gSa tSls & usrk vkSj vuq;k;hA blesa usrk vius vuq;kf;;ksa dh rqyuk esa vuq;kf;;ksa ds O;ogkjks

ls izHkkfor gksus dh vis{kk vius O;ogkj ls mUgsa gh vf/kd izHkkfor djrk gSA

2- usr`Ro ,d rjg ls fof'k"V O;ogkj gS ftlds vUrxZr leiZ.k] izHkqRo] vkxzg vkSj lq>ko dk feJ.k jgrk gSA

3- usr`Ro esa vuq;kf;;ksa ds O;ogkjksa dks ,d fuf’pr fn’kk iznku dh tkrh gS vFkkZr~ usr`Ro fu;ksftr gksrk gS vfu;ksftr

ughaA

4- usr`Ro ls lEcfU/kr izHkko ncko ls LoPNUn ugh jgrk gS vkSj bls lkekU;r% bPNk ls gh viuk;k tkrk gSA usr`Ro esa

ncko dsoy ek= usrk ds uSfrd izHkko dk gh gks ldrk gS] ftls O;fDr viuh bPNk ls xzg.k djrk gSA

5- usr`Ro dh ,d fof'k"V ifjfLFkfr gksrh gS vkSj ifjfLFkfr dk vFkZ {ks= ls gS vkSj O;fDr fHkUu&fHkUu izdkj ds O;fDr;ksa

ls izHkkfor jgrk gSA





6- usr`Ro }kjk O;ogkjksa esa gksus okyk ifjorZu lk/kkj.kr;k mRrstuk }kjk izHkkfor jgrk gSA

lkekU;r% usr`Ro ls vfHkizk; ,d ,slh fLFkfr ls fy;k tkrk gS ftlesa O;fDr vU; leku xq.k/kehZ O;fDr;ksa ds

e/; iz/kkurk dks izkIr djds muls viuh bPNk ds vuqlkj dk;Z djkus es leFkZ gks tkrk gSaA blfy;s usr`Ro dk vfHkizk;

funsZf'kr djus ls fy;k tkrk gSA vr% usr`Ro ,d ,slh vUrfuZfgr O;fDrxr {kerk dk uke gS tks tUetkr vkSj

ekufldrk ls lEcfU/kr gS ftls foLr`r izf’k{k.k ds mijkUr vftZr fd;k tkrk gSA ,syu us bldh O;k[;k izcU/kdh;

{kerk vFkok O;fDrxr vkSj tUetkr xq.k ds :i esa dh gSA blds lkFk gh ;gka ij bl rF; dks Li"V djuk Hkh mfpr

izrhr gksrk gS fd usr`Ro vFkkZr fu;U=.k dh {kerk Hk; ds vk/kkj ij ugha pyrh gS cfYd ;g izkd`frd gksrh gSA lkekU;

y{;ksa dh izkfIr gsrq O;fDr;ksa dks le>k&cq>kdj lg;ksx vftZr djus dh 'kfDr ds :i esa gh bls viuk;k tkrk

gSAblfy, usrRo O;fDr;ksa dks izHkkfor djus dh 'kfDr ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA ;gka O;fDr viuh bPNk ls leFkZu nsus

ds fy;s rRij jgrs gSaA

vr% usr`Ro dks Li"V :i esa le>us ds fy;s dgk tk ldrk gS fd usr`Ro ds vUrxZr ifjfLFkfr;ka] leFkZd vkSj

usrk dk gksuk vfuok;Z gSA blfy, usr`Ro ,d ,slh {kerk dk uke gS ftlds vUrxZr O;fDr vius xq.kksa ls vius leFkZdksa

dks lkekU; y{; vftZr djus gsrq izsj.kk nsrk gS vkSj bl y{; dks izkIr djus dk Hkh iz;kl djrk gSA vr% usrRo ls dbZ

xq.kksa dh tkudkjh dk vkHkkl feyrk gS tSls % nwjnf'kZrk] fu.kZ; dh {kerk] y{; fu/kkZfjr djus dh ;ksX;rk] tu lEidZ]

O;fDr esa psruk tkxzr djus dh {kerk vkSj nwljs yksxksa dks vkxs lkFk ysdj pyus dh {kerk vkfnA la{ksi esa usr`Ro rhu

ckrksa ij fuHkZj djrk gS %& tSls fu.kZ; dh {kerk] leFkZdksa dks ,df=r djus dh 'kfDr vkSj tulEidZ lk/kuksa dh izxk<+

bPNkA bUgsa vf/kd Li"V djus ds fy;s ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd fu.kZ; dh {kerk ,d lQy usr`Ro ds fy;s vR;f/kd

vifjgk;Z gSA blds cy ij gh ,d lQy usrk vius leFkZdksa rFkk laxBu dks fodkl ds iFk ij vkxs c<+k ldrk gS

vkSj dk;Z ds izfr bPNk tkxzr djus eas leFkZ gks ldrk gSA usrk ;fn mfpr le; ij mfpr fu.kZ; ugha ysrs gSa rks

leFkZdksa ;k laxBu dh dk;Z djus dh {kerk ij foijhr izHkko Hkh iM+ ldrk gSAvr% ;g ns[kus dh vfuok;Zrk gS fd

jk"Vªh;] vUrjkZ"Vªh;] ifjfLFkfr dh i"BHkwfe] tuleqnk; dh ekax o ekufldrk dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, gh usrRo }kjk fu.kZ;

fy;s tk;saA tks usr`Ro ,slk djus esa leFkZ gks tkrk gS mlh dk izHkko jktuhfr ij LFkk;h :i eas gks tkrk gSA ykspiw.kZ

fu.kZ; lnSo gkfudkjd gh jgrs gSa ykHkdkjh ugha ijUrq le;kuqlkj mfpr fu.kZ; rks rHkh lEHko gks ldrs gSa tcfd usr`Ro

dyiuk’khy gksus ds lkFk&lkFk mttoy Hkfo"; ds izfr Li"V vkSj fodklksUeq[k ;kstuk;sa j[krk gksA ,slh n’kk esa gh

usr`Ro Hkkoh y{;ksa dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, fu.kkZ;d Hkwfedk iznku dj ldus esa leFkZ gks ldrk gSA

leFkZdksa dks laxfBr djus dh 'kfDr Hkh usrRo ds fy;s izeq[k vko’;drk gS ftlds }kjk gh izfrc) leFkZdksa ds

lewg dks rS;kj djus esa usrk leFkZ gks ldrs gSa ijUrq usr`Ro ds izfr izfrc)rk mlh le; vk ldrh gS tcfd usr`Ro

fuf’pr n'kZu vkSj ;kstuk ij vk/kkfjr gksA ;fn og O;fDr] leqnk; ;k laLFkku dks Li"V fn’kk cks/k iznku djus esa leFkZ

ugha g S rks izfrc) leFkZdksa dk leFkZu mls izkIr gksuk dfBu gS vkSj ,slh n’kk vkus ij og voljoknh O;fDr;ksa ls

izHkkfor gksdj laxBu ,oa O;oLFkk dks gkfu ig¡qpk ldrk gSA blfy, ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd usr`Ro ds fy, ,d

lqLi"V fopkj/kkjk] y{; ,oa ;kstuk ds vuqlkj gh fo’okl ik= vkSj izfrc) leFkZdksa dks rS;kj djus dh vfuok;Zrk Hkh

lnSo cuh jgrh gSA

tulEidZ vkSj tupsruk ds fodkl dh vfuok;Zrk Hkh usr`Ro ds fy;s lnSo gh cuh jgrh gS D;ksafd tu psruk

dks ubZ fn’kk ;k vk;ke iznku djus esa leFkZ usr`Ro ,d mPp dksfV dk usr`Ro dgk tkrk gSA tupsruk dk fodkl rHkh

gks ldrk gS tc usrRo vk/kqfudhdj.k ds izfr vkLFkkoku vkSj xfr’khy gks ,oa lekt dks cnyus dh 'kfDr mlds ikl

gks D;ksafd lk/kkj.k tu ifjorZu ykus ds izfr lnSo gh bPNk j[krk gSA ;g ns[kus esa vk;k gS fd ifjorZu vkSj

vk/kqfudrk ges’kk ?kfu"V :i esa lEcfU/kr gksrs gSaA bl n`f"Vdks.k ls izfrfØ;koknh ;k ijeijkoknh usr`Ro tuleFkZu

vftZr djus esa lQy ugh gks ikrk gSA ;g Hkh tkuus dh vko’;drk gS fd fodkl’khy usr`Ro O;kid tu lEidZ djus





esa Hkh leFkZ jgrk gS D;ksafd ifjofrZr lekt dks le>usa dh 'kfDr mlh esa jgrh gS vkSj le; dh uCt dks igpkuus ;k

le>usa dh lkeF;Z Hkh og j[krk gSA fu"d"kZ :i esa ;gh dg ldrs gSa fd vPNs usr`Ro gsrq nwjnf'kZrk] fu.kZ; ysus dh

{kerk] dyiuk’khyrk] Hkfo"; ds fy, Li"V ;kstuk,a fufeZr djuk] tupsruk dks fodflr djus dh 'kfDr] O;kid tu

lEidZ vkSj fu"i{k fu.kZ; vfuok;Z rRo gks ldrs gSaA

Lindeman, E.C.: "Social Discovery,” New York, 1924

Tead, Ordway, : "The Art of Leadership”, New York, 1935

Bogardus, E.S.: "Leaders and Leadership”, New York, 193.

Bernard, L.L., : "IntroduCtion to Social Psychology”, New York, 1926

Piffner John. M. and Peasthus, Robert. V.: "Public Administration,” New York, The Ronald Press Company,

1960

Secklon, Hudson : "Organisation and Management,”

Robert Tannenbaem and Fred Massarik (eds.), "Leadership and Organisation : A Behavioural Science

Approach, : London, 1961

Koontz and O'Donell, Principal of Management, McGraw Hill, NewYork, 1955





Hkkjr esa Lora=rk izkfIr ds ckn lu~ 1950 esa tutkrh; leqnk;ksa dh igpku dj 212 tutkrh; leqnk;ksa dh lwph rS;kj

dj vuqlwfpr tutkrh; vf/kfu;e 1950 dks ykxw fd;k x;kA bl lwph esa lHkh tutkrh; leqnk; vusd dkj.ko’k

’kkfey ugha fd;s tk ldsA Qyr% dkQh fojks/k ds ckn bls /;ku esa j[krs gq, ^^ fiNM+h tkfr vk;ksx** dk xBu fd;k

x;k ftlds vuqeksnu ls iwoZ esa cukbZ xbZ lwph la’kksf/kr dh x;hA blds lkFk gh ^^ jkT; iquxZBu dkuwu** ykxw fd;k

x;k ftlds rgr jkT; dh lwfp;ksa esa ifjorZu gqvkA ^^bu lwphc) tutkfr;ksa dks gh vuqlwfpr tutkfr dgk tkrk gSA**

vHkh Hkh cgqr ls tutkrh; leqnk; bl lwph esa ’kkfey ugha gks ik;s gSA

lafo/kku fuekZrkvksa us buds vfodflr :Ik dks /;ku esa j[kdj bUgsa fo’ks"k egRo nsrs gq,] fodkl gsrq lafo/kku

ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa vkSj /kkjkvksa esa buds fy, fo’ks"k lqfo/kkvksa dh O;oLFkk dhA Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ds r`rh; Hkkx& ekSfyd

vf/kdkj] prqFkZ Hkkx&jkT; dh uhfr funsZ’kd rRo] n’ke~ Hkkx& vuqlwfpr tkfr ,oa tutkfr {ks=] }kn’k Hkkx&laifRr

bR;kfn] lksygoka Hkkx&fof’k"V iz;kstu ds }kjk buds fodkl dks vfuok;Z ekuk gSA blds fy;s Hkkjr ljdkj us dkQh

ljkguh; iz;kl fd;s gSaA tutkrh; lykgdkj ifj"kn dh fu;qfDr dh xbZ gSA laiw.kZ Hkkjrh; tutkfr;ksa dh lgk;rk gsrq

lafo/kku ds 338 osa vuqPNsn esa jk"Vªifr }kjk vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa ,oa tkfr;ksa ds fy;s i`Fkd dfe’uj dh fu;qfDr dh

x;h bUgsa fo’ks"k vf/kdkjh dk ntkZ fn;k x;k gSA

Lora= Hkkjr dh izFke tux.kuk 1951 ds vuqlkj dqy tula[;k esa vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa dh tula[;k yxHkx

,d djksM+ baD;kuos yk[k FkhA lu~ 1956 esa jkT;ksa ds iquxZBu ds ckn Hkkjr dh vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa dh tula[;k

yxHkx nks djksM+ iPphl yk[k gks x;hA iqu% 1961 dh tux.kuk dh izLrqfr ij mudh la[;k yxHkx nks djksM+ fuU;kuos

yk[k x;hA lu~ 1971 dh tux.kuk izfrosnu dks ns[kus ls ;g Li"V gksrk gS fd mudh mRrjksRrj c<+ksRrjh gqbZ gSA blds

vuqlkj mudh tula[;k rhu djksM+ vLlh yk[k iUnzg gtkj cklB gks x;hA lu~ 1981 dh tux.kuk ds izFke izfrosnu

ds vuqlkj Hkkjr esa tutkfr;ksa dh dqy vkcknh ¼vle dks NksM+dj½ ikap djksM+ lksyg mUurhl gtkj gks x;hA 1971 ls

1981 ds chp tutkrh; tula[;k esa o`f) yxHkx nks djksM+ dh gqbZA

1- vkU/kz izns’k 435-03 16-50 3-81

2- vle 149-58 19-20 12-48

3- fcgkj 563-53 49-33 8-76

4- xqtjkr 266-97 37-34 13-99

5- gfj;k.kk 100-37 & &

6- fgekpy izns’k 34-60 1-42 4-09

7- tEew vkSj d’ehj 46-11 & &

8- dsjy 213-41 2-69 1-26

9- e/;izns’k 116-54 83-87 20-14





10- egkjk"Vª 504-11 29-54 5-86

11- ef.kiqj 10-73 3-34 31-17

12- es?kky; 10-12 814 80-43

13- dukZVd 292-99 2-31 0-79

14- ukxkyS.M 5-16 4-58 88-61

15- mM+hlk 419-45 50-72 23-11

16- iatkc 135-51 & &

17- jktLFkku 257-66 31-26 12-13

18- rfeyukMq 411-99 3-12 0-76

19- f=iqjk 15-66 4-51 28-95

20- mRrj izns’k 883-42 1-99 0-22

21- Ikf’pe caxky 443-12 25-33 5-72

1- v.Meku&fudksckj }hi lewg 1-15 8-18 15-52

2- v:.kkpy izns’k 4-68 3-69 79-02

3- p.Mhx<+ 2-57 & &

4- nknjk vkSj uxj gosyh 0-74 0-64 66-89

5- fnYyh 40-66 & &

6- xksvk] neu vkSj }hi 8-58 0-08 0-93

7- y{k}hi 0-32 0-30 93-75

8- Ikkf.Mpsjh 4-72 & &

II iii

1- vkU/kz izns’k 3]176

2- fcgkj 5]811

3- xqtjkr 4]948

4- fgekpy izns’k 197

5- dukZVd 1]825

6- e/;izns’k 11]987

7- dsjy 261





8- egkjk"Vª 5]772

9- ef.kiqj 388

10- es?kky; 1]076

11- ukxkyS.M 651

12- mM+hlk 5]915

13- jktLFkku 4]183

14- flfDde 74

15- rfeyukMq 520

16- f=iqjk 584

17- mRrj izns’k 233

18- if’pe caxky 3]71

19- v.Meku&fudksckj }hi lewg 22

20- v:.kkpy izns’k 441

21- nknjk vkSj uxj gosyh 82

22- xksvk] neu vkSj }hi 11

23- y{k}hi 38

24 fetksje 462

dqy 51]629

Hkkjr esa tutkfr;ksa ds HkkSxksfyd forj.k dks /;ku esa j[kdj loZizFke ch-,l-xqgk ¼1951½ us bls rhu tutkfr;ksa

{ks=ksa esa foHkDr fd;k %&

lfEefyr {ks=ksa if’pe dh vksj f’keyk o ysg] iwoZ dh vksj ylkbZ ioZr vkSj fe’keh ekxZ]

bu {ks=ksa esa tutkfr leqnk; iwohZ d’ehj] iwohZ iatkc] fgekpy izns’k] mRrjh mRrj izns’k] vle o flfDde esa ik;s tkrs

gSaA bl {ks= dh eq[; tutkfr;ka jkaHkk] [kklh] vdk] MQyk] fejh] vikrkuh] ukxk] dqdh yqlkbZ ysipk] xkjks] xSyksax]

tkSulkjh] yjosjh] d.kZQwyh] Fkk:] xqTtj o ykEck gSA

bl {ks= ds varxZr fcgkj] caxky] nf{k.kh mRrj izns’k] e/;izns’k] nf{k.kh jktLFkku esa mRrjh eq.Mk]

mjkWo] gks] [kksaM] Hkwfet] yk/kk] dksjk] xksaM] cSxk] Hkhy ehuk nkej vkfn gSA

bl {ks= ds eq[; tutkrh; izns’k gSnjkckn] eSlwj] vkU/kzizns’k rfeyukMq vkSj dksphu gSA vusd

tutkfr;ka v.Meku&fudksckj }hi lewgksa esa fuokl djrh gSA bl {ks= dh izeq[k tutkfr;ka psUpq] b:yk] ifu;u]

dknkj] VksMk] dksVk rFkk iqy;u vkfn gSA

etwenkj ,oa enku us Hkh xqgk ds gh forj.k vk/kkj dks Lohdkj djrs gq, tutkfr;ksa dks rhu gh Hkkxksa esa forfjr fd;k

gSA

’;kekpj.k nqcs ¼1960½ us pkj {ks=h; foHkktu fd;s gS %&





1- mRrj iwohZ {ks=

2- e/;orhZ {ks=

3- nf{k.kh {ks=

4- if’peh {ks=

blesa rhu rks xqgk ds gh leku gSa ij pkSFks ds varxZr e/;orhZ {ks= esa jktLFkku vkSj egkjk"Vª ,oa xqtjkr ds lâ;knzh ds

tutkfr;ksa dk if’peh {ks= ekuk x;k gSA

;ksxs’k vVy ¼1960½ us Hkh bls fuEufyf[kr pkj {ks=ksa esa ckaVk gSA

1- mRrjh ,oa mRrj iwohZ {ks=

2- if’pe ,oa mRrj & if’peh {ks=

3- e/;orhZ {ks=

4- nf{k.k {ks=

ch-ds-jk; oEeuZ us ¼1971½ us fofHkUu Hkkjrh; {ks=ksa esa jgus okys tutkrh; lewgksa ds ,sfrgkfld ,oa lkekftd&lkaLÑfrd

laca/kksa dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, bUgsa fuEukafdr ikap Hkkxksa esa foHkDr fd;k gS &

blds varxZr vle] es?kky;] ukxkySaM] ef.kiqj] v:.kkpy i zns’k] fetksje ,oa f=iqjk vkrs gSaA

blds varxZr mRrjh mRrj izns’k ds igkM+h {ks= ,oa fgekpy

izns’k vkrs gSaA

blesa if’pe caxky] fcgkj] mM+hlk] e/;izns’k rFkk vkU/kzizns’k dks ’kkfey fd;k x;k gSA

blds varxZr rfeyukMq] dsjy ,oa dukZVd j[ks x;s gSaA

;g jktLFkku] xqtjkr ,oa egkjk"Vª dks feykdj ekuk x;k {ks= gSA

Åij fn;s x;s oxhZdj.kksa dks iqu% laokjrs gq, yfyrk izlkn fo|kFkhZ us 1976 esa ,d u;k oxhZdj.k izLrqr

fd;kA blesa mUgksaus pkj iz/kku {ks= pqus ,oa }hi lewgksa dk ,d vyx {ks= ekukA fo|kFkhZ }kjk oxhZÑr {ks= fuEukafdr

gS&

blds varxZr mUgksaus rhu mi{ks= ekus gSaA ¼d½ mRrj iwohZ fgeky; {ks= ¼[k½ e/;orhZ fgeky; {ks=

¼x½ mRrj&if’peh fgeky; {ks=A mRrj iwohZ fgeky; {ks= ¼nkftZfyax½ v:.kkpy izns’k] ukxkySaM] ef.kiqj] fetksje ,oa

f=iqjk j[kk gSA e/;orhZ fgeky; {ks= esa mRrj izns’k ,oa fcgkj ds rjkbZ {ks=ksa dks ’kkfey fd;k x;k gSA mRrj if’peh

fgeky; {ks=] fgekpy izns’k] tEew ,oa d’ehj dks feykdj cuk;k x;k gSA bl {ks= dh tutkrh; tula[;k 12-33

izfr’kr gSA





;g {ks= fcgkj] if’peh caxky mM+hlk rFkk e/;izns’k dk lfEefyr {ks= gSA bl {ks= esa

tutkfr;ksa dh lokZf/kd vkcknh 55-4 izfr’kr jgrh gSA

blesa jktLFkku] xqtjkr] egkjk"Vª] xksok] nknjk vkSj uxj goyh vkrs gSaA ;gka dh tutkfr;ksa

dh la[;k yxHkx ,d djksM+ gSA bl {ks= esa 26-1 izfr’kr tutkfr fuokl djrh gSA

blesa mUgksaus vkU/kzizns’k] rfeyukMq] dukZVd vkSj dsjy dks j[kk gSA bl {ks= esa 6-49 izfr’kr

tutkfr fuokl djrh gSA

bl u;s {ks= dks ,dne i`Fkd j[kuk fo|kFkhZ dk ljkguh; dne gS D;ksafd bl {ks= esa fuokl djus

okys tutkfr;ksa ds fo"k; esa vHkh Hkh tkudkjh ugha gSA ;Fkk & lksisu] tkjok] lsUVsusfye bR;kfnA bl {ks= esa vUMeku &

fudksckj }hi lewg ,oa y{k}hi dks j[kk x;k gSA

bl {ks= esa tutkfr;ksa dh vuqekfur la[;k 0-13 izfr’kr gSA

;gka ,d rkfydk ds ek/;e ls bu {ks=ksa esa ik;h tkus okyh izeq[k tutkfr;ksa ds uke fn;s tk jgs gSa &

1- fgekpy {ks= xn~nh] xqTtj] HkksV] fdUukSjk] Fkk:] dqdh] fetks] dpkjh] gekj] fcelk] ukxk

vkfnA vusd mitkfr;ka Hkh gS ;Fkk] f=iqjh] fj;ku] FkMkÅ vkfnA

2- e/; Hkkjrh; {ks= laFkky] eq.Mk] mjkWao] gks] Hkwfet] yks/kk] dks;k] [kks.M] xksaM] lksoj] xMck]

dekj] cSxk] HkwbZckWa] dksjdw] gYck vkfn

3- if’pe Hkkjrh; {ks= Ekhuk] Hkhy] MQyks] ?kkfV;k] xehr lg;knzh] dksuh] egknsoh] dksad.k vkfnA

4- nf{k.k Hkkjrh; {ks= xksaM] dks;k] v.Mh] Hks:dwyw] dks.Mk Mksjk] b:yk] ekyk] dqjkoku] uSdkMk]

;jkok] iqfy;u] ifu;u] dknj vkfnA

5- }hi lewg {ks= v.Mekuh] vksaxs] tjkok] ’kWkEisu] lsUVsusyl vkfnA

Hkkjr dh tutkfr;ksa dk iztkrh; rRoksa ds vk/kkj ij v/;;u djus ds ckn fofHkUu] fo}kuksa ;Fkk &

ch-,u-xqgk ¼1935½ ,oa Mh-,u- etwenkj ¼1944½] gcZV gksi fjtys ¼1991½ us bUgsa oxhZÑr fd;k gSA Hkkjrh; miegk}hi esa

jgus okys iztkfr;ksa ds oLrqr% dksbZ izR;{k izek.k miyC/k ugha FksaA vr% izek.kksa ds vHkko esa iztkrh; rRoksa dh ppkZ ds

laca/k esa enku ,oa etwenkj dk dFku fd ^^Hkkjrh; iztkrh; bfrgkl laca/kh lHkh ,sfrgkfld fufeZfr;ksa dks

vVdy&ckft;ksa ij vk/kkfjr djuk iM+rk gS]** iw.kZr% lR; gSA oSls orZeku le; esa iztkrh; vo/kkj.kkvksa dh ppkZ djus

dh ijaijk dk vUr gks pqdk gSA

u`’Rofefr ds vk/kkj ij fjtys us loZizFke Hkkjrh; iztkfr;ksa dk oxhZdj.k djrs gq, bls lkr iztkfr izdkjksa esa foHkkftr

fd;k gSA os gS &

1- rqdZ& bZjkuh

2- b.Mks& vk;Z

3- lkbFkks& nzfoM+





4- vk;Z & nzfoM+

5- eaxksy& nzfoM+

6- eaxksy

7- nzfoM+

bu lkrksa izdkjksa dks rhu ewy izdkjksa ;Fkk & eaxksy] nzfoM+ vkSj baMks & vk;Z dk foLrkj ekuk tk ldrk gSaA

Hkkjrh; tutkfr;ksa dh iztkfr dk laca/k nzfoM+ ,oa eaxksy ds lkFk ekuk tkrk gSaA ;gka mijksDr lkrksa iztkfr;ksa ds laca/k

esa laf{kIr fooj.k nsuk mi;qDr gksxkA

bl iztkfr esa fjtys us mRrj if’peh lhek izkUr ds vQxku vkSj cywfpLrku ds cyksp vkSj czkgqbZ

yksxksa dks j[kk gSA ;s yksx rqdhZ vkSj bZjkuh rRoksa ds lfEeJ.k dk izfrQy gSA budk vkSlr ls Åapk dn] xksjk jax] dkyh

;k Hkwjh vka[ks] pkSM+k flj] yach ukd vkSj vf/kd cky;qDr flj gksrk gSA

bl iztkfr ds yksx iatkc] jktLFkku vkSj d’ehj esa ik;s tkrs gSaA budk dn Åapk] jax xksjk] vk¡[ks

dkyh] psgjs ij ?kus cky] yEck flj] iryh ukd gksrh gSA

e/;izns’k] xqtjkr vkSj dqxZ ds igkM+h {ks=ksa esa bl iztkfr ds yksx ik;s tkrs gSaA blds eq[;

izfrfuf/k egkjk"Vª ds ejkBk czkEg.k dqxZoklh dqxZ vkSj xqtjkr ds uxj czkEg.k gSaA bl iztkfr dk fuekZ.k] lk;fFk;u ,oa

nzfoM+ rRoksa ls ekuk x;k gSA budk flj pkSM+k] de nk<+h&ew¡Ns] e/;e dn] lqUnj ukd ¼vf/kd yEch ugha½ rFkk jax xksjk

gksrk gSA

blesa iatkc dh iwohZ lhek] mRrjizns’k] jktLFkku] vkSj fcgkj ds dqN Hkkxksa esa ik;s tkus okys lewg gSaA

budk flj yEck] dn e/;e] gYdk Hkwjk ;k dkyk jax rFkk ukd b.Mks&vk;Z ls FkksM+h pkSM+h gksrh gSA budk dn Hkh muls

de gksrk gSA

caxky vkSj mM+hlk esa ik;s tkus okys dqN ekuo lewg bl iztkfr ds vUrxZr j[ks x;s gSA bls eaxksy

vkSj nzfoM+ dk fefJr :Ik ekuk x;k gSA budk flj pkSM+k] ukd e/;e] dgha&dgha piVh] jax dkyk] dn e/;e vkSj psgjs

ij ?kus cky gksrs gSaA

iwohZ Hkkjr esa bl iztkfr ds vf/kdrj yksx ik;s tkrs gSaA fo’ks"kdj usiky ,oa vle esa budh la[;k

vf/kd gSA budk flj pkSM+k] jax ihyk] nk<+h ew¡N ds uke ij ux.; cky] dn dkQh NksVk ;kfu vkSlr ls de] ukd

iryh vkSj pkSM+h nksuksa izdkj dh] psgjk pkSM+k] vk¡[kksa ds Åij ek¡l dh eksVh ijr ds dkj.k iydsa >qdh gqbZ gksrh gSaA

rfeyukMq] vkU/kzizns’k fo’ks"kdj gSnjkckn] e/;izns’k ds nf{k.kh Hkkx ,oa fcgkj ds NksVk ukxiqj esa bl iztkfr ds

yksx ik;s tkrs gSaA buds loZizeq[k izfrfuf/k ifu;u vkSj NksVk ukxiqj ds laFkky gSaA budk dn NksVk] jax dkyk] ?kqqa?kjkys

cky] dkyh vk¡[ks] yEck flj] vkSj ukd cgqr pkSM+h gksrh gSA

Hkkjrh; tutkfr;ksa dh iztkrh; jpuk dk oxhZdj.k xqgk us 1952 esa izLrqr fd;k tks fuEufyf[kr gS%&

1- nf{k.k Hkkjr ds dknj] b:yk vkSj ifuZ;ku vius ?kqa?kjkys ckyksa ds dkj.k fuf’pr :Ik esa fufxzVh dk izfrfuf/kRo djrsa

gSaA





2- Hkkjr ds e/; {ks= dh tutkfr;ksa dks izksVks&vkWLVsªyk;M dk lnL; dgk x;kA

3- mRrj iwohZ Hkkjr ds pkSM+s flj okys eaxksyk;Mksa esa vk¡[k vkSj psgjs ls lacaf/kr fof’k"V y{k.k ik;s x;sA

4- e/;e dn] Åaps flj okys] e/;e ukd okys FkksMs+ fHkUu izdkj ds eaxksyk;M czEgiq= ?kkVh {ksa= ds fuoklh gSA

1931 dh tux.kuk ds nkSjku xqgk us dsoy 2000 fljksa dk u`rRofefrd ekiu fd;k FkkA vius v/;;u ds

fu"d"kksaZ dks xqgk us Ik;kZIr~ lkaf[;dh; leFkZu ugha fn;k gS rkfd;s Lohdk;Z gks ldsaA lkFk gh uewuksa dk vkSlr vkdkj

vi;kZIr gSA uewuksa ds chp vUrj djus gsrq iz;qDr lh- vkj- ,y- fof/k Hkh O;kid :Ik esa LohÑr fof/k ugha gSA ljdkj us

Hkh fufxzVh rRo fl)kar ds bfrgkl dh jpuk dh gS fdUrq u`rRodfefr ,oa lhje foKku ds vk/kkj ij Hkkjr esa budh

[kkst djus esa mudh vlQyrk dk mYys[k Hkh bUgkasus fd;k gSA

mijksDr rF;ksa dh tkudkjh ds ckn fu"d"kZ fudkyk tk ldrk gS fd Hkkjr esa iztkrh; rRoksa dh v{kq.krk

ugha jgh oju~ O;kid :Ik esa bu rRoksa dk lfEeJ.k gqvk gSA iztkrh; jpuk ds laca/k esa u;s rRoksa ;k fopkjksa ij orZeku

le; esa ’kk;n gh dksbZ dk;Z py jgk gks D;ksafd bl rjg dk dksbZ v/;;u izdk’k esaa ugha vk;k gSA





lgk;d izk/;kid¼bfrgkl½ ’kk- ts- ih- oekZ LukrdksRrj] dyk&okf.kT; egkfo|ky; fcykliqj ¼N-x-½

izR;sd lekt esa laLdkjksa dk egRoiw.kZ LFkku gkssrk gSA lalkj ds izR;sd lekt esa dqN u dqN fu/kkZfjr laLdkj

gksrs gSA mu laLdkjksa esa dqN deZdk.M] vkpkj&fopkj rFkk vuq"Bku ik;s tkrs gSA okLrfodrk rks ;g gS fd tks laLÑfr

ftruh vf/kd izkphu gksrh gS mlesa laLdkjksa dk egRo Hkh mruk gh vf/kd gksrk gSA ;g lekt pkgsa if’pe dk

HkkSfrdoknh lekt gks vFkok iw.kZr;k ,d vkfne lekt gks] blesa thou ds dqN fo’ks"k Lrjksa ij laLdkjksa dh fo|ekurk

vo’; gh feysxhA

laLdkj ’kCn dk iz;ksx vusd vFkksaZ esa fd;k tkrk gSA laLdkj dk ’kkfCnd vFkZ ’kqf)] lq/kkj ;k lkQ&lQkbZ gSA

vr% ge dg ldrs gS fd thou dks ifj’kq) djus ds fy, leqfpr <ax ls fd;s x;s dk;Z i)fr dks gh laLdkj dgrs gSA

laLdkj ’kCn dk vf/kd mi;qDr Ik;kZ; vaxzsth dk Sacrament ’kCn gSA ftldk vFkZ ^^’kqf) dh /kkfeZd fØ;kvksa rFkk

O;fDr ds ’kkjhfjd] ekufld rFkk ckSf)d ifjLdkj ds fy, fd;s tkus okys vuq"Bkuksa ls gS ftlls og ¼O;fDr½ lekt dk

iw.kZ fodflr lnL; gks ldsA** la{ksi esa ge dg ldrs gSa fd laLdkj dk vFkZ mu ^îfo= vuq"Bkuksa ls gS tks ’kkjhfjd]

ckSf)d] lkekftd ,oa vk/;kfRed ifjLdkj ds fy, fd;s tkrs gSA** bl vFkZ esa tUe laLdkj ls e`R;q rd thou ds

fofHkUUk i{kksa ls lacaf/kr d`R;ksa dh ,d tfVy izfØ;k gksrh gSA bl izdkj laLdkjksa dks bruk egRo fn;k tkrk gS rFkk ;g

fo’okl fd;k tkrk gS fd laLdkjksa dks lEiUUk fd;s fcuk O;fDr dk thou dnkfi iw.kZ ugha gksrkA

mi;qZDr foospu ls Li"V gksrk gS fd laLdkj og /kkfeZd fof/k&fo/kku gS tks izrhdkREkd :Ik ls O;fDr ds tSfod]

ekufld vkSj lkaLÑfrd thou dk ifjLdkj djds mls ,d lkekftd] lakLÑfrd izk.kh cukus esa lgk;d gksrk gSA ;g

O;fDr ds Øfed fodkl dh izfØ;k ls lEcU/k gS rFkk laLdkj dk dk;Z O;fDr dh vkUrfjd {kerkvkssa dk lgh :Ik esa

ekxZ&funsZ’ku djuk gSA laLdkj os ek/;e gS ftuds }kjk O;fDr;ksa dks lekt ds ewY;ksa izfrekuksa rFkk vkn’kksaZ ls ifjfpr

djk;k tkrk gSa rFkk mu vkn’kksaZ ds vuq:Ik lekt esa O;ogkj djus dh f’k{kk nh tkrh gSA

izR;sd lekt esa dqN fu/kkZfjr laLdkj gksrs mjkao lekt Hkh fuf’pr o fu/kkZfjr laLdkjksa dk ikyu djrk gS tks

fuEukuqlkj gS %&

tUe laLdkj ekuo thou dh egRoiw.kZ ?kVuk gksrh gS ftldss ek/;e ls ,d u;s ekuo dk bl lalkj esa inkiZ.k

gksrk gSA ;g ekrk&firk ds lkFk ifjtuksa ds fy, fo’ks"k [kq’kh dk fnu gksrk gSA

mjkao ijEijk ds vuqlkj tc cgq xHkZorh gksrh gS rc mls izFke laLdkj ls lEiUu fd;k tkrk gS ftls ^vpjSy deuk*

vFkok ^tksnk deuk* dgk tkrk bl laLdkj dks xHkZorh gksus ds nks ls ikap eghus ds vUnj lEiUu fd;k tkrk gSA bl

laLdkj dks lEIkUu djus dk Ekdln xHkZLFk f’k’kq vkSj ek¡ ij fdlh izdkj dh foifRr u vk;sA dgk tkrk gS fd bl

laLdkj dks lEiUu ugha djus ij izlo esa O;o/kku mRiUu gksrk gSA ;fn izlo Bhd&Bhd gks Hkh tk, rks ek¡ dk nw/k

Ik;kZIr ek=k esa miyC/k ugha gksrkA bl laLdkj ds vHkko esa tPPkk&cPpk nksuksa dks chekj gksus dh vk’kadk cuh jgrh gS

rFkk gksus okyh lUrku ’kkjhfjd rFkk ekufld :Ik ls fodykax Hkh iSnk gks ldrk gSA bl laLdkj dks lEiUUk djkus dh

izfØ;k esa oj&o/kq nksuksa ifjokj ds lnL; mifLFkr jgrs gSA bl laLdkj dks lEiUu djkus ds fy, dbZ vko’;d oLrqvksa

dh t:jr iM+rhgSA ,d fo’ks"k iwtu fof/k }kjk bl laLdkj dks lEiUu fd;k tkrk gSA bl iwtu fof/k dsvuqlkj Ik’kqvksa

dh cfy nh tkrh gSA bl cfy esa HksM+ ;k lwvj gksrk gSA bl laLdkj esa tks Hkh O;; gksrk gS mls oj&o/kw nksuksa ifjokj





ogu djrs gSA bl laLdkj ds Ik’pkr~ xHkZorh efgyk fuf’pr gksdj lHkh ikfjokfjd dk;ksaZ esa lfØ; Hkkx ysus dk vFkZ

gksrk gS fd ’kkjhfjd :Ik ls og ranq:Lr jgrh gS rFkk izlo ds nkSjku mls d"V de gksxkA lekt esa dqN ,slh ekU;rk,a

Hkh gSa ftls ifr&iRuh dks ekuuk iM+rk gSA xHkZorh efgyk dks vdsys dgha ckgj tkus ugha fn;k tkrk gSA lkFk esa ;g Hkh

ijEijk gS fd xHkZorh efgyk ds lkFk&lkFk mlds ifr dks Hkh ’ke’kku esa tkuk fu"ks/k gksrk gSA rkfd gksus okyhlUrku ij

fdlh Hkwr&izsr dk utj u yx tk,A xHkZorh efgyk dks ikfjokfjd dk;ksaZ esa lfØ; ;ksxnku rks nsrh gS ij cks>k <+ksus ds

dk;ksaZls mls cpuk iM+rk gSA

dHkh&dHkh ejs gq, cPPksdk tUe gksrk gS ftls ^^Qsadok cPpk** dgk tkrk gSA ,sls cPps dks xkscj xM~<+s esa xkM+rs gSA

dHkh&dHkh tUe ds le;gh cPps dk nkar ik;k tkrk gSA ,sls cPps dks ^^jk{kl cPPkk** ;kus Hkwr&cPpk dgk tkrk gSA ,sls

cPps dks ued nsdj ekj Mkyk tkrk gSA orZeku lekt esa ;g xyr ijEijk yxHkx lekIr gks x;k gSA yksxksa dh /kkj.kk

gS fd ,sls cPps tUeus ls L=h fo/kok gksrh gSA dHkh ,sls cPPks dk tUe Hkh gksrk gS ftldh ukfHk ejh gqbZ ugha gksrh g SA

bldks ^^lrekl** dgk tkrk gSA ,sls cPps ds thus dh laHkkouk de jgrh gSA vkB eghusesa Hkh tUe gksrk gSa ftls

^^vkBekl** dgk tkrk gSA ,slk cPpk cgqr detksj gksrk gSaA

mjkao lekt esa cgqr dqN yksxksa dks fyax igpkuus dh fof/k dk Hkh Kku gksrk gSA ;fn xHkZ esa yM+dk gks rks ek¡ dh

fuEufyf[kr fo’ks"krk,a fn[kkbZ nsrh gSa %&

Ekkrk dk psgjk ek;wl fn[kkbZ nsrk gS] pyrs le; og nkfgus iSj dks ?klhVrh gqbZ vkxs c<+rh gS] og nkfguk gkFk vf/kd

fgykrh gS vkSj vkxs Qsadrh tkrh gSA cSBrs oDr og nkfguh vksj vf/kd >qddj cSBrh gS] mldk ’kjhj cks> ls ges’kk

nkfguh vksj >qdk jgrk gSA tc xHkZorh L=h iryh gks] mldh vka[ks ?kqlh gqbZ gks vkSj og cSBus dss Ik’pkr~ tehu ls mBrs

le; nkfgus gkFk dk vk/kkj ysrh rks fuf’pr gh yM+dk tUe gksrk gSA

;fn xHkZ esa yM+dh gks rks ekrk dh fuEufyf[kr fo’ks"krk,a fn[kkbZ nsrh gS%&

Ekkrk dk psgjk ek;wl ugha cfYd lkekU; jgrk gSA ekrk pyrs le; ck;ka iSj tehu ij ?klhVrh tkrh gS vkSj cka;k gkFk

vf/kd fgykrh vkSj Qsadrh gSA ;fn mBrs le; cka;s gkFk dk vk/kkj ysdj mBrh gS rks xHkZ esa yM+dh gksrh gSA

;fn fdlh naifRr dks lUrku izkIr u gks rks budk bykt ns’kh tM+h&cwVh ls fd;k tkrk gSA ;fn izlo ds ckn ek¡&cPps

dks ;fn fdlh izdkj dh rdyhQ ;k ijs’kkuh gks rks bl leL;k dk lek/kku Hkh ns’kh tM+h&cwVh ls gh fd;k tkrk gSA

;fn fdlh nEifRr dks vkxs vkSj lUrku ugha pkfg, ;k nks cPpksa ds chp le; dk vUrjky j[kuk gks rks Hkh ns’kh

tM+h&cwVh dh nokbZ nh tkrh gSA blds vfrfjDr ekfld /keZ dh vfu;ferrk] ekfld /keZ dh vf/kdrk] ekfld /keZ dk

de gksuk] ckj&ckj xHkZikr] xHkkZoLFkk esa jDrL=ko] ,d cPpk gksus ds ckn nwljk ugha gksus ij] ’kh?kz izlo ds fy,] izlo

ds Ik’pkr~ isV nnZ] nw/k ugha gksus ls nw/k c<+kus ds fy, rFkk vU; lHkh izdkj dh leL;kvksa dk lek/kku ns’kh tM+h&cwVh

ls fd;k tkrk gSA

¼x½ tUe ds le; ^^dqljSu**¼ferkfuu½ dh enn %&

izlo ds le; ^^dqljSu** ,oa cqtxZ efgyk,a izlwrk L=hdh enn djrh gSA vktdy ^^dqljSu** dks ferkfuu dk uke fn;k

x;k gSA ;fn izlo ljyrk ls u gks] fdlh rjg dh dfBukbZ gks jgh gks rks vks>s ds ek/;e ls /kqou mM+krs rFkk

vko’;drk vuqlkj HksaV p<+krs gSA vc cPPks dk TkUe gksrk gS rks dqljSu ukHkh&ukM+h dks yxHkx N% bap yEck NksM+dj





/kkxs ls cka/k nsrh gSA blds Ik’pkr~ xquxqus lkns ikuh ls uotkr f’k’kq dks ugyk;k tkrk gSSA izlwrk ds nnZ vkSj FkdkoV

dks nwj djus ds fy, mls FkksM+k nk: fn;k tkrk gS ;g ekuk tkrk gS fd ;g jDrL=ko dks de djus esa enn djrk gSA

tUe ds fnu esa [kqf’k;kyh esa gkafM;k ckaVk tkrk gSA fudV laca/kh vkdj bl [kq’kh esa ’kkfey gksrs gSA tUe ds pkj&ikap

fnuksa ds Ik’pkr~ ukfHk viusvki fxj tkrk gSA bls ?kj ds njokts ds ikl pqi&pki xkM+ fn;k tkrk gSSA

¼2½ NBh ;k ukedj.k laLdkj %&

bl laLdkj esa rhu ckrsa vkrh gS& ek¡ dk ’kqf)dj.k] f’k’kq dk eq.Mu rFkk cPps dk ukedj.kA ;g jLe cPps ds tUe ysus

ds Ik’pkr~ NBosa fnu esa lEiUu gksus ds dkj.k NBh dgykrk gSA mjkao lekt es a cPps dh NBh ,oa ukedj.k laLdkj dks

lekjksg ds lkFk mYykle; okrkoj.k esa lEiUu fd;k tkrk gSA bl fo’ks"k fnu esa cPps ds ekrk&firk ds }kjk vius

leLr lxs&lacaf/k;ksa dks rFkk xkao ds izk;% lHkh ifjokjksa dks vkeaf=r fd;k tkrk gSA blh fnu cPps dk ukedj.k rFkk

cPps dh ek¡ dk ’kqf)dj.k mjkao lekt ds ijEijk ds vuqlkj lEiUu fd;k tkrk gSA ek¡ dk ’kqf)dj.k dh fof/k ds

vualkj NBh ds fnu mlds foLrjk&diM+s vkfn lkQ fd;k tkrk gSA ?kj dh lQkbZ ds fy, xkscj ls fyikbZ fd;k tkrk

gSA rc izlqrk Lo;a dks gYnh vkSj ljlksa dk rsy ls lkQ djrs gSa rFkk u;s diM+s igu dj ikuh ykus ds fy, MkM+h

¼dqavk dk NksVk :i½ ;k dqavk tkrh gSA lkFk esa og ?kM+k] nksuk esa flanwj] ljlksa dk rsy] vkx /kqou rFkk vjiu pkoy

ysdj tkrh gS] MkM+h igqapdj og vkx esa /kqou tykrh] viju] fNV~Vh] rsy flanwj feykdj MkM+h ds ydM+h ;k iRFkj ij

Vhdk nsrh gS vkSj og mls rhu ckj lyke djds vius Åij MkM+h dk ikuh fNM+drh gSA var esa ?kM+s esa ikuh ysrs gq, ?kj

okil vkrh gSA ek¡ ds ’kqf)dj.k ds Ik’pkr~ cPps ds ’kqf)dj.k ds fy, mlds flj ds cky dk eqaMufd;k tkrkgSA blds

fy, vkaxu esa iwjc&if’pe pVkbZ fcNkdj ,d cM+h Fkkyh vkSj ,d ljbZ iRrh dk nksuk j[kk tkrk gSA mlds Ik’pkr~

nknk ;k ukuk vFkok dksbZ vu; cky mrkjus ds fy, mLrjk ysdj vkrk gS vkSj cPps dk cky dks fHkxkdj mldk eaqMu

dj fn;k tkrk gSA eaqMu ds le; cPps ds cky dks ,d nksus esa lgstdj j[kk tkrk gSA blds Ik’pkr~ cPps ds ukedj.k

laLdkj dh jLe ’kq: gksrk gSA ;fn f’k’kq yM+dk gks rks ifjokj ds nknk ;k ukuk ls firj ¼fe=½ vkSj ;fn yM+dh gks rks

nknh ;k ukuh ls firj ¼l[kh½ dh [kkst vjok pkoy dks Fkkyh esa Hk; ikuh ds Åij NksM+dj dh tkrh gSA bl fof/k dks

lEiUu djus ds fy, xkao ds dqN cqtqxZ iwoZ fn’kk dh vksj eqag djds pVkbZ esa cSB tkrs gSA rFkk muds lkeus ,d Fkkyh

esa ikuh ,oa ,d nksus esa /kku j[kk tkrk gSA mlh nksus esa nwc ?kkl] gYnh] vkSj ,d :Ik;s dk ,d flDdk Hkh j[kk tkrk

gSA blds i’pkr~ ml jLe dh lQyrk ds fy, bZ’oj rFkk iwoZtksa ls izkFkuk mjkao Hkk"kk esa dh tkrh gSA izkFkZuk esa bu

’kCnksa dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS& ^^gs bgyksd vkSj ijyksd ds gekjs iwoZtksa] ge yksx vki lcksa ls vkf’k"k ekax jgs gSA

gekjh tks Hkh xyrh gks] {kek dhft,A ge lcksa dks ldq’ky jf[k,A ge iapx.k nlksa vaxqfy;ksa ls nqgkbZ ns jgs gSA gs

egkizHkq&bZ’oj ge uhps iapx.k vkSj LoxZ esa ijes’oj&iapksa ij vkidh nf"V gSa vki dkSugS vkSj fdlds lkFk tqM+s gS\ crk

nsa u fNik,aA** bl izkFkZuk ds Ik’pkr~ mu cSBs iapksa esa ls dksbZ ,d cqtqxZ /kku dk ,d nkuk ysdj mldk fNydk uk[kwuksa

ls gVkrk gSA vkSj poy ds nkus dks Fkkyh ds fLFkj iuh ij lko/kkuh ls NksM+rk gSA ;g pkoy dk igyk nkuk bZ’oj ds

uke ij gksrk gSA

nwljk pkoy iapksa ds uke ij Fkkyh esa j[ks ikuh ij NksM+k tkrk gSA rRi’pkr~ pkoy dk rhljk nkuk f’k’kq ds

uke ls ty ij NksM+rs gq, fdlh iwoZt dk uke fy;k tkrk gSA ikuh ij fxjk;s x;s rhuksa pkoy dks ikuh esa rSjrs jguk

pkfg,A ;fn bZ’oj ds uke ls ikuh ij NksM+k x;k pkoy dk igyk nkuk vkSj f’k’kq ds fy, mlds iwoZtksa ds uke Mkys

x;s pkoy dk rhljk nkuk Fkkyh esa j[kk ikuh ij rSjrs gq, nksuksa vkil esa tqM+ tk, rks ikuh esa NksM+rs oDr ftl iwoZt

dk uke fy;k x;k gks mlh dk uke f’k’kq dks fn;k tkrk gSA bl lekt esa ,slh ekU;rk gS fd ftl iwoZt ds uke f’k’kq

dk firj cSBrk gS mlh iwoZt dk vf/kdka’k xq.k&lw= ml cPps ij mrjrk gSA bl izdkj cPps dk ukedj.k rFkk ek¡ dk

’kqf)dj.k ,d fnu lEiUu gksrk gSA izk;% cPps dk uke&tUefnu ;k LFkku ds uke ls j[kk tkrk gS tSls %& ;fn lkseokj

ds fnu f’k’kq dk tUe gqvk gks rks lksejk@lksejh uke j[kk tkrk gSA eaxyokj ds fnu tUe gksus ij eaxjk&eaxjh] cq/kokj

dks tUe ysus ij cq/kok&cq/kuh] rFkk ,rokj dks tUe gksus ij ,rok@,rokjh uke j[kk tkrk gSA





mjkao lekt ifjorZ’khy lekt gSA vktdy fnuksa ds uke ls cPpksa dk ukedj.k dh iqjkru i)fr yxHkx

lekIr gks x;h gSA orZeku esa cPps ds ekrk&firk dh bPNkuqlkj f’k’kq dk uke j[kk tkrk gSSA

;fn cPps ds uke ls ikuh esa NksM+k x;k pkoy vius dqy ds iwoZtksa ds uke esa ugha tqM+k rks gYnh ihldj ikuh ds lkFk

feykdj nwc ?kkl ij Mkyrs gq, cPps ds flj mM+sy fn;k tkrk gSA bl fof/k ls cPps dks ifo= fd;k tkrk gSA rRi’pkr~

cPps dks ugyk;k tkrk gSA

blds Ik’pkr~ cPps dh nknh nqHkuh esa gafM;k ¼tks pkoy dk curk gS½ ykrh gS rFkk lcls igys cPps dk iSj /kksrs

gq, viuh Hkk"kk esa dgrh gS yks iSj /kks jgh gw¡ xqLlk u djuk vk Sj jksuk erA f’k’kq ds iSj /kksus ds Ik’pkr~ lHkh vfrfFk;ksa

ds iSj Hkh /kks;s tkrs gS vkSj gfM+;k ckaVk tkrk gSA cPps dks mldh nknh ;k ukuh lHkh yksx viuh bPNkuqlkj iSls] diM+s

;k vU; phtsa nku ds :Ik esa nsrs gSA ftlds uke ij firj cSBk gks og cPps ds dej esa dj/kkuh cka/k nsrk gS vkSj og Hkh

nku djrk gSA blds Ik’pkr~ g"kksZYykl ds lkFk [kku&iku ds ckn lHkh vfrfFk;ksa dh fcnkbZ dh tkrh gSA

1& mjkao lekt esa ekrk,a vius cPpksa dh ns[kjs[k lko/kkuh ls djrh gSA cpiu esa mUgsa cklh ikuh ls ugykus dk fjokt

gSA cPps dks ugykus ds ckn vkS"kf/k ;qDr rsy ls iwjs ’kjhj dh ekfyl dh tkrh gSA cPps dks Hkwr&izsr dk izHkko u iM+s

;k fdlh dk utj u yxs bl Hk; ls os cPps ds gkFk esa daxu iguk nsrh gSA cPps dh vR;f/kd jksus rFkk nw/k fiykus ds

ckotwn pqi u gksus ij ek¡ cPps ij fdlh dk utj yxk le>dj vkx esa ljlksa] ued] fepZ vkfn dks tykdj bl

leL;k dk lek/kku djus dh dksf’k’k djrh gSA bl rjg vius cPps dh ns[kHkky iwjh lrZdrk ds lkFk dh tkrh gSA

2& 5 o"kZ ds ckn tc nw/k dk nkar VwVus yxrk gS rks VwVs nkarksa dks ?kj ds NRr esa Qsadk tkrk gSA

3& fd’kksj voLFkk esa ekrk&firk vius cPpksa dks izR;sd izdkj ds dke&dkt dh f’k{kk nsrs gSA yM+ds&iq:"kksa ds lHkh

izdkj ds dkeksa dks ?kj&ifjokj esa lh[krs gSA gy pykuk] dqnkyh pykuk] [ksr esa cht cksuk] cks>k <+ksuk] dbZ rjg ds

?kjsyw lkeku cukuk] rFkk [ksrh x`gLFkh ds vU; dk;ksaZ dk Hkh ?kj esa izf’k{k.k ysrs gSA yM+fd;ka& pVkbZ cukuk] flykbZ

djuk] >kMw cukuk] [kkuk cukuk] vkfn vusd izdkj ds dk;Z ifjokj ls gh lh[krh gSa dqN fo’ks"k dk;ksZ ,oa ckrksa ds

izf’k{k.k ds fy, 12 o"kZ ds ckn yM+ds&yM+fd;ka nksuksa lkekftd izf’k{k.k ?kj ^^/kqedqfM+;k** tkrs gSA

4& & ikfjokfjd thou esa lkgl vkSj /kS;Z dks c<+kus ds fy, 12 o"kZ dh mez esa gh yM+ds vius ck;sa gkFk esaa

^^flDdk** cSBkrs gSA blds fy, os vius gkFk esa Fkwd&ikuh yxkdj] ml ij lw[kk xkscj nsdj vkx yxk nsrs gSa ;k fpFkM+s

dk ^^lsM+rk** ¼cRRkh½ cuk;k tkrk gS vkSj mls ckag ij [kM+k dj fn;k tkrk gS rFkk Åijh Nksj ij vkx yxk nh tkrh gSA

ftlls gkFk dh peM+h tydj fpfUgr gks tkrh gSA flDds dh la[;k 3&7 rd gksrh gSA flDdk cSBkus dk rkRi;Z ;g

gksrk gS fd os ikfjokfjd dk;Z&Hkkj laHkkyus ds bPNqd gSA blls mudh lgu&’kfDr dh ijh{kk Hkh gksrh gSA

5& blh vof/k esa mudk ^^tqM+ks&pqV~Bh** j[kk tkrk gSA igys ;g ugha dkVk tkrk Fkk fdUrq vU; tkfr;ksa }kjk ^^>qcyw**

dgs tkus ds dkj.k vk/kqfud le; esa ^^tqM+ks&fpV~Bh** dkVdj mlds Lfkku esa pqanh j[k fn;k tkrk gSA ekrk &firk

20&30 lsj /kku dk eksM+k cukdj mlds Åij yM+ds dks cSBkrs gSa vkSj mls ljlksa rsy fiykrs gSA fQj mlds cky dks

dkVdj ^^tqM+ks&fpV~Bh** ds :Ik esa pqanh j[k nsrs gSA

6& mjkao yksx viuh cfPp;ksa dh xksnuk djkrs gSa rkfd muesa lHkh izdkj dh nq[k%&rdyhQksa dks lgu djus

dh {kerk vk tk,A ;g 7&8 o"kZ dh mez esa djk;k tkrk gSA xksnuk ekykfju cqf<+;k djrh gSA loZizFke xksnusokyh tyrs

cRrh dks crZu ls <ddj dkfy[k rS;kj djrh gSA fQj dkfy[k esa rsy feykdj] mlesa [kEHks okyh lwbZ dks Mwck&Mqckdj

yM+dh dh peM+h ij cuk;s x;s fp= Hkksadrh tkrh gSA ckn esa xquxqus ikuh ls /kksdj gYnh vkSj rsy yxk nsrh gSA dqN





fnuksa ckn peM+h dh Åijh ijr mM+ tkrh gS vkSj ’kjhj ij lkQ fp= fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA xksnuk gkFk] iSj] Nkrh rFkk dej

vkfn esa fd;k tkrk gSA

7& bl vof/k esa yM+dh dks lHkh izdkj ds Jaxkj nsdj irjh ij cSBk;k tkrk rFkk mldk firk mlds cky dks [kksy

nsrk gS] ftls mldh ek¡ ;k vU; vkSjrsa iqu% cf<+;k ls cuk nsrh gSA bls gh ^êqyqj [kksik** dgk tkrk gSA blds ckn lsa

mlds cky dks dksbZ enZ ugha [kksy ldrk gSA

/kqedqfM+;k nks ’kCnksa ls cuk gS /kqe$dqfM+;kA /kwe dk vFkZ&lkFk&lkFk lksuk RkFkk dqfM+;k dk vFkZ& NksVk ?kjA

mjkao lekt ds vfookfgr ;qod&;qofr;ksa ds lksus ds fy;s izR;sd xkao esa nks NksVs ?kj gksrs gSA mls /kqedqfM+;k dgrs gSA

/kqedqfM+;k mjkao tu tkfr;ksa ds ikfjokfjd] lkekftd] jktuSfrd] vkfFkZd rFkk lkaL—frd thou ls lacaf/kr izf’k{k.k

dsUnz gSA izR;sd xkao esa /kqedqfM+;k nks izdkj ds gksrs gS %&

1- Tkksa[k ,M+ik ¼yM+dksa dk ?kj½ & ftlesa yM+ds izf’k{k.k ysrs gSA

2- isYyks ,M+ik ¼yM+fd;ksa dk ?kj½ & blesa yM+fd;ka izf’k{k.k ysrh gSA

izR;sd xkao esa ukp&ukp rFkk lkekftd&lkaL—frd lekjksg iapk;r vkfn ds fy, fuf’pr LFkku gksrk gS ftls ml

Hkk"kk esa v[kkM+k dgrs gSA tks izk;% xkao ds e/; esa gksrk gSA bl v[kkM+k esa xkp&xku ls ysdj xkao ds izR;sd izdkj

ds dk;ZØe lEiUu gksrs gSA blh v[kkM+k ds lehi ^^/kqedqfM+;k** gksrk gSA /kqedqfM+;k esa ,d gh cM+k dejk gksrk gSA

nhokj feV~Vh ds cuk;s tkrs gSA Nr ?kklQwl ;k [kijs ls <ds gksrs gSA tehu ¼QlZ½ dPps gksus ds dkj.k bldh

lkQ&lQkbZ ds fy, xkscj ls fyikbZ dh tkrh gSA yM+ds&yM+fd;ksa ds fy, vyx&vyx /kqedqfM+;k cuk;k tkrk gSA

yM+ds ,oa yM+fd;ka nksuksa ,d&nwljs ds /kqedqfM+;ksa esa izos’k ugha dj ldrsA bldk vFkZ & isYyks ,M+ik esa yM+dksa dk

,oa tksa[k ,M+ik esa yM+fd;ksa dk izos’k oftZr gSa ;fn dksbZ yM+dh ;k yM+dk ,d&nwljs ds /kqedqfM+;k esa izos’k djrs

idM+s tkrs gS rks mUgsas lekt ds }kjk nf.Mr fd;k tkrk gSA

/kqedqfM+;k esa izos’k ds fy, U; wure mez 12 o"kZ j[kk x;k gSA bl la[;k esa yM+ds 22 o"kZ dh mez rd RkFkk

yM+fd;ka 18 o"kZ dh vk;q rd izf’k{k.k izkIr dj ldrh gSA

/kqedqfM+;k esa izf’k{k.k gsrq ;qod&;qofr;ksa dks rhu lewgksa esa ckaVk tkrk gSA

izFke lewg esa & 12 ls 15 o"kZ dh vk;q rdA

f}rh; lewg esa & 16 ls 18 o"kZ dh vk;q rdA

r`rh; lewg esa & 19 ls 22 o"kZ dh vk;q rdA

yM+ds&yM+fd;ka ekrk&firk dh Loh—fr o vuqefr ls gh /kqedqfM+;k esa izos’k ysrs gSA bl la[;k esa Hkkoh thou dh

lQyrk ds fy, thou dh lHkh i{kksa dh f’k{kk nh tkrh gSA dgk tkrk gS fd mjkao lekt esa /kqedqfM+;k dk bruk

egRoiw.kZ Lfkku gS fd bldh lnL;rk xzg.k fd;s cxSj yM+ds&yM+fd;ksa dh ’kknh lEiUu ugha gksrh gSA

bl izdkj xkao ds izR;sd ifjokj ds yM+ds&yM+fd;ksa dks /kqedqfM+;k dh lnL;rk xzg.k djuk vfuok;Z gSA

/kqedqfM+;k esa izf’k{k.k lekIr djus ds Ik’pkr~ gh yM+ds&yM+fd;ksa dks fookg ;ksX; ekuk tkrk gSA





/kqedqfM+;k esa izos’k gsrq ?kj&ifjokj R;kxuk ugha iM+rkA cfYd jkr esa dqN ?kUVs izf’k{k.k ysus ds Ik’pkr~ leLr

izf’k{kq /kqedqfM+;k esa gh lks tkrs gSA os lHkh izf’k{kq lqcg vius ikfjokfjd dk;Z ds fy, vius ?kj okil vk tkrs gSA

’kke dks iqu% ;qod&;qofr;ksa dks izf’k{k.k dsUnz /qedqfM+;k vkuk iM+rk gSA ;g dke fujUrj tkjh jgrk gSA tc rd

fd izf’k{k.k iwjk u gksA





1- frdhZ MkW- ds:fce NksVk ukxiqj ds vkfnoklh;ksa dk oSokfgd ijiajk;s ,oa

orZeku LkEkL;k;sa i`- 11&12

2- dqtwj cz- fe[kk,y ,Lk- ts- mjkao laL—fr i`- 5&10

3- frdhZ CkksuhQkl izlUueq[k mjkao i`- 26&28

4- YkM+dk Qk- tksu ,l- ts- vkfnoklh vk/;kfRedrk i`- 33&39

5- xqIrk MkW- vkj- ds- Hkkjrh; lekt ,oa laLFkk;sa i`- 108&110

6- eq[kthZ johUnzukFk Hkkjrh; lekt Ok laL—fr i- 441&442

7- ’kekZ MkW- jkeukFk Hkkjrh; lekt laLFkk;as Ok laL—fr i- 166

8- ’kekZ MkW- fceykpj.k >kj[k.M dh tutkfr;ka i- 386

9- Okgh i`- 390

10- feat MkW- fnokdj Ekq.Mk ,oa mjkao /kkfeZd bfrgkl i`- 414&115





GOOD GOVERNANCE AND HOLY GITA

Khyati Mishra

MEANING OF GOOD GOVERNANCE

The term ‘governance’ includes governmental institutions as well as the informal, non-governmental

regulatory mechanisms, governance, thus, is a network of multiple agenciesc and organisation than fixed

government agencey or department. In 1992 world bank was the first one to use the concept of governance and good

governance.

Conventionally, Governance deals with the capacity of government to designm formulate and implement

policies and in general, to discharge government function, It is a type of political system and the manner in which

power is exercised in utilising country’s economic and social resources for development.

Good Governance is a type of governance in which everyone is happy, where everyone gets an equal

opportunity to develop their full potential. It is related to efficient and effective adminstration in a democratic

framework. It aims at improving the quality of life of the people, it includes high level of organisational

effectiveness. We can say that Good governance is the adoption of new values of governance to establish greater

efficiency, legitimacy and credibility of the system. In all we can say that it is citizens-friendly, citizen-caring and

responsive adminstration.

Good Governance would involve role of government only in core, strategic and soverign functions. This

may mean, the government whose primary business is to govern, should govern the least, leaving man, society,

institutions and all else to govern themselves. This is reflected in privatisation, coporatisation and contracting out,

etc. Good Governance is central to creating and sustaining an environment, which fosters equitable development and

it si an essential complement to sound economic policies. Empowerment is a precondition of good governance. The

feature of good governance are public sector management, legar framework for the development, accountability,

information and transparency and empowerment etc. It emphasis on open market friendly and competitive

economics, human rights observance and support for democratisation. The application of New Public Management

helps in operationalising the concept of good governance.1

The apporach in Good Governance has been criticised by many persons as an encourachment upon the

soverignty of nations. It is said that the donor agencies including World Bank cannot dictate as to which form of

governemnt should previal in any country The approach has also been critcised for spreading the gospal of

capitalism. The emphasis on preducing the role of government and increasing the role of market appears to paint in

this direction. Emphasising a single model of governance by the donor agencies is similar to advocating one best

1,2

Vikram, Singh, Public Adminstration, New Delhi, 2007





way of management of the classical theory. It is assumed that the system of ‘Good Governance’ as prevalising in the

developed countries is the panacea for the its prevailing in underdeveloped countries. Alternative methdos of

collective problems solving by a society should not be ignored.2

The concept of ‘Governance’ is not new. It is as old as human civilization. Simple ‘governance’ means :

the process of decision-making and the process by which decisions are implemented not implemented. The concept

of ‘Good governance’ derives its relevance in the context of misgovernance-which includes non-feasance, over-

feasance and malf-seasance. In many countries the democratic form of government has proved to be ineffective for

checking swindling of public funds for private gains by the elected leaders as well as permanent bureaceats mususe

of power, fraud, chicanery and embezzelment of funds are systematically perpetrated by the leaders of government

and their unions. Mis-governance is found all around, especially in the developing countries, in rampant degree. The

concept of good governance becomes attractive as a remedy against this state of affairs. The concept of good

governance becomes attaractive as a remedy against this state of affairs. The concept of good government is not

new. Kautilyal in the treatise Arthashastra elaborated the traits of the king of a well governed state : “in the

happiness of is subjects lies his happiness, in their welfare, whatever please himself, he does not consider as good,

but whatever please his subjects he considers as good.” Mahatma Gandhi had propounded the concept of ‘Su-raj’.3

Good Governance aims at providing an environment in which all citizen irrespective of class, caste and

gender can develop to their full poteltial. In addition, good also aim at providing pblic services effectively and

equitably to the citizens.

The concept of governance has acquired increased importance since 1990s largely because international aid

agencies began to recognise its absence as a serious barrier to economic development of the developing countries, which

has been their avowed objective. It is the failure in developmental efforts that brought forth into prominence the need for

as well as identification of the principal elements or constituents of good governance. But the pursuit of it is as old as our

civilization. The terms ‘good governance’ however comprehends botht he processes and procedures as well as substantial

concerns. It is only then that sustainable developed is really possible.4

EVOLUTION OF THE CONCEPT

The concept of “good governance” after emerges as a model to compare ineffective economics or political

bodies with viable economics and political bodies. The concept centers on the responsibility of governments and

governing bodies to meet the needs of the massesas as opposed to select groups in society because contries often

described as “most successful” are western liberal democratic states, good governance standards often measure other

state institutions against the states. Aid organization and the authorities of developed countires often will focus the

meaning of “good governance” to a set of requirements that conform to the organization’s agenda, making “good

governance” imply many different things in many different context.

The concept of governance has acquired increased importance since 1990s largely because international

aid agencies began to recognize its absence as a series barrier to economic development of the developing countries,

which has been their avowed objective. It is the failure in developmental efforts that broughtforth into prominence

the need for as well as identification of the principal elements or constituents of good governance. But the pursuit of

3 B.L. Fadia, Dr. Kuldeep Fadia, Public Administration : Administrative Theories and Concepts, Agra, 2011.

4 Ibid.





it is as old as our civilization. The term ‘good governance’ however, comparehend both the processes and

procedures as well as substantial concerns. It is only then that sustainable development is really possible.5

World Bank Document on Sub-Saharan Africa

In 1989, the concept of ‘governance’ was for the first time highlighted ina World Bank Document on Sub-

Saharan Africa. By good governance was mean, at that time, sound development management. Four key dimensions

identified inthis contest were :-

(a) Public Sector Mangement

(ii) Accountability

(iii) Legal Framework for development ; and

(iv) Lnformation and transparency.

The Book Document in sub-Saharan Africa had this to say : “Improving governance would begin with an

assessment of the institutional environment (with emphasis ont he key governance elements of accountability, rule

law, openess and transparancy which determines the patrimonial profile of the country : high when all other factors

are absent ans low when they are present”.6

World Bank’s document entitled ‘Governance and Development (1992)’, puts it, “governance is defined as

the manner in which power is exercised in the management of a country’s economic and social resources for

development’. From its lending experience inmany developing countries, the bank came to realize that ‘good

governance is central to creating and sustaining an environemnt which fosters strong and equitable development,

anad it is an essential complement to sound economic policies. The three distinct aspects are identified in the

conceptualization of ‘governance’ :

(i) The form of political regime (parliamentary or presidential, military or civilian and authoritarian or

democratic ;

(ii) The process by which authority is exercised in the management of a country’s economic and social

resources, and

(iii) The capacity of government to design, formulate and implement policies and in general to discharge

government functions.

Recounting its wide experience, the Bank Document narrates vividly the problems of ‘governance’. For

instance, despite technical soundness, programmes and projects have often failed to produce desired result.7 Laws are

not enforced properly and there are after design in implementation. Privatized production and market led growth do not

succeed unless investors face clear rules and institutions. In the absence of proper accounting systems, budgetary

policies cannot be implemented or monitored. Many a time, procurement systms encourage corrpution and distort

public investiment priorities. Again failure to invlve beneficiaries and others affected in the design and implementation

of projects has often led to substantial erosien of their sustainabilty.

5 Meetika Srivastava, Good Governance –Concept, Meaning and features : A Detailed Study, Social science research publication,

2009 6 Meetika Srivastava, Good Governance –Concept, Meaning and features : A Detailed Study, Social science research publication,

2009. 7 Public Administration Administrative Theories and Concepts by Prof. B.L. Fadia, Dr. Kuldeep Fadia.





Against this background of mat-governance, the Bank has attempted to facus on some of the key

dimensions of ‘governance’, such as public sector management accountability, the legam framework for

development, and information and transparency, as already stated.

The Bank has identified a number of aspects of good governance which has assumed significance for the

developed and the developing countries. These factor deal with political and administrative aspects, which are as

follow :

(1) Political accountability including the aceptability of political system by people and regular elections to

legistimize the exercise of political power.

(2) Freedom of association and participation by various religious, social, economic cultural and professional

groups in the process of governance.

(3) An established legal framework based on the rule of low and independence of judiciary to protect human

rights, secure social justice and guard against exploitation and abuse of power.

(4) Bureaucratic accountability ensuring a system to monitor and control the performance of government

offices and officials in relation to quality of service, inefficiency and abuse of discretionary power. The

related determinants include openess and transparency in administrative.

(5) Freedom of information needed for formulation of public policies, decision-making, monitoring and

evaluation of government performance.

(6) A sound administrative system leading to efficiency and effectiveness, this in term, means the value for

money and cost effectiveness.

(7) Co-operation between the government and civil society organisations.

View of OECD Countries

Most pronounced political menaing of ‘governance’ apeared in the policy directives of the OECD countries, laying

down conditionalities for reciving economic assistance. The OECD documents sought to link development assistance, with (a)

participatory development, (b) huamn rights, and (c) democratization. The key components of ‘governance’ were identified as :-

(1) Legitmacy of government

(2) Accountability of political and official elements of government.

(3) Competence of governments to make policy and deliver services; and

(4) Respect for human rights and the Rule of Law.

INDIAN PHILOSOPHICAL UNDERSTANDINGS OF GOOD GOVERNANCE

Modern management practices and theories were developed during the last 150 years, ever since the

industrial organisations of the west began to get established. It is a popular belief that globally renowned

corporations adopt best practices and manage their organisations very well. Against this backdrop consider the

following stastics about how organisations are managed according to a study made in 1997. In his book, The Living

Company, Geus mentioned that most large and apparently successful corporations are profoundly unhealthy.

According to the study, the average life expectancy of Fortune 500 companies was 40-50 years. One third of

companies listed in fortune 500 in 1970 vanished by 1983 and 40% of all ...... created companies last less than 10

years. Such a high rate of infant morbality of organiations point to primitive stages of managment that we are in

today.





If we conduct a survey of mamagers of modern corporations we may infer that managers in these

organisations experience stress, struggle for power and a work environment that stifles rather than releases human

imagination, energy and commitment. Many senior executives in companies today will agree to the fact that even

after several years of management training we have hardly made significant progress in adressing some of the

vexing issues. Thuese include, among others, dealing with people around us, understanding what motivates oneself,

doing one’s work in the most efficient manner, making leaders for high performance organisations and creating

organisation that can live long. On the other hand, we often notice that there is a disconnect between quality of life

at large and work life. We also have serious issues about sustenance of firms and the environment in the long run.

Given this sate of affaris, it indeed imples one to look for alternative paradigms for better management

practices. The goal of this article is to stimulate thinking in the minds of management researcher and practitioners

the enormous potential that ancient Indian literature has in suggesting better alternative for management. We will

explore some aspects of these from one of the sacred spiritual texts of ancient times, viz, Srimad Bhagavad Gita- a

text for spirutual progress and self-realization. Through this article we do not hazard to undermine the primary

objective of this holy text nor do we advocate a self-study mode leading to some of the managment lessons that one

can derive. The sacred texts are to be studied first under the guidance of a competent and spiritually evolved gurec.

We may later contemplate on multilide of ideas that the texts offer after this initial training. We merely point to the

endless list of benefits that the text offers to a management practitioner and illustrate it by culling out come ideas

that one may find very useful to apply.

(i) ‘Gita’ -

India’s one of the greatest contributions to the world is Holy Gita.

Arjuna got mentally depressed when he saw his relatives with whom he has to fight. The Bhagvad Gita is

preached in the battle field Kurukshetra by Lord Krishna to Arjuna as a sounselling to do his duty. It has got all the

management tactics to achieve the mental equilibrium.

Good Governance has become part and parcel in everyday life, be it at home, office, facory, government, or

in any other organization where a grroup of human beings assemble for a common purpose, management principal

come into play through their various facts like management of time, resources, personal, materials, machinery,

finance, planning, priorities, policies and practice.

Good Governance leads to a systematic way of doing all activities in any field of human efforts. It is about

keeping oneself engaged in interactive relationship with other human beings in the course of performing one’s duty.8

Its strikes harmony in working-equilibrium in through and actions, goals and achievements, plans and

performance, products and markets.it resolves situations of scarcities bethey in the physical, tecnhical or human

fields through maximum utilization with the minimum available processes to achieve the goal.

The lack of good governance will cause disorder, confusion, wastage, delay, destruction and even

depression. Managing men, money and material in the best possible way according to circumstances and enviroment

is the most important and essential factor for a succesful governance. Managing men is supposed have the best

tactics. Man is the first syllable in governance which speaks volumes on the role and significance practices. From

the pre-historic days of aborigines to the present day of robots and computer the ideas of governing available

resources have been in existence in some form or other. When the world has become a big global village now,

8 B. Mahadevenm Management Lessons from the Bhagvad Gita, 2008





management practices have become more complex and what was once considered a golden rule is now throught to

be an an archromism.9

Good Governance Guidelines from Bhagvad Gita

There is an important distinction between effectiveness and efficiency in governance.

(1) Effectiveness is doing the right things and

(2) Efficicncy is doing things right

The general prncipal of effective governance can be applied in every fields the differences being mainly in

the application thair in principles. Again effective governance is not limited in its application. Only to business or

industrial enterprises but to all organisation.

The functions of Good Governance can briefly smmed up as under :-

(1) Focusing a vision and planning the strategy to realise such vision.

(2) Cultivaitng the art of leadership.

(3) Establishing the institutional excellence and building innovative organisation.

(4) Developing human resources.

(5) Term building and team work.

(6) Delegation, motivation and communication and

(7) Reviewing performance and taking corrective steps whenever called for

Thus, governance is a process in search of excettence to align people and get them committed to work for a

common goal to the maximum social benefit.

The critical question in every governance is how to be effective. The answer to this fundamental question is

found in Bhagvad Gita wich repeatedly proclaims that ‘you try to manage yourself’. The reason is that unless the

governance reaches a level of excellence and effectiveness that sets him apart from the others whom he is managing,

he will be merely a face in the crowd and not an cachiever.

In this context the Bhagvad Gita expounded thousands of years ago by the Super Governance Guru

Bhagwan Sri Krishna enlightens us on all governing techniques leading to a hermonious and blissful state of affairs

as againt conflicts, tensions, lowest efficiency and least productivity absence of motivation and lack of work culture

etc common to most of the Indian enterprises today.

The modern governing concepts like vision, leadership motivation source : Bhagvad Gita and Good

Governance excellence in work, achieving goals, meaning of work, attitude towards work, nature of individual,

decision-making, planning etc., are all discussed in the Bhagvad Gita with a sharp insight and first analysis to drive

through our confused grey matter making it highly liable to become a part of the modern governing syllabus. It may

be noted that while western design on governance deals with the problems at superficial, material, external and

peripheral levels, the ideas countained in the Bhagvad Gita tackle the issue from the grass roots level of human

thinking of man is improved, it will automatically enhance the quality of his actions and their results.

9 Ibid





The governance thoughts emanating from the western countries particularly the U.S.A. are based mostly on

the lure for materialism and a perennail thrist for profit irrespective of the quality of the means adopted to achieve

that goal. This phenomenon has its source in abundance in the west particularly the U.S.A. governance by

materialism caught the fancy of ..... the countries the world over, India ......... trend. 10

Our country has been in the

forefrout in importing those ideas mainly because of its centuries old indoctriuation by the colonial rulers which

included in us a feeling that anything Western is always good and anything Indian is always inferior. Hance our

governance schools have spring up on the foundations of materialistic approach wherein no place of importance was

given a holistic view.

Some of the modern governance concepts in the light of the Bhagvad Gita which is a primer of governance

by values.

(1) Utilization of available resources

The first thing is to choose wisely and utilise optinallly the scasce resources of one has to succeed in his

venture. During t he curtain raiser before the Mahabharata War, Duryodyana choose Sri Krishna’s large army for his

help while Arjuna selected Sri Krishna wisdom for hsi support. This episode gives us a clue as to who is an effective

manager.

(2) Work Commitment

The popular verse of the Gita advises non-attachment to the fruits or results of actions performed in the

course of one’s duty. Dedicated work has to mean ‘work for the sake of work’. If we are always calculating the date

of promotion for putting in our efforts, then such work cannot be commitment oriented causing excellence int he

result but it will be promotion-oriented resulting in inevitable disappointments. By tilting the performance towards

the anticipated benefits, the quality of performance of the present duty suffers an account of the mental agitations

caused by the anxiities of the future. Another reason for non-attachment to results is the fact that workings of the

world are not designed to positively respond to our calculations and hence expected fruits may not always be

forthcoming.

So, the Gita tells us not to mortgage the present commitment to an uncertain future. If we are not able to

measure up to this height, then surely the fault lies with us and not with the teaching.

Some People argue that being unattached to the consequences of one action would one unaccountable as

accountability is a much tauted word these days with the vigilance department sitting on our shoulders. However.

We have to understand that the entire second chapter has arisen as a sequel to the temporarily lost sense of

accountability on the part of Arjuna in the first chapter of the Gita in performing his suadharma11

.

Bhagvad Gita is full of advice on the theory of cause and effect, making the doer responsible for the

consequences of his deeds. The Gita, while advising detachment from the avarice of selfish gains by discharging

one’s accepted duty does not absolve anybody of the consequences arising from dischange of his responsibilities.

This verse is a brilliant guide to the operating governance for psychological energy conservation and a

prevent method against stress and burn-outs in the work situations. Learning managerial stress prevention methods

are quite costly now days and if only we understand the Gita we get the required cure free of cost.

10

M.P. Bhattathiry, Bhagvad Gita and Good Governnace, www.keralaonline.com 11

B. Mahadevenm Management Lessons from the Bhagvad Gita, 2008





Thus, the best means for effective work performance is to become the work itself. Attaining this state of

vishkama karma is the right attitude to work because it prevents the ego, the mind from dissipation through

speculation on future gains or losses.

It has been presumed for long that satisfying lowre needs of a worker like adequate food, clothing and

shelter, recognition, appreciation, status, personality development etc. are the key factors in the motivational theory

of personnel management.

It is the common experience that the spirit of grievances from the clerk to the director is identical and only

their scales and composition vary. It should have been once the lower order needs are more than satified, the director

should have no problem in optimising his countribution to the organisation. But more often than not, it does not

happen like that; the eagle soars high but keeps its eyes firmly fixed on the dead animal below. On the country a

lowly paid school teacher, a self-employed artisan, ordinary artists demonstrate higher levels of self-realisation

despite poor satisfaction of their lower order needs12

.

This situation is explained by the theory of self-transcendence or self-realisation propounded in the

Gita self-transcendence is overcoming insuperable obstackes in one’s path. It involves ressoning egoism,

putting other before oneself, co-operation, harmony, trust, sacrificing lower needs for higher goals, seeing

others in you and youself in others etc. The partrait of a self-realising person is that he is a man who aims at

his own position and underrates everything else. On the other hand the self-transcenders are the visionaries and

innovaters. Their resolute efforts enable them to achieve the appartently impossible. They overcome all

barriers. To reach their goal.

The work must be done with detachment. ‘This is because it is the eto which spoils the work’. If this is not

the backbone of the theory of motivation which the modern scolars talk about what else is it? I would say that this is

not merely a theory of motivation but it is a theory of insiration.

The Gita further advises to perform action with loving attention to the divine which imples redirection of the

empirical self away from its egocentric needs, desires and passion for creating suitable conditions to perform actions in

pursuit of excellence. Working for love is freedom in action which is described as disinterested work in the Gita. It is

on the basis of holistic vision that Indians have developed the work-ethos of life. They found that all work irrespective

jof its nature have to be directed towards a single purpose that is the manifestation of essential divinity in man by

working for the good of all beings loksangraha. This vision was presented to us in the very first mantra of isopauishad

which says that whatever exists in the universe is enveloped by God. How shall we enjoy this life then, if all are one ?

The answer it provides is enjoy and strengthen life by sacrificing your selfishness by not coveting other’s wealth. The

same motivation is given by Sri Krishna in the third chapter of Gita when he says that ‘he who shares the wealth

generated only after serving hte people, through work done as a sacrifice for them, is freed from all the sins. On the

contrary those who earn wealth only for themselves, eat sins that lead to frustration and failure13

.

The disinterested work finds expression in devotion, surrender and equipoise. The former two are

psychological while the third is the strong willed determination to keep the mind free of and above the dualistic pulls

of daily expericnces. Detached involvement in work is the key tomental equanimity or the state of nirdwanda. This

attitude leads to a stage where the worker begins to feel the presence of the supreme intelligence guiding the

empirical individual intelligence. Such de-personalified intelligence is best suited for those who sincerely believe in

the supremacy of organisational goal as compared to narrow personal success and achievement.

12

B. Mahadevenm Management Lessons from the Bhagvad Gita, 2008 13






Work culture means vigorous and orderous eforts in pursuit of a given on chosen task. When Bhagwan Sri

Krishna rebukes Arjuna in the strongest words for his unmanliness and irrbeticity in recoiling from his righteous duti

it is nothing but a drawn call for the highest work culture. Poor work culture is the result of terms guna overtaking

one’s mindset. Bhagwan’s stinging rebuke is to bring out the temporariy dorment rajo guna in Arjuna. Sri Krishna

elaborates on two types of work ethic viz. Daivi sampat or divine work culture and asuri sampat or demonic work

culture.

Daivi work culture– means fearlesness, purity, self-control, sacrifice, straight forwardness, self denial,

calmness, absence of fault firding, absence of greed, gentleness, modesty, absence of envy and pride.

Asari work culture- means egoism, delivion, desire-centric imporper performance, work which is not

oriented towards service. It is to be noted that mere work ethic is not enough in as much as a hardened criminal has

also a very good work culture. What is needed is a work ethic conditioned by ethics in work.14

It is in this lifht that the counsel ‘yogah karmasu kausalam’ should be understood. Kausalam means skill

or method a technique of work which is an indispensable component or work ethic. Yogah is defined in the Gita

itself as ‘samatvam yogah cehyate’ meaning unchanging equipoise of mind. Tikal tells us that performing actions

with the special device of an equable mind is yoga. By making the equable mind as the bed0rock of all actions

Gita evolved the goal of unification of work ethic with ethics in work, for without ethical proces no mind can

attain equipoise. A.S. says that skill in performance of one’s duty consists in maintaining the evenness of m ind in

success and failure because the calm mind in failure will lead him to deeper introspection and see clearly where

the process went wrong so that corrective steps could be taken to avoid such shortcomings in future.

The principle of reducing our attachment to personal gains from the work done or controlling the oversion

to personal lesses emunicated is the foolproof persccription for attaining equanivity. The common apprehension

about this principle that it will lead to lack of incentive for effort and work, striking at the very root of work ethic is

not valid because the advice is to be juded as relevant to man’s overriding quest for true mental happiness. Thus,

while the common place theories on motivation lead us to bandage, the Gita theory takes us to freedom and real

happiness.

The gita further explaine the theory of non-attachment to the results of work, the import of which is as

under :

If the result of sincere effor is a success, the entire credit should not be appropriated by the doer alone.

It the result of sincere effort is a failure, then too the entire does not accure to the doer.

Thefarmer attitude mollifies arrogance and conceit while the latter prevents excessive despondency, de-

motivation and self-pity. 15

Thus both these disporitions saffeguard the doer against psychological viluerability which is the cause for

the modern manager’s companious like diabetes, high B.P., ulcers etc. Assimilation of the ideas behind the Gita

leads us to the wider spectrum there is also another dimension in the work ethic. If the karmayoga is blended with

bhaktiyoga there the work itself becomes worship, a seva yoga.

14

B. Mahadevenm Management Lessons from the Bhagvad Gita, 2008 15






The Ultimate Message of Gita for Good Governance - The despondent position of Arjuna in the first chapter of

the Gita is a typical human situation which may come in the life as well men of action some tiem or other. Sri

Krishna by sheer power of his inspiring words raised the level of Arjuna’s mind from the state of inertia to the state

of righteious action, from the state of faithfulness to the state of faith and self-confidence in the ultimate victory of

Dharma (ethical action). They are the powerful words of courage, of strength, of self-confidence of faith in ones

own infinite power, of the glory, of valour int eh life of active, people and of the need for intense calmness in the

midst of intense action.

When Arjuna got over his desponding and stood ready to fight, Sri Krishna gave him the gospel for using

his spirit of intense action not for his own benefit, not satisfying his own greed and desire but for using his action for

the ood of many, with waith int he ultimate victory of ethics over unethical action and truth over untruth. Arjuna

responds by emphatically declaring that all his delusions were removed and that he is ready to do what expected of

him in the given situation.

Sri Krishna’s advice with regard to temporary failures int he actions is ‘No doer of good ever ends in

misery’. Every action should produece results; good action process good results and evil begets nothing but evil.

Therefore, always act well and be rewarded.16

And finally the Gita’s consoling message for all men of action is : He who follows My ideal in all walks by

life without losing faith in the ideal or never deviating from it, I provide him with all that he needs (Yoga) and

protect what he has already got (Kshema).

In conslucion the purpose of this article is not to suggest discarding of the western model of efficiency

dynamism and striving for excellence but to make these ideals tumed to the India’s holistic attitude of lokasangraha

for the welfare of many, for the good of many. The idea is that these management skills should be India-centric and

not America-centric. Swami V. Says a combination of both these approaches wil certainly create future leads of

India who will be for superior to any that have ever been in the world.

16






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gkFkdj?kk m|ksx dh nf"V ls e-izdk bfrgkl lSdM+ksa o"kZ iqjkuk gSA bldk vrhr

efgeke; gSA e-iz- vkt Hkh gkFkdj?kk dh cqukbZ dyk dks viuk;s gq, gSA ’kuS%&’kuS% ;g m|ksx fleVrk tk jgtk gS]

vkSj vkt vius vfLrRo ds fy, la?k"kZjr gSA izns’k dk gkFkdj?kk m|ksx vU; dqN jkT;ksa ds leku mPp f’k[kj ij ugha

gS ijUrq pansjh ,oa eg s’oj viuh ,sfrgkfldrk ds lkFk&lkFk cqukbZ esa mR—"Vrk fy, gq, izns’k dks xkSjo iw.kZ LFkku

fnyk;s gq, gSA izns’k esa 52]000 gkFkdj?kk esa ls yxHkx 434]000 dj?ks dk;Zjr gSaA1 bu ij 1-29 yk[k cqudjksa dh

vkthfodk izR;{k :Ik ls fuHkZj gSA tcyiqj ftys esa gkFkdj?kk ij dke djus dh vksj cqudjkssa dk >qdko o yxko o"kZ

izfro"kZ de gksrk tk jgk gSA oLrqr% tcyiqj ftys esa ikojywe ds vkxeu ds lkFk tks fd lu~1944 esa gqvk] gkFkdj?kk

ij dke djus okyksa dh fLFkfr fnu izfrfnu detksj gksrh tk jgh gSA tcyiqj esa gkFkkdj?kks a ij dke djus okys cqudjksa

dh ekyh gkyr vPNh ugha gS] osa dkQh xjhc gSa] ;|fi lkekftd fodkl ds fy, Lo- iz/kkuea=h Jherh bafnjk xk¡/kh us

vius 20 lw=h; vkfFkZd fodkl dk;ZØe ds varxZr 18osa lw= esa gFkdj?kk m|ksx dks egRoiw.kZ cukus dh is’kd’k dh Fkh

ijUrq tgk¡ rd tcyiqj dk iz’u gS ;gk¡ ds cqudjksa dks dksbZ fo’ks"k ykHk vkt rd izkIr ugha gqvk vkSj blfy, os

’kuS%&’kuS% bl m|ksx dks NksM+rs pys tk jgs gSaA2

tcyiqj ftys esa lkoZtfud m|ksxksa ds lgk;d bdkbZ ds :Ik esa dk;Z djus okys y?kq o lgk;d m|ksxksa ds

fodkl ,oa bUgsa laxfBr :Ik iznku djus ds fy, v/kkjrky o fjNkbZ {ks= dks vkS|ksfxd {ks= ds :Ik esa fodflr djus dk

iz;kl fd;k x;k gSA bl {ks= es eq[;r% y?kq o lgk;d m|fe;ksa dks ’kkldh; lqfo/kkvksa ds vuq:Ik Hkwfe ,oa ’ksM rFkk

vk/kkjHkwr lqfo/kk,a iznku dh xbZ gSaA 3

ftys esa ftyk O;kikj ,oa m|ksx dsUnz dk ftyk ,oa laHkkxh; Lrj ij dk;kZy; Hkh LFkkfir gS] tgk¡ y?kq] dqVhj]

e/;e] o`gn] m|ksxksa dh Lfkkiuk gsrq vko’;d ekxZn’kZu] iath;u lqfo/kk] foRrh; _.k lqfo/kk foHkUu ;kstukvksa ds e/;e

ls miyC/k djkbZ tkrh gSA blds vykok xzkeh.k {ks= ds laLFkku] gkFkdj?kk] js’ke cksMZ] [kknh xzkeks|ksx] jkT; foRr fuxe]

ftyk vkS|ksfxd fodkl dsUnz] izf’k{k.k laLFkku&m|ferk fodkl dsUnz ,oa ,e- ih- dksu ds ’kkldh; laLFkku Hkh ftys esa

LFkkfir gSa] tks ftys ds m|fe;ksa dks viuh m|ksx Lfkkiuk laca/kh lqfo/kk,¡ iznku dj jgs gSaA

orZeku esa tcyiqj ftyk cM+k vkS|ksfxd dsUnz rks ugha dgk tk ldrk ysafdu ,d cM+k O;kikfjd dsUnz

curk tk jgk gSA ;gk¡ jsMhesM diM+ksa dk fuekZ.k djus okyh yxHkx 500 bdkbZ y?kq m|ksx {ks= ds varxZr dk;Zjr gks

xbZ gSa] vkSj muds }kjk mRikfnr eky dk foØ; mwj&nwj rd ds O;olkf;d LFkyksa ij fd;k tkj jgk gSA ftys ds

xSj&ljdkjh m|ksxksa ij nf"Vikr djsa rks gesa Kkr gksrk gS fd ftys esa ’kkW okWysal daiuh] ls.Vªy gspjht] tcyiqj

gspjht] fQfuDl iksYVªh] def’kZ;y vkWVkseksckbZYl] eksguyky gjxksfoannkl chM+h m|ksx tSlh cM+h bdkbZ;ka dk;Zjr gSa

vkSj bils vusd {ks=h; yksxksa dks jkstxkj feyk gqvk gSA

ftys esa j{kk laLFkkuksa ls lacaf/kr izeq[k ogn] e/;e m|ksxksa dks lfEefyr djrs gq, nl miØe LFkkfir gS] rFkk

y?kq vkSj dqVhj m|ksx ds varxZr o"kZ 2003 ekpZ rd dh fLFkfr esa 13604 bdkbZ;k¡ iath—r gSaA 4 ftuesa [kfut ,oa —f"k

vk/kkfjr m|ksxksa ds vfrfjDr uV&cksYV] psu fyad] IykfLVd eksYMsM oLrq,a] vkj-lh-lh-ikbZi] duQsDlujh] iksYVªh] Ik’kq

vkgkj] jsfM;sVj] jcj ikVZ~l] lc eflZcy iEi] vkbZLØhe] peZ m|ksx] gLr f’kYi] jsMhesM lyokj lwV] isaV&’kVZ]





fjQsDVªht] lksfM;e flfydsV] dyj fixesaV] isaVl] fMLVsaij] VªkalQkeZj] ih-Ogh-lh- ikbZi] uedhu] elkysa] dkWih m|ksx]

vk;qosZfnd nokbZ;ka] lksMkokVj] feujy okVj] vkWVk pDdh] fj&jksfyax fey] Lvksu Øs’kj] ekcZy m|ksx vkfn ls lacaf/kr

NksVh cM+h bdkbZ;ka dk;Zjr gSaA

ljdkjh vkSj xSj&ljdkjh laLFkkvksa ds vykok tcyiqj ftys esa eq[; :Ik ls LVsV cSad] lsaVªy cSad] bykgkckn

cSad lfgr 25 jk"Vªh;—r cSadksa dh yxHkx 127 ’kk[kk,¡ ,oa futh o lgdkjh {ks=ksa dh 5 ’kk[kk,a ftys esa dkj;Zjr gSa vkSj

vihu ;kstukvksa vkSj ’krksaZ ds v/khu /kujkf’k dks tek djus rFkk y?kq] dqVhj] e/;e vkSj ogn m|ksxksa dks nh?kZdkyhu

_.k iznku dj jgh gSaA txyiqj ftys ds varZxr pwafd y?kq vkSj e/;e Lrj dh vkS|ksfxd bdkbZ;ka gh dk;Zjr gSa]

blfy, ;s cSad bUgha LFkkvksa dks _.k nsus dk dk;Z dj jgh gSaA 5 orZeku esa ,d tkudkjh ds vk/kkj ij tcyiqj uxj ds

yxHkx lHkh NksVs&cM+s nqdkunkj] O;kikjh] vk<+fr;s vkSj m|eh cSadksa ls uxn lk[k vkSj vfxze dh lqfo/kk ds lkFk y?kq

,oa e/;edkyhu _.k izkIr dj jgs gSa tks mudh dk;Z’khy iawth dks lgtrk ls miyC/k djk jgh gSA blfy, uxj ds

vkS|ksfxd <kaps dh ppkZ djrs le; ;gk¡ bl ckr dk mYys[k djuk vko’;d gS fd uxj esa bu cSafdx lqfo/kkvksa ds

vfrfjDr pwafd vU; <kapkxr lqfo/kkvksa dk vHkko gS blfy, ;gka y?kq m|ksx {ks= esa vfr y?kq bdkbZ;ka gh LFkkfir gqbZ gSa

vkSj vkt rd lapkfyr gks jgh gSaA6

vko’;drk bl ckr dh gS fd tcyiqj ftys esa vkSj vf/kd la[;k esa vkS|ksfxd bdkbZ;ka LFkkfir dh tk;s vkSj

cM+s iSekus dh bdkbZ;ka Hkh LFkkfir dh tk,a rkfd ftys dk vkS|ksfxd Lo:Ik cnys tks ftys dh vkfFkZd lef) vkSj

lEiUurk dks c<+kus esa lgk;d gks A

ftys esa foi.ku O;oLFkk visf{kr :Ik ls ftys ds O;olkf;;ksa] m|fe;ksa ds fy;s fodflr voLFkk esa gS] pwafd ;g

ftyk lM+d ekxZ ls vU; ftyksa ls eq[; :Ik ls tqM+k gqvk gSa] vkSj vius vkl&ikl ds ftyksa dh vis{kk vf/kd fodflr

gSA vr% 8&10 ftyksa dh vko’;drk dh iwfrZ ;gka ls cjkcj gksrh gSaA ftys esa o eq[; :Ik ls tcyiqj ’kgj esa Fkksd o

QqVdj cktkj Ik;kZIr :Ik ls fodflr gSaA ftys esa eq[; cktkj ds vykok {ks=h; Lrj ds izeq[k cktkj o xzkeh.k vapyksa esa

fu;fer o lkIrkfgd gkV cktkj ds ek/;e ls NksVs&cM+s O;kikjh ;gka ds yksxksa dh vko’;drk dh iwfrZ esa layXu gSaA

tcyiqj ftys ds varxZr lokZf/kd egRoiw.kZ uxj tcyiqj gSA blh uxj ds lkekftd ifjp; ls laiw.kZ ftys

dk ifjp; izkIr gksrk gSA vkpk;Z fouksok Hkkos us bl uxj dks laLdkj/kkuh dk uke fn;k Fkk] tks ;gka ds laLdkjksa dks

izfrfcafcr djrk gSA tcyiqj uxj dh laL—fr cgqjaxh dgh tk ldrh gS] D;ksafd ;gka fHkUu&fHkUu tkfr] /keZ] Hkk"kk

lEiznk;] oxZ ds yksx fuokl djrs gSa vkSj muds vkpj.k ls ;gka dh lkekftd psruk Li"V gksrh gSaA

tcyiqj esa fgUnq] eqfLye] flD[k] bZlkbZ] tSu] ikjlh] ekjokM+h] xqtjkrh] caxkyh] fla/kh] vkfn lEiznk;ksa ds yksx

vius&vius /keZ Hkk"kk vkSj lEiznk; dh ijEijkvksa dk ikyu djrs gq, fuokl djrs gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd uxj dh laL—

fr xqynLrs dh Hkkafr iqf"ir vkSj iYyfor gks jgh gSA

tcyiqj ftys dh tula[;k dk ,d cM+k Hkkx fgUnqvksa dk gSA ;s yksx uxjh; {ks=ksa esa [kM+h fgUnh vkSj xzkeh.k

{ks=ksa esa cqansy[kaMh T;knk cksyrs gSaA uxj ds izR;sd {ks= esa bl lEiznk; ds yksxksa ds }kjk vusd NksVs&NksVs eafnj cuok,

x;s gSaA tgka iwjs o"kZ Hkj os rht R;kSgkjksa dk vk;kstu djrs gSa vkSj cM+h J)k ds lkFk mlesa Hkkx ysrs gSaA ftys esa fgUnq

fofHkUu m|ksx /ka/kksa ds vykok O;olkf;d {ks= ,oa fofHkUu izdkj dh ukSdfj;ksa esa dk;Zjr gSaA tcyiqj ftys esa eq[;r%





edj laØkafr] clar iapeh] gksyh] pS= dh ukS nqxkZ] xq: iwf.kZek] tUeks"Veh] x.kifr iwtu] jk[kh] ’kjn dh ukS nqxkZ]

nhikoyh] ’kjn iwf.kZek vkfn cgqr mRlkg ds lkFk euk;k tkrk gSaA tcyiqj ds fgUnw tUek"Veh ij —".k th dk tqywl]

n’kgjk ij nqxkZ izfrekvksa dk tqywl] x.ks’k foltZu dk tqywl vkfn cM+s vkd"kZd <ax ls eukrs gSaA blds vykok vU;

/kkfeZd R;kSgkjksa ij Hkh lkoZtfud vk;kstuksa dh ijEijk gSA bl izdkj ftys dh fgUnw laL—de cgqr le) vkSj lEiUu

gSaA

tcyiqj ftys dh vkcknh dk ,d Hkkx tSu lEiznk; ds yksxksa dk gSA uxj esa fnxEcj vkSj ’osrkEcj nksuksa gh

izdkj ds yksx gSaA ;s yksx Hkh eq[;r% diM+k O;olk; esa layXu gSaA bUgksaus tcyiqj ds fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa eafnj cukdj

mlds vklikl jguk vkjaHk fd;k vkSj le;≤ ij vius /kkfeZd rht R;kSgkjksa dks eukrs gSaa tcyiqj esa tula[;k dk

,d Hkkx eqlyekuksa dk Hkh gSA ftys esa buds Hkh nks oxZ fl;k vkSj lqUuh fuokl djrs gSaA ;s yksx bZn vkSj jetku ds

R;kSgkjksa dks eukrs gSaA bl oxZ ds yksx eq[;r% isVh] vyekjh] :bZ dh /kqukbZ e’khuksa dh fji;sfjax] lCth vkfn ds

O;olk;ksa o y?kq m|ksx /ka/kksa ls viuh vkthfodk pykrs gSaA

tcyiqj esa xq:ukudnso dks ekuus okys flD[k leqnk; ds yksx Hkh cM+h ek=k esa gSaA bl lEiznk; ds yksx

eq[;r% vkWVkseksckbYl] ydM+h Vky vkSj VªkaliksVZ O;olk;] e’khu fjis;fjax fofHkUu VsfDudy m|ksx /ka/kksa esa dk;Zjr gSaA

bl lEiznk; ds yksxksa us Hkh tcyiqj esa fHkUu&fHkUu LFkkuksa ij xq:}kjksa dh Lfkkiuk dh gSa] tgka ;s vius leLr rht

R;kSgkjksa dks eukrs gSaA tcyiqj esa bZlkbZ lEiznk; ds yksxksa dh la[;k Hkh Ik;kZIr ek=k esa miyC/k gSaA bu yksxksa us Hkh uxj

ds vyx&vyx {ks=ksa esa vius ppZ cuk j[ks gSaA tgka ;s fu;fer vkrs&tkrs gSa] vkSj vius rht&R;kSgkjksa dks eukrs gSaA

bZlkbZ lEiznk; ds yksx O;olkf;d {ks= esa rks de gSa ysfdu fHkUu&fHkUu bdkbZ;ksa esa ukSdfj;ka dj jgs gSaA

mi;qZDr lEiznk;ksa ds vykok uxj esa vU; /keksZ vkSj lEiznk;ksa ds yksx Hkh fuokl djrs gSa vkSj vius&vius /keZ

vkSj lEiznk; dh jhfr&fjoktksa ds {ks=ksa esa vius&vius lkeqnkf;d Hkouksa dk fuekZ.k dj fy;k gSaA tgka os fHkUu&fHkUu

voljksa ij ,df=r gksdj vyx&vyx izdkj ds vk;kstu djrs gSa vkSj viuk thou&;kiu dj jgs gSaA blesa dPNh tSu

lekt] ey;kyh lekt] fØ’p;u lekt] dk;LFk lekt] czkEg.k lekt vkfn eq[; gSaA

tcyiqj dh laL—fr us iqf"ir&iYyfor djus esa ;gka dh lkfgfR;d vkSj lkaL—frd xfrfof/k;ka lnSo ls gh

egRoiw.kZ jgh gS] vkSj bu xfrfof/k;kas dks vkxs c<+kus esa lkfgfR;d xfrfof/k;ksa dh lapsruk esa layXu laLFkk,a tcyiqj

lkfgR; la?k] ’kkjnk Hkou iqLrdky;] fe= la?k] feyu] xqatu dyk lnu] foospuk] xkSjo ukV~; eap ds lkFk fofHkUu ukeh

lkfgR;dkj lsB xksfoannkl] ia- xaxkizlkn vfXugks=h] ia- ckyeqdaqn f=ikBh] ia- }kjdk izlkn feJ] jkes’oj izlkn xq:] ia-

Hkokuhizlkn] lqHknzk dqekjh pkSgku] O;aX;dkj gfj’kadj ijlkbZ] ia- jklfcgkjh ik.Ms;] ia- gfj—".k f=ikBh] MkW- jktdqekj

frokjh ^lqfe=* vkfn vusdkusd gLrk{kjksa us bl uxjh dh lkfgfR;d xfjek dks c<+k;k gSA blds vykok lkfgfR;d

i=&if=dk;sa] deZohj] dsljh] igy] izgjh] lj;w] lkSjHk ds lkFk nSfud lekpkj&i= uoHkkjr] uohu nqfu;k] nSfud

HkkLdj] ns’kca/kq] ;qx/keZ] t;yksd] Lora= er] fgUnh ,Dliszl] Vh&VkbZEl] le; pØ vkfn i=ksa us ftys dh tkx:drk

dks cuk, j[kus esa viuk laiw.kZ ;ksxnku fn;k gSA

”





jkuh nqxkZorh fo’ofo|ky;] tcyiqj e-iz-

^^lkekftd xfr’khyrk ls lkekftd thou esa ik;s tkus okys ml LFkkukUrj.k dh izfØ;k dk

cks/k gksrk ftlds varxZr lekt ds lnL; ,d in ls nwljs in vFkok ,d LFkku ;k is’ks ls nwljs LFkku ;k is’ks dh vksj

pyk;eku gksrs gSaA vfr la{ksi esa lkekftd xfr’khyrk lekt ds lnL;ksa dh lkekftd fLFkfr in ;k is’ks esa gksus okys

gsj&Qsj dh ifjpk;d gSA**

euq"; dk lnSo ls ifjorZu’khy jguk ifjorZu gh xfr’khyrk ykrh gS] vkSj ifjorZu izÑfr dk ,d vpwd fu;e

gS] pwafd lekt vkSj lekt esa jgus okys izR;sd O;fDr tks fdlh Hkh oxZ] tkfr] /keZ] leqnk; ;k lEiznk; ds gks ;s lHkh

izÑfr dk gh vax gS vr% fdlh Hkh ,sls lekt dh dYiuk ugha dh tk ldrh tks fd iw.kZr;k fLFkj gks gka ;g lR; gS

fd izR;sd lekt esa ifjorZu dh xfr ,d leku ugha gk srh dksbZ lekt nzqrxfr ls xfr’khy gS rks dksbZ lekt ean xfr

ls lekt dh xfr’khyrk dk rkRi;Z gS ,d lkekftd O;oLFkk esa O;fDr dk ,d fLFkfr ls nwljh fLFkfr esa LFkkukUrj.k

ftlds QyLo:Ik bl LrjhÑr] lkekftd thou esa O;fDr;ksa ds fofHkUu lewg ,oa Lrj ik;s tkrs gS] ftudk Lrj ,d

leku ugha gksrk gS izR;sd O;fDr lHkh lewg dk lnL; ugha gks ldrk blfy;s dbZ ckj og ,d lewg dh lnL;rk

R;kxdj nwljs lewg dh lnL;rk xzg.k djus dk iz;kl djrk gSA blfy;s dgk tkrk gS fd lkekftd xfr’khyrk dk

rRo izR;sd lekt esa fo|eku gSA

tgka ij ekuo lH;rk ds fodkl dk o.kZu gksrk gS] ogka Lor% gh vius dykRed dkS’ky esa n{k ijEijkxr

f’kYidkjksa ds dk;Z dk mYys[k gksrk gS] D;ksafd ijEijkxr f’kYidkj ds fcuk ekuo lH;rk laLÑfr rFkk fodkl dh ckrsa

,d dYiuk ek= yxrh gSaA f’kYidkjksa us izkphu dky ls ysdj orZeku rd fofHkUu dykvksa esa vius lk/kkj.k ls ifg;k

vkSj tknqbZ gkFkksa ls feydj fujkdkj feV~Vh dks dykRed :Ik esa <kyk gSA blus vius dkS’ky ls ’kL; ’;keyk /kjrh dks

ltkus esa dksbZ dlj ckadh ugha j[khA

orZeku esa e`.k f’kYidkjksa dh fLFkfr dh ckr djsa rks vktknh ds 68 o"kZ char tkus ds ckn Hkh budh lkekftd

fLFkfr esa ifjorZu gqvk vFkok ugha D;k f’kYidkjksa dh n’kk mruha n;uh; gS ftruh fd iwoZ esa FkhA QdZ rks bruk gSa fd

eq[kkSVk cny x;k ysfdu psgjk ugha cnykA

19oha lnh ds mRrjk)Z esa vaxszth ’kklu dky ds izHkko ls Hkkjrh; lkekftd Lrj.k esa /khjs&/khjs ifjorZu vkus

yxkA ;gha ls lkekftd xfr’khyrk dk izkjaHk gqvkA Hkkjr esa vkt led{k rFkk mnxz nksuksa izdkj dh xfr’khyrk Li"Vr%

ns[kk tk ldrk gSA vf/kdrj xfr’khyrk mnxz izÑfr dh gS] rFkk blesa Hkh vkjksgh lkekftd xfr’khyrk vf/kd ns[kh tk

ldrh gSA vaxzsth ’kklu dky esa fuEukafdr dkj.kksa ls xfr’khyrk esa o`f) gqbZ gS &

1- vk/kqfud f’k{kkA

2- ukSdjh ds u;s&u;s volj uohu O;olk;A

3- vkokxeu rFkk lapkj lk/kuksa esa o`f)A

4- ’kwnz iz’kklfud <kaps dk xBuA

5- uxjhdj.k rFkk vkS|ksxhdj.kA

6- vk/kqfudhdj.k dh izfØ;kA

7- turk esa jktuSfrd psruk dh o`f)A

8- lekt lq/kkj vkanksyuA





Hkkjr tSls can lekt esa lkekftd xfr’khyrk izkjaHk esa rks de xfr ls gqbZ ijarq tSls&tSls tu psruk c<+rh xbZ

vkSj f’k{kk o ukSdfj;ksa ds volj c<+rs x;s lkekftd xfr’khyrk esa Hkh fujarj o`f) gksus yxhA Hkkjr esa vaxszth

’kklu dky rFkk Lora=rk izkfIr ds Ik’pkr~ lkekftd xfr’khyrk ls lekt esa fuEufyf[kr ifjorZu vk;s &

1- la;qDr ifjokjksa dk fo?kVu gqvk D;ksafd ukSdjh is’kk djus okys O;fDr viuh ifRu vkSj cPpksa dks ysdj viuh

ukSdjh djus ds LFkku ij jgus yxrs gSa rFkk muds ifjokj ds ckdh lnL; xkao o mlh LFkku ij jg tkrs gSa

tgka ds os jgus okys gSaA

2- ijEijkxr O;kolkf;d lajpuk blls izHkkfor gqbZ gS] D;ksafd xfr’khyrk ds dkj.k ih<+h nj ih<+h ,d gh

O;olk; dj ikuk dfBu gks tkrk gSA

3- lnL;ksa ij ifjokj dk fu;a=.k de gqvk gS] D;ksafd i<+s&fy[ks O;fDr la;qDr ifjokj esa drkZ ds fujadq’k ’kklu

esa ugha jguk pkgrsA

4- fookg dh ekU;rkvksa esa ifjorZu gqvk gSA ,dkadh ifjokjksa esa jgus okys i<+s&fy[ks ;qod&;qofr;ka vkt Lo;a

vius thoulkFkh dk p;u djus ds fy;s rRij jgrs gSA

5- tkfr O;oLFkk es ifjorZu gqvk gSaA ,d vksj rks tkfr O;oLFkk ls lacaf/kr [kku&iku ds izfrca/k lekIr gks x;s gSa]

rks nwljh vksj varj tkfr; fookgksa dks Hkh izksRlkgu feyk gSA

6- Hkkjrh; lekt dh ijEijkxr ljapuk Hkh blls izHkkfor gqbZ gSa lHkh ijEijkxr vk/kkj blls izHkkfor gq, gSa vkSj

;g can O;oLFkk ls ,d yphyh O;oLFkk cu x;h gSA dqN yksxksa dk rks ;gka rd dguk gS fd vkt tkfr

O;oLFkk o.kZ O;oLFkk esa ifjofrZr gksus yxh gSA

7- blls uxjhdj.k dh izfØ;k dks izksRlkgu feyk gS ukSdjh ds vf/kdka’k volj uxjksa rFkk vkS|ksfxd {ks=ksa esa tkrs

gSa vkSj blls xfr’khyrk dh izfØ;k dks izksRlkgu feyrk gSA

8- lkekftd xfr’khyrk ls Hkkjr esa O;olkf;d fo’ks"khdj.k esa Hkh of) gqbZ gSA vkt ftruk fo’ks"khdj.k gesa

fofHkUu O;olk;ksa esa fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA mruk Hkkjrh; lekt esa igys dHkh ugha FkkA

lkekftd xfr’khyrk dh of) ls Hkkjrh; lekt esa egRoiw.kZ ifjorZu gq,] ijarq fQj Hkh vusd fon~oku

vkt bl ckr dks Lohdkj djrs gSa fd tkfrokn] {ks=h;rk] Hkk"kkokn bR;kfn dkjdksa us Hkkjr esa lkekftd

xfr’khyrk dh xfr dks vo:) fd;k gqvk gSA /khjs&/khjs bl lHkh esa f’kfFkyrk ls bl esa of) vo’; gqbZ gS]

ijarq vHkh Hkh xfr’khyrk larks"ktud :Ik ls ugha gks jgh gSA

Hkkjr es a lkekftd xfr’khyrk dh izfØ;k ,d laØafr dky ls xqtj jgha gSA fons’kh lekt’kkfL=;ksa us

bl ij fopkj djus dk iz;kl fd;k ftuesa Msfol] ohlsat o VkWYdV ikjlal] tkWulu] okVkseksj o V~;wfeu ds

uke izfl) gSA [ksn dh ckr gS d ;gka ds Lrjhdj.k dh O;oLFkk tkfr O;oLFkk dks izk;% Bhd <ax ls ugha

le>k x;k gS vkSj u gh mldh uohure fLFkfr ds vuqlkj v/;;u fd;k x;k gS] tSlk V~;wfeu us tkfr;ksa dks

tks vLi’kZ gSa eafnj esa iwtk djus fofHkUu O;olk;ksa esa dk;Z djus dh NwV vkSj fo’ks"k le; ij lkoZtfud :Ik ls

izdV gksus dh vkKk ugha gSa V~;wfeu us ifjofrZr izfrekuksa dk mYys[k ugha fd;k gS D;ksafd Hkkjr esa vc vLi’kZrk

dkuwu }kjk rks vijk/k gS gh cfYd O;ogkj esa Hkh ,d cM+h lhek rd vc ugha ns[kk tkrkA

Lora=rk ds ckn 1950 dk dky ,d fo’ks"k lekt&’kkL=h egRo dk dky jgkA x.kra= dh LFkkiuk ds

u;s lafo/kku ij vk/kkfjr lerkewyd lekt dh vksj Hkkjr vkxs c<+us yxkA Hkkjr ds bfrgkl esa ;g dky

fo’ks"k egRo dk blfy;s gSa] fd lafo/kku ds varxZr gj O;fDr dks vkxs c<+us dk lekt volj fn;k x;k gSA

lafo/kku esa ekSfyd vf/kdkjksa dh ckr dh xbZ rkfd Hkkjr dk izR;sd ukxfjd viuh ;ksX;rk] xq.k ,oa ifjJe ds

vk/kkj ij lekt esa vkxs c<+ lds ;g ijEijkxr Hkkjrh; lkekftd ewY; ,oa izfreku ds izfrdwy gSA





orZeku Hkkjr esa vkS|ksxhdj.k] uxjhdj.k] vk/kqfudhdj.k] laLÑfrdj.k ,oa ubZ oS|kfud O;oLFkk us

la;qDr :Ik ls feydj tkfr O;oLFkk esa O;kid ifjorZu fd;s gSaA vkS|ksxhdj.k ds dkj.k lHkh tkfr;ksa ds lnL;

lkFk feydj dk;Z dj jgs gS] ftlds dkj.k laca/kksa esa xfr’khyrk vk jgh gSA uxjhdj.k ds varxZr O;fDr xkao ls

’kgjksa esa vkdj dke&/ka/ks dh ryk’k esa uxjksa dh tfVy laLÑfr esa foyhu gks jgs gSaA fo|ky;ksa rFkk egkfo|ky;ksa

esa lHkh tkfr ds yksx lkFk cSBdj fo|k v/;;u dj jgs gSaA tgka tkfr izFkk dk fHkUu Lo:Ik gSa ogka Hkkjr esa lHkh

/keksZ dks leku ekuk x;k gSa rFkk mUgsa ,d lk lEeku fn;k x;k gS] blls Hkh xfr’khyrk dks cy feyk gSA tkfr

izFkk esa /keZ dk izHkko de gks x;k gS blds pyrs vkt ’kgjksa esa vDlj varj tkfr; fookg ftls izse fookg Hkh

dgk tkrk gS fd ?kVuk,a ?kVrh jgrh gSA ,e-,u- Jhfuokl dh laLÑfrdj.k dh vo/kkj.kk ls ;g Li"V tkfgj gksrk

gS fd uhph tkfr;ksa }kjk Åaps tkfr;ksa dh udy o deZdk.M cnydj viuh fLFkfr Åij mBkus dk iz;kl djrk gS

og Åaps oa’k ds ukeksa o dk;ksZ dk vuqdj.k djrk gSA vusd tkfr;ksa us vius u;s uke j[k fy, gSa rFkk vusd fuEu

tkfr ds lnL; mPp f’k{kk ikdj mPp O;olk;ksa esa yx x;s gSaA ftudh tkfr O;oLFkk esa rks uhph fLFkfr gSa] ij

O;olk; esa mPp gSa vr% ;g dgk tk ldrk gSa fd Hkkjrh; lekt esa lkeqfgr xfr’khyrk dh izfØ;k py jgh gSaA

xako dh rqyuk esa ’kgjksa ds varxZr lkekftd xfr’khyrk dh izfØ;k dqN T;knk gh rst gSaA lsok ,oa

O;olk; ds ;gka u;s&u;s volj izkIr gksrs gSaA mPp f’k{kk dh lqfo/kk,a csgrj gSa rFkk xako dh rqyuk esa ’kgjksa esa

/kkfeZd va/kfo’okl Hkh de gSA pwafd tkfr /keZ ij vk/kkfjr gSa vkSj uxjksa esa /kkfeZd fo’okl esa deh vkbZ gS blfy;s

tkfr O;oLFkk ds fu;e dkuwuksa esa Hkh dqN fo’ks"k <hy iM+h gSaA tkfr dh txg Lrj.k dk egRoiw.kZ vk/kkj oxZ

curk tk jgk gSA ’kgjksa ds yksx vc tkfr dh mPprk ij mruk fopkj u dj O;fDr ds in ij ij O;olk; ds

vk/kkj ij lekt esa mudh fLFkfr ds ckjs esa fopkj djrs gSaA ;g lgh gSa fd ’kgjksa esa tkfrokn dqN T;knk gh QSyk

gSA blds ckotwn oxZ O;oLFkk ’kgjksa ds varxZr dkQh tM+ tek pqdh gSA thou ds ewY;ksa esa /ku laifRr in ,oa

lRrk esa fgLlsnkjh dk egRo igys dh rqyuk esa dkQh vf/kd gks x;k gSA vkxs c<+us dh izfr;ksfxrk ds dkj.k

lekt esa dkQh vfLFkjrk iSnk gks x;kh gSA vesfjdu ekuo ’kkL=h tsEl flYoxZ ¼1968½ us vius v/;;uksa esa ;g

rF; Lohdkj fd;k gS fd Hkkjrh; lekt esa igys dh rqyuk esa cgqr T;knk [kqykiu vk x;k gSA lkekftd

xfr’khyrk ds lEca/k esa tks rF; ekStwn gSa mu rF;ksa ds vk/kkj ij Hkkjr dks vc ,d can lekt dh Js.kh esa ugha

j[kk tk ldrk gSA ;g lgh gS fd ik’pkR; ns’kksa dh rqyuk esa ;gka xfr’khyrk de gS ij vkt ftruh xfr’khyrk

Hkkjrh; lekt esa ekStwn gSa mldh rqyuk bl ns’k ds fdlh Hkh ,sfrgkfld dky esa ugha dh tk ldrh gSA

1- nfyrksa ds nfyr ¼2007½ & gjfd’ku larks"kh] lLrk lkfgR; e.My izdk’kuA

2- Hkkjr esa lkekftd ifjorZu ,oa lkekftd leL;k;sa & izks- ,e-,y-xqIrkA

3- Hkkjr esa lekt & MkW- /keZohj egktu ,oa MkW- deys’k egktu] foosd izdk’kuA

4- vkj-,l- ’kekZ & ’kqnzkt bu ,sf’k;k bf.M;kA

5- ih-oh-;ax & lkbZufVfQd lks’ky loZs ,.M fjlpZA





¼jktuhfr 'kkL=½ izHkkjh izkpk;Z] 'kkldh; egkfo|ky; fuokl] e.Myk] e-iz-

Hkkjr esa tUe ls ysdj e`R;q rd efgyk,¡ HksnHkko dk lkeuk djrh jgh gSA f'k{kk] LokLF;] fyaxkuqikr]

vkfFkZd Hkkxhnkjh vkfn vusd izeq[k ladsrd ns'k esa iq:"kksa ds eqdkcys efgykvksa dh fLFkfr esa fo|eku vlarqyu dh

vksj gh b'kkjk djrs gSA ySafxad lekurk dk fl)kar Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ds izLrkouk] ewyHkwr vf/kdkjksa] ewyHkwr dÙkZO;ksa

vkSj funsZ'kd fl)karksa esa Li"V :Ik ls mYysf[kr gSA lafo/kku u dsoy efgyk lekurk dh ckr djrk gSA cfYd

jkT;ksa dks efgykvksa ds i{k esa foHksndkjh uhfr;k¡ cukus dh 'kfDRk Hkh iznku djrk gSA gky ds o"kksZa esa efgykvksa dh

fLFkfr ds fu/kkZj.k esa efgyk&l'kfDRkdj.k dh igpku dsUnzh; eqn~ns ds :Ik esa dh xbZ gSA

l'kfDrdj.k dh vo/kkj.kk dh 'kq:vkr lu~ 1985 essa uSjksch esa gksus okys efgyk vUrZjk"Vªh; lEesyu esa gqbZ FkhA

êfgyk l'kfDrdj.k* ds ihNs ewy fopkj efgykvksa dh fLFkfr iq:"kksa dh rqyuk esa ftu&ftu {ks=ksa esa fuEu Fkh] mu

{ks=ksa esa mUgsas etcwr cukus ds fy, fd;k x;k FkkA 'kfDr'kkyh iq:"k leqnk; ds lkFk leku Lrj ij vkus ds fy,

rkfd lÙkk dk larqyu cus vkSj fyax lEca/kh lÙkk la?k"kZ esa FkksM+k Bgjko vk;sA

Hkkjr esa ^êfgyk l'kfDrdj.k** dh /kkj.kk dk lh/kk vFkZ ;g gS fd mu lkekftd dqjhfr;ksa ,oa ck/kkvksa

dks nwj fd;k tk,] ftuds dkj.k Lora= Hkkjr esa lekUkrk ds laoS/kkfud vf/kdkj ikrs gq, Hkh Hkkjrh; ukjh] iq:"kksa

ds leku Lrj ij ij ugha igaqp ldh gSA ukjh lekt dk v/kkZ'ka gksrh gS] vLrq ukjh ds fuEu fLFkfr gksus dk

rkRi;Z lekt dk fuEu gksuk gSA vr% ukjh l'kfDrdj.k dk lh/kk lEca/k lekt ds l'kfDrdj.k ls gksrk gSA

blfy, tc ukjh dk l'kfDrj.k gksrk gS rks og lekt Hkh fujUrj l'kfDrdj.k dh jkg ij vkxs c<+rk tkrk gS 90

ds n'kd esa ,d rjQ tgk¡ jk"Vªh; efgyk vk;ksx] jk"Vªh; efgyk dks'k tSls efgyk laxBuksa dh LFkkiuk gqbZ] rks

ogha nwljh rjQ f=Lrjh; iapk;rksa ,oa uxj fudk;ksa ds ek/;e ls efgykvksa ds fy, 33 izfr'kr vkj{k.k dh O;oLFkk

dh xbZ vkSj lkFk gh 9oha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ¼1997&2000½ ds vUrxZr ?kksf"kr ukS eq[; mn~ns';ksa esa ls ,d mn~ns'; ds

:i esa ^êfgyk l'kfDrdj.k** dks LFkku fn;k x;kA ftlds QyLo:i vc efgyk;sa Lof'k{kk $ Lojkstxkj $

Lolqj{kk LokyEcu l'kfDrdj.k ds iSekus ij Lo;a dk ekiu djrs gq, iz[kj o eq[kj gks jgh gSaA vkt ns'k esa

lkekftd] vkfFkZd vkSj O;kolkf;d {ks=ksa esas Hkh lHkh oxksZa ,oa leqnk;ksa dh efgyk;sa vius xq.k deZ vkRefo'okl vkSj

f'k{kk ds vk/kkj ij cM+h la[;k esa MkWDVj] bathfu;j] izksQslj] iz'kklfud vf/kdkjh] odhy] tt] oSKkfud] ik;yV]

lsuk ;gk¡ rd dh varfj{k Hkh muls vNwrk ugha jgk gSA

Hkkjrh; lafo/kku esa of.kZr mu mica/kksa dks Kkr djuk ftlus efgyk l'kfDrdj.k dh jkg

dks lqxe cuk;k rFkk efgykvksa ds vf/kdkjksa dks lqfuf'pr dj efgyk 'kfDr lEiUurk gsrq fofo/k dkuwuksa ds fuekZ.k

esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk dk fuokZg fd;kA

vius vki esa O;kidrk dks ?ksjs gSA ;g O;fDr o lewg nksuksa Lrjksa ij fHkUu&fHkUu gks ldrk

gSA tgk¡ 'kfDr Lrj ij bls fu.kkZ;kRed Hkwfedk fuHkkus ds fy, ns[kk tk ldrk gSA ogha lewg ds Lrj ij Hkkxhnkjh

fuHkkus ds vFkZ esaA l'kfDrdj.k 'kCn O;fDrxr o lkeqnkf;d nksuksa Lrjksa ij vkfFkZd] jktuhfrd] lkekftd] ckSf)d

'kfDr ds c<+kus ds vFkZ esa iz;qDr fd;k tkrk gSA ;g 'kCn euksoSKkfud o nk'kZfud ifjizs{; esa Lo;a lgk;rk oxZ o





vfHkizsj.kkRed oSKkfudksa ds mPp Lrj rd la?k"kZ'khy jgrk gSA bl izdkj ;g Lo;a viuh {kerkvksa esa vkRefo'okl

c<+kus dk uke gSA l'kfDrdj.k ls ge lnSo ;g ekax djrs gS fd og ck/; :i ls O;ogkfjd dk;Z lapkyu esa

izdV gksA bl izdkj l'kfDrdj.k esa fuEu igqyvksa dks lfEefyr fd;k tk ldrk gS%&

1- O;fDrxr o lkewfgd gkykrksa esa fu.kZ; ysus dh {kerk vkukA

2- fu.kZ; ysus ds fy, lk/kuksa o lwpukvksa rd iga¡qpkukA

3- lkewfgd fu.kZ; izfØ;k Hkkxhnkjh fuHkkus dh {kerk fuekZ.k djukA

4- ifjorZu fuekZ.k dh {kerk ds ckjs esa ldkjkRed {kerk gksukA

5- O;fDrxr vFkok lkewfgd gkykrksa dks etcwr djus ds fy, lh[kus o dkS'kyksa dks izkIr djus dh {kerk

dk fodkl djukA

6- f'k{kk o lfØ;rk ds ijLij dk;ksZa ls nwljksa ds fopkjksa dks tkuus dh {kerk dk fodkl djukA

7- Lo;a ds izHkkoksa dks dHkh u lekIr gksus okyh fodkl izfØ;k esa vko';d :i ls lfEefyr djukA

bl izdkj ;fn ge l'kfDrdj.k dks efgykvksa ds lanHkZ esa tksM+s rks efgykvksa ds O;fDrxr&lkewfgd Lrj ij

vkfFkZd] lkekftd] jktuhfrd] ckSf)d fodkl dks mudk l'kfDrdj.k dg ldrs gSa] ysfdu ewy vFkksZa esa blh

fodkl esas ;k l'kfDrdj.k dh izfØ;k esa mudh fu.kZ; {kerk gksuh ijeko';d gSA rHkh lkFkZd :i ls l'kfDrdj.k

dh izfØ;k lEiUu gksxhA l'kfDrdj.k vaxzsth ds ^^,EikojesaV** 'kCn dk fgUnh i;kZ; gSA vkWDlQksMZ fMD'kujh ds

vuqlkj ^^fdlh fof'k"V ifjfLFkfr esa fdlh O;fDr ;k lewg dks lÙkk o in nsus dh izfØ;k gh mldk l'kfDrdj.k

gSA**

Lora=rk izkfIr ds ckn ls gekjs ns'k esa efgykvkssa dks lkekftd] vkfFkZd ,oa jktuSfrd :i ls fodkl ds leku

volj miyC/k djkus rFkk mUgsa HkyhHkk¡fr fodflr gksus ds fy, lafo/kku esa dqN fo'ks"k O;oLFkk,¡ dh x;h gSA

Hkkjrh; lafo/kku }kjk efgykvksa dks iq:"kksa ds led{k lHkh lqfo/kk,¡ iznku dh x;h gSA lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn&15 dh

O;oLFkkvksa ds vuqlkj fyax vFkok /keZ] tkfr] tUe LFkku vkfn ds vk/kkj ij fdlh ds lkFk fdlh Hkh izdkj dk

HksnHkko ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSaA vUkqPNsn&16 esa yksd lsok esas L=h vkSj iq:"k dks fcuk Hksn fd;s volj dh

lekurk iznku dh x;hA vuqPNsn&19 esa dksbZ Hkh ukxkfjd] pkgs L=h gks vFkok iq:"k mls vfHkO;fDr dh leku :i

ls LorU=rk iznku dh x;h gSA buds vfrfjDr vU; dqN vuqPNsnksas esa mUgsa vkj{k.k vkfn dh Hkh O;oLFkk,¡ dh x;h

gSaA

bl izdkj gekjs lafo/kku esa Hkkjr ds lHkh L=h vkSj iq:"kksa dks cjkcjh dk vktknh dk] 'kks"k.k ls cpko dk] /kkfeZd

vktknh dk] laLd`fr ,oa f'k{kk vkfn lHkh vf/kdkj leku :i ls izkIr fd;s x;s gSaA f=Lrjh; xzke iapk;rksa vkSj

'kgjh fudk;ksa esa lHkh Lrjksa ij efgykvksa dks ,d frgkbZ in vkjf{kr djus gsrq lafo/kkuu esa 73 ok¡ vkSj 74 ok¡

la'kks/ku fd;k x;k gSA QyLo:i bu {ks=ksa esa efgykvksa dh Hkkxhnkjh c<+h gSA

vuqPNsn& 14& jktuSfrd] vkfFkZd o lkekftd {ks=ksa esa leku vf/kdkj ,oa voljA

vuqPNsn& 15& fyax ds vk/kkj ij HksnHkko fuf"kf)A

vuqPNsn& 15¼3½& efgykvksa ds i{k esa ldkjkRed HksnHkko dk vf/kdkjA

vuqPNsn& 39& vkthfodk ds leku lk/u rFkk leku dk;Z ds fy, leku osruA





vuqPNsn& 42& dk;Z dh U;k;ksfpr ,oa ekuoh; n'kk,¡ rFkk izlwfr lqfo/kk,¡A

vuqPNsn& 51¼M½& efgykvksa izfr vieku&tud izFkkvksa ds R;kx dk ekSfyd nkf;RoA

vuSfrd O;kikj ¼fuokj.k½] vf/kfu;e] 1956

izlwfr lqfo/kk vf/kfu;e] 1961

nsgt fu"ks/k vf/kfu;e] 1961

L=h vf'k"V :i.k ¼fu"ks/k½] vf/kfu;e] 1986

lrh izrk ¼fuokj.k½ vf/kfu;e] 1987

?kjsyw fgalk ls efgykvksa dk laj{k.k vf/kfu;e] 2005

dkj[kkuk vf/kfu;e] 1958

U;wure etnwjh vf/kfu;e] 1948

leku ikfjJfed vf/kfu;e] 1976

deZpkjh jkT; chek vf/kfu;e] 1948

ckxku Je vf/kfu;e] 1951

caf/kr Je i)fr ¼mRiknu½ vf/kfu;e] 1976

n.M izfØ;k lafgrk] 1973 ds laxr micU/k

fof/k O;olk;h ¼efgyk½ vf/kfu;e] 1923

izlo iwoZ funku rduhd ¼fofu;eu vkSj nq:i;ksx fuokj.k½ vf/kfu;e] 1994

dqVqEc U;k;ky; vf/kfu;e] 1984

Hkkjrh; mÙkjkf/kdkj lekiu vf/kfu;e] 1925

xHkZ dk fpfdRlh; lekiu vf/kfu;e] 1971

cky&fookg vojks/k vf/kfu;e] 1929

fgUnw fookg vf/kfu;e] 1955

fgUnw mÙkjkf/kdkj vf/kfu;e] 1956 ¼o"kZ 2005 esa la'kks/ku½

Hkkjrh; fookg foPNsn vf/kfu;e] 1969





mi;qZDr dkuwuksa ds vfrfjDr efgykvksa ds lkekftd&vkfFkZd mRFkku rFkk vf/kdkfjrk ds fy, fofHkUu foHkkxksas

}kjk efgykvksa ls lac) vusdkusd dk;ZØeksa dk lapkyu fd;k tk jgk gS ;Fkk&LVsi] Lo;a fl)k] Lo'kfDr]

Lokoyacu] Lok/kkj] ifjokj ijke'kZ dsUnz] vYikof/k izokl x`g] ekuoh&lja{k.k vfHk;ku] Lolgk;rk lewg] dke/ksuw

;kstuk] LoLFk ljoh ;kstuk] viuh csVh&viuk /ku] iap/kjk ;kstuk] nsoh :id ;kstuk] fd'kksjh&ckfydk ;kstuk

vkfn pyk;h tk jgh gSaA

mi;qZDr leLr dkuwuksa ,oa ;kstukvksa dks ns[kdj ;gh dgk tk ldrk gS fd ljdkj us efgyk&l'kfDrdj.k gsrq

viuh rjQ ls Hkjld iz;Ru fd;kA vc ljdkj }kjk fd;s x;s iz;klksa ds ifj.kke ij fopkj djrs gSa&

1981&1991 ds n'kd esa efgyk lk{kjrk ,oa efgyk lk{kjrk n'kdh; of) nj Øe'k% 39-29 izfr'kr ,oa 9-44

izfr'kr Fkh] tks 1991&2001 ds nkSjku 54-16 izfr'kr ,oa 14-87 izfr'kr gks xbZ] ifj.kkeLo:i 1981&91 esa

iq:"k&efgyk lk{kjrk nj dk vUrj 24-84 izfr'kr ls ?kVdj 1991&2001 esas 20-69 izfr'kr gks x;k] tks f'k{kk ds

{ks= esa efgykvksa dh izxfr dks iznf'kZr djrk gS] ysfdu iq:"kksa dh lk{kjrk nj 75-26 izfr'kr dh rqyuk esa efgyk

lk{kjrk nj 54-16 izfr'kr vHkh Hkh cgqr de gSA

orZeku le; esa efgyk l'kfDrdj.k ,d cgn~ v/;;u dk fo"k; gSA efgyk l'kfDrdj.k ls vFkZ vkt ds lekt esa

efgykvksa dh lqn`<+ fLFkfr] lkekftd] vkfFkZd] jktuhfrd] lkaLd`frd {ks= esa mudh Hkkxhnkjh ,oa ;ksxnku ls fy;k

tkrk gSA

l'kfDrdj.k lEHkor% fuEufyf[kr ;k blh izdkj dh {kerkvksa dks feykdj gS%&

1- Lo;a fu.kZ; ysus dh {kerk gksukA

2- mfpr fu.kZ; ysus ds fy;s tkudkjh rFkk lalk/kuksa dh miyC/krk gksA

3- dbZ fodYi miyC/k gksuk ftuls pquko fd;k tk ldsA

4- lkewfgd fu.kZ; ds ekeyksa esa viuh ckr cyiwoZd j[kus dh leFkZrkA

5- cnyko ykus dh {kerk ij ldkjkRed fopkjksa dk gksukA

6- Lo;a dh O;fDrxr ;k lkewfgd 'kfDr csgrj djus ds fy;s dkS'ky lh[ksu dh {kerkA

7- vU;ksa dh fopkj/kkjk dks yksdrkaf=d rjhds ls cnyus dh {kerkA

8- fodkl izfØ;k rFkk fpjaUru o LOk;a dh igy }kjk cnykoksa ds fy;s HkkxhnkjhA

9- Lo;a dh ldkjkRed Nfo esa of) ,oa /kCcksa ls mHkjukA

fiYybZ ¼1995½ ds vuqlkj ^l'kfDrdj.k] ,d lfØ; ,oa cgqvk;keh izHkko j[kus okyh izfØ;k gSA ftlds }kjk

efgyk ;k nfyr ;k lewg vFkok oxZ dks lHkh {ks=ksa esas izfrHkkxh cukus ds lkFk&lkFk mlesa tkx`fr vkSj ekufld

lcyrk fodflr djrh gSA ftlls lkekftd ifjorZu dks lkef;d fn'kk iznku dh tk ldsA

vktknh ds ckn bl nkSj esa efgyk mRFkku] efgykvksa ds mRihM+Uk] la=kl] 'kks"k.k ds fo:) dne mBkus ds fy,

vky bf.M;k MseksØsfVd owesal ,lksfl,'ku] vky bf.M;k dksvkfMZus'ku desVh vkWQ ofdZax owesal] lsaVj Qkj owesal

MsoyiesaV LVMht] TokbaV owesal izksxzke] efgyk n{krk lfefr] us'kuy QsMjs'ku Qkj ofdZax owesal] Y.M.C.A. uked

lkr~ Lora= efgyk laxBuksa }kjk rS;kj lekukUrj ifjizs{; ;kstuk 1989 ls 1975 dh Hkkjrh; efgyk lq/kkj lfefr

dh jiV ds lq>koksa dks fØ;kfUor djus ds fy, dsUnz ljdkj }kjk cuk;k x;k efgyk vk;ksx Hkh efgykvks dh

cngkyh jksdus] muds gdksa dh c<+krh fn'kk esa ukdke jgk gS] vkSj dkxth [kkukiwfrZ djus ds vykok nkos dqN Hkh

fd, tk,a] dqN [kkl djus esa dke;kc ugha gks ldk gSA





vlfy;r esa jk"Vªh; efgyk vk;ksx dk dk;Z efgykvksa dks laoS/kkfud :i ls feys vf/kdkjksa dh j{kk djuk] mudh

lgk;rk djuk] mudh f'kdk;rksa ij /;ku nsuk] dkuwuh lykg iznku djuk] fjiksVZ rS;kj djuk] efgykvksa ds mRFkku

o fodkl ls lacaf/kr vuq'kalk ljdkj dks nsukA fiNys dqN o"kksZa esa efgykvksa ds vf/kdkjksa dh lqj{kk ,oa muds fgrksa

ds fy, vyx&vyx ljdkjksa us dbZ ;kstuk,¡ cuokbZ ij efgykvksa dh fLFkfr esa dksbZ cnyko ugha vk;kA

1- ljLorh gSnj] ¼1996½] Hkkjr dh jk"Vªh; efgyk uhfr] i- la- 453 ¼L=h vkfLerk% lkfgR; vkSj fopkj/kkjk ls

vkHkkj½

2- lghck jgekuh] ¼2006½] Hkkjrh; eqfLye efgyk ,oa l'kfDrdj.k] v/;;u ifCy'klZ ,aM fMLVªhC;wVlZ] ubZ fnYyh]

i`"B& 20A

3- mik/;k; jes'k rFkk mik/;k; laKk] ¼2004½ vkt dk L=h vkanksyu% 'kCnlalk/ku] ubZ fnYyhA

4- flag] mes'k izrki] xxZ jkts'k dqekj] ¼2012½] ^êfgyk l'kfDrdj.k% fofHkUUk vk;ke**] v/;;u ifCy'klZ ,.M

fMLVªhC;wVlZ] ubZ fnYyh] i`"B& 239&40-

5- Hkkjr dk lafo/kku] ¼1999½ lsUVªy ykW ifCyds'ku] i`"B& 5&26

6- ;kstuk] vDVwCkj&2006] i"B 19]41A

7- ;kstuk] vDVwCkj&2006] i`"B 39A

8- ts-ds- fiYybZ] ¼1995½] ohesu ,.M bEikWojesUV] Kku ifCyf'kax gkml] ubZ fnYyh]





vfrfFk fo}ku] vFkZ’kkL=] ’kkldh; ’;ke lqanj vxzoky egkfo|ky; flgksjk] tcyiqj ¼e0iz0½

izLrqr ’kks/k i= esa vkS|ksxhdj.k esa iw¡th cktkj ds egRo dks izfrikfnr fd;k x;k g SA larqfyr vkSj lefUor

vkfFkZd fodkl ds vax ds :i esa vkS|ksxhdj.k dks v)Z fodflr ns’kksa ds fodkl dk ,d cgn vkSj vfuok;Z fgLlk ekuk

tkrk gSA vkS|ksxhdj.k esa iw¡th cktkj ,d egRoiw.kZ ?kV ds :i esa Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA iw¡th cktkj ds }kjk foRrh;

vko’;drkvksa dh iwfrZ dh tkrh gSA iw¡th cktkj og LraHk gS ftl ij vkS|ksfxd txr dh uhao j[kh tkrh gSA

ns’k ds vkS|ksxhdj.k ds fy, i;kZIr ek=k esa iwa¡th dh vko’;drk gksrh gSA ;g iwa¡th vko’;d ek=k esa

rFkk mfpr le; ds vanj m|ksxksa dks miyC/k gks tkuh pkfg, ;fn ,slk ugha gksrk rks ;g LokHkkfod gh gS fd

vkS|ksxhdj.k dh xfr mruh rho z ugha gksxh ftruk ge pkgrs gSaA Hkkjr esa vkS|ksfxd {ks= dh nh?kkZof/k foRr dh

vko’;drkvksa dh iwfrZ ds lqfodflr iw¡th cktkj dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ tks m|ksxksa dh foRrh; vko’;drkvksa dh iwfrZ djsaA

Hkkjrh; iw¡th cktkj esa Lora=rk izkfIr ds i’pkr ~ dkQh izxfr dh gSA Hkkjr esa vkS|ksfxd foRr

vf/kdka’kr% dqN fons’kh ,tsUlh x`gksa rFkk Hkkjrh; izca/k vfHkdrkZ x`gk sa }kjk gh miyC/k fd;k tkrk FkkA rRi’pkr Hkkjrh;

iw¡th cktkj esa dbZ lq/kkj fd;s x;sA iw¡th cktkj }kjk nh?kZdkyhu _.kksa ds ysu nsu dh laLFkkxr lqfo/kk vkSj O;oLFkk

miyC/k djk;h xbZ gSA m|ksxksa dh foRrh; vko’;drkvksa dh iwfrZ fof’k"V foRrh; laLFkkvksa }kjk dh xbZA ;s laLFkk,¡

izR;{k rFkk vizR;{k lgk;rk izfrHkwfr;ksa ds Ø;] vfHkxksiu] _.kksa ds Hkqxrku dh xkjaVh vkfn ds :i esa Ø;&foØ; dk

dk;Z djrh gSA lkFk gh m|ksxksa dh LFkkiuk] foLrkj ,oa lapkyu gsrq rduhdh ijke’kZ Hkh iznku djrh gSA bl mn~ns’;

gsrq iwa¡th cktkj dks lqn`<+ cuk;k x;k tks foRrh; vko’;drkvksa dh iwfrZ dj lds A

izLrqr ’kks/k dk;Z ds mn~ns’; fuEu gSa &

iw¡th cktkj dh vko’;drk vkSj egRo dk s izfrikfnr djuk gSA

nh?kZdkyhu foRr dh izkfIr ds fy, iw¡th] cktkj dh Hkwfedk dk fo’y s"k.k djuk gSA

fiNM+s vkS|ksfxd {ks=ksa dh iw¡thxr leL;k ds funku ds fy, lq>ko nsuk gSA

izLrqr ’kks/k fuEu ekU;rkvksa ij vk/kkfjr gS &

iw¡th cktkj ds }kjk fuos’k izo`fRr dks izksRlkgu feyrk gS A

iw¡th cktkj ds }kjk m|ksxksa dh foRrh; vko’;drkvksa dh iwfrZ gksrh gSA

cpr djus dh izofRr dks izksRlkgu feyrk gSA

izLrqr’kks/k gsrq if=dkvksa] iqLrdksa rFkk baVjusV ij miyC/k lkexzh dk p;u fd;k x;k gSA

Lora=rk ds iwoZ Hkkjr esa nh?kZdkyhu foRr iwfrZdjus okyh laLFkkvksa dk loZFkk vHkko FkkA Hkkjr esa

O;kikfjd cSad] vkaXy O;kikfjd cSadksa dh ijEijk ds vuqlkj dsoy vYidkyhu foRr dh iwfrZ djrs Fks A ,slh n’kk esa ns’k

dh vkSZ|ksfxd ,oa O;kikfjd laLFkkvksa dks vius lk/kuksa ij fuHkZj jguk gksrk FkkA 1918 esa vkS|ksfxd vk;ksx us nh?kZdkyhu





foRr iwfrZ ds fy, ns’k esa ^^vkS|ksfxd cSadksaa ** d s [kksys tkus ds lq>ko fn;s FksA blls dqN gh igys VkVk bUMfLVª;y cSad

dh LFkkiuk dh tk pqdh FkhA fdUrq nqHkkZX;o’k ;s lc cSad dqN o"kksZ ds dk;Zdky ds ckn gh lekIr dj fn, x;s A budh

vlQyrk dk eq[; dkj.k bl fn’kk esa vuqHko dk vHkko Fkk A f}rh; fo’o;q) dh vof/k esa Hkkjrh; daifu;ksa esa foLrkj

,oa fodkl dh vko’;drk vuqHko dh x;h A ;q) ds ckn Hkh m|ksxksa ds fodsUnzhdj.k ,oa vk/kqfudhdj.k ds flyflys esa

nh?kZdkyhu foRr iks"k.k ds fy;s Hkkjh ek=k esa iw¡th dh ek¡x c<+hA bl izdkj Lora=rk ds i’pkr iw¡th cktkj dk vfLrRo

gqvk A

iwa¡th cktkj ls rkRi;Z nh?kZdkyhu foRr ls gSA lokZf/kd foLr`r vFkZ esa J`¡[kykc) /kkjkvksa esa fufeZr og ,slk ra=

gSa ftlds ek/;e ls tu leqnk; dh cprsa vkS|ksfxd vkSj O;kikfjd miØeksa ds lkFk gh lkoZtfud vf/kdkjh ox Z dks Hkh

miyC/k djk;h tkrh gSaA cpr laLFkkvksa tSls cpr cSad] fofu;ksx izU;klksa ;k fofu;kstu daifu;k¡ fof’k"V foRrh; fuxesa

rFkk Lda/k foif.k;k¡ ;k ’ks;j cktkj izeq[k gS tks feydj iwa¡th cktkj cukrs gSa vkSj mlds ?kVd dgykrs gSa A iw¡th cktkj

dks ,d lsfodk ds :i esa iz;qDr fd;k tkrk gS tks m|ksxksa dh vko’;drkvksa dks iwjk djsa A ,d vkn’kZ iw¡th cktkj

vkfFkZd fodkl dh vfuok;Z ’krZ gS] vkSj fdlh Hkh ns’k esa iw¡th cktkj dk fodkl fuHkZj djrk gS cprksa dh miyfC/k vkSj

fofu;kstu ijA iw¡th cktkj dk ;g nkf;Ro gh gS fd og i¡wath dh ek¡x dh /kkjk dks lokZf/kd ykHkizn fcUnqvksa dh vksj

izokfgr djs A bl izdkj ns’k esa O;fDrxr ,oa laLFkkxr cprksa dk fofu;ksx mRiknu dk;ksZ dsk djus ds fy, laxfBr

iwa¡th cktkj dk fodkl ,d vfuok;Z ’krZ gSA m|ksx O;kikj ds fodkl ds lkFk&lkFk gh iw¡th dh eka¡x esa o`f) gksrh pyh

tkrh gS vkSj mlds lkFk&lkFk cpr ,oa fofu;ksx dh laHkkoukvksa dk fodkl gksus ls laxfBr iwa ¡th cktkj ds fodkl ds fy,

mRjksRrj vuqdwy ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk fuekZ.k gksrk pyk tkrk gSA ns’k dh ljdkj Hkh fons’kksa ls _.k ysdj fjtoZ cSad vFkok

LVsV cSad dh uhfr;ksa dks mfpr eksM nsdj cM+s O;kikfjd cSadksa dk jk"Vªhdj.k djds dsUnzh; Lrj vkSj jkT; Lrj ij e/;e

dkyhu ,oa nh?kZdkyhu foRRk dh iwfrZ ds fy, fo’k"sk fuxeksa dh LFkkiuk djds fons’kksa ,oa fo’o cSad vkfn vUrjkZ"Vªh;

foRr laLFkkvksa vkSj fons’kh ljdkjksa ls foRrh; lgk;rk izkIr djsa A tksfd ns’k ds laxfBr iw¡th cktkj esa u, jDr dk

lapkj dj ldsa A ns’k esa orZeku esaa futh rFkk lkoZtfud nksuksa gh {ks=ksa }kjk i¡wath dh ek¡x dh tkrh jgh gSA ftls ns’k

dk laxfBr iw¡th cktkj iw.kZr% djus dh fLFkfr esa gSA tksfd vkS|ksfxd fodkl ds fy, ,d LokLF; dk izrhd gSA bl

izdkj iw¡th cktkj ftruk fodflr gksxk mruk vkS|ksxhdj.k dh xfr esa rhozrk yk;h tk ldsxh A

m|ksxksa ds fodkl esa iw¡th cktkj egRoiw.kZ ra= dh Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gS] tks vkS|ksxhdj.k dh xfr dks c<+kus esa

enn djrk gSA ’kh?kzz vkS|ksxhdj.k ds xfreku ?kVd vkSj izfreku ds :i esa iw ¡th cktkj dk gksuk vR;ko’;d gSA ns’k

dk iw¡th cktkj ftruk vf/kd lqn`<+ gksxk m|ksx mrus fodkl dh vksj vxzlj gksxsa A vr% ftl izdkj ’kjhj esa dksf’kdk

ra=ksa dks lqpk: :i ls dk;Z djus ds fy, jDr dh vko’;drk gksrh gS] mlh izdkj m|ksxksa dk fodkl fcuk iw¡th

cktkj ds vfLrRo foghu gSA

esgrk] vkj-lh- ^^dSSfiVy ekdsZV bu bafM;k QkWj IysUM xzksFk ** ] 1965

,u-lh-,-bZ-vkj- ^^dSSfiVy ekdsZV bu , IysuM bdksukWdh**] 1966 ist 65^66

fjtoZ cSad vkWQ bafM;k cqysfVu 2014]

flUgk] ,l-,e-,u- ^^ n dSSfiVy ekdsZV vkWQ bafM;k**] 1960 ist & 2] 14] 102] 156

’kekZ d`".k dqekj& ^^n bafM;u euh ekdsZV** 1974 ist 87&88

fefyUn dksBkjh] ^^vkS|ksfxd vFkZ’kkL=** 2013 ] ist 10&12





'kks/kkFkhZ] tUrq foKku foHkkx]

'kkldh; vkn'kZ foKku egkfo|ky; Lo'kklh] tcyiqj ¼e-ç-½

ueZnk unh Hkkjr ds e/; Hkkx esa iwjc ls if'pe dh vksj cgus okyh e/; çns'k vkSj xqtjkr jkT; dh

,d çeq[k unh gS] tks xaxk ds leku iwtuh; gSA egkdky ioZr ds vejd.Vd f'k[kj ls ueZnk unh dh mRifÙk gqbZ gSA

ueZnk unh dks e/;çns'k dh thou&js[kk dgk tkrk gSA ueZnk Hkkjrh; çk;}hi dh lcls çeq[k vkSj Hkkjr dh ikapoh cM+h

unh ekuh tkrh gSAlexz ekuo laL—fr dk bfrgkl ufn;ksa dk bfrgkl gS] lewpk vrhr ufn;ksa ds dwyksa ls >kadrk lk

fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA ;qxksa&;qxksa ls iwftr ueZnk ekuo lH;rk] laL—fr vkSj ijEijk dh çokfgdk gSA lefiZr vUos"kdks vkSj

'kks/kkfFkZ;ks }kjk ueZnk ij fd;s x, 'kks/k ij vk/kkfjr bl 'kks/k foospuk ds ek/;e ls ueZnk ij ik, tkus okys thoksa dh

fofo/krk ,oa mu thoksa ds }kjk ty dh xq.koÙkk dh igpku cjxh cka/k] Xokjh?kkV ,oa HksM+k?kkV esa 'kks/k djrs gq, o"kZ

2014&2016 esa tUrqIyod dh 42 çtkfr] ikni Iyod ds 7 lewg o Qaxl dh 12 çtkfr] csUFkksl ¼,ukfyMk] vFkksZiksMk]

eksyLdk½ dh 42] frrfy;ksa dh 25] vksMksusVk dh 37 çtkfr] eksyLd dh 13] edfM+;ks dh 26 ,oa eRL; dh 25] jsIVkby

¼liZ½ dh 18] if{k;ksa dh 77 çtkfr;ksa ds lkFk dqy 324 çtkfr dh [kkst esa csUFkksl dh 42 çtkfr ueZnk ty esa çkIr dh

xbZ] ftlls jlk;uksa dk ç;ksx fd;s fcuk ge bUgsa ladsrd ds :i esa ç;ksx dj ty ds xq.koÙkk dh igpku dj ldsxsA

% ueZnk] çtkfr] fofo/krk] çnw"k.k] csUFkksl-

foU/;] lriqM+k o esdy ioZr ds laf/k LFky esa cM+h gh lqjE; okfn;ka gSA ;gh og LFky gS ftls vejdaVd

dgk tkrk gSA vejdaVd dk lkSan;Z vuqie gSA ueZnk Hkkjr dh ikap cM+h ufn;ksa esa fxuh tkrh gS] e/;çns'k ds

vejdaVd dh esdy ioZr Js.kh ls fudyh ueZnk unh 1312 fdyksehVj dk yack lQj r; djds xqtjkr esa HkM+kSp ds

lehi vjc lkxj dh [kackr dh [kkM+h esa leqæ ls tk feyrh gSA ueZnk 1077 fdyksehVj e/; çns'k] 74 fdyks ehVj

egkjk"Vª dks Li'kZ djrh gq,] 179 fdyks ehVj xqtjkr esa cgrh gS ¼jke çlkn ikBd] 2015½ ysfdu unh dk 87 çfr'kr

ty çokg e/;çns'k esa gksus ls] bl unh dks e/;çns'k dh thou js[kk dgk tkrk gSA

ueZnk rV ij cls xkao] NksVs&cM+s 'kgjksa] NksVs&cM+s vkS|ksfxd miØeksa vkSj jklk;fud [kkn vkSj dhVuk'kdksa ds

ç;ksx ls dh tkus okyh [ksrh ds dkj.k mnxe ls lkxj foy; rd ueZnk çnwf"kr gks xbZ gS vkSj ueZnk rV ij rFkk unh

dh viokg {ks= esa ouksa dh deh ds dkj.k vkt ueZnk esa ty Lrj Hkh 20 o"kZ igys dh rqyuk esa ?kV x;k gSA ,sls esa

ueZnk dks çnw"k.k eqä djuk le; dh lcls cM+h t:jr cu xbZ gSA

ueZnk dk mnxe LFky vejdaVd Hkh 'kgj ds foLrkj vkSj i;ZVdksa ds vkokxeu ds dkj.k ueZnk ty çnw"k.k

dk f'kdkj gks x;k gSA blds ckn] 'kgMksy] ckyk?kkV] e.Myk] f'kouh] fM.Mksjh] dVuh] tcy iqj] nkeksg] lkxj]

ujflagiqj] fNanokM+k] cSrwy] gks'kaxkckn] gjnk] jk;lsu] lhgksj] [k.Mok] bUnkSj] nsokl] [kjxksu] /kkj] >kcqvk vkSj cM+okuh

ftyksa ls xqtjrh gqbZ ueZnk egkjk"Vª vkSj xqtjkr dh vksj cgrh gS] ysfdu bu lHkh ftyksa esa ueZnk dks çnwf"kr djus okys

ekuo fufeZr lHkh dkj.k ekStwn gSA veykbZ isij fey 'kgMksy] vusd 'kgjksa ds ekuo ey vkSj nwf"kr ty dk viokg]

gks'kaxkckn esa Hkkjr ljdkj ds lqj{kk dkxt dkj[kkus] cM+okuh esa 'kjkc dkj[kkusa] ueZnk dks çnwf"kr djrk gSA tcyiqj

dk çkphu uke tcfyiÙku Fkk] ueZnk tcyiqj esa 60 fdyks ehVj çokfgr gksrh gS tks cjxh cka/k] Xokjh?kkV] fryokjk?kkV

ls gksrh gq, HksMk?kkV esa /kq¡vk/kkj :i ys ysrh gSA vusd dkj.kksa ls blesa QSys çnw"k.k dks jksdus gsrq yxkrkj 'kks/k ueZnk

tkjh gSA





ueZnk esa ik, tkus okys dhVksa dh miyC/krk ,oa fofo/krk ls ikuh dh xq.koÙkk dk irk yxk;k tk ldrk ;s

dhV ikuh ds çnw"k.k lwpd dk dk;Z djrs gSA ¼fLeFk] 1999½ ,fUyM~l vFkksZiksM~l ,oa eksyLd dh çtkfr;ka ikuh ds

çnw"k.k ds vPNs ladsrd gksrs gS bUgsa csUFkksl dh laKk nh tkrh gSA bu csUFkksl dks igpku dj VsDlksukseh dh lgk;rk ls

ge mUgsa oxhZ—r djrs gS fQj muds fo'ks"k xzqi }kjk mudh igpku djrs gS vkf[kj ;s fdl çdkj dk çnw"k.k fn[kk jgs

gSA tcyiqj ds lUnHkZ esa bldh Hkwfedk blfy, vko';d gS D;ksfd ueZnk us lcls T;knk LFkku tcyiqj dks gh fn;k gSA

ueZnk th oSjkX; dh vf/k"Bk=h ewfrZeku Lo:i gSA xaxk th Kku dh] ;equk th Hkfä dh] czãiq=k rst

dh] xksnkojh ,s'o;Z dh] —".kk dkeuk dh vkSj ljLorh th foosd ds çfr"Bku ds fy;s lalkj esa vkbZ gSaA lkjk lalkj

budh fueZyrk vkSj vkstfLork o ekaxfyd Hkko ds dkj.k vknj djrk gS o J)k ls iwtu djrk gSA ekuo thou esa ty

dk fo'ks"k egRo gksrk gSA ;gh egRo thou dks LokFkZ] ijekFkZ ls tksM+rk gSA ueZnk rVoklh ek¡ ueZnk ds d#.kke; o

okRlY; Lo:i dks cgqr vPNh rjg ls tkurs gSaA

jkek;.k rFkk egkHkkjr vkSj ijorhZ xzaFkksa esa bl unh ds fo"k; esa vusd mYys[k gSaA ikSjkf.kd vuqJqfr ds vuqlkj

ueZnk dh ,d ugj fdlh lkseoa'kh jktk us fudkyh Fkh ftlls mldk uke lkseksn~Hkok Hkh iM+ x;k FkkA xqIrdkyhu

vejdks'k esa Hkh ueZnk dks lkseksn~Hkok dgk gSA

dkfynkl us Hkh ueZnk dks lkseçHkok dgk gSA j?kqoa'k esa ueZnk dk mYys[k gSA es?knwr esa jsok ;k ueZnk dk lqUnj

o.kZu gSAokYehfd jkek;.k esa Hkh ueZnk dk mYys[k gS] blds i'pkr ds 'yksdksa esa ueZnk dk ,d ;qorh ukjh ds :i esa

lqanj o.kZu gSA egkHkkjr esa ueZnk dks _{kioZr ls mn~Hkwr ekuk x;k gSA Hkh"eioZ esa ueZnk dk xksnkojh ds lkFk mYys[k

gSA Jhen~Hkkxor esa jsok vkSj ueZnk nksuksa dk gh ,d LFkku ij mYys[k gSA 'kriFk czkã.k us jsoksÙkjl dh ppkZ dh gS] tks

ikVo pkØ ,oa LFkifr ¼eq[;½ Fkk] ftls l`¥~t;ksa us fudky ckgj fd;k FkkA ikf.kfu ds ,d okfrZd us 'efg"eR' dh

O;qRifÙk efg"k ls dh gS] bls lkekU;r: ueZnk ij fLFkr ekfg"erh dk gh :ikUrj ekuk x;k gSA blls çdV gksrk gS fd

lEHkor: okfrZddkj dks ¼yxHkx bZŒiwŒ pkSFkh 'krkCnh esa ½ ueZnk dk ifjp; FkkA j?kqoa'k esa jsok ¼vFkkZr~ ueZnk½ ds rV ij

fLFkr ekfg"erh dks vuwi dh jkt/kkuh dgk x;k gSA

tku iM+rk gS fd dgha&dgha lkfgR; esa bl unh ds iwohZ ;k igkM+h Hkkx dks jsok ¼'kkfCnd vFkZ% mNyus&dwnus

okyh½ vkSj if'peh ;k eSnkuh Hkkx dks ueZnk ¼'kkfCnd vFkZ—ueZ ;k lq[k nsus okyh½ dgk x;k gSA ¼fdUrq egkHkkjr ds

mi;qZä m)j.k esa mnxe ds fudV gh unh dks ueZnk uke ls vfHkfgr fd;k x;k gS½A ueZnk ds rVorhZ çns'k dks Hkh

dHkh&dHkh ueZnk uke ls gh fufnZ"V fd;k tkrk FkkA fo".kqiqjk.k ds vuqlkj bl çns'k ij 'kk;n xqIrdky ls iwoZ vkHkhj

vkfn 'kwætkfr;ksa dk vf/kdkj FkkA

egkHkkjr ,oa dfri; iqjk.kksa esa ueZnk dh ppkZ cgq/kk gqbZ gSA eRL; iqjk.k] in~e iqjk.k] deZ iqjk.k us

ueZnk dh egÙkk ,oa mlds rhFkksaZ dk o.kZu fd;k gSA eRL; iqjk.k ,oa in~e iqjk.k vkfn esa ,slk vk;k gS fd ml LFkku ls

tgk¡ ueZnk lkxj esa feyrh gS] vejd.Vd ioZr rd] tgk¡ ls og fudyrh gS] 10 djksM+ rhFkZ gSaA vfXu iqjk.k ,oa dweZ

iqjk.k ds er ls Øe ls 60 djksM+ ,oa 60 lglz rhFkZ gSaA ukjnh; iqjk.k dk dFku gS fd ueZnk ds nksuksa rVksa ij 400

eq[; rhFkZ gSa] fdUrq vejd.Vd ls ysdj lk<+s rhu djksM+ gSaA ou ioZ us ueZnk dk mYys[k xksnkojh ,oa nf{k.k dh vU;

ufn;ksa ds lkFk fd;k gSA mlh ioZ esa ;g Hkh vk;k gSa fd ueZnk vkurZ ns'k esa gS] ;g fç;axq ,oa vkez&dq¥~tksa ls ifjiw.kZ

gS] blesa os= yrk ds forku ik;s tkrs gSa] ;g if'pe dh vksj cgrh gS vkSj rhuksa yksdksa ds lHkh rhFkZ ;gk¡ ¼ueZnk esa½

Luku djus dks vkrs gSaA eRL; iqjk.k ,oa in~e iqjk.k us mn~?kks"k fd;k gS fd xaxk du[ky esa ,oa ljLorh dq#{ks= esa

ifo= gS] fdUrq ueZnk lHkh LFkkuksa esa] pkgs xzke gks ;k ouA ueZnk dsoy n'kZu&ek= ls ikih dks ifo= dj nsrh gS;

ljLorh ¼rhu fnuksa esa½ rhu Lukuksa ls] ;equk lkr fnuksa ds Lukuksa ls vkSj xaxk dsoy ,d Luku lsA fo".kq/keZlw= us Jk)

ds ;ksX; rhFkksaZ dh lwph nh gSa] ftlesa ueZnk ds lHkh LFkyksa dks Jk) ds ;ksX; Bgjk;k gSA ueZnk dks #æ ds 'kjhj ls

fudyh gqbZ dgk x;k gS] tks bl ckr dk dfoRoe; çdVhdj.k ek= gS fd ;g vejd.Vd ls fudyh gS tks egs'oj ,oa





mudh iRuh dk fuokl&LFky dgk tkrk gSA ok;q iqjk.k esa ,slk mn~?kksf"kr gS fd ufn;ksa esa Js"B iquhr ueZnk firjksa dh

iq=h gS vkSj bl ij fd;k x;k Jk) v{k; gksrk gSA eRL; iqjk.k ,oa dweZ iqjk.k dk dFku gS fd ;g 100 ;kstu yEch ,oa

nks ;kstu pkSM+h gSA çks- ds-oh- jaxLokeh vk;axj us dgk gS fd eRL; iqjk.k dh ckr Bhd gS] D;ksafd ueZnk okLro esa

yxHkx 800 ehy yEch gSA fdUrq nks ;kstu ¼vFkkZr~ muds erkuqlkj 16 ehy½ dh pkSM+kbZ Hkzked gSA eRL; iqjk.k ,oa dweZ

iqjk.k dk dFku gS fd ueZnk vejd.Vd ls fudyh gSa] tks dfyax ns'k dk if'peh Hkkx gSA

vejd.Vd ioZr ,d rhFkZ gS tks czãgR;k ds lkFk vU; ikiksa dk ekspu djrk gS vkSj ;g foLrkj esa ,d ;kstu

gSA ueZnk dk vR;Ur egÙoiw.kZ rhFkZ gS ekfg"erh] ftlds LFky ds fo"k; esa fo}kuksa esa erHksn jgk gSA vf/kdka'k ys[kd

;gh dgrs gSa fd ;g vksadkj ekU/kkrk gS tks bUnkSj ls yxHkx 40 ehy nf{k.k ueZnk esa ,d }hi gSA bldk bfrgkl iqjkuk

gS] ckS) xzUFkksa esa ,slk vk;k gS fd v'kksd egku~ ds jkT;dky esa eksXxfyiqÙk frLl us dbZ ns'kksa esa /kkfeZd nwr&e.My Hk sts

Fks] ftuesa ,d nwre.My efg"ke.My dks Hkh Hkstk x;k FkkA MkŒ ¶yhV us efg"ke.My dks ekfg"erh dgk gSA egkHkk";dkj

dks ekfg"erh dk Kku Fkk] dkfynkl us bls jsok ls f?kjh gqbZ dgk gSA m|ksxioZ] vuq'kklu ioZ] Hkkxor iqjk.k ,oa in~e

iqjk.k esa ekfg"erh dks ueZnk ;k jsok ij fLFkr ekuk x;k gSA

djhc 50 lkyksa ls fd, tk jgs 'kks/k us ;g Li"V dj fn;k fd ueZnk unh esa ik, tkus okys esa<d vkSj

eNfy;ksa lfgr vU; tho&tarqvksa dh dbZ çtkfr;ksa dk vfLrRo gh ugha cpsxkA unh ij cka/k] çnw"k.k] clkgV] taxyksa dh

dVkbZ dk flyflyk ;fn ugha Fkek rks vxys 25 lkyksa esa bl unh dh tSo fofo/krk iwjh rjg [kRe gks tk,xhA blesa

200 ls T;knk çtkfr;ka yqIrçk; dxkj ij igqap pqdh gSaA twyksftdy losZ v‚Q bafM;k ¼paæk ,oa vfrfjä 2010½ }kjk

laHkor% ;g lcls yack 'kks/k dk;Z gSA

ueZnk ds ikuh esa c<+rs çnw"k.k dk vanktk blh ckr ls yxk;k tk ldrk gS fd vejdaVd esa gh dqN LFkkuksa ij

ueZnk esa lw{e tho ¼bZ&dksykbZ½ dh la[;k 3 yk[k ls 3-5 yk[k rd ikbZ xbZ gSA bls isV dh chekfj;ksa dk eq[; dkj.k

ekuk tkrk gSA e/; çns'k çnw"k.k fu;a=.k cksMZ] Hkksiky 2007 dh fjiksVZ ls lkQ gS fd ueZnk dh lsgr ueZnk ds tkap

okys LFkkuksa esa lhvksMh ¼jlk;u ?kqfyr v‚Dlhtu½ dh ek=k vf/kd ikbZ xbZ gS] tks fd ekud Lrj ls Ng ls nl xquk

rd vf/kd gSA bls fo'ks"kK ueZnk ds fy, fpark dk fo"k; ekurs gSaA

ueZnk foU/;kpy vkSj lriqM+k ioZr Jsf.k;ksa dks foHkkftr djrh gS vkSj mudh lhek,a

cukrh gSA ueZnk ds ty esa bu nksuksa ioZr Jsf.k;ksa ij ikbZ tkus okyh tM+h&cwfV;ka] [kfut vkSj yo.k ?kqys gksrs gSaA bl

fo'ks"krk ds dkj.k gh ueZnk {ks= esa çkf.k;ksa vkSj Qlyksa dh fofo/krk gSA lalkj esa ,slk dksbZ i'kq ;k i{kh ugha gS ftldh

çtkfr ;k uLy ueZnk {ks= esa ugha ikbZ tkrh vkSj ,slh dksbZ Qly ugha] ouLifr ugha tks ueZnk dh ?kkfV;ksa esa ugha iSnk

gksrh gksA Hkys gh le; ds /kkjs ij vc foyqIr gks x, gksa ysfdu Mk;uklksj ls lksu fpjS;k rd ds thok'e ueZnk {ks= esa

feysa gSa vkSj ;gh fofo/krk,a ,oa cgqrk;r Qlyksa dh gSA ;g cgqr vn~Hkqr gS fd ueZnk {ks= esa mu thoksa ds thok'e vkSj

[kfutksa ds va'k Hkh feys gSa tks leqæ esa ik, tkrs gSaA ;g ueZnk dh HkkSxksfyd fLFkfr vkSj ç—fr ds jgL; esa gh gS fd

ueZnk iwoZ ls if'pe dh vksj cgrh gSA blds fdukjs ik, tkus okys [kfutksa] vkS"kf/k;ksa] jRuksa dks çkIr djus vkSj

'kks/kkfFkZ;ksa ds fufeZr fuoklksa ls laidZ dh ykylk ds dkj.k gh bldh ifjØek djus dh ijaijk cuh gksxh ftlus vc

/kkfeZd :i ys fy;k] ikiksa ls eqfä vkSj iq.; vfiZr djus dk Hkko ys fy;k ¼jke çlkn ikBd] 2015½A

;g ,d vk'p;Ztud la;ksx gh gS fd nqfu;k ds ftu oSKkfudksa us ueZnk {ks= esa vkfnekuo ds fpUg vkSj

Mk;uklksj ds thok'e [kksts gSa mUgksaus ueZnk dh ifjØek gh dh gSA mUgksaus çR;sd fdukjs feêh ds uewuksa] iRFkjksa ds uewus

vkSj ouLifr;ksa dh tM+ ,d= dh gks] çkphudky esa ,sls oSKkfud vkSj ekuoh; vuqla/kku ds fy, gh çkphudky esa

vUos"k.kdrkZvksa us ueZnk fdukjs dh ;k=k vkjaHk dhA pwafd ml tekus esa fgald thoksa vkSj yqVsjksa ds Hk; ls cpus ds fy,

xzqi cukdj ;k=k dk Lo:i fodflr gqvk] ueZnk dk tks ifjØek iFk vkt gSA mlds fdukjs _f"k;ksa ds vkJe cus gSaA

;g lHkh vkJe f'k{kk] laLdkj vkSj 'kks/k&vuqla/kku ds dsUæ gqvk djrs FksA ftuesa ifjØek djus okyksa dks Kku feyrk





Fkk] ;k ,d ckr ;g Hkh gks ldrh gS fd bu vkJeksa esa pyus okys fujUrj 'kks/k ds ifj.kkeksa ls lekt dks voxr djkus

ds fy, t:jr muls laidZ djus ds fy, fudyrs gks ftlus vkxs pydj ifjØek dk :i ys fy;kA pwafd ufn;ksa esa

dsoy ueZnk dh ifjØek djus dh ijaijk gS ckdh dh ughaA xaxk unh dh Hkh ifjØek ugha gksrhA bl ij ,d Lora= 'kks/k

dh t:jr gS tks vaxzstksa ls çHkkfor 'kks/k ls iwjh rjg eqä gksA

oSKkfudksa us ueZnk ?kkVh esa 2422 fofHkUu çtkfr;ksa dks fpfàr fd;kA blesa 665 d'ks:dh;

¼jh<+ okys½] 1757 vd'ks:dh; çk.kh ¼fcuk jh<+ okys½ gSa paæk ,oa vfrfjä] 2010½A ;s lHkh çk.kh dqy 40 çdkj ds çk.kh

lewgksa dk çfrfuf/kRo djrs gSaA blesa 155 çdkj dh eNfy;ka] 115 çdkj ds esa<d] 62 çdkj ds mHk;pj] 345 çdkj ds

i{kh vkSj 88 çdkj ds Lru/kkjh tho gSaA buesa ls 200 ls T;knk çtkfr;ka foyqfIr dh dxkj ij igqap pqdh gSaA buesa

eNfy;ka] Lru/kkjh] i{kh vkSj frrfy;ka Hkh 'kkfey gSaA

1940 ds fjdkMZ dks vk/kkj ekusa] rks ueZnk unh esa eNfy;ksa dh 68 çtkfr;ka ikbZ tkrh FkhaA vc buesa ls MSfu;ks]

xjjk ewfy;k] vkjsDFkhl] ,EcyhlsIl] ,jsfLFkfVd gkjk tSlh çtkfr;ka yxHkx xk;c gks pqdh gSaA ogha uksjksIVsjl] fprkyk]

Dysfj;l] VkjI;wfVVsjk ¼xksYMu egk'khj½] ysihtsflQsyh 'kkbl ¼xquxqp½ vkSj pUuk foyqfIr dh dxkj ij gSaA

;g vk'p;Ztud] fdarq lR; gS fd ueZnk ?kkVh esa dHkh egkxt&LVsxksM‚u] 'kqrqjeqxZ]

fgIiksiksVsel vkfn tho jgk djrs Fks] tks vkt Hkkjr esa gh ugha ik, tkrs gSaA blh çdkj uhyfxjh ;k ;wdsfyIVl dk o`{k

ftls ge v‚LVªsfy;k ls vk;k fons'kh o{k le>rs gSa] yk[kksa o"kZ igys fMaMkSjh&eaMyk ds fudV ?kq?kok esa ik;k tkrk FkkA

tcyiqj esa Mk;uklksj dk igyk thok'e rHkh [kkstk tk pqdk Fkk] tc Mk;uklksj 'kCn çpyu esa Hkh ugha FkkA /kkj ftys

esa ckx ds fudV ikMY;k ouxzke esa Mk;uklksj ds 100 ls vf/kd vaMksa ds thok'e gky gh esa feys gSaA oSKkfud crkrs g Sa

fd LVhou fLiycxZ dh çfl) fQYe Þtwjkfld ikdZß esa fn[kk, x, Hk;kud Vh&jsol Mk;uklksj tSlk ekalkgkjh fo/oald

Mk;uklksj dHkh Hk:p ls ysdj tcyiqj rd ,dN= jkt fd;k djrk FkkA oSKkfudksa us bls ueZnk ?kkVh dk jktlh

Mk;uklksj dgrs gq, bldk uke jktkl‚jl ueZnsfUll fd;k gSA blds vfrfjä Hkh ueZnk ?kkVh ls 'kkdkgkjh vkSj

ekalkgkjh Mk;uklksjksa dh dbZ çtkfr;ksa dh igpku oSKkfudksa }kjk dh xbZ gSA

eaMyk esa feys 'ka[k ds thok'e ç'kkar egklkxj ds {ks= ls feys thok'eksa ls feyrs gSaA çkSaMo dqy dh çtkfr ds

tks thok'e ueZnk {ks= esa feys oSls vkLVªsfy;k esa Hkh feysa gkfFk;ksa ds thok'e vÝhdk ds çkphu gkfFk;ksa ds thok'eksa ls

esy [kkrs gSaA

ujflagiqj ftys esa ueZnk o bldh lgk;d 'ksj unh ds vklikl rks foyqIr oU;&çkf.k;ksa ds brus thok'e feys

gSa fd bl {ks= dks thok'eksa dk [ktkuk gh dgk tk ldrk gSA ;gk¡ ls —".ke`x] lkaHkj] xkSj] fgIiksiksVsel] rsanq, tSls

vusd oU;&çkf.k;ksa ds thok'e feyus ls yxrk gS fd ;g {ks= çkxSfrgkfld LoxZ FkkA blh rjg lhgksj ftys ds ueZnk

rVh; xk¡o gFkukSjk esa yxHkx ik¡p yk[k lky iqjkus ueZnk ekuo dk thok'e feyuk eksgu tksnM+ks vkSj gM+Iik dh [kkst

ls Hkh vf/kd egRoiw.kZ gSA

e/; çns'k dh laLdkj/kkuh ds :i esa fo[;kr tcyiqj esa tgka ueZnk 60 fdyksehVj çokfgr

gksdj yksxks dks LoPN ty ns jgh ogha 52 rkykc i;kZIr ty okys {ks= dks bafxr dj jgk] iwoZdky ls gh ;gka thoksa dh

miyC/krk jgh iqjkrRo ds vo'ks"k bl ckr dh iqf"V djrs gSA





1- çksVkstksvk 07

2- IysfVgsysfEUFkl 12

3- jksfVQsjk 27

4- ,ukfyMk 35

5- vFkksZiksMk 53

6- vjsfDuMk 11

7- bUlsDVk ¼leLr lewg½ 1380

8- eksyLdk 39

9- eRL; 155

10- ,fEQfc;k 15

11- jsfIrfy;k 62

12- ,fol 345

13- eSesfy;k 88





Ø-

1- tUrqIyod vtqZu ,oa vU; 'kks/kkFkhZ ueZnk unh tcyiqj

2015 2- ikni Iyod vtqZu ,oa vU; 'kks/kkFkhZ ueZnk unh tcyiqj

2016 3- Qaxl vtqZu ,oa vU; 'kks/kkFkhZ ueZnk unh tcyiqj

2015 4- csUFkksl ¼tyh;½ vtqZu ,oa vU; 'kks/kkFkhZ ueZnk unh tcyiqj

2015 5- frrfy;ka vtqZu ,oa vU; 'kks/kkFkhZ ueZnk unh tcyiqj

2015 6- vksMksusVk vtqZu ,oa vU; 'kks/kkFkhZ ueZnk unh tcyiqj

2015 7- eksyLdk vtqZu ,oa vU; 'kks/kkFkhZ ueZnk unh tcyiqj

2015 8- edfM+;ka ¼vjsfDuMk½ vtqZu ,oa vU; 'kks/kkFkhZ ueZnk unh tcyiqj

2015 9- eRL; vtqZu ,oa vU; 'kks/kkFkhZ ueZnk unh tcyiqj

2015 10- jsIVkby ¼liZ½ vtqZu ,oa vU; 'kks/kkFkhZ ueZnk unh tcyiqj

2015 11- i{kh vtqZu ,oa vU; 'kks/kkFkhZ ueZnk unh tcyiqj

2015





vtqZu ,oa vU; ¼2016½ us ,ukfyMk] vFkksZiksMk ,oa eksyLdk dh çtkfr;ksa dh lgk;rk ls jlk;uksa

dk ç;ksx fd;s fcuk gh ueZnk ty çnw"k.k dk fu;a=.k ,oa çnw"k.k dh igpku ij 'kks/k dk;Z dj 12 yk[k dh tul¡[;k

;qä laLdkj/kkuh&tcyiqj ds yksxks dks LoPN ueZnk ty fey lds bl ij viuk 'kks/k dk;Z fd;s buds 'kks/kkuqlkj ueZnk

esa ik, tkus okys dhVksa dh miyC/krk ,oa fofo/krk ls ikuh dh xq.koÙkk dk irk yxk;k tk ldrk ;s dhV ikuh ds

çnw"k.k lwpd dk dk;Z djrs gSA ,fUyM~l vFkksZiksM~l ,oa eksyLd dh çtkfr;ka ikuh ds çnw"k.k ds vPNs ladsrd gksrs gS

bUgsa csUFkksl dh laKk nh tkrh gSA bu csUFkksl dks igpku dj VsDlksukseh dh lgk;rk ls ge mUgsa oxhZ—r djrs gS fQj

muds fo'ks"k xzqi }kjk mudh igpku djrs gS vkf[kj ;s fdl çdkj dk çnw"k.k fn[kk jgs gSA

tSls ikuh esa ik, tkus okys blksiksMk&veksfu;k ds çfr viuk ladsr] ØLVsf'k;k&ikuh ds cM+s gq, ih-,p ,oa

rkieku dks] ikuh esa vkDlhtu dh vf/kd vko';drk ¼mPp&Mh-vks½ gS] bl gsrq&IysdksIrsjk] de gksus ij eksyLdk]

vkxsZfud çnw"k.k gsrq vksMksusVk tSls dbZ çtkfr;k vPNs çnw"k.k ladsrd fd Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gS] ftUgsa vklkuh ls igpku

dj vuqeku yxk;k tk ldrk gS] dkj.k ;g gS fd ikuh ds ijh{k.k gsrq iSjkehVj yxk;s tkrs gS ftles ge jlk;uksa dk

ç;ksx djrs gS] tks dgha u dgha ls cká L=ksrksa }kjk unh esa feydj çnw"k.k djrs gS] ,d 'kks/k losZ ls ;g vuqeku yxk;k

tk ldrk gS fd ;fn ,d fnu esa ge 25 iSjkehVj ySc esa ty ijh{k.k gsrq yxkrs gS ftles ges 20 yhVj ds vkl ikl

jlk;uksa dh vko';drk gksxh] rks ,d ekg esa 600 yhVj vkSj ,d o"kZ esa 7300 yhVj jlk;uksa fd t:jr iM+sxh] tks

fdlh ,d ySc dk vuqeku gS] ,sls ;fn rhuks jkT; ds lHkh ySc dks ysdj ckr dgh tk; rks vuqekur% 50 yk[k yhVj ls

T;knk jlk;u ç;ksx flQZ ikuh ds ijh{k.k gsrq yxk;s tkrs gS] ,d vksj ge 'kq)rk fd ckr djrs gS rks nwljh vksj ge

Lo;a bls dgha u dgha çnwf"kr djrs gS] jlk;uksa }kjk ijh{k.k mruk gksa ftruk vko';d gksa] vr% ueZnk ty LokLF;

ijh{k.k dgh LokLF; ?kkrd u cu tk;s bl gsrq jlk;uksa dk ç;ksx de dj ge csUFkksl fd lgk;rk ls ikuh ds çnw"k.k

ij fu;a=.k ik lds ;g csgrj mik; gksa ldrk gS D;ksfd ;s csUFkksl ikuh esa ik, tkus okys thoksa ds çkFkfed Hkkstu Hkh

gksrs gS] vksMksusVk fQ'k dk çkFkfed Hkkstu gS tks iksLV ykoZy voLFkk esa ePNjksa ds ykokZ dks [kkrs gS ¼blds }kjk ge

eysfj;k mRiUu djus okys ePNjksa ij Hkh fu;a=.k ik ldrs gS½] bl çdkj dbZ çtkfr;ka viuh Hkwfedk,a nsrh gSA





dsoy tSo fofo/krk dk gh laj{k.k ugha&vfirq buls tqM+h vU; ijaijkvksa o yksd ekU;rkvksa dk laj{k.k vkSj ubZ

ih<+h ds chp QSyko Hkh t:jh gSA rkfd os ;g tku ldsa fd Hkkjr ds n'kZu esa foKku rFkk i;kZoj.k i{k vge~ jgs gSa vkSj

bl lc ij vey ikfjfLFkfrdh ra= dks etcwrh çnku djsxkA blds lkFk gh tSo&fofo/krk ls tqM+h dgkorsa&

yksdekU;rkvksa dks Hkh çdk'k esa iqu: yk;k tkuk pkfg;sA

e/; çns'k ds lanHkZ esa ns[ksa rks ueZnk unh dks lefiZr vkfn xq# 'kadjkpk;Z th }kjk jfpr ueZnk v"Vd rks

ueZnk th ds bdksy‚ftdy flLVe ds laj{k.k dk gh b'kkjk djrk gSA eNfy;ka] dNq,] exjePN] if{k;ksa dk dyjo&

blds eq[; fo"k; gSa] ysfdu vQlksl dh ckr gS fd ueZnk esa exjePN] eNfy;ka vkSj dNqvksa ds thou ij xgjk ladV

Nk jgk gS- dHkh bl unh dh igpku jgh egk'khjk eNyh rks yqIr gh gks jgh gS] blfy;s oU; çkf.k;ksa ds lexz laj{k.k ds

fy;s vko';d gS fd gekjs çk—frd lalk/kuksa& ioZr] taxy] ufn;ka] ukyksa ds Hkh laj{k.k dk ekgkSy cusA ;s lalk/ku gh

ekuo rFkk vU; tho&tarqvksa ds thou dk cqfu;knh vk/kkj gSA

1. Rai, S., Shukla, A. Sharma, A. and Ahirwar, B. (2016) Arjun Shukla et al. published work on the fauna of

river Narmada, Jabalpur Region : A Review, International journal of Fisheries and Aquatic studies, 4(3) :

372-377.

2. Chandra, K., Sharma, R.M. and Ojha, P. (2010) a Compendium on the faunal resources of narmada basin in

Madhya Pradesh, rec. zool. surv. India, Occ. paper no. 310 : 1-152.

3. Ram Prasad Pathak (2015) Narmada Parikrama, Gondi Public trust, mandala. 1-197.

4. Smith M.J., Kay W.R., Edward D.H.D., Papas P.J., Richardson K., Simpson J.C., Pinder A.M., Cale D.J.,

Horwitz P.H.J., Davis J.A., Yung F.H., Norris R.H. and Halse S.A. (1999) AusRivAS: Using

macroinvertebrates to assess ecological condition of rivers in Western Australia. Freshwater Biology, 41(2):

269-283.





Effect of Nitrogen based fertilizers on the testis of Fresh water teleost Channa punctatus

during Spawining period

Dr. Namrata Shrivastava, Department of Zoology Govt. M.H. College of Home Science, Jabalpur (M.P.)

Abstract :Nitrogen is an essential macro nutrient for human beings and aquatic animals. It is known to growth

element of tissues and protects the injury to the animals. The present study was designed to investigate the acute

effect of nitrogen on the testis of fresh water teleost Channa punctatus. Nitrogen amount is increases so early

spawning are starts, but pyknosis condition is start. Amount of nitrogen is given after 24hr. During the Spawining

period effect of nitrogen is shows very high, because its culturable fish so the maturation is delayed. So the

fishermen can effect. Channa have a high nutrition value. In this fish spermiation is starts in March. Spawining

occurs in September to October when marked environmental changes particularly the suddenly increase in the

quantity of food and dissolved oxygen and moderate photoperiod temperature is associated with spawning.

Key words :Channa punctatus, Pyknosis, Nitrogen.

Introduction:The president investigation has an objective find out the impact nitrogen based inorganic and organic

fertilizers on reproductive organs of fresh water teleost Channa punctatus. Here we can use UREA. Nitrogen is the

important element of fertilizers it is already present in the soil as well as given outside also. Most of the workers

have studied the effects of the lethal concentration of fertilizers on the fish mortality and their behavior; some

workers are studies effect of fertilizers on the gonads. The present study is therefore to note the histopathological

changes in the testis of fish Channa punctatus after intoxication of different concentration of Urea. The fertilizers

effect on testis of fish studied by Mathur (1962) Dutta et al (1992) showed that the germ cells are affected by the

more uses of fertilizers. Much more studies have been carried out to explain the reproductive system, reproductive

cycle and reproductive periodicity in the number of fishes. Recently extensive uses of nitrogen fertilizers have been

started in Indian fish farming. No doubt fertilizers enhanced the productivity of fish culture, but on the other hand in

aquatic system is decrease the productivity resulting in the low production rate of fish.

Materials and Methods: Different experiments were set up in lab for study. In the first set of aquarium ten

male and ten female fishes were kept as control fishes , and in second set of aquarium ten pairs of fishes

were kept in sub-lethal concentration of respective chemical fertilizer viz Di ammonium phosphate for the

complete period of reproductive cycle. Present study concern only spawning period. Fishes were dissected and

weight and volume of the ovary were recorded. Ovaries were fixed in Bonin’s and Zinker’s fluid and paraffin

blocks were made, sections were cut at 5μ and stained with PAS, CAHP and Hemotaxylin eosin methods.

Observation: In the Channa punctatus the Spawining period starts in the middle January to till the end of May. In

experimental fish testis is triangular shape enclosed with in thin layer of peritoneum, the connective tissue, blood

vessels, epithelial cells and somniferous tubules are the important parts in the histology of the testis.

The six stages are found Testis-

1- Primary spermatogonia

2- Secondary spermatogonia

3- Primary spermatocytes

4- Secondary spermatocytes





5- Spermatids

6- Spermatozoa

Spawining period is prolonged in the experimental fish Channa punctatus as oxygen requirement of fish low in

comparison to other groups teleost. The testis with completely filled with spermatids and spermatozoa.

During the Spawining period the activety of testis reaches up to their extremity and the maximum value of

gono somatic index and volume reached recorded. This justifies that metabolic rate with in testis is very high and

process of spermatogenesis is very active. At the end of Spawining period a gradual decrease in these values has

been noticed. This indicates that testis have started their resting phase .For the calculation of gonosomatic index the

following formula has been applied.

GSI =. (A/B) X 100

Where ,

A=Weight of testis

B=Body weight of fish

Results:

Toxicity of chemical fertilizers play a significant role in the total process of fish reproduction as intoxication of

fertilizers Change the physico chemical nature of water. Experiment was conducted for the complete period of

seasonal cycle. When treated with sub lethal concentration of Urea so the number of changes have been observed in

the testis.

A- Reduction in the number of early stages of spermatogenesis.

B- Process of Pyknosis start in the early stages of spermatogenesis resulting in reduction in the number of

spermatozoa.

This obvious indication that chemical fertilizers decrease the process of spermatogenesis in male.

C- An increase in the gap in between the intestinal tissue has been observed probably due to reduction in the number

of early stages of spermatogenesis.

A number of factors are responsible for the regulation of the process of reproduction in teleost. Among the photo

period and temperature have the responsible role for the reproduction? It is supported by the James (1946), Gokhle

(1957), and Anant Prakash (1976) Raizada (1970).

Sarkar, (2002) have described the essential nutrients elements in water. The major elements are nitrogen,

phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium and sulphur. These elements are very important for growth and

development but the uses of larger quantity of these elements the degradation is starts from bacteria and produce

toxic metabolism such as ammonia, nitrate and nitrite resulting in low reproductive rate of fish. When fish treated

with Urea increase the pyknotic stage is starts earlier. Another impact of these fertilizers is delayed the Spawining

after the treatment of sub lethal concentration.





Reference:

1. Bazzoli (2006). Braz. J. Biol. volu. 66 No. 2asao carlas.

2. Gupta A .K. (1988). Accumulation of cadmium in the fishes Heteropneustes Fossilis and Channa

punctatus.Env.Eco. 6(3):577-580.

3. Lehari G.K.(1968) “ The annual cycle in the ovary of eat fish Clarias batrachus (Linn).“Acta Anat.69: 105-

125.

4. Malaviya R.B. (1972) “ Studies on the histology and his togenesis of the Piturtary gland & hypathoalamo

hypophysial vascular relationship in clarias and some other teleost fish.Ph.D. Thesis Sagar University.

5. Mashi S.(2000) “Hypothalamo neurohypaphysial neurosecretary system in a fresh water teleost in relation

to reproductive cycle.” Ph.D. Thesis A.P.S. University Rewa.(M.P.).

6. Pathak C.K. (1986) “Studies on some aspects of hypothoalamo-newro hypophysial nearos secretary system

in a freshwater teleost.Rosbara danicanius (Ham).Ph.D. Thesis Dr. H.S. Gaur University Sagar.

7. Sandhya Saini, (1986). Hypothalamo hypophyscial neurosecretary system in fresh water fishes with special

referne to the vascularisation. Ph.D. Thesis Gaur University Sagar ( M.P.).

8. Saxena S.K. (1990). “Studies on the hypalhalamo- neurohypohysial system in a fresh water fish Nandus

nandus (Ham).” In relation with reproductive cycle Ph.D. Thesis University of Sagar.

9. Siddiqui S.(2001). “Toxicity of some heavy metal salts on Hypatholamo neurohypohysial neurosecretary

system in a fresh water teleost in relation to repoduction” Ph.D., Thesis A.P.S. University Rewa (M.P.)

10. Singh B. (1991). Hypathalamo neurohypophysial system in a fesh water fish Danio equipmentus (Ham.)

and neural contral on reproduction Ph.D. Thesis A.P.S. University Rewa (M.P.)

11. Soni R.L. (1997). “The neurohypophysical system in a fresh water teleost Ph.D. Thesis A.P.S. University

Rewa (M.P.).

12. Trivedi S.P, P. Singh, N.Sethi and R.S. Singh (1990). Evaluational hematoxic effects of two commonly

used fertilizers, Diammonium phosphate and urea of fish Clarias batrachus Ecotox. Environ.





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esa vk;Z] nzfoM+] nklksa ds lkFk gh ukxoa'kh lektksa dk izpyu izkphu dky ls gh jgk gSA vuar ¼'ks"k½] oklqdh] r{kd]

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Ikzkphu dky dk ,d jktdqy FkkA bl oa'k ds dqN fLkDdksa ij cgLifr ukx] nsoukx vkSj x.kifr ukx uke fy[ks izkIr

gq, gSA ukxoa'k dk 'kkludky 150 ls 250 foØr laor ds e/; tku iM+rk gSA

mRrj&if'pe Hkkjr ukxksa dk mn~Hko LFky vkSj izFke izHkko {ks= FkkA uhyer iqjk.k ds vuqlkj d'ehj esa gh

ukxksa ds rhu lkS mioa'k Fks ftuesa izeq[k r{kd] d';i] dkjdksV FksA r{kd ls r{kf'kyk uke iM+k vkSj os r{kf'kyk ls

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fudyk gSA ukx ;K ds ckn ukx ns'k ds e/;Hkkx vkSj iwjc Hkkx esa QSy x;sA foa/;kpy ds nf{k.k esa vka/kz ls ysdj

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fo|eku gSa] os vuqlwfpr tkfr;kssa vkSj vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa eas ekStwn gSa ftlls ,slk yxrk gS fd ukx flQZ ty ij

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ls ,d FkhA

/kkfeZd okaxe; esa ukxoa'k dh mRifRr jktk ^'ks"kukx* ls crkbZ tkrh gSA bl oa'k ds xaxk/kj]

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dky esa ;s xaxk&;equk ds chp dq#{ks= vkSj fnYyh ds vklikl [kk.Mo ou esa clrs FksA bl oa'k ds ,d jktk ds ikl

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bl tgjhys rhj ls vtqZu dks ekjks] fdUrq d.kZ us mldh ckr u ekuh vkSj ukx jktdqekj dh bPNk iw.kZ u gks ldhA

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ftlls ukx lRrkP;qr gksdj b/kj&m/kj fc[kj x,A

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dky dk n.Mdkj.; blh nf{k.kkj.; dk ,d Hkkx Fkk] ftls egkdkUrkj Hkh dgk tkrk FkkA KkrO; gS fd vk;Z tkfr gh

lalkj dh izFke d"kd tkfr Fkh tks e/; ,f'k;k ls vkdj lIr flU/kq izns'k esa cl xbZ FkhA bl le; ukx tkfr vk;Z

tkfr ds lkFk gh lkFk flU/qk izns'k esa clrh FkhA flU/kq ?kkVh dh lH;rk esa feys ukx tkfr ds vo'ks"k] ukxf'ko dh ewfrZ

vkfn bl rF; dks izekf.kr djrs gSA





nf{k.kkj.; esa ukxksa] ioZr] gkFkh] [kfut inkFkZ rFkk ukx tkfr vkfn dh iz/kkurk FkhA vkt Hkh izkphu nf{k.kkj.;

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iwohZ Hkkx dks fofo/k ukeksa ls vfHkfgr fd;k tkrk jgk gSA ex/k] czR; izns'k] dhdV izns'k] iq.Mª] ikS.Mfjd ns'k] vdZ [k.M]

ddZ [k.M] ukxiqj] >kj[k.M dksdjkg] [kq[kjk] ghjkukxiqj] pqfV;kukxiqj vFkok NksVkukxiqj vkfn buesa izeq[k gSaA

eqxydky esa ;g izns'k ghjs ds fy, izfl) Fkk ftlds dkj.k bls ghjkukxiqj dgk tkrk FkkA ;gk¡ ds ikSjkf.kd eq.Mkjh]

mjkao vkfn yksdxhrksa esa bls ghjkuxj dgk x;k gSA

dkykUrj esa e/;orhZ vkj.; izns'k ;k >kj[k.M] jktuSfrd vkfn dbZ dkj.kksa ls dbZ [k.Mksa vkSj mi[k.Mksa esa

foHkkftr gksrk pyk x;kA izkphu rFkk e/; dsdhdV] vax] cax] ex/k] fefFkyk] dfyax] foa/;] ikapky rFkk vk/kqfud cM+k

ukxiqj] pqfV;kukxiqj tks NksVk ukxiqj ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gS vkfn bUgha [k.Mksa ds fofHkUu :i gSaA

izkxSfrgkfld dky ls gh ekuo o ukx ¼liZ izk.kh½ lkFk&lkFk jgrs pys vk, gSaA lH;rk ds fodkl ds nkSjku

vk[ksV ls vkxs c<+dj ekuo us d`f"k dk;Z dks vaxhdkj fd;kA le; ds vUrjky ds lkFk&lkFk tula[;k esa fujUrj o`f)

gksrh pyh xbZA Jh ,p0th0 osYl dk er gS fd vkt ls 8000 o"kZ ls ysdj 20]000 o"kZ iwoZ ds chp yksxksa dks bl ckr

dh vko';drk iM+h fd muds lkFk vU; uke ¼miuke ;k mikf/k½ tqM+ tk, rkfd nwljs yksxksa ls mudks i`Fkd :i ls

ekU;rk fey tk,A ekuo ds lkekftd fodkl ds bl izFke pj.k es aliZ gh bruk O;kid Lrj ij ekuo dk iM+kslh rFkk

d`f"k fgr dkjd ds :i esa ik;k x;k fd euq"; us vius miuke ;k mikf/k gsrq liZ uke dks mi;qDr ekudj mls

vaxhdkj dj fy;kA

Hkkjrh; laLd`fr] /keZ vkSj tu thou esa ukx vkSj ukxiwtk dh ijEijk vfr izkphu gS] flU/kq ?kkVh ls ysdj

orZeku le; rd ukx laLd`fr fo|eku gSA flU/kq ?kkVh lH;rk ls izkIr rhu eqnzkvksa ij liZ dk vadu gSA _Xosn esa Hkh

liZ dk o.kZu gSA Hkkjr ds lkFk vusd ns'kksa esa Hkh ekuo lH;rk ds lkFk ukx laLd`fr dk lfEeyu gqvk gSA ukxksa dk

lkaLdfrd egRo Hkkjr ds gj {ks= esa n`f"Vxr~ gSA ioZrksa ds uke] o`{k ds uke] HkkSxksfyd {ks=] ekuo] ekuo tkfr;k¡] Hkk"kk]

uxj ds uke] vkfn lHkh esa ukx izrhdokn dk lk{kkr~ y{k.k fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA ukx laLd`fr] Hkkjr dh vuwBh rFkk

,sfrgkfld laLd`fr gSA ukx bl ns'k ds ewy fuoklh gSaA ukx ,d izk.kh Hkh gS vkSj ekuo tkfr;k¡ HkhA vk;ksZ ds vkxeu

ls iwoZ flU/kq ?kkVh dh eqnzkvksa o lhyksa esa liZ] cSy o euq"; :ih i'kqifr rFkk mlds vkl&ikl nks liksZ ds fp=.k] lhyksa

dk izkIr gksuk] ukx laLd`fr dh vfr izkphurk dks mn~?kkfVr djrk gSA

1- foeys'ojh flag & ukxoa'k] 2003] ubZ fnYyh] i`- 42

2- oklqnso'kj.k vxzoky & ;{k ,s.M ukxkt]] bZLVuZ ,UFkzksikWykWftLV] [k.M 24 ¼1½ tu] vizSy] 1971

3- ckYehfd jkek;.k] xhrk izsl xksj[kiqj

4- foeys'ojh flag & ukxoa'k] i- 44

5- foeys'ojh flag & ukxoa'k] i- 44

6- MkW- vofUrdk izlkn ejeV & ukx laLd`fr] mTtSu 2000





%&euq"; ,d izHkko’kkyh izk.kh gSA og vius vkl&ikl ds okrkoj.k esa tks dqN Hkh ns[krk lqurk gS mldh

izfrfØ;k mlds g`n; esaa vo’; gksrh gSA fdlh oLrq dks ns[kdj] lqudj ;k vU; fdlh izdkj ls tkudj eu esa mBus

okys fopkjksa dks Hkko dgrs gSaA bUgha Hkkoksa dks lqUnjrk ds lkFk ltk&laokj dj O;Dr djus dh fofHkUu iz.kkfy;ksa dks

dyk dgk gSA ^^Hkkokfo"dj.ka dyk** & laxhrK viuh Loj ygfj;ksa] okn~;ksa rFkk u`R; ds }kjk viuh Hkkoukvksa dk izn’kZu

djrs gSaA

vkpk;Z ’kkX³nsZo us vius izfl) xzUFk ^^laxhr jRukdj** esa dgk gS& ^^xhr ok| rFkk uR; =;a laxhr eqP;rs**

vFkkZr~ xk;u] oknu vkSj u`R; ;s rhuksa gh feydj laxhr dgs tkrs gSaA uR; ok| dk vuqxeu djrk vkSj ok| xhr ds

ihNs&ihNs pyrk gSA vr% tc mi;qDr jkx&jkfxuh esa tc Hkh dksbZ xhr xk;k tk;s mlds vuqdwy gh ok| ct jgs gSa

vkSj mlh xhr ds Hkkoksa dks u`R; dh eqnzkvksa ds }kjk O;Dr fd;k tk;s rHkh laxhr iw.kZrk izkIr djrk gSA bl izdkj rhuksa

dyk;sa ,d nwljs dh iwjd gSa vkSj viuh iw.kZ vfHkO;fDr ds fy;s ,d nwljs ij voyfEcr gSA tSls lr] vkSj rel bu

rhuksa ls feydj ;g nqfu;k cuh gSA bu rhuksa esa ls fdlh ,d ds Hkh u gksus ij l`f"V laHko ugha gSA mlh izdkj xk;u]

oknu vkSj uR; bu rhuksa rRoksa ls feydj gh laxhr dk lalkj jpk gSA

izkphu dky esa gh uR; dks nks Jsf.k;ksa esa foHkkftr dj fn;k x;k Fkk ekxhZ o nslh bUgsa vktdy Øe’k% ’kkL=h;

u`R; o yksd u`R; dgk tkrk gSA uR; jl ,oa Hkkoksa dh vfHkO;atuk ls ;qDr gksrk gSA vkpk;Z uafnds” oj us u`R; dk

o.kZu vius vfHku; niZ.k esa bl izdkj fd;k gS%&

^^vkL;sukyEc;sr~ xhra gLrsukFkZ izn’kZ;sr~A

us=kH;ka n’kZ;sn~ Hkkoa iknkH;ka rkyekpjsr~A**

tc eqag ls xkuk xk;k tk;s] gkFkksa dh eqnzkvksa ls ml xhr ds ’kCnksa ds vFkZ cryk;k tk;s] vka[kksa ls mlds Hkko

fn[kk;s tk;s vkSj iSjksa ls rky ds vuqlkj Bksdk fn;k tk;s rc u`R; gksrk gSA

xk;u ds fy;s mi;ksxh lkr Loj buds uke Øe’k% ’kM~t] _"kHk] xka/kkj] e/;e] iape] /kSor vkSj fu’kkn gS

ftUgsa lk] js] x] e] i] /k] fu dgrs gSaA lkr Lojksa ds dksey vkSj rhoz :i feykdj mudh la[;k ckjg gks tkrh gSA ckjg

Loj ds Åij uhps vkSj Hkh lqjhyh /ofu;ka gSa ftUgsa ^Jqfr* dgrs gSaA lkr Lojksa ds jgus ds LFkku dks lIrd dgrs gSa ^êan**

^ê/;** o ^^rkj** lIrd rhu izdkj ds gksrs gSaA xkus dh fØ;k dks o.kZ dgrs gSaA o.kZ dh fu;fer jpuk dks vyadkj dgrs

gSaA /ofu dh ,d [kkl jpuk tks Loj vkSj o.kZ ls lqUnj gksrh vkSj eu dks vkuUn nsrh gS ^^jkx** dgykrh gSA jkx BkB

ls mRiUu gksrk gS vkSj ,d gh BkB ls lSdM+ksa gtkjksa jkx mRiUu gksrs gSaA

oknu dk laca/k ok| ls gSA laxhrkRed /ofu rFkk xfr dks izokg djus ds midj.k dks ok| dgk tkrk gSA

izkphu dky esa ekuo&d.B Hkh ok| ekuk x;k g SA d.B ok| bZ’oj&fufeZr gSA euq";ksa ds fodkl ds lkFk ok| dk Hkh

fodkl gksrk x;kA oknu vFkkZr~ ctkuk xk;u u`R; esa ok|ksa dk cgqr vf/kd egRo gSA ok|ksa ds }kjk gh laxhr iw.kZ gksrk

gSA ok|ksa dks pkj Js.kh esa ckaVk x;k gS%&

1- rrok| & ;s ok| rkj ds gksrs gSa Lojksa dks Qekuh ¼xt½ ;k fetjkc ds vk?kkr ls mRiUu fd;k tkrk gSA

tSls & flrkj] ljksn] oh.kk] csyk] lkjaxh vkfnA

2- lqf’kj ok| & tks ok| Qawd ds ctk;s tkrs gSa mUgsa ^^lqf’kj ok|** dgrs gSaA tSls&ckalqjh] ’kgukbZA





3- vou) ok| & ;s rky ds fy;s iz;ksx gksrs gSa rFkk peM+s ds cus gksrs gSaA tSls&uxkM+k] rcyk] i[kkot

vkfnA

4- ?ku ok| & vk?kkr }kjk ctk;s tkus okys ok|] ?ku ok| dgykrs gSaA tSls& eathjk] >ka> vkfnA

& vk/;kRe thou dk fpjUrj lR; gSA bl lR; dks ikus ds fy;s thou dk ;FkkFkZ vuqHko vko’;d ugha]

buds fy;s vusd dYiuk,¡ Hkh gSaA vk/;kRe izse o HkfDr dh vusd laosnu’khy dYiukvksa ls Hkjk gS bl lR; dks ikus

rFkk bls lkdkj djus esa g `n;] cqf) o ’kjhj dk larqyu vko’;d gSA larqyu gh vkfRed lq[k o ekuoh; xq.kksa dk

vk/kkj iznku djrs gSaA

vk/;kRe dk vFkZ gS vius vanj ,d larqyu cuk dj j[kuk vkSj eu esa ’kkafr ykukA eu dks o’k esa

djuk cgqr eqf’dy gS vk/;kRe ds }kjk gh eu dks fu;a=.k esa fd;k tk ldrk gSA vius eu ls udkjkRed o ?k`.kk dk

Hkko fudky dj ldkjkRed o izse dk Hkko txkuk gh vk/;kRe gSA vk/;kRe dk vFkZ R;kx ughaA

iwtk ;k izse nksuksa ,d gh pht+ gS flQZ uke ek= vyx gSA izse thou dk vk/kkj gS ,oa /keZ thou

dk ekxZ gS vkSj vk/;kRe ,oa /keZ izse djuk fl[kkrk gSA izse lcd fy;s gksrk gSA iwtk thou gS] izse gS] lg;ksx gS ’kq)

lkfRod xq.kksa dk fodkl gSA

iqtkr~ dksfVxq.ka L=ks=a dksfV xq.kks ti%A

tikRdksfV xq.ka xkua xkukRijrja ukfgaAA

vFkkZr~ iwtk ls L=ksr djksM+ xq.kk Js"B gS] L=ks= ls ti] ti ls djksM+ xq.kk Js"B xku gS vr% xku ls Js"B

mikluk dk dksbZ lk/ku ugah gSA izse ’kCn dk vFkZ & ije ;kfu tks loZJs"B gSA ftlds vkxs ge iw.kZr% lefiZr gks tkrs

gSaA

laxhr dh mRifRr dk vk/kkj o fuekZ.k czEgk ds }kjk gqvkA czEgk us vk/;kfRed “kfDr ds }kjk ;g dyk Hkxoku

dks nh ftuds }kjk ljLorh dks izkIr gq;hA ekrk ljLorh dks ^ôh.kk iqLrd /kkj.kh** dgdj lkfgR; dh vf/k"Bk=h ekuk

x;kA ljLorh us ukjn dks] ukjn us LoxZ ds xa/koZ fdUuj rFkk vIljkvksa dks ogk¡ ls Hkjr] ukjn vkSj guqeku vkfn

_f"k;ksa us laxhr dyk dk izpkj Hkw&yksd rd LFkkfir fd;kA vk/;kfRed Kku }kjk gh ikoZrh dh ’k;u eqnzk dks ns[kdj

f’ko us muds vax&izR;ax ds vk/kkj ij :nzoh.kk cukbZ vkSj vius ikap eq[k }kjk ikap jkxksa dh mRifRr dh rFkk NBk jkx

ikoZrh ds eq[k }kjk mRiUu gqvkA f’ko ds iwoZ] if’pe] mRrj] nf{k.k r Fkk vkdk’kkseq[k gksus ds Øe’k% HkSjo] fgUMksy] es?k]

nhid vkSj Jh jkx izdV gq;s rFkk ikoZrh }kjk dkSf’kd jkx dh mRifRr gq;hA iznks’k ds le; f’ko us u`R; dh bPNk

izdV dh bl volj ij lc nsork muds pkjksa vksj [kM+s gksdj Lrqfr xku djus yxsA ljLorh us oh.kk] bUnz rFkk czEgk

us djrky] y{eh us xk;u] fo".kq us e`nax ctk;kA bl dFku ls ;g fl) gS fd bZ’ojh; ’kfDr }kjk laxhr dk izknqHkkZo

gqvk rFkk lkFk gh vk/;kfRed “kfDr dks laxhr ds lkFk tksM+k x;kA

laxhr dyk mruh gh izkphu gS ftruh fd ekuo tkfrA euq"; ds tUe ls ysdj e`R;q laLdkj rd laxhr dk

izokgeku jgrk gSA Hkkjrh; laxhr dh mRifRr dk vk/kkj osnksa dks ekuk x;k gSA osn dk vk/;kRed ls ?kfu"V laca/k Hkh

izkphu dky ls jgk gSA

Hkkjrh; laxhr esa vk/;kRe dh vge~ Hkwfedk gSA osnksa dk cht ea= vkse~ tks fd] rhu v{kj v] m] e ls cuk gSA

mlh izdkj ;s vkse~ esa fufgr gSA izkphu dky esa _f"k eqfu"bZ oj dh vkjk/kuk vk/;kfRed “kfDr ls lEiUu Lrj lk/kuk

}kjk djrs FksA vksme~ Loj dk nh?kZ mPpkj.k yEch /ofu }kjk ukn LFkkfir fd;k tkrk FkkA bl mPpkj.k dks vk/;kfRed





Kku dh of) o laxhr mikluk dk lk/ku ekuk x;kA ea=ksa esa vk/;kfRed rRo dk xk;u esa lke Loj LFkkfir dj ukn

}kjk /ofu dk fodkl fd;k tkrk gSA uR; dk izkjEHk /keZ ds ewy Hkko ls gh gqvk gSA

^û`R;ekusa ve`r yh;rs ijekans’;;kRe lk ijk dyk** dgrs gq;s euhf"k;ksa us bls ijekuUn dk vk/kkj fu:fir

fd;kA uR; vk/;kRe ls tqM+dj vad] ’kCn] Hkko] y; esa lek;s gq;s vius pje jgL; dk mn~?kkVu djrs gSaA laxhr ds

vk/;kRe ds }kjk Jaxkfjd vuqHkwfr nh tk ldrh gSA vk/;kRe o laxhr nksuksa dh Hkkouk Jaxkj ls gh tqM+h gksrh gS vFkkZr ~

laxhr vkd"kZ.k o vk/;kRe rfIr gSA jk/kk&ehjk nksuksa ds gh izseh Hkxoku d`".k FksA ,d us Jaxkfjd laxhr ds }kjk nwljs us

HkfDr laxhr ds }kjk bZ’ojh; izse dh Å¡pkbZ;ksa dks NqvkA

tk laxhr esa foyhu gksuk tkurk gS mldk thou dky ifjiw.kZ gks tkrk gSA vk/;kRe

vkSj laxhr ,d nwljs ds }kjk thou dks lkeatL;iw.kZ o e/kqj cukrs gSaA laxhr esa gesa Qwy tSls f[kyus dh ;k pV~Vku ds

tSls Bksl cukus dh {kerk gSA gekjs Hkhrj Hkh ,d fnO; laxhr gSA dHkh&dHkh ifjfLFkfr;k¡ o’k esa ugha gksrh gj fnu

u;h&u;h leL;k,a ?ksj ysrh gSaA ,sls le; esa vk/;kRe gh ladVdkyhu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa lgk;d gksrk gSA laxhr o

vk/;kRe ,d nwljs esa lekfgr gksrs gSa rks Hkkouk;sap je fcUnq ij ,d gks tkrh gS vkSj vkuUn dh izkfIr gksrh gSA vk/;kRe

ls ÅtkZ izkIr gksrh gS ÅtkZ laxhr esa xfr iznku djrh gSA

vk/kqfud le; esa laxhr vk/;kRe dh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gSA vk/;kfRerk esa laxhr }kjk gh eu dks ,dkxzfpr

fd;k tkrk gS D;ksafd Loj lekf/k dks voLFkk esa gh laxhr dh okLrfod Nfo dk vuqHko gksrk gS lk/kuk esa rYyhu gksdj

Hkkouk,a dsfUnzr gksrh g SA vk/;kfRed Kku ds }kjk gh vuq’kklu ikyu dh izsj.kk feyrh gSA vk/;kfRedrk ds }kjk gh

jk"Vªh; tkx`fr dk fodkl gksrk gS rFkk laLd`fr dk Hkh fodkl gksrk gSA vk/;kfRed laxhr }kjk gh ’kkjhfjd fodkl rFkk

ekufld nqcZyrk nwj gksrh gS vk/;kRe }kjk gh laxhr dk laca/k bZ’ojh; ’kfDr dks ijekRek ls tksM+k x;k gSA laxhr o

vk/;kRe }kjk fo’o cU/kqrk dh Hkkouk dk fodkl rFkk euksoSKkfud fodkl gksrk gSA

la{ksi esa ;g dg ldrs gSa fd Hkkjrh; laxhr esa vk/;kfRed rRo izkphu le; ls vk/kqfud le; rd fo|eku gS

laxhr dk okLrfod laca/k o vk/kkj vk/;kfRed rRo dks gh ekuk x;k gSA Loj lk/kuk] /;ku] HkfDr vkfn dk;Z vk/;kRe

o laxhr ds izeq[k dsUnz fcUnq ekus x;s gSaA vk/kqfud le; esa laxhr lk/kuk u jgdj euksjatu dk lk/ku cu x;s gSaA

laxhr esa vk/;kRe ugha gksus ds dkj.k bldk izHkko lekIr gksrk tk jgk gSA ,slk laxhr v’kkafr ds xrZ dh vksj tk jgk

gSA bldk eq[; dkj.k Xysej dh vksj c<+ukA ge if’peh lH;rk dh vksj c<+rs tk jgsA euq"; volkn ls f?kjrk tk jgk

gSA Øks/k] ?k`.kk] Ny diV dks ge vkRelkr djrs tk jgs gSaA tc euq"; vk/;kfRed laxhr ls tqM+rk gS rks mldk

thou lgtrk&ljyrk ls ijhiw.kZ gks tkrk gSA

/;ku esa euq"; tc xgjs esa mrj tkrk gS rks Lo;a ugha jg ikrk ijekRek dks izkIr gks tkrk gSA mlh izdkj tc

laxhr dh xgjkbZ esa mrj tkrk gS rks ogk¡ dksbZ O;fDr fo’sk"k u jgdj uR;] xk;u gh jg tkrk gSA n’kZdksa dks Hkh

u`R;dkj ;k xk;d ugha ut+j vkrk mUgsa xk;u o u`R; gh fn[kkbZ nsrk gS vFkkZr vk/;kRe o laxhr nksuksa gh xgjs esa

mrjdj ijekRek dks izkIr djrs gSaA ;gh ijekUn gS laxhr gh ,d ek= Hkk"kk gS tks fd ekSu ds cgqr djhc vkrh gS] ;g

vkuUn gS mRlo gSA laxhr /;ku ls gh iSnk gqvk gSA lHkh laxhr [kkldj ’kkL=h; laxhr ekSu ds ukn dks idM+us dk

iz;kl djrs jgs gSaA laxhrK /ofu;ksa ds chp ekSu dk varjky iSnk djrk gSA tks ugha le>rs os /ofu dks lqurs gSa tks

le>rs gSa os ekSu dks lqurs gSA ekSu nks /ofu;ksa ds chp dk varjky gSA laxhr euq"; dks Js"B cukrk gS] laxhr thokRek

ls egkRek] egkRek ls nsokRek vkSj nsokRek ls ijekRek cukus dh {kerk j[krk gS] laxhr esa xk;d] xk;u vkSj xs; oLrq

dk Hksn lekIr gks tk;s rks mls lekf/k dgrs gSaA





1- vatw eqUtky] laxhr eatw’kk] i`"B&12A

2- vks’kks] laxhr dyk vkSj vk/;kRe] i`"B&25A

3- baVjusV ds ek/;e lsA

4- Jh dSyk’kpUnz nso cgLifr] Hkjr dk laxhr fl)karA

5- MkW- lquhrk ’kekZ] Hkkjrh; laxhr dk bfrgklA





’kks/kkFkhZ] jkuh nqxkZorh fo’ofo|ky; tcyiqj

i;kZoj.k ds lHkh rRo tSfod ,oa vtSfod ijLij lacaf/kr gksdj ,d nwljs ds lkFk Hkwry ds lcls fof’k"V

Ák.kh ekuo dks ÁHkkfor djrs gSaA Ádfr ds vekU; miknku furkUr mi;ksxh gSaA budh ,d fuf’pr O;oLFkk gSA ekuo

rFkk ÁkÑfrd fØ;kvksa }kjk bl O;oLFkk esa dHkh&dHkh fopyu mRiUu gks tkrk gSA i;kZoj.k vkanksfyr gks mBrk gSA

ftuds QyLo#i ?kVuk,¡&mi?kVuk,¡ mRiUu gks tkrh gSa ftudk ÁHkko i;kZoj.kh; rRoksa ds lkFk&lkFk ekuo ij Hkh

iM+rk gSA ßi;kZoj.k ds tSfod&vtSfod rRo] budh fØ;k&fof/k] var% ,oa cká ÁHkko vkfn ,sls gSa ftuds fo"k; esa fparu

djuk Hkwxksyfonksa dk vHkh"B drZO; gSßA bl fn’kk esa vrhr ls HkwxksyosRrk fparu’khy gS ijarq lu~ 1950 ds iwoZ bls Lora=

#i esa fodflr ugha dj ik;sA lu~ 1950 ls lu~ 1970 ds e/; Hkwxksy nks n’kdksa rd vofLFkfrdfo’ys"k.k lkaf[;dh ,oa

ekWMy] HkwoSU;kfld v/;;u vkfn esa my>k gqvk FkkA

QyLo#i i;kZoj.k laca/kh v/;;u ij fo’ks"k /;ku ugha fn;k x;kA ijarq lu~ 1970 ds i’pkr~ bl fn’kk esa

HkwxksyosRrk ,d uohu fparu Á.kkyh] mi;qDr rduhd] vlhe mRlkg vkfn ds lkFk vxzlj gq,A QyLo#i i;kZoj.k

Hkwxksy dk ,d {kh.k Lo#i tks ifjyf{kr gS og lftr gksus yxkA

ßHkkjr ds lHkh izxfr’khy jk"Vªoknh ny ns’k ds vkS|ksxhdj.k ds i{k esa FksA bu nyksa us Hkkjrh; turk dh

vkfFkZd iztkrkfU=d] lkekftd vkSj lkaLd`frd izxfr ds fy, vkS|ksxhdj.k dks vko’;d ekukßA df"k dh vfr ladqyrk

fdlkuksa dh xjhch dk eq[; dkj.k Fkk vkSj vkS|ksxhdj.k dk ekxZ bl ladqyrk dks de djus dk rjhdk FkkA ;gh dkj.k

gS fd fofHkUu erHksnksa ds ckotwn ns’k dh lHkh lkekftd] jktuhfrd nyksa ds vkfFkZd dk;ZØe esa vkS|ksxhdj.k dks izeq[k

LFkku feykA Hkkjr ds izxfr’khy lkekftd o jktuhfrd nyksa us vkS|ksxhdj.k ds izR;{k o vizR;{k ykHkksa dks Hkyh&Hkk¡fr

le> fy;k FkkA cgqr lkjh ckrksa ij bu nyksa esa erHksn Fkk ysfdu ns’k dks vkS|ksxhdj.k ds ekxZ ij vkxs c<+kus ds iz’u

ij lc ,der FksA vkS|ksfxd fodkl ds vojks/kksa ds f[kykQ mUgksaus tedj la?k"kZ fd;k vkSj vkS|ksxhdj.k dh mudh

lfEefyr ek¡x izeq[k jk"Vªh; ek¡x FkhA tc ge Hkkjr esa vkS|ksfxd fodkl ij fopkj djrs gSa] rks ;g vko’;d gks tkrk

gS fd vkS|ksfxd fodkl ds vFkZ dks Hkyh&Hkk¡fr le> fy;k tk,A vkS|ksfxd fodkl dk vFkZ m|ksxksa ds fu;fer ,oa

Øfed fodkl ls yxk;k tkrk gS ftlesa m|ksxksa esa /khjs&/khjs uohurk o vk/kqfudrk dk lekos’k gksrk jgrk gSA e’khuksa

dk iz;ksx Øfed :Ik esa c<+us yxrk gS] rFkk m|ksxksa }kjk fufeZr oLrqvksa esa le;kuqlkj ,oa vko’;drkuqlkj ifjorZu

gksrs jgrs gSaA lkekU;r;k vkS|ksfxd fodkl esa fLFkjrk u jgdj xfr’khyrk jgrh gS tks fd ns’k ds fodkl dks n’kkZrh

gSA

ftl ns’k esa ftruh vf/kd rhoz xfr ls m|ksxksa dk fodkl gksrk gS] og ns’k mruh gh rhoz xfr ls mUufr dh

vksj vkxs c<+rk gSA LorU=rk&izkfIRk ds le; Hkkjr dh vkS|ksfxd lajpuk dh rLohj bruh vPNh ugha Fkh ftruh vkt

gSA orZeku esa Hkkjr esa ?kfM+;k¡] nokb;k¡] fo|qr ls pyus okys VkbijkbVlZ] cSVjh] lSy] e’khuh vkStkj] jsy ds batu]

ok;q;ku] ikuh ds tgkt] Vsyhfotu] VsyhQksu] fLkUFksfVd diM+k vkfn cukus ds dkj[kkus gSa ftudh LorU=rk&izkfIr ds

le; rd Hkkjr esa cukus dh ckr lksph Hkh ugha tkrh FkhA

1867 ls iwoZ Hkkjr dk vkS|ksfxd fodkl dkQh gks pqdk FkkA ;gk¡ dk oL= m|ksx cgqr

fo[;kr FkkA 1850 ls izFke fo’o;q) ds izkjEHk rd Hkkjr esa jsyksa dh LFkkiuk gqbZ rFkk dks;yk m|ksx dk fodkl gqvkA

bl dky esa dqN oL= rFkk phuh ds dkj[kkus LFkkfir fd, x,A izFke yksgk o bLikr dk dkj[kkuk VkVk th }kjk [kksyk

x;k] lhes.V ds dkj[kkus Hkh LFkkfir fd, x,] ckxku m|ksx Hkh bl dky es a ihNs ugha jgkA 2001 dh tux.kuk ds

vuqlkj ml le; ns’k esa 7100 ls dqN vf/kd dkj[kkus FksA izFke fo’o;q) ls LorU=rk&izkfIr ds chp Hkkjr esa





vkS|ksxhdj.k dh xfr rhoz jghA bl dky esa Hkkjr esa lHkh izdkj ls m|ksxksa ds fodkl ij tksj fn;k tkus yxkA Hkkjr

ljdkj ls lcls igys 1922 esa ykSg ,oa bLikr m|ksx dks] 1925 esa dkxt m|ksx dks] 1927 esa oL= m|ksx dks] 1931 esa

Hkkjh jlk;u m|ksx dks] 1932 esa phuh m|ksx dks rFkk 1934 esa d`f=e js’ke m|ksx dks laj{k.k iznku fd;kA f}rh;

fo’o&;q) ds 1939 esa izkjEHk gksus ls Hkkjrh; m|ksxksa dks viuk fodkl djus rFkk u,&u, m|ksxksa dh LFkkiuk dk volj

feyk rFkk mu m|ksxksa dks viuh fLFkfr lqn`<+ djus dk Hkh volj feyk tks dqN o"kZ iwoZ LFkkfir gks pqds FksA bl dky

esa lkbfdy] tgkt fuekZ.k] fctyh dk lkeku] flykbZ dh e’khusa] oSKkfud vkStkj] jcj ds Vk;j ,oa V¸kwc] dkfLVd

lksMk] Mhty batu] bathfu;fjax m|ksx] rkacs ds rkj] pn~njsa o e’khuh vkStkj vkfn uohu m|ksx LFkkfir fd, x,A

Lora=rk&izkfIr ds Ik’pkr~ Hkkjr ds vkS|ksfxd {ks= esa dkQh izxfr dh] orZeku esa ;g fo’o ds mu vkS|ksfxd

ns’kksa esa fxuk tkrk gS] tks vkS|ksfxd {ks= esa mPp f’k[kj ij ekus tkrs gSaA vizSy] 1951 esa Hkkjr esa vkfFkZd fu;kstu

vkjEHk gqvkA fofHkUu iapo"khZ; ;kstukvksa esa u dsoy ns’k dk vkS|ksfxd fodkl gqvk gS] cfYd mRiknu] jkstxkj]

iw¡thfuekZ.k vkfn vusd {ks=ksa esa Hkkjr dh vkS|ksfxd izxfr ifjyf{kr gksrh gSA izFke iapo"khZZ; ;kstuk ¼1951&56½ esa ;|fi

d`f"k dks loksZPp izkFkfedrk iznku dh xbZ Fkh] fdUrq m|ksx o [kfut fodkl ij vkSj iwoZ LFkkfir vkS|ksfxd {kerk dk

iw.kZ fonksgu djus dk leqfpr iz;kl fd;k x;kA f}rh; iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ¼1951&61½ bl dky esa iw¡thxr vkS|ksfxd

foLrkj dh vkS|ksfxd ekWMy ;kstuk izLrqr dh xbZ ftldk mn~ns’; vkS|ksfxd lajpukvksa dks fodflr djus ds

lkFk&lkFk ns’k ds vkfFkZd fodkl dh xfr dks Hkh c<+kuk FkkA Hkkjh i¡wthxr vkS|ksfxd vk/kkj okyh bl ;k stuk esa

izkFkfedrkvksa esa izeq[k gSa% yksgk bLikr] Hkkjh jlk;u] bathfu;fjax rFkk e’khu fuekZ.k m|ksxksa dk fodklA lhesUV] [kk|

vkS"kf/k vkfn dh mRiknu {kerk esa o`f) djuk] iV~lu] lwrh oL= o phuh m|ksx dk vk/kqfudhdj.k djuk rFkk miHkksDrk

oLrq m|ksxksa dh {kerk esa foLrkj djukA r`rh; iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ¼1961&66½ esa vFkZO;oLFkk dks vkS|ksfxd :Ik ls

vkRe&fuHkZj cukus dk y{; fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k vkSj vFkZO;oLFkk esa vk/kkjHkwr ,oa iw¡thxr m|ksxksa ds fodkl ds

lkFk&lkFk rduhd ,oa izcU/kdh; dkS’ky ij fo’ks"k cy fn;k x;kA prqFkZ iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ¼1969&74½ esa vkS|ksfxd

mRiknd vkSj {kerk eas foLrkj djus dh j.kuhfr ds lkFk&lkFk Hkqxrku lUrqyu dh leL;k ds lek/kku ds fy, *vk;kr

izfrLFkkiu* rFkk *fu;kZr lao)Zu* dh uhfr dks Hkh dk;kZfUor fd;k x;kA bl ;kstuk esa laxfBr m|k sxksa ij o [kuu ij

fo’ks"k tksj fn;k x;kA ikapoha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ¼1974&78½ eas vkS|ksfxd vkRe&fuHkZjrk o lef) ds lkFk&lkFk lkekftd

U;k; ds mn~ns’; dks Hkh lfEefyr fd;k x;k vkSj ewy {ks= ds m|ksxksa ds rhoz fodkl ij cy fn;k x;kA NBh iapo"khZ;

;kstuk ¼1980&85½ esa fu;kstu dky ds rhu n’kdksa dk vkS|ksfxd ewY;kadu djus ds ckn lkoZtfud o futh nksuksa {ks=ksa

ds m|ksxksa dh mRiknu {kerk esa o`f) ds mn~ns’; dks loksZPPk izkFkfedrk nh xbZ lkroha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ¼1985&90½ esa

mnkjhdj.k dk nkSj vkS|ksfxd fodkl dks etcwrh nsus ds fy, viuk;k x;kA mRiknu rduhd dk vk/kqfudhdj.k djds

vkS|ksfxd fodkl dh {ks=h; fo"kerkvksa dks nwj djus ekSfyd vko’;drkvksa ls lEcfU/k vkSj Å¡ph fodkl {kerk okys

*lw;ksZn; m|ksxksa dks izksRlkfgr djds vFkZO;oLFkk esa lkekftd U;k; ds lkFk vkfFkZd fodkl dh j.kuhfr viukbZ xbZA

nloha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk ¼2002&07½ esa Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dks mnkjhdj.k ,oa fo’oO;kihdj.k rFkk vkfFkZd lq/kkjksa dh

Ja`[kyk dks u;k :Ik nsus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gSA bl ubZ vkfFkZd uhfr dk mn~ns’; vkS|ksfxd {ks= dks vf/kd O;kid]

foLr`r ,oa [kqyh izfr;ksfxrk ;ksX; cukuk gSA bl ;kstuk esa futh {ks= dks fodflr o foLrr djus gh j.kuhfr viukbZ

xbZ gS vkSj vusd lkoZtfud vkS|ksfxd miØeksa esa mifuos’k dk nkSj vkjEHk fd;k x;kA

fiNys 53 o"kkZsa ds fu;kstu dky esa vkS|ksfxd mRiknu dkQh c<+k gS] rS;kj bLikr eas 22-5 xquk] lhesUV esa 31

xquk] phuh esa 12 xquk] e’khuh vkStkj esa 6234 xquk] lwrh oL= esa 5 xquk] ukbVªkstu [kkn esa 1170] xquk] ouLifr esa 7

xquk] dkxt esa 37 xquk] ,sY;wfefu;e esa 139 xquk o lkbfdyksa esa 99 xquk of) ntZ dh xbZ gSaA





Ekkuo Ik;kZoj.k ds vUrxZr euq"; ds LokLF; vkSj lq[k ij lkFkZd izHkko mRiUu djus okys lHkh cká HkkSfrd]

jklk;fud] tSfod] vkSj lkekftd dkjdksa dk lekos’k gksrk gSA ;g Li"V djuk mi;ksxh gS fd Ik;kZoj.k dks HkkSfrd]

jklk;fud] tSfod bR;kfn esa ck¡Vuk dsoy le>us dh lqxerk ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gS vkSj ;FkkFkZ esa Ik;kZoj.k ,d lEiw.kZ

bdkbZ gh gS vkSj ijthoh vkSj ijiks"kh Hkh blh i;kZoj.k ds vax gSaA ikfjfLFkfrd ladYiuk ds vuqlkj O;fDr dh i;kZoj.k

tU; pqukSfr;ksa ls lek;kstu ds iz;klksa esa izkIr lQyrk ;k vlQyrk dks gh LokLF; ;k jksx dh laKk nsrs gSaA LokLF;

fdlh O;fDr ;k leqnk; dh og {kerk ;k ;ksX;rk gS ftlds vk/kkj ij og Lo;a dks u dsoy orZeku esa] cfYd cnyh gqbZ

ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa Hkh dk;Z{ke jgus dh fln~/krk izkIr djrk gSA

Ik;kZoj.k ls lek;kstu djus dh izkjafHkd izjs.kk Ik;kZoj.k ls gksus okys mn~nhiuksa n~okjk izkjaHk gksrh gSA tc

mn~nhiuksa dk ckgqY; bruk vf/kd gks tkrk gS fd O;fDr dks le fLFkfr dk larqyu cuk;s j[kus ds fy;s lkekU;

lek;kstu ls vf/kd izk;kl dj vuqdwyu {kerk vkSj izfrj{kk izfØ;k dk lgkjk ysuk iM+rk gS rc mUgsa izfrcy dkjd

dgrs gSaA dksbZ Hkh mn~nhiu fdlh O;fDr ds fy;s izfrcy dkjd dk dk;Z djsxk ;k ugha ;g ml mn~nhiu dh izd`fr

vkSj ek=k ds vfrfjDr ml O;fDr dh laosnu’khyrk ;k lgu’khyrk ij Hkh fuHkZj djrk g SA Ik;kZoj.k ls feyus okys

izfrcy dkjdksa ls vuqdwyu ds iz;klksa ds vlQy gksus ij fod`fr vkSj jksx mRiUu gksrs gSaA ;g Li"V djuk vko’;d gS

fd jksx dsoy Ik;kZoj.k dk izHkko u gksdj Ik;kZoj.k ls vuqdwyu djus dh v{kerk ds dkj.k mRiUu gksrk gS vkSj

vko’;d vuqdwyu {kerk izkIr djus ds fy;s izfrcYk&dkjd gh ikjaifjd vkSj ’kjhj&fØ;kRed fof/k gSA izfrcYk&dkjdksa

n~okjk HkkSfrd vkSj jksxtud dhVk.kqvksa ls vuqdwyu {kerk izkIRk djus dh fof/k rks yksxksa dks izkphudky ls gh Kkr Fkh

ijUrq orZeku esa HkkSfrd vkSj tSfod dkjdksa ds fu;a=.k vkSj rsth ls cnyrs gq;s lkekftd] vkfFkZd vkSj ekufld dkjdksa

ls izfrcy dkjdksa dh izdfr esa ifjorZu gks jgk gSA vuqdwyu ds leqfpr izf’k{k.k ds vHkko esa izfrcy tU; jksxksa dk

vk?kVu c<+rk tk jgk gSA

tc euq"; dh xfrfof/k;ksa ds izR;{k ;k vizR;{k izHkko ls Ik;kZoj.k ds la?kVdksa ;k ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa gq, ifjorZuksa

ds dkj.k mldh mi;ksfxrk esa g~kl mRiUu gksrk gS rc mls Ik;kZoj.k&iznw"k.k dgrs gSaA iznw"k.k dh bl ifjHkk"kk ds

vUrxZr] euq"; n~okjk tkucw>dj ;k vutkus gh mfPN"V inkFkksZa ds foltZu] jklk;fud inkFkksZa ds folj.k vkSj m"ek]’kksj]

dEiu] fofdj.k ds :Ik esa ÅtkZ ds folj.k bR;kfn ds n~okjk Ik;kZoj.k ds fofHkUu ?kVdksa tSls ok;q] ty] feV~Vh vkgkj]

O;kolkf;d vkoklh ,oa euksjatu ds Ik;kZoj.k esa gksus okys xq.kkRed vkSj ifjek.kkRed HkkSfrd] jklk;fud vkSj tSfod

ifjorZu lfEefyr gSaA tc bu ifjorZuksa ls vuq=kl ;k ekuo LokLF; vkSj dY;k.k ds fy;s ladV mRiUu gksrk gS ;k

Ik;kZoj.kh; ?kVdksa dh ?kjsyw] izkS|ksfxdh;] Ñf"k] euksjatu bR;kfn esa gksus okys mi;ksx esa deh mRiUu gksrh gS ;k

Ik’kqikyu] taxyh Ik’kqvksa] eNfy;ksa] ty thoksa vkSj vU; tSfod Lih’kht dks gkfu mRiUu gksrh gS rks mls Ik;kZoj.kh;

iznw"k.k dgrs gSaA Ik;kZoj.k iznw"k.k ds izeq[k L=ksr fuEufyf[kr gSa%&

¼1½ ?kjsyw vkSj ’kgj ds cfgr ey vkSj vU; mfPN"V inkFkks Z a dk vfu;af=r foltZuA ¼2½ vkS|ksfxd mfPNLr vkSj ofg%

izokg dk vfu;af=r folj.k vkSj foltZu vkSj Ñf"k esa c<+rs gq;s isLVuk’kh jklk;fudksa dk mi;ksxA

vr% tu LokLF; vkSj O;kolkf;d fpfdRlk us Ik;kZoj.k iznw"k.k ds fu;a=.k esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ gSA bUgsa

bafxr djuk mi;ksxh gksxk fd ;n~;fi Ik;kZoj.k iznw"k.k dh jksdFkke vkSj i;kZoj.k dh O;oLFkk gh LokLF; vkSj

tu&LokLF; dk dsUnzh; y{; gS] ijURkq Ik;kZoj.k dh xq.krk dks fu;a=.k djus ds fy;s tks iz;kl fd;s tk jgs gSa muls

LokLF; lsok,¡ yxHkx foyx gh jgrh gSaA ijUrq fQj Hkh] LokLF; dk;ZdrkZ dks jksxksa ds fpfdRlk vkSj fu;a=.k ds fy;s

Ik;kZoj.k esa iznw"kdksa dk Lrj vkSj mlls gksus okys LokLF; ladVksa ls voxr jguk vko’;d gSA





Ik;kZoj.k ds izHkkou dh izfØ;k dks dbZ oxksZa esa foHkkftr djus ls mldh O;kidrk dk vuqeku yxrk gSA tSls&

Yk?kq ;k ?kjsyw izHkkou] O;olkf;d IkzHkkou] LFkkuh; izHkkou] vkSj {ks=h; izHkkou bR;kfnA blds dqN mnkgj.k lkj.kh esa

n’kk;Z x;s gSaA

Lrj Ik;kZoj.kh; dkjd

dkcZu eksuks

vkDlkbM

ijkcSxuh

fofdj.k

’kksj ;k Lo foyk;d vk;udkjh fofdj.k

Yk?kq ¼Micro½ ;k

?kjsyw izHkkou

/kweziku ;k pwYgs

esa Hkkstu idkuk

vkS"kf/k gsrq ;k

/kwi esa dk;Z

Lkaxhr] gFkkSM+s

ls dk;Z

lQkbZ&dk;Z]

LoSfPNd ’kkSd

fpfdRlk] funku]

mipkj] fuekZ.k&

lkexzh lsfofdj.k

O;olkf;d izHkkou

¼Occupationl

Exposure½

VªkfQd dk

flikgh] /kkrq

deZ dk Jfed

iz;ksx’kkyk esa

dk;Z djus okys]

d`f"k&dk;Z ds

Jfed

XkgfuekZ.k ds

Jfed] lsuk esa

dk;Z djus okys

foyk;d mn~;ksx

ds Jfed] jaxkbZ

vkSj MªkbZDyhfuax

ds Jfed

,Dlfdj.k ds

VsDuhf’k;u]

vkf.od la;a= ds

Jfed

LFkkuh; izHkkou

¼Local Exposure½

;krk;kr dk

fuokZr

Lkw;Z dk izdk’k gokbZ osM+k]

’kgjh ;krk;kr

mn~;ksx dk

mRltZu

{k; jksx dk

lkewfgd ijh{k.k

¼,Dlfdj.k n~okjk½

{ks=h; izHkkou

¼Regional Exposure½

& igkM+ksa vkSj m".k

dfVca/kh; ns’kksa

esa

rwQku ;k

izHkatu esa

& vkf.od vL=ksa ds

ijh{k.k ;k mi;ksx

ls fuikr

Ik;kZoj.k dh ekuhVjh iznw"kdksa dh ekuhVjh dk izkFkfed y{; euq"; vkSj vU; thoksa ds vukoj.k Lrj dk vk¡dyu dj

Ik;kZoj.kh; fu;eksa ds ikyu dk ijh{k.k rFkk iznw"k.k&fu;a=.k dh Ik;kZIrRkk fu/kkZfjr djuk vkSj LokLF; dks izHkkfor djus

okys dksbZ nh?kZdkyhu izo`fÙk;k ;k ifjorZuksa dk ijh{k.k djuk gSA

Ekk/;eksa dh ekuhVjh esa Ik;kZoj.kh; ek/;e& tSls ok;q] ty] feV~Vh] ikS/ks] Ik’kq vkSj Hkkstu ds vUos"k.k fd;s tkrs gSaA ;g

ekuhVjh dbZ LFkkuksa ij dh tkrh gS tSls& ¼1½ L=ksr ij ekuhVjh% mnkgj.k ds fy;s ok;q ofgr iznw"k.k ds fy;s fpeuh

ds LVSd ij] mfPN"V ofgr ty ds fy;s ufn;ksa esa foltZu ds iwoZ ekuhVjh dk YkkHk ;g jgrk gS fd iznw"kd dh ek=

vf/kd jgus ls mldk ekiu vklkuh ls gks tkrk gS muds foltZu ds fu;a=.k dh dk;Zokgh Hkh ’kh?kz izkjaHk dh tk

ldrh gSA ¼2½ lw{exzkgh LFkyksa ij ekuhVjh% tc L=ksr pyrs fQjrs jgrs gSaA ¼tSls eksVj xkfM+;ksa ds iznw"k.k½ ;k tc

mudh la[;k cgqr vf/kd jgrh gS ¼tSls ?kj ds pwYgksa ls mBrs okys /kwe½ rc Ik;kZoj.k ds dqN lw{exzkgh LFkyksa ij

ekuhVjh dh tkrh gSA bl ekuhVjh ls iznw"kdksa esa gksus okys ifjorZu vkSj muds folj.k dk iFk vkSj laxzg gksus ds

LFkkuksa dk vuqeku yxrk gSA ¼3½ pyrs fQjrs ek=k ekidksa dk mi;ksx% pw¡fd O;fDr;ksa dh gypy vukoj.k ds fofHkUu

Lrjksa okys Ik;kZOkj.k tSls& ?kj] vkoxeu ds okgu] dk;Z LFky bR;kfn esa gksrh gS vr% dqN pqus gq;s O;fDr;ksa ds diM+ksa esa

NksVs ek=k ekid ds mi;ksx ls vukoj.k dk lgh vkSj izR;{k ekiu gksrk gSA ijUrq bl fof/k esa ek=k ekid /kkj.k djus





okys O;fDr ds fo’ks"k lg;ksx dh vko’;drk iM+rh gSA bl izdkj ds oS;fDrd ekuhVjh ds ekid ;a= lHkh iznw"kdksa ds

fy;s miyC/k ugha gS ij dqN iznw"k.kksa ds fy;s tSls& fofdj.k ds fy;s bl fof/k dk mi;ksx cgqr izpfyr gSA

pw¡fd iznw"kdksa dh ;k=k ,d ek/;e ls nwljs ek/;e esa tSls fd ok;q ls ty] feV~Vh] ikS/kksa ds n~okjk

vkgkj esa vkSj fQj Årdksa esa izos’k laHkkfor gS vr% ek/;eksa ds ekuhVjksa ds vfrfjDr tSfod ekUkhVjh Hkh egRoiw.kZ gks xbZ

gSA tSfod ekuhVjh lHkh ek/;eksa ds lfEefyr izHkko dk cks/k djrh gS vkSj bles a euq"; dh nSfud xfr fof/k;ksa ls mlds

iwjs Hkze.k {ks= ds vukoj.k dk vuqeku yx tkrk gSA

fu;a=.k ds mik;ksa dks ykxw djus ds fy;s nks Lrjksa dk le>uk mi;ksxh gksxk

1- uhfr fu/kkZj.k dk Lrj bl Lrj ij ekuhVjh dk izca/k vkSj mlds izs{k.kksa rFkk vU; v/;;uksa ij vk/kkfjr ekudksa dh

LFkkiuk vkSj muds vk/kkj ij iznw"k.k de ls de Lrj ij j[k dj fujkin Ik;kZoj.k cukus ds iz;klksa dh :ijs[kk cukuk

gh izeq[k dk;Z gSA

2- miHkksDrk Lrj blds vUrxZr lkeqnkf;d LRkj ¼tSls xzke iapk;r bR;kfn½ ikfjokfjd Lrj vkSj oS;fDrd Lrj ij

O;ogkj&fu;a=.k okafNr jgrs gSaA vkSj buds fuekZ.k esa LokLF;&f’k{kk dh Hkwfedk cgqr egRoiw.kZ jgrh gSA Hkkjro"kZ esa

iznw"k.k&fu;a=.k ds fy;s ljdkj n~okjk lkroha ;kstuk esa ,d jk"Vªh; i;kZoj.kh; ekuhVjh laxBu LFkkfir fd;k x;k gSA

fo’o LokLF; laxBu us vkS|ksfxdh esa vukoj.k ds ekxZn’kZu ds fy;s fofHkUUk jklk;fud inkFkksZa dh vf/kdre

vuqer&lkanzrk fu/kkZfjr dh gSA ;g lkanzrk dk eku vkB ?kaVs ds vukoj.k ds fy;s vuqi;ksxh gSA ijUrq bl eku ls

vYIkdkfyd vukoj.k dh lkanzrk fudkyuk mfpr ughaA mnkgj.k ds fy;s ;fn fdlh jklk;fud dh vf/kdre vuqer

lkanzrk 100 Hkkx@nl y{k gS rks bldk vFkZ ;g ugha fd ,d ?kaVs ds vukoj.k ds fy;s 800 Hkkx@nl y{k ds lkanzrk

dh vuqefr gSA blh izdkj ,d jklk;fud dh vf/kdre vuqer&lkanzrk dks mlls feyrs&tqyrs nwljs jklk;fud ds

fy;s mi;ksx ugha djuk pkfg;sA izR;sd jklk;fud dh vf/kdre vuqer&lkanzrk vyx&vyx Kkr djuh iM+rh gSA

vkS|ksfxdh esa ,d dfBukbZ vkSj vuqHko dh tkrh gS fd jklk;fudksa dk mi;ksx O;kikfjd&uke ls fd;k tkrk gS vr%

mudh Bhd&Bhd jpuk Kkr ugha jgrh vkSj jklk;fud feJ.k vf/kdrj iznw"k.k ls eqDr ugha jgrsA vesfjdk esa mlh

izdkj ds vkS|ksfxd fu;a=.k ds fy;s ok;q&okfgr iznw"kdksa dh izHkko lhek dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

lkekU; lkeqnkf;d ok;q&iznw"k.k dh ekuhVjh ds fy;s fo’o LokLF; laxBu us ¼WHO 1984½ ,d Xyksch;

Ik;kZoj.k ekuhVj ra= dh ’kq:vkrh dh gS vkSj blds {ks=h; dsUnz ¼ekLdks] ukxiqj] vkSj Vksfd;k esa½ rFkk fo’o ds vU;

Hkkxksa esa 20 iz;ksx ’kkyk;sa LFkkfir dh gSaA vkSj buds n~okjk ;|fi vusd iznw"kdksa dk ekiu gksrk jgrk gS ij

ok;q&iznw"k.k ds lwpd ds :Ik e sa lYQj&MkbZ&vkDlkbM vkSj ok;q esa fuyafcr /kwy d.kksa dk fo’ks"k v/;;u fd;k tk jgk

gS vkSj ;s nksuksa iznw"k.k gh iznw"k.k&Lrj ds lcls vPNs lwpd ekus tkrs gSaA iznw"k.k ds fu;a=.k dk fu.kZ; vusd

lkekftd vkfFkZd dkjdksa ij fuHkZj djrk gSA

vk/kqfud m|ksxksa ds cgqvk;keh foospu ls Li"V gksrk gS fd mUuhloha lnh ds e/; ls ysdj chloha lnh ds

vafre n’kd rd vkrs&tkrs vkS|ksfxdhdj.k us vusd i;kZoj.kh; leL;kvksa dks tUe fn;k gSA 50 o"kZ iwoZ bu leL;kvksa

dh vksj cgqr de ;k drbZ /;ku ugha fn;k x;k] ysfdu vkt ;s leL;k,W vkus okyh ih<+h vkSj 21oha lnh ds fy,

xaHkhj fpUru vkSj fpUrk dk fo"k; cuh gqbZ gSA la{ksi esa] bu leL;kvksa dks fuEukafdr 'kh"kZdksa ds vUrxZr j[kk tk ldrk

gS&





rhoz vkS|ksfxdhdj.k ds dkj.k Ákdfrd lalk/kuksa dk vR;f/kd 'kks"k.k gqvk gSA QyLo:Ik

vusd lalk/kuksa dk vfu;fU=r g~kl gksus ls mudk vHkko mRiUu gksus yxk gSA dkxt m|ksx] fn;klykbZ m|ksx] yk[k

m|ksx] QuhZpj m|ksx ewyr% ouksa ij vk/kkfjr m|ksx gSA bUgsa dPpk eky isM+&ikS/kksa ,oa ?kkl ls miyC/k gksrk gSA ou

fouk’k ds dkj.k ,d vksj bu m|ksxksa dks dPps eky dh deh dk lkeuk djuk iM+ jgk gS rks nwljh vksj i;kZoj.k

lUrqyu Hkh fcxM+ jgk gSa ou fouk’k ds QyLo:Ik xaHkhj ikfjfLFkfrd ladV mRiUu gks x;k gSA

m|ksxksa esa dks;yk] [kfut rsy] Ákd`frd xSl] iufctyh] vk.kfod fo|qr 'kfDr dk mi;ksx gksrk

jgk gSA dks;yk] [kfut rsy vkSj Ákd`frd xSl ds lhfer lafpr Hk.Mkj gSA fiNys Ms<+ lkS o"kksZa ds va/kk/kqa/k Á;ksx ls

rsy ,oa dks;ys ds Hk.Mkj lekfIr dh vksj vxzlj gSA iufctyh] vk.kfod fo|qr 'kfDr dk lhfer mi;ksx gqvk gSA

vk.kfod 'kfDr ls jsfM;ks fofdj.k dk Hkh [krjk jgrk gSA rhoz xfr ls gq, vkS|ksfxdhdj.k us fo’o esa ÅtkZ ladV

mRiUu dj fn;k gSA vk’kadk O;Dr dh tk jgh gS fd 21oha lnh ?kksj ÅtkZ ladV ls =Lr gks tk;sxhA

vk/kqfud vkS|ksfxd fodkl ds dkj.k cM+s&cM+s egkuxjksa dk ÁknqHkkZo gqvk

gSA bu uxjksa ls vusd i;kZoj.kh; leL;k,W iSnk gqbZ gSA dkj[kkuksa esa dke djus okys Jfed egkuxjksa dh dksM+ ln`’;

xanh cfLr;ksa esa jgrs gSA uxjks esa vkS|ksfxd vif’k"Vksa ds fu"dklu ls Ánw"k.k c<+ jgk gSA

vk/kqfudrk dh Árhd vkS|ksfxd laLÑfr us vusd i;kZoj.kh; leL;kvksa vkSj

pqukSfr;ksa dks mRiUu fd;k gSA bu leL;kvksa dk lek/kku ik, fcuk ekuork ds laHkkfor fouk’k ls mldh j{kk dj ikuk

dfBu gSA vkS|ksfxd fodkl us i;kZoj.kh; vou;u dh tfVy leL;k mRiUu dh gSA Bksl vof’k"V] fo’kSyh xSl]

/kwyd.k] /kq¡vk] ty ok;q] feVVh] /ofu vkfn dk Ánw"k.k thou dh xq.koRrk ij ?kkrd ÁHkko Mky jgk gSA





fgUnh lkfgR; ,oa Hkk"kk foKku foHkkx] jkuh nqxkZorh fo’ofo|ky;] tcyiqj

ckydFkk lkfgR; vkjEHk ls gh ckyeu ds fy;s izsj.kk vkSj izf’k{k.k dk lkfgR; ekuk x;k gSA lkekU; lkfgR;

dh vis{kk ckylkfgR; dgha vf/kd ljl] laosnu’khy] ewY;ijd vkSj rkfdZd gksrk gS] D;ksafd ckyeu esa cky lkfgR; dks

LFkkfir djus ds fy;s lkfgR;dkj dks cPpksa ds bPNk] mudh rkfdZd cqf+)] Hkfo"; fuekZ.k] laLdkj] vkfn lHkh dk /;ku

j[kuk gksrk gSA ;gh dkj.k jgk fd vkjEHk ls gh ikSjf.kd vkSj uSfrd dFkk;sa ckylkfgR; dFkkvksa dk fo"k; jgk gSA ijUrq

orZeku le; foKku dh miyfC/k;ksa dk le; gS ,sls esa vko” ;d gS fd ckylkfgR; cPpksa dks oSKkfud nqfu;k ls

lk{kkRdkj djkrs gq;s euksjatu vkSj ewY; lEizs"k.k ds vius dk;Z dks lEiUu djsA bySDVªkfud ek/;e us vkt ckyikBdksa

ds eu ij vfrdze.k dj fy;k gSA Vsyhfotu vkSj fQYeksa dh jaxhu vkSj pednkj nqfu;k ds yqHkkrh dgkfu;k¡ vkt cPpksa

dks dFkk lfgR; ds lalkj ls nwj dj jgh gSa ijUrq lkfgR; viuh fof’"Vrk ds dkj.k vkt Hkh ckydksa ds thou esa viuk

LFkku cuk;k gqvk gS vkSj blds fy;s fo’ks"k :i ls gekjs lkfgRdkj vkSj dFkkdkj iz;Ru’khy gS fd fdl izdkj cky

lkfgR; dks bruk jkspd cuk;k tk, fd ckydksa esa i<+us dh izo`fÙk dks thfor j[kk tk ldsA

lkFkZd cky lkfgR; gh lgh vFkZ esa ckyd ds thou dks mfpr fn’kk iznku djrk gS ,oa mldh dYiuk 'kfDr

dks fodflr djus esa lgk;d fl) gksrk gSA fgUnh cky lkfgR; dh dgkfu;k¡ vkt nks :iksa esa izdkf’kr gks jgh gSaA

igyh os dgkfu;k¡ tks izkphu dFkkvksa] ifjdFkkvksa] ikSjkf.kd dFkkvksa] yksddFkkvksa ,oa ,sfrgkfld dFkkvksa ds :Ik esa lkeus

vk jgh gaS vkSj nwljs Lrj ij os cky dgkfu;k¡ gSa tks cPpksa ds vklikl ds okrkoj.k mudh leL;kvksa ,oa rdZ ds vk/kkj

ij fy[kh tk jgh gaSA **cky dgkuh vkt cky lkfgR; dh dsUnzh; fo/kk cu pqdh gSA mlesa thou dk ;FkkFkZ O;Dr gks

jgk gSA bu cky dgkfu;ksa esa ,d vksj cky lekt dh vfHkO;fDr gS rks nwljh vksj ckyd vkSj lekt ds ?kkr@izfr?kkr

dk Loj gSA vkt ckyd tkx`r psrk gSA og Hkh lskp jgk gS vkSj mldk lksp cky dgkuhdkj dk mithO; gSA**1

vkt cky dgkfu;k¡ dgkuhdkjksa }kjk izpqj ek=k esa fofo/k fo"k;ksa ij fy[kh tk jgh gSaA bu dgkfu;ksa ds uk;d

;FkkFkZ dh /kjkry ij [kM+s gksdj Å¡ph&Å¡ph egRokdka{kkvksa dks Nwus dks rS;kj gSA ;s dgkfu;k¡ la?k"kZ’khy] viuh thou

fn’kkk Lo;a vius cy ij fuf’pr] fu/kkZfjr djus okys tq>k: cPpksa dh lw>cw>] dkS’ky] lPpkbZ vkSj deZfu"Bk ls tqM+h

gqbZ gS] tks eu dks fudVrk ls Nwrh gSaA ;s dgkfu;k¡ grk’k] fujk’k cPpksa esa thou lapsruk ,oa ekuo ewY;ksa dh izfr"Bk

izsj.kk txkus dh 'kfDr j[krh gSaA ifjdFkkvksa vkSj iqjk.kksa dh dYifud dgkfu;k¡ cPpksa dks lkaLÑfrd fodkl dh

tkudkfj;k¡ nsus ds lkFk lq[kn dYiuk yksd dh lSj djkrh gSA MkW- gfjÑ".k nsoljs ifjdFkkvksa dh lkFkZdrk ij vius

fopkj izdV djrs gq, fy[krs gSa fd **ifjdFkkvksa dks bl rjg izLrqr djsa fd og vkt dh nqfu;k dh fdlh oLrq ;k

?kVuk ls esy [kk tk,A vkt dh foKku dh nqfu;k esa D;k laHko ugha gS vkSj ifjyksd dh dkSu lh ckr ,slh gS tks cPpksa

dks vc miyC/k ugha djkbZ tk ldrh gS A**2 uanu if=dk izfro"kZ uoEcj ekg esa ifjdFkk fo” ks"kkad fudyrh gS uanu dh

iz/kku laiknd *'kf’k 'ks[kj* th ifjdFkk fo’ks"kkad uoacj 2012 ds laikndh; esa fy[krs gSa fd **uanu dk ifjdFkk fo’ks"kkad

vkidks lkSairs gq, gesa [kq’kh gS fd ge vkidks flQZ dgkfu;k¡ ugha lkSai jgsA ;s dFkk,¡ rkftanxh vkidks Hkys lius ns[kus

ds fy, izsfjr djsaxh] tks gj jkst [kRe gksrs tk jgs gSaA**3 blh ijEijk dks tkjh j[kk gS gekjh I;kjh cky if=dk *paid*

usA *paid* dh izR;sd dFkk if{k;ksa dks vk/kkj cukdj gh cPpksa dk euksjatu djrh vk;h gS vkSj ;g lrr~ Øe vkt Hkh

tkjh gSA Jh gfjÑ".k th us *iapra=* dh dFkkvksa dks *u;k iapra=* ds :i esa fy[kdj ml ckr dks fl) dj fn;k gS fd

fdlh Hkh fo"k; oLrq dks le; ds lkFk ifjofrZr dj mi;ksxh cuk;k tk ldrk gSA cPpksa dks ifjdFkk,¡ vkSj iqjk.kksa dh

dkYifud dgkfu;k¡ lqukus ds lEcU/k esa vius fopkj O;Dr djrs gq, MkW- ij’kqjke 'kqDy th dgrs gSa fd **dYiuk vkSj

;FkkFkZ dk ?kfu"B lEcU/k gSA foKku Hkh bls Lohdkj djrk gSA psdksLys&okfd;k ds fo[;kr lkfgR;dkj dkWjsy pkiSd us

vius ,d ukVd *jksEl ;wfuolZy jkscksV~l* esa e’khu ekuo dh dYiuk dh FkhA 1917 esa fy[kk ;g ukVd 1923 esa

izdkf’kr gqvkA dqN le; ckn oSKkfudksa us lkfgR;dkj dh bl dYiuk ij /;ku fn;k vkSj okLrfod e’khu ekuo





cuk;kA bl izdkj Li"V gks tkrk gS fd ifjdFkk,¡ vkSj ikSjkf.kd dgkfu;k¡ cPpksa dk euksjatu djus ds lkFk gh muds

O;fDrRo ds fodkl esa lg;ksxh gksrh gSaA **4

nwljs Lrj ds dgkuh ys[ku esa ckyd dsUnz ekudj mldh bPNkvksa vkdka{kkvksa] leL;kvksa dks orZeku dgkuh esa

izLrqr fd;k tk jgk gSA vkt cky if=dkvksa esa bu dgkfu;ksa dks jkspd ,oa Kkuo/kZd :i esa izdkf’kr fd;k tkrk gSA

rFkk xqejkg gksrh gekjh fd’kksj ih<+h dks lgh jkg fn[kkus dk iz;kl ;s cky dgkfu;k¡ dj jgh gSa ckyif=dk ^nsoiq=* esa

izdkf’kr *pØO;wg* dgkuh orZeku esa u’ks dh jkg ij py iM+s cPpksa dks lgh jkg ij ykus ds iz;kl dh ,d l qUnj

dgkuh gSA dgkuh tgk¡ cPpksa dks u’ks dh yr ls gksus okyh cqjkbZ;ksa dks crkrh gS] ogka lekt ds yksxksa dks muds dŸkZO;ksa

ds izfr Hkh lpsr djrh gSA orZeku esa cky dgkfu;k¡ cPpksa dh :fp esa vk, ifjorZu /;ku esa j[kdj ;FkkFkZ ds /kjkry

ij fy[kh tk jgh gSA vusd cky dgkuh laxzg ,oa cky if=dk,¡ blh vk/kkj ij izdkf’kr gks jgh gSaA bl {ks= esa ^/keZ;qx*

,oa lkIrkfgd ^fgUnqLrku* ds ckyi`"Bksa dk Hkh egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku jgk gS A

fgUnh esa xr~ o"kksZa ls cky ys[kdksa us Lo;a ds thou ls tqM+k leL;k iz/kku dFkk lkfgR; cPpksa dks fn;k gSA bu

cky dFkkvksa esa cky euksfoKku ds vk/kkj ij cky leL;kvksa dks mHkkjk x;k gS vkSj dqN ys[kdksa us cM+h [kwch ls cky

leL;kvksa ds lek/kku Hkh lq>k, gSA mu jpukdkjksa dh jpuk,¡ vkd"kZd ,oa u;kiu fy, gq, gSA cky thou ls tqM+h gksus

d s dkj.k cPpksa }kjk bUgsa lgt Lohdkj ,oa ljkgk x;k gSA cPpksa dks uohu ifjos’k ds vk/kkj ij cky dgkfu;k¡ miyC/k

djkus dk rkRi;Z ;g gjfxt ugha gS fd ge mUgsa izkphu laLÑfr ,oa bfrgkl lsfoeq[k dj ns cfYd bu lc dh

tkudkjh cPpksa ds fy, furkar vko’;d gS] fdUrq dsoy blh rjg dh dgkfu;k¡ cPpksa dks ijksluk mfpr ugha gSA buds

lkFk&lkFk mUgsa orZeku lkekftd] vkfFkZd] jktuhfrd ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk Kku djk;k tkuk Hkh vko’;d gSA cky dgkuh

ds fo"k; ij vius fopkj O;Dr djrs gq, MkW0 bUnzlsu 'kekZ okfjt fy[krs gS fd **cPpksa dh dFkkvksa ds fo"k; okrkoj.k esa

pkjksa vksj fc[kjs iM+s gS mudh vk¡[kksa esa rSjrs fn[kkbZ ns ldrs gSa] muds efLr"d esa xksrs yxk jgs gSaA cl] vko’;drk gS

ikj[kh utj] euksoSKkfud idM+ vkSj rh[kh le> dhA**5 cky dgkuhdkjkas us cPpksa dh orZeku ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds vk/kkj ij

gh viuh jpuk fy[kus ds iz;kl fd;s gSaA bu jpukdkjksa esa MkW- gfjÑ".k nsoljs] {kek 'kekZ] izdk’keuq ckuks ljrkt] uhye

panzk] vkseizdk’k xqIrk] MkW- Jh izlkn vj’kn [kku] t; izdk’k Hkkjrh] jRu izdk’k'khy] tkfdj vyh] jtuh’k] MkW- ij'kqjke

'kqDy] MkW- ukxs’k ik.Ms;] nsosUnz dqekj] t;arh jaxukFku] ij” ’kh’k] euksgj oekZ] MkW- jk"VªcU/kq] cyohj R;kxh] MkW- vkuan

izdk’k f=ikBh *jRus’k* vkfn dFkkdkj gSa tks cPpksa dh vko’;drk ,oa :fp ds vk/kkj ij cky dgkfu;ksa dk l`tu dj

jgs gSaA

orZeku le; foKku dh miyfC/k;ksa dk le; gSA ,sls esa bl rjg dh cky dgkfu;ksa dh jpuk dh lEHkkouk gS

tks cPpksa dks oSKkfud rjhdksa ls thou thuk ,oa dfBukbZ;ksa ls tw>uk fl[kk,xhA ckY;dky esa ewY;ksa dk cM+k egRo

gksrk gSS] vr% ,o thou ewY; dFkkvksa esa bl rjg xqFks gksus pkfg, fd os ckyd ds varxZr esa jp cl tk,] D;ksafd

ckyeu esa jksis x, laLdkj Hkkoh thou esa ges’kk ds fy, vfeV gks tkrs gSA vkt dgkuhdkj ls ;g vis{kk gS fd og

lq/kkjoknh izofÙk dk R;kxdj cky euksf{kfrt ds vk/kkj ij jpuk djsaA ckyeu esa ekuoh; laosnuk tkx`r djus dk

dk;Z djs rHkh ,d uohu lekt dh LFkkiuk gks ldrh gSA lkfgR; gh lekt dks u, vk/kkj iznku dj ldrk gS mlesa

bruh {kerk gS fd og lekt esa misf{kr cPpksa ds e/; ls ns’k dks oSKkfud] lkfgR;dkj] dykdkj iznku dj ldrk gSA

bl rF; dks le>rs gq;s cky lkfgR;dkj vueksy cky dgkfu;ksa ds l`tu esa layXu gS os le; ds lkFk&lkFk fo"k;ksa esa

ifjorZu yk jgs gSA vPNs dgkuhdkj cPpksa dks vPNh dgkfu;k¡ nsus gsrq Ñr ladYi gS] vc ;g cPpksa ij fuHkZj gS fd os

mUgsa dgk¡ rd viukrs gSA

fgUnh cky dFkk lkfgR; dh mi;ksfxrk ,d ckyd ds thou esa ml le; ls lokZf/kd vge~ gks tkrh gSA tc

og i<+uk lh[k tkrk gS vkSj mUgsa i<+us ds vkuan dk irk pyrk gSA **bySDVªkfud ehfM;k ds vkdfLed vkØe.k ds

ckotwn ,sls cPpksa dh la[;k dqN de ugha gS tks viuk [kkyh le; i<+us esa yxkrs gSaA blds fy, ekrk&firk ds lkFk

gh os ys[kd Hkh iz'kaluh; gSa] tks cPpksa ds fy, iqLrdsa fy[krs gSa vkSj ftudh iqLrdsa cPps cM+s pko esa i<+rs gSaA**6 fgUnh





cky dFkk lkfgR; dh miksfxrk ckyd ds fy, l`f"V ds izkjaHk esa Fkh vkt Hkh gS] vkSj lnSo gh cuh jgsxhA dFkk lkfgR;

dks ckydksa rd igq¡pkus dh ftEesnkjh lekt ,oa iz’kklu nksuksa dh gSA cky dFkk lkfgR; cPpksa dks dsoy euksjatu ,oa

Kku gh ugha nsrk gS cfYd muesa i<+us dh dyk dk Hkh fodkl djrk gSA Hkkjr esa gh ugha dqN le; igys fczVsu ds

lekpkj i=ksa esa Hkh bl ckr ij fpUrk O;Dr dh xbZ Fkh fd i<+us dh csfld ;ksX;rk izkIr fd, fcuk gh cPps Ldwy ls

fudy tkrs gSaA blh ls izsfjr gksdj fczVsu dh ljdkj us vxLr 2005 ds Ldwyh l= ls ,d ;kstuk 'kq: dh gS *ftlds

vuqlkj pkj o"kZ rd ds izR;sd cPps dks iqLrdksa dk ,d cSx fu%’kqYd fn;k tk,xkA bl ;kstuk ds rgr rhu o"kksZa esa 90

yk[k iqLrdsa nh tk,axh ftl ij nks djksM+ lŸkj yk[k ikSaM [kpZ gksus dk vuqeku gSA7 bu iqLrdksa esa ikB~; iqLrdksa ds

lkFk&lkFk cky lkfgR; dh iqLrdsa Hkh cPpksa dks nh tk,xhA rkfd muesa i<+us dh izofRr dks Hkh fodflr fd;k tk

ldsA Hkkjr esa Hkh fiNys pkj n'kdksa esa cky iqLrdksa ds izdk’ku esa dkQh c<+ksÙkjh gqbZ gSA izdk'kdksa dh la[;k Hkh dbZ

xquk gks xbZ gS fdUrq cPpksa dks cky iqLrdsa miyC/k djus okys vfHkHkkod gh mnklhu cus gq, gSaA cky dY;k.k ,oa

fodkl ds fy, bUgsa >d>ksjus] tkx`r djus dh furkar vko’;drk gSA

cky lkfgR; dh mi;ksfxrk ,oa 21 oha lnh esa cky lkfgR; ds izns; ij fopkj izxV djrs gq, izdk’k euqth

dgrs gSa fd **eSaus igys cky dfork dk bfrgkl vkSj fQj cky lkfgR; dk bfrgkl fy[kus ds fy, gtkjksa fdrkcksa dh

Nkuchu dh gSA fgUnh esa lpeqp ,slh cM+h 'kf[l;rsa gSaA mUgksaus bruk vPNk fy[kk gS vkSj cPps ds eu ds Hkhrj ;ks

dfg, cky lkfgR; ds leanj ds brus cM+s&cM+s [ktkuksa vkSj nqyZHk jRuksa dks [kqn esa leks;k gS fd mudh eLrh]

thouy;] vuqHkoksa dh le`f)&lcdks ns[krs gq, vki dg ldrs gSa fd os bl Å¡pkbZ ij [kM+s gS fd cs'kd nqfu;k dh

fdlh Hkh cM+h ls cM+h le`) Hkk"kk ds cM+s ls cM+s lkfgR;dkj ls mudh rqyuk dh tk ldrh gSA**8

;|fi vkt foKku ds ;qx esa bySDVªfud fefM;k us vius jaxhu lalkj ls lk;s ls lkfgR; dks vks>y djus esa

dksbZ dlj ugha NksM+h gS rFkkfi foKku vkSj bfrgkl ds vn~Hkqr laxe dks fo"k; cukdj gekjs lkfgR;dkj vkSj dFkkdkj

ckydFkk lkfgR; dh lqn<+ i`"BHkwfe rS;kj djus esa yxs gSaA vkt ds nkSj esa tks cky dFkk lkfgR; izdkf’kr gks jgk gSS oks

dksjh dYiuk ugha gS vkSj u gh dsoy euksjatu dks lk/ku gS ;g cPpksa dks vPNs laLdkj nsus] mudh cqf) dk fodkl

djus vkSj mUgsa vf/kd laosnu’khy cukus esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkus esa l>e gSA MkW- lR;sUnz oekZ fy[krs gSa fd **cky

lkfgR; ln~izsj.kk ds fy, nhi&LrEHk dk dk;Z djrk gSA lkfgR; esa tknqbZ 'kfDr gksrh gS] ;g 'kCnksa dk ,d enq taxy gS

ftlds i<+us ls fofHkUu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa fofHkUu jlksa dh vuqHkwfr gksrh gSA cPps izfrikfnr leL;k ds izfr lksprs gSa] fopkj

djrs gSa] fparu djrs gSa] iqu% ,d fuf’pr /kkj.kk cukrs gSaA bl ek/;e ls og thou ds izfr O;ogkfjd gks tkrs gSa vkSj

muesa dfBu ifjfLFkfr;ksa ij fot; izkIr djus dh 'kfDr tkx`r gksrh gSA**9 bysDVªWkfud ek/;eksa dk viuk rRdkfyd

izHkko vo’; gS] ij tks lksp le> vkSj n`f"V cky lkfgR; cPpksa dks iznku djrk gS mldh rqyuk fdlh Hkh ek/;e ls

ugha dh tk ldrh gSA

1- ledkyhu cky lkfgR; % ij[k vkSj igpku] MkW- lqjsUnz foØe] i`"B 17] dq’kh izdk’ku eafnj vehukckn 1988A

2- ckylkfgR; esjs fopkj] MkW- gfjÑ".k nsoljs ¼vktdy uoEcj 2003½] i"B&109 izdk’ku foHkkx] yks/kh jksM ubZ

fnYYkhA

3- uanu uoEcj 2012 i`"B&05] fgUnqLrku VkbZEl ubZ fnYyhA

4- cky lkfgR; leh{kk twu 2007 MkW- ij’kqjke 'kqDy ls egs’k lDlsuk dh ckrphr i`"B&11 jke d`".kuxj dkuiqjA

5- f=ink] vkt ds cky dFkk ys[ku ds lEeq[k pqukSfr;¡k % MkW0 e/kqiar i`"B&19 jk"Vªh; cky Hkou ubZ fnYYkh]

1997A





6- vktdy] uoEcj 2009] i<+us dk vkuan & egsUnz jktk tSu] i- 16A

7- ogh] i`"B 16A

8- vktdy uoEcj 2009 **cPps dh nqfu;k ,d rjg dh tknqbz nqfu;k gS ** &izdk’k euq ls ';ke lq’khy dk fopkj

foe’kZ i`-"B 46A

9- ledkyhu cky lkfgR; % ij[k vkSj igpku] MkW- lqjsUnz foØe] i`"B 17] dq’kh izdk’ku eafnj vehukckn 1988A





,e-,-],e-fQy ckS) v/;;u ih&,p-Mh-v/;;ujr~ MkW- gfj flag xkSj] dsUnzh; fo'ofo|ky;] lkxj ¼e-iz-½

ckS) n'kZu esa cksf/klRo dh vo/kkj.kk dk vR;kf/kd egRo gSA ^cksf/k* dk vFkZ gS& Kku] vfHkKkA ^lRr*]

ikfy&Hkk"kk esa lRr 'kCn dk iz;ksx dbZ :iksa esa fd;k x;k gS tSls rRo] LoHkko inkFkZ rRoA vr% cksf/klRo dk vFkZ gqvkA

ßog O;fDr tks lkjrRo ds :i esa iw.kZ izKk dks j[krk gSA cksf/klRo thfor ,oa thoUr izk.kh gksrk gS] tks foosdh lE;d

rFkk lpsru :i esa fØ;k'khy jgrk gSA vr% cksf/klRo O;fDr lRofHkwf"kr] Kku esa O;fr"kr] cksf/k esa layXu gksrk gSA

cksf/klRo iw.kZ izKk ls vksrizksr yksd&ekaxfyd psruk ds vH;qn; ds fy, cq) ds vk/;kfRed ekxZ ij lEo) gksrk gSA

yksd dY;k.k gsrq vk/;kfRed iFk ij ogh euq"; vxzlj gks ldrk gS ftlesa foosd ,oa dq'kyfpRr ds izfr vH;qRlkg] gks]

cksf/klRo oh;Zoku rFkk dq'ky fpRrksRlkg ls vksrizksr gks dj lnSo fu"dke Hkko ls cksf/k dh izkfIr vkSj yksd&eaxy gsrq

'khy ikjferkvksa dk vuqikyu djrs gSaA vr% cksf/k dk vFkZ gS euq"; ds m)kj dk Kku vkSj mlds fy, iz;Ru djus okyk

euq"; lRo gh cksf/klRo gksrk gSA

cksf/klRo ,slk iq:"k gS tks iw.kZ Kku ds ekaxfyd iFk ij pyrk gqvk Hkkoh cq) dk cks/kd gSA cq)Ro dh izkfIr

dk vkdka{kh cksf/klRo ,d ,slk egku mUnkr iq:"k gksrk gS tks izkf.kek= ds yksd&eaxy rFkk dY;k.k ds fy, lHkh ds

nq%[kksa dk fouk'k djus gsrq vius loZL; lq[kks dk ifjR;kx dj nsrk gS] rFkkxr cq) dk mins'k Fkk tks tkxus ds le;

tkxrk ugha tks r:.k vkSj l'kDr gksus ds ckotwn vkylh vkSj izeknh gS] ftlds fu.kZ; rFkk fu'p; lqn`<+ ugha gS] og

vkylh&iq:"k dHkh Hkh cksf/k&izkfIr ds iFk ij vxzlj ugha gks ldrkA vr% vkneh] ijk&izkd`frd vFkok ckgk 'kfDr;ksa dh

lgk;rk dh vkdka{kk fd, fcuk] viuk nhid Lo;a cus viuh vikj 'kfDr rFkk lkeF;Z dk n'kZu dj lkekU;r% cgqtu

fgrk; ,oa cgqtu lq[kk; dh Hkkouk ls vfHkizsfjr] cq)Ro in dk vkdka{kh rks og gksrk gS ij og vU; izkf.k;ksa ds fgr esa

layXu jgrk gSA tc rd lHkh izkf.k;ksa dk eaxy rFkk dY;k.k ugha gksrk rc rd cksf/klRo gh cus jguk mldk LoHkko

gksrk gSA ikjferk, mlds g`n; esa lEizfrf"Br cq)dkjd /keZ gksrs gSA cksf/klRo dh psruk loZFkk fu"dke gksrh gSA

cksf/klRo ijekFkZ ds fy, yksd&izn'kZu esa vfHk:ph j[krs gSA

cksf/klRo cq)Ro izkIr djus dh nl Hkwfe;k gksrh gS ftuesa og izfrf"Br gksrk gSA bl izdkj izR;sd izk.kh cq)Ro

dh {kerk ls ;qDr gSA cq)&cht izR;sd esa fo|eku gSA izR;sd izk.kh oh;Z izKk ,oa iq:"kkFkZ }kjk cq)Ro dh izkfIr dj

ldrk gSA

lq[kks cq)kueqIiknksa

cq)ksa dk mRiUu gksuk lq[kdkjh gSA

ckS) n'kZu esa ;g iz'u Hkh lnSo mBrk jgk gS fd ftu iap LdU/kksa ls O;fDrRo curk gS] vr% fuokZ.k dh voLFkk

esa mudk vR;Ur fujks/k gksus ij D;k 'ks"k jgrk gS\ rFkkxr us mPNsnokn dk Li"V fujks/k fd;k gS] vr% ;g ekuk tk

ldrk gS fd dqN 'ks"k vo'; jgrk gSA ;|fr cq) us bl iz'u dks fd ßrFkkxr dk ifjfuokZ.k ds ckn D;k gksrk





gSß&vO;kd`r dksfV esa gh j[kk Fkk] fdUrq ckS) ijEijk esa ifjfuokZ.k ds vuUrj rFkkxr dh vfuoZpuh; lRrk dks Lohdkj

dj fy;k x;kA lokZfLroknh ijEijk ;g ekurh gS fd cq) dk HkkSfrd ¼lEHkksx½ dk; rks u'oj gS fdUrq mudk /keZ:ih

'kjhj vu'oj gSA egk;ku esa cq) dks vifjfer vk;q okyk ekudj mudh ikjekfFkZd lRrk dks mlh izdkj vfuoZpuh;

eku fy;k x;k] ftl izdkj mifu"knksa esa czEgk dks vfuoZpuh; ekuk x;k Fkk] lkFk gh mudk rknkRE; /keZdk; ;k

LoHkkodk; dj fn;k vkSj ekuq"kh cq) dks fuekZ.kdk;Z dgdj u'oj dgk x;kA

ckS) n'kZu esa HkfDr dk mn; Hkxor~ /keZ ds izHkko ls izfrQfyr izrhr gksrk gSA ikf.kfu dh v"Vk/;k;h esa

oklqnso dh HkfDr dk mYys[k ns[kus dks feyrk gSA mldk dky bZ-iw- NBh 'krkCnh ekuk x;k gSA bl vk/kkj ij ;g dgk

tk ldrk gS fd NBh 'krkCnh bZ-iw- esa NBh 'krkCnh ekuk x;k gSA bl vk/kkj ij ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd NBh 'krkCnh

bZ-iw- esa oS".ko /keZ dk mn; gks pqdk FkkA ikfy fudk; ds izkphu xzUFkksa esa ßl)kÞ 'kCn feyrk gS] ikfy fudk; ds

izkphure Hkkx dk le; bZ-iw- 5oha 'krh ekuk x;k gSA ikfy fudk; esa loZizFke HkfDr 'kCn dk mYys[k FksjhxkFkk esa feyrk

gSA FksjhxkFkk dk jpuk dky fo}kuksa us bZ-iw- rhljh 'krkCnh ekuk gSA bl izdkj ge ns[krs gSa fd ckS) n'kZu esa ßHkfDrÞ dh

vo/kkj.kk dk mn; Hkkxor~ /keZ ds mn; ds ledkyhu gSA ;gk¡ ;g iz'u mBuk LokHkkfod gh gS fd vxj ckS)ksa us

Hkkxorksa dh ßHkfDrÞ dh vo/kkj.kk dks viuk;k rks muds nsorkvksa dks o"kksZa ugha viuk;k\ ckS) n'kZu esa cksf/klRo dh

dYiuk mudh viuh dYiuk gSA fQj Hkh bruk rks Li"V gksrk gh gS fd cksf/klRo dh vo/kkj.kk ,d izdkj ls vorkjokn

dk ckS)/kehZ; laLdj.k gh gSA bl lanHkZ esa Hkh ckS) n'kZu ij Hkkxor /keZ dk izHkko ns[kk tk ldrk gSA

Jh xksdqy nkl Ms us viuh iqLrd ^^flfXufQdsal ,.M bEiksVszUl vkQ tkrdkt* ds vfUre v/;k; esa ckS)ksa vkSj

Hkkxorksa ds lEcU/k dks tkrdksa ds oSKkfud v/;;u ds vk/kkj ij fl) djus dk iz;kl fd;k gSA os dgrs gSa& ßiwoZorhZ

ckS) n'kZu tkrdksa ds vk/kkj ij Hkkxor /keZ ls izHkkfor jgk gS] D;ksafd Hkkxor /keZ dk ewy vk/kkj HkfDrrRo tkrdksa ,oa

egk;ku xzUFkksa esa loZ= O;kIr gSA x`gLFkksa ds fy, LoxZ lXx vkSj lU;kfl;ksa ds fy, eks{k Hkh nksuksa esa lkekU; :i ls ekU;

gSA vr% ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd ckS) n'kZu ij Hkkxor /keZ dk izHkko iM+k gksxkA

fuo`fRr iz/kku ckS)&n'kZu esa yksd dY;k.k dh mRd`"V Hkkouk ds n'kZu gksrs gSa] ftldk ojeksRd"kZ ^cksf/kp;kZorkj*

uked izfl) xzUFk esa ifjyf{kr gksrk gSA Lo;a Hkxoku~ cq) us cksf/k izkIr djus ds ckn lekf/k lq[k dk ifjR;kx dj

yksdfgrkFkZ ,oa yksd dY;k.k ds fy, dk;Z djuk gh Js;Ldj le>k vkSj mUgksaus vius fHk{kqvksa dks yksdfgr dk gh lUns'k

fn;kA os dgrs gSa& ^pjFk fHkD[kos pkfjd* cgqtu&fgrk; cgqtu&lq[kk; yksdkuqdEik; vRFkk; fgrk; lq[kk; nsoeuqLlkua*

vFkkZr~ gs fHk{kqvksa] ^^cgqtuksa ds fgr ds fy,] cgqtuksa ds lq[k ds fy,] yksd vuqdEik ds fy,] nso vkSj euq";ksa ds lq[k vkSj

fgr ds fy, ifjpkj.k djrs jgksA**

ckS)&/keZ dh egk;ku 'kk[kk dk lk/kd rks vius fuokZ.k lq[k dh Hkh mis{kk dj yksd dY;k.k ds vkn'kZ dks Js"B

ekurk gSA og dgrk gS fd nwljs izkf.k;ksa dks nq%[k eqDr djkus esa esa tks vkuUn feyrk gS ogh i;kZIr gS vius fy, fuokZ.k

izkIr djuk uhjl gS] mlesa gesa D;k ysuk nsukA

yadkorkjlw= esa cksf/klRo ;gk¡ rd dgrs gSa fd eSa rc rd ifj&fuokZ.k esa izos'k ugha d:Waxk tc rd fo'o ds

lHkh izk.kh fuokZ.k izkIr u dj ysaA ;gkWa ij lk/kd ij&nq%[k&foHkqfDr ls feyus okys vkuUn dks Lo&fuokZ.k ds vkuUn ls





Js"B le>dj vius fuokZ.k dk R;kx dj nsrk gSA vkpk;Z 'kkfUnso us vius xzUFk f'k{kk&leqPp; vkSj cksf/kp;kZorkj esa cq)

dh ykd&fgrdkjh nf"V dk vuwBs <ax ls o.kZu fd;k gSA cksf/kp;kZorkj esa cksf/klRo yksd lsok dh Hkkouk ls vuqizekf.kr

gksdj dgrs gSa7 ßeSa O;kf/k nwj gksus rd jksfx;ksa ds fy, vkS"kf/k cuwaxk] oS| cuwaxk vkSj ifjpkjd Hkh cuwaxk] vUu&iku dh

o"kkZ ls Hkw[k vkSj I;kl ls gksus okyh O;Fkk feVkÅWaxk rFkk nqfHkZ{kkUrj dYiksa ls Hkkstu&iku cuwaxk] nfjnz izkf.k;ksa ds fy,

l{k; fuf/k cuwaxk vkSj ukuk izdkj ds midj.kksa ls muds lkeus mifLFkr jgwaxkA ßvkxs og dgrs gSa& ßeSa vukFkksa dk ukFk]

;kf=;ksa dk lkFk okg] ikj tkus dh bPNk okyks ds uko] larq vkSj csM+k cuWawxk] bl izdkj txr ds lHkh izkf.k;ksa dh lsok

d:WaxkA ^^ftl izdkj iFoh] ty] vfXu vkfn HkkSfrd oLrq;sa lEiw.kZa vkdk'k ¼fo'o e.My½ esa cls lHkh izkf.k;ksa ds lq[k dk

dkj.k gksrh gSa] mlh izdkj vkdk'k ds uhps jgus okys lHkh izkf.k;ksa dk mithO; cudj rc rd jguk pkgrk gWaw] tc rd

lHkh izk.kh eqfDr izkIr u dj ysaAÞ

bl izdkj O;fDrxr lq[k dh mis{kk dj nwljs ds nq%[k dks nwj djuk gh cksf/klRo dk pje y{; jgk gS vkSj os

dgrs gSa fd& ßvius lq[k dks vyx j[k vkSj nwljksa dks nq%[k ¼nwj djus½ esa yx] nwljksa dk lsod cudj bl dk;k esa tks

dqN oLrq ns[k] mlls nwljksa dk fgr djAÞ fQj og dgrs gSa& nwljs ds nq%[k ls vius lq[k dks fcuk cnys cq)Ro dh

flf) ugha gks ldrh] fQj lalkj esa lq[k gS gh dgkWa\ ;fn ,d ds nq%[k mBkus ls cgqrksa dk nq%[k pyk tk;s rks vius vkSj

ijk;s ij dik djds og nq%[k mBkuk gh pkfg,A

cksf/kp;kZorkj esa fu%LokFkZ gksdj deZ djus dh vo/kkj.k ij cy fn;k x;k gSA ftl izdkj fd 'kjhj ds vo;o

iSj esa dkWaVk yxus ij gkFk mldks fudkydj nq%[k nwj djrk gSA tcfd gkFk dks iSj ij nq%[k ugha gksrkA mlh izdkj

lHkh izkf.k;ksa dks nwljksa dks nq%[k ls cpkus dk iz;Ru djuk pkfg,] D;ksafd ijksidkj djds ge vius lekt :ih 'kjhj dks

gh lUrqf"V djrs gSaA ßftl izdkj Lo;a dks Hkkstu djkdj Qy dh vk'kk ugha gksrh gS mlh izdkj ijkFkZ djds u xoZ gks

ldrh gS] u foLe;**A ßblfy, ,dek= ijksidkj dh vfHkyk"kk ls ijksidkj djds Hkh u xoZ djuk pkfg, vkSj u foLe;

vkSj u foikd Qy dh bPNk ghAÞ

cksf/klRo dh yksddY;k.kdkjh vfHkyk"kk bruh egku gS fd muds jkse&jkse ls mPpfjr gksrk gS fd lalkj dks

dksbZ izk.kh nq%[kh u gks] ikih u gks] jksxh u gks] ghu u gks] frjLd`r vkSj nq"V fpRr u gksA txr dk tks nq%[k gS og lc

eSa Hkksxwa vkSj esjs lc iq.;ksa ls txr lq[kh gksA

;gh yksd eaxy dk mRd`"V :i gS tgkWa nwljs ds fgr ds fy, vius fgr dk Hkh R;kx dj fn;k tkrk gSA

tc ge dik vkSj iq:"kkFkZ ds izR;;ksa dh ckr djrs gSa rks gekjh ewy leL;k ;g gksrh gS fd euq"; ds nq%[k vkSj

ihM+k,sa mlds vius iz;Ruksa ls nwj gksrh gSa ;k fdlh nSoh 'kfDr dh dìk ls! lkekU;r;k bZ'ojoknh n'kZuksa esa bZ'ojh; dik

dks gh nq%[k foeqfDr dk ,dek= vk/kkj ekuk x;k gS] muesa O;fDr ds iz;Ru ;k iq:"kksa dk dksbZ LFkku gks ldrk gS rks

ek= bruk gh fd og vius dks bZ'ojh; ;k nsoh dìk izkIr djus dk ik= cuk nsA blds foijhr vuh'ojoknh /keksZ esa

fo'ks"k :i ls ckS) vkSj tSu /keZ esa bZ'ojh; dìk dks vLohdkj gh fd;k x;k gSA izkjfEHkd ckS) n'kZu esa ge Li"V :i ls

iq:"kkFkZokn dk gh leFkZu ikrs gSaA ;|fi ckS) n'kZu esa cq)] /keZ vkSj la?k dh 'kj.k xzg.k djus dk fo/kku gS fdUrq ;g

fo/kku fdlh dik dks izkIr djus ds fy, ugha gS cfYd lk/ku ds {ks= esa eukscy ls vkxs c,+us ds fy, gSA

egkifjuCckulqRr esa cq) Li"V :i ls dgrs gSa fd gs vkuUn] rqe viuh 'kj.k xzg.k djks] vkRe&nhi gksdj ds fopj.k

djksA rFkkxr rks dsoy ekxZ&n'kZu djkus okys gSa] dk;Z rks rqEgsa Lo;a djuk gksxkA cq) ;gkWa dksbZ ,slk Li"V vk'oklu

ugha nsrs gS fd rqe esjh 'kj.k xzg.k djks] eSa viuh dìk ls rqEgkjs lc nq%[k nwj dj nwaxkA ckS) n'kZu ds vuqlkj

lRo'kqf) dk tks ifjikd gksuk gS og vius Lo;a ds iz;Ruksa ls gh gksrk gS] mlesa nwljkd ksbZ lgk;d ugha gks ldrkA

fdUrq ;fn ge bl vo/kkj.kk dks Lohdkj dj ysrs gSa rks fQj ckS) n'kZu esa cq) dh d:.kk dk D;k LFkku jgsxk\





izkjfEHkd ckS) n'kZu vkSj tSu /keZ esa Hkh cq) vkSj rhFkZdj dks ije dk:f.kd dgk x;k gS] os d:.kk ds vorkj gSA

rhFkZdj leLr yksd dh ihM+k dks tkudj /keZ dk mins'k nsrs gSa] mlh izdkj cq) Hkh izkf.k;ksa ds nq%[k dks nwj djus ds

fy, /keZ&pØ dk izorZu djrs gSaA

cq)Ro dh vo/kkj.kk esa lcls egRoiw.kZ vlaxfr ckS) n'kZu dk vukReokn dk fl)kUr dgk tkrk gSA cq) us

r`".kk ds lexz mPNsn ds fy, vukReokn dk mins'k fn;kA ;g ckr izFke nf"V esa Bhd rks yxrh gS] fdUrq vkykspdksa dks

dFku gS fd ;fn ckS) n'kZu bZ'oj ,oa vkRek dh lRrk dks Lohdkj ugha djrk rks fQj mlesa cq)Ro vkSj cksf/klRo dh

vo/kkj.kk;sa fdl izdkj ls laxfriw.kZa gks ldrh gSa\ tc rd fdlh fuR; vkRe lRrk dks Lohdkj ugha fd;k tkrk rc rd

ge ;g dSls dg ldrs gSa fd dksbZ O;fDr cksf/klRo gks ldrk gS] cq)Ro dks izkIr gks ldrk gS\ ;fn vkRek ugha gS rks

fQj cksf/kfpRr dk mRikn dkSu izkIr djsxk\ iqu% ,d vkSj ckS) n'kZu ;g ekudj Hkh pyrk gS fd izR;sd lRo cq)&cht

gS fdUrq ;fn dksbZ fuR; vfLrRo gh ugha gS rks fQj og cq) cht dSls gksxk vkSj dSls og cksf/klRo gksdj fofHkUu tUeksa

esa ikjferkvksa dks ikj djrk gqvk cq)Ro dks izkIr djsxk\ egklkaf?kdksa us cq) ds :idk; dks vej vkSj mudh vk;q dks

vuUr ekuk gSA

l)eZiq.Mjhd esa Hkh ;g dgk x;k gS fd cq) dh vk;q vifjfer gSA ;fn cq) dk :idk; vuUr] vej ,oa

vifjfer gS rks fQj {kf.kd&okn dh vo/kkj.kk dSls lqlaxr fl) gksxh\ iqu% tc ;g eku fy;k tkrk gS fd cq)

fuekZ.kdk; ds }kjk ukuk :iksa esa izdV gksdj yksd fgr ds fy, mins'k djrs gSa] rks fQj ;g iz'u LokHkkfod :i ls gh

mRiUu gksrk gS fd fdlh fuR; rRo dks ekus fcuk ;g fuekZ.kdk; dh jpuk dkSu djrk gSA ,d ckj lkekU; O;fDr ds

lUnHkZ esa ;g ckr cks/kxE; gks ldrh gS fd og {k.k&{k.k ifjorZu'khy gS] fdUrq cq) dh ifjorZu'khyrk fdl vk/kkj ij

fl) gksxh\ bl izdkj ge ns[krs gSa fd vukReoknh vkSj {kf.kdoknh nk'kZfud <kWaps esa cq)Ro vkSj cksf/klRo dh vo/kkj.kk;sa

lqlaxr ugha yxrh gSa] ;fn ge fo'kqf)eXx dh Hkk"kk esa dgsa fd fØ;k rks gS drkZ ugha] ekxZ rks gS pyus okyk ugha] rks

fQj ekxZ dk mins'kd dSls gks ldrk gS\ og dkSu&lk lRo ;k fpRr gS tks cq)Ro dks izkIr djrk gS vkSj ije

dk:f.kd gksdj tu&tu ds dY;k.k ds fy, ;qx&;qx rd iz;Ru'khy cuk jgrk gS\

egk;kulw=kyadkj esa ;g Hkh dgk x;k gS fd cq) ds rhuksa dk; vk'k;] vkJ; vkSj deZ ls fufoZ'ks"k gSa] vr%

rhuksa dk;ksZa esa rhu izdkj dh fuR;rk le>uh pkfg, ftlds dkj.k rFkkxr fuR; dgykrs gSaA LokHkkfod dk; dh LoHkko

ls fuR; gksus ds dkj.k izd`fr ls fuR;rk gS lkEHkkSfxd dk; dk /keZ lEHkksx ds vfoPNsn ds dkj.k vlzlur% ¼vP;qfrr%½

fuR;rk gS] uSekZf.kd dh vUrO;Z; esa iqu%&iqu% fufeZr nz"V gksus ds dkj.k izcU/k&fuR;rk gSA iz'u ;g gksrk gS fd ,dkUr

:i ls {kf.kd&oknh n'kZu esa cq) ds f=dk;ksa dh rhu fuR;rk;sa dSls lEHko gks ldrh gSa\ buesa pkgs fdlh Hkh :i esa

fuR;rk dks Lohdkj fd;k tk;s] fuf'pr gh gesa {kf.kdokn ls ihNs gVuk gksxkA tc dksbZ vkRe&lRrk gh ugha gS rks fQj

cksf/klRo dkSu cusxk vkSj cq)Ro dks dkSu izkIr djsxk vkSj dkSu nl ikjferkvksa dh lk/kuk djsxk\ ;fn og fpRr ftlus

cks/k dks izkIr fd;k] ftlus fofHkUu ikjferkvksa dh lkkuk dh vkSj tks vUr esa cq)Ro dks izkIr djrk gS] ;fn fdlh izdkj

ds ,dRo ls jfgr gS vFkkZr~ lzksrkiUu gksdj fofHkUu ikjferkvksa dh lk/kuk djrs gq, cq)Ro dks izkIr djus okyk ^ôgha**

ugha gS rks fQj cq)Ro dk lkjk n'kZu pjejk tk;sxkA

esjh n`f"V esa ckS) n'kZu dh vksj ls mijksDr vlaxfr;ksa dk ;fn dksbZ izR;qRrj gks ldrk gS rks og ;gh gksxk fd

bu lcdh laxfriw.kZ foospuk fpRr larfr ;k fpRr /kkjk ds :i esa dh tk ldrh gS fQj Hkh bl fpRr /kkjk esa Hkh dksbZ

,d ,slk ;kstd lw= vo'; ekuuk gksxk ftlds vk/kkj ij os fpRr{k.k ,d nwljs ls i`Fkd gksdj Hkh i`Fkd ugha jgrs gSaA

bl lanHkZ esa ckS) n'kZu vkSj n'kZu ds ofj"B fo}ku ia-txUukFk th mik/;k; dk dguk Fkk fd& ßcq) ds lEcU/k

esa tks f=dk;ksa dh vo/kkj.kk gS mldk vFkZ ;g ugha gs fd dksbZ fuR; vkRelRrk gS] tks dk;ksZa dks /kkj.k djrh gSAÞ





oLrqr% ;s dk; ijkFkZ ds mik; ;k lk/ku ekus x;s gSaA ftl fpRr /kkjk ls cksf/kfpRr dk mRikn gksrk gSA og cks f/kfpRr

bu dk;ksZa ds ek/;e ls ijkFkZ djrk gS] blfy, cq)Ro dksbZ ,d O;fDr ugha gS] vfirq ,d izfØ;k gSA tc ge /keZdk; dh

fuR;rk ekurs gSa] rks og O;fDr dh fuR;rk ugha] izfØ;k dh fuR;rk gSA /keZ dks fuR;rk ekxZ fuR;rk gSA /keZdk; fuR; gS

bldk rkRi;Z gS fd /keZ ;k ikfjfuokZ.k ds mik; fuR; gSaA vr% bu dk;ksZa dh vo/kkj.kk dks gesa u rks dksbZ fuR; vkRek

ds :i esa le>uk pkfg,A

ckS) n'kZu esa cq) dks /keZpØ dk izorZd rFkk /keZ dk 'kkLrk dgk x;k gSA efT>efudk;] la;qDr fudk;

rFkk dFkkoLrq esa cq) dks vuqizUu ekxZ dk izorZd] ekxZ&nz"Vk ,oa ekxZ dks tkuus okyk dgk x;k gSA okLro esa cq) mls

dgrs gSa ftlus ckS)Ro] cksf/k izkIr dh gks] vkSj cksf/k fpRr dh og psrfld rFkk uSfrd lE;d fLFkfr gS] ftls dksbZ Hkh

dsoy vius ekuoh; iz;kl ls izkIr dj ldrk gSA fl)kFkZ xkSre ftUgksaus cq)Ro izkIr dj ns'kukvksa ,oa fopkjksa ls ckS)

n'kZu dk izknqHkkZo gqvk tks ,d u;h [kkst Fkh dksbZ bZ'ojh; vfHkO;fDr ughaA rFkkxr cq) dk /keZn'kZu ekuoh; iz;kl dk

izfrQy FkkA ;gh dkj.k gS fd cq) us vius ckjs esa ,d euq"; gksus ds vfrfjDr vU; dksbZ nkok ugha fd;k] tSlk fd

vusd /keZ&laLFkkidksa us Lo;a dks bZ'oj dk nwr ;k csVk crykdj vius vkidks izfrf"Br fd;k fuLlansg xkSre cq) ds

thou p;kZ dk fo'ys"k.k djus ij ge] cq) dks lEiw.kZa :i esa fodflr gq, ,d ekuo ds :i esa ns[krs gSA og vius ekxZ

ij Lo;a pys vkSj vU; izkf.k;ksa dks Hkh ;gh mins'k fn;k fd os Lo;a cryk, x, ekxZ dk vuqlj.k djsa gj vkneh dks

Lo;a vius nq%[k&d"Vksa dk fuokj.k djuk gSA cq) us dgk ßge tks dqN Hkh gS] og lHkh dqN vius fopkjksa ds ifj.kke gS]

vius fopkjksa dh Qy&Jqfr gS] vius fopkjksa ls fufeZr gSaAÞ

cq)Ro] cksf/klRo dh vo/kkj.kk dk fo'ys"k.k ckS) n'kZu esa vusd ifjdYiuk }kjk fd;k x;k gS vkSj bl

ifjdYiuk esa vU; izpfyr /keksZ dk izHkko Hkh fn[krk gS] tks vorkj okn] peRdkj] iquZtUe] vkRek vkSj nsorkvksa ds :i

esa ikfy lkfgR; esa cq) vFkok cq)Ro dh vo/kkj.kk dks] izLrqr djrk gSA cq) dks Je.k] czkEg.k] osnK] fHk"kd] fueZy]

foey] Kkuh] foeqDr vkfn ukeks ls Hkh iqdkjk x;k gSA cq) 'kCn dk vFkZ gS& tkxzr ckS) n'kZu esa izR;sd izk.kh oh;Z] izKk

vkSj iq:"kkFkZ }kjk cq)ro dks izkIr dj ldrk gSA izR;sd izk.kh cq)&cht gS vkSj cq)Ro dh {kerk ls ;qDr gSA xkSre Hkh

vius iq:"kkFkZ ls gh lE;d Kku izkIr dj ^^Hkxoku cq)** ;k ^^lE;d lacq)** cusA ;s'okn ds vuqlkj os Kku vkSj izKk ds

{ks= esa vykSfdd gksrs gq, Hkh 'kkjhfjd /keksZ dh n`f"V ls vU; euq";ksa ds leku gh ekus x;s FksA fdUrq Øe'k% muds

O;fDrRo esa vU; vykSfddrkvksa dks izos'k feyrk x;kA Fksjokn ds cq) dk y{; vius Dys'kksa ls eqfDr ikdj vgZr in

izkIr djuk gksrk gS] tcfd egk;ku dk cq) lalkj ds lHkh izkf.k;ksa ds fuokZ.k ykHk ds ckn gh Lo;a dk fuokZ.k pkgrk gSA

;|fi ckS) n'kZu fuR; vkRerRo dks ekuus ls bUdkj djrk gS] fQj Hkh mlesa fpRr/kk'k dks ekuoj cksf/klRo vkSj cq) dh

lRrk dks Lohdkj fd;k x;k gSA

1- xqIr MkW- jes'kpUnz % rhFkZadj cq) vkSj vorkj okjk.klh % ik'koZukFk fo|kJe 'kks/k] 2014

2- es/kadj HknUr lkoaxh % ikfy okM~e; esa cksf/klRo fl)kar ukxiqj % cq) Hkwfe izdk'ku] 1992

3- flag MkW- lqjsUn iky % tkrd foe'kZ bykgkckn % lkfgR; HkaMkj 50] pkgpUnz] 2003

4- egkLFkfoj vkpk;Z vuq:) ¼vuqoknd dkSlY;k;u HknUr vkuUn½ % vfHk/kEeR;laxgk] ukxiqj] cq) Hkwfe] 2005

5- vuqoknd&'kkL=h vkpk;Z 'kkfUrnso 'kkfUr fHk{kq % cksf/kp;kZorkj ukxiqj] cq) Hkwfe 2000

6- tkVo& MkW- Mh-vkj % cq) vkSj ckS) /keZ& n'kZu t;iqj % lerk lkfgR; lnu] 1996

7- ih- y{eh ujlq vuqoknd dkSlY;k;u MkW HknUr vkuan % ckS) n'kZu dk lkj ukxiqj] cq) Hkwfe 1989

8- MkW- /keZdhfrZ % cq) dk lekt n'kZu] ubZ fnYyh % lE;d izdk'ku] 2008

9- vEcsMdj MkW- Hkhejko vuqoknd dkSlY;k;u MkW] HknUr vkuUn % cq) vkSj mudk /kEe ukxiqj] cq) HkwfeA





’kks/k Nk=k] fganh] jkuh nqxkZorh fo’ofo|ky;] tcyiqj

l`f"V dh mRifRr ls gh thou vkSj /keZ vVwV ca/ku esa ca/aks gq, gSaA lH;rk dh ’k:vkr ls gh /keZ ,d

ijaijk gSA ledkyhu miU;klkas eas xzkeh.krk ds ifjos’k dks n’kkZus esa /kkfeZdrk dh vge~ Hkwfedk gSA xzkeh.kksa ds vareZu esa

/kkfeZd vkLFkk viuh xgjh tM+as tek;s jgrh gSA vkt ds oSKkfud] ifjorZu’khy] vk/kqfud ;qx esa /keZ dk ewY; xzkeh.k

thou ij fdruk izHkkoh gSA vk/kqfudrk dh nkSM+ esa /kkfeZd ewY; dgha fiNM+rs rks ugha tk jgs gSa\ ledkyhu

miU;kldkjksa us xzkeh.k /keZ O;oLFkk dk v/;;u dj xzkeh.k thou esa fo’okl] J)k ,oa ekU;rkvksa ls ljkcksj /kkfeZd

Hkkouk dk ltho fp=.k miU;klkas esa djrs gq, /kkfeZd ifjos’k dks of.kZr fd;k gSA ledkyhurk ds fo’ks"k lanHkZ eas o"kZ

1980 ls lu~ 2010 rd ds miU;klks a esa Hkh xzkeh.k /kkfeZd ifjos’k viuh ijaijkvksa dks laofgr dj jgk gSA

/keZ lH;rk vkSj laLd`fr dk ewyk/kkj g SA /keZ esa gh ekuo cqf) dks dq’kkxzrk vkSj ekuo eu lkSan;Z Hkkouk ls

ltk;k gSA /keZ ,d ’kfDr Hkh gS vkSj fo’okl HkhA /keZ O;fDr dks ’kkafr] ln~Hkko vkSj la;e dh lh[k nsrk gSA ^^/keZ dh

vo/kkj.kk vykSfdd ’kfDr;ksa ds izfr vkLFkk l s lacaf/kr jgh gSA /keZ dqN fuf’pr izdkj ds rF;ksa rFkk fo’oklksa] O;ogkjksa]

Hkkoukvksa] laosxksa] n`f"Vdks.kksa vkfn ls laacaf/kr gSA^^1

/keZ dh ifjHkk"kk fofHkUu fo}kuksa us fo’ysf"kr dh gS &

^^/keZ lkaLd`frd O;ogkjksa dk izfreku gS] ftlds varxZr ifo= ,oa ekU; fo’oklks] lkaosfxd Hkkoukvksa vkfn dk

O;kid fØ;kUo;u gksrk gSA^^2

^^/keZ ds varxZr O;ogkj ds os lHkh izfreku vk tkrs gSa ftuesa euq"; nSfud thou dh vfuf’prrkvksa dks U;wure

djus dk ,oa vizR;kf’kr rFkk Hkfo";ok.kh u fd;s tk ldus okys ladVksa dh {kfriwfrZ dk iz;Ru djrs gSaA^^3 MkW- vEcsMdj

ds vuqlkj & ^^/keZ izR;sd O;fDr ds fy, vfuok;Z gSA /keZ dh mis{kk djuk ltho laosnukvksa dh mis{kk djuk gSA /keZ

,d O;oLFkk rFkk ’kfDr gSA /keZ dk lkezkT; Hkys gh [kRe gks x;k gks ijUrq /keZ vkt Hkh lkekftd psruk ds :Ik esa

yksxksa ds efLr"d esa ekStwn gSA^^4 ^^/keZ og vuq’kklu gS] tks varjkRek dks Li’kZ djrk gS vkSj gesa cqjkbZ vkSj dqfRldrk ls

la?k"kZ djus esa lgk;d gksrk gSA dke] Øks/k vkSj yksHk ls gekjh j{kk djrk gS] uSfrd cy dks mUeqDr djrk gS] lalkj dks

cpkus dk egku dk;Z ds fy, lkgl iznku djrk gSA^^5

Hkkjrh; xzkeh.k lekt dks lapkfyr djus okys rRoksa ds varxZr /keZ dk egRoiw.kZ LFkku gSA ije lRrk eas

fo’okl djus dh Hkkouk /keZ dk mn~Hko LFky gSA izd`fr ij fuHkZjrk dk dkj.k xzkeh.k /keZ ij vf/kd fo’okl djrs gSaA

xzkeh.kksa ds gj lq[k&nq[k dk iznkrk ijes’oj gksrk gSa

Lkedkyhu miU;klkas esa xzkeh.k /keZ laca/kh ifjos’k dks pkj fcanqvksa esa ifjyf{kr fd;k tk ldrk gS &

1- /kkfeZd vkLFkk

2- va/kfo’okl

3- Hkwr&izsr] xqfu;k] pqM+Sy dh ifjdYiuk





4- eukSfr;k¡

xzkeh.kksa dh /kkfeZd vkLFkk muds O;ofLFkr thou dk ekxZ iz’kLr djrk gSA df"k iz/kku thou ds ?kksj vkinkvksa

,oa ladV ds chp /keZ mUgsa uSfrd cy iznku djrk gSA bZ’oj esa vVwV vkLFkk vkSj /kkfeZd xzUFkksa] ’kkL=ksa] iqjk.kksa dk

mins’k i<+us vkSj lquus ds fy, xzkeh.k mRlqd jgrs gSaA

^^dqlqek HkkHkh ugk&/kksdj ikl vk cSBh eUnkfduh jkek;.k i<+us cSB x;hA cÅ viuk p’ek yxkdj xkSj ls

ns[krs gq, cksyh] ^^csVk jke&ou&xeu dh pkSikbZ ck¡p nksA^^6

xzkeh.k thou ds eqfLye /keZ dh vkLFkk dk fp=.k Hkh ledkyhu miU;klksa esa izfrfcfEcr fd;k gSA bLyke /keZ

ls lacaf/kr eqgjZe ds ekre ds le; i<+k tkus okyk eflZ;k ’kksdxhr dk fooj.k Hkh feyrk gSA

Xkzkeh.k fu/kZurk vkSj csclh dks nwj djus dk Nykok nsrs gq, dqN /keZ ifjorZu dh ?kVuk,¡ Hkh gksrh jgh gSaA

vYek dcwrjh miU;kl esa jkeflag dgrk gS ^^fQjax yksx eqlyeku ugha cukrs Fks] ihB ij gkFk Qsjdj fxjtk?kj ys tkrs

FksA fgUnw yksx eq¡g Qsj pqds Fks Fks rks os ?kqearw dgk¡ lgkjk ysrs\ xkSj lkgc NksVh pht dks cM+h utj ls ns[kus okys---

dgrs rqEgkjk Hkxoku rqEgsa nxk ns x;k] bZ’kq ij Hkjkslk djks :iflag] fojkV flag] vkSj izrki flag tSls ukeksa ls rqEgsa

xhnM+ dh rjg Hkxk;k gSA tkWu] MsfoM] lSelu cuksA lhrk&lkfoh=h vkSj in~feuh cudj D;k feyk\ esjh] ekfj;k vkSj

,uh cudj ihus dk ikuh] iguus ds fy, diM+k vkSj [kkus ds fy, vUu feysxkA^^8

Xkzkeh.k LFkkuh; nsoh&nsorkvksa dh iwtk djrs gSa mŸkj Hkkjrh; xzkeh.k vyduank nsoh] flagokfguh nsoh] egkekbZ

nsoh dkyh ekbZ] lhrkeS;k] nqxkZ ekrk] czg~ek&ckck] vxLr _f"k dks iwtrs gSa] tcfd nf{k.k Hkkjrh; xzkeh.k nqxZEek]

,YyEek] eSlEek] lEedYk] lkjyEek] d~VeSlEek vkSj efYydktqZu dks iwtrs gSaA eafnjksa vkSj pcwrjksa ij Hkh nqxkZ dkyhu

nsoh vkSj ohj nsork guqeku gh lcls iz/kku gksrs gSaA

^^rks ;g eafnj vHkh mlh rjg fojkteku gS eatqyk ysfdu mnkl&mnkl yx jgk gSA ugha pkpk th] uojk= esa

nsf[k,xk ;gk¡ dh xgekxgehA pqujh] dM+kgh] ipjk ls ;g /kku dSlk xqytkj gks mBsxakA9





^^xqPpu ?kj ls ykirk gks x,A os iwjs nks fnu ykirk jgsA varr% os guqeku Vksfj;k esa feys guqeku Vksfj;k

vyhiqjk ds ikl ds taxy esa ,d mtkM+ lh igkM+h ij cuk guqeku th dk eafnj Fkk tgk¡ ,d ckck us viuk eB tSlk

cuk fy;k FkkA^^10

/kkfeZd ifjos’k esa /kkfeZd vkLFkk] fo’okl] iwtu fof/k&fo/kku tgk¡ xzkeh.k tuthou esa viuh tM+sa tek, gq, gSa]

ogha nwljh vksj va/kfoo’okl] ’kxqu&vi’kxqu] ra=&ea=] Hkzkfed vkSj dkYifud fu;e ls tqM+s vusd mnkgj.k Hkh xzkeh.k

thou ij izHkko tek, gq, gS aA lddkyhu miU;klksa esa va/kfo’okl mtkxj djrs vusd mnkgj.k gSaA ^^ljsfg ls [kkyh

gkFk ugha ykSVuk pkfg,A cktkj ls fcuk lkSnk fy, vkSj tyk’k; ls [kkyh crZu fy, ykSVuk v’kqHk gksrk gSA^^11

lksukekVh] Mwc eaxy&Hkou] uekfe xzkee chl cjl] vYek dcwrjh] xzke lsfodk] Xykscy xk¡o ds nsork] ekVh

dgs dqEgkj ls tSls ledkyhu miU;klksa esa va/kfo’oklh xzkeh.k dFkk&ik=ksa dh Hkjekj gSA ^chl cjl^ miU;kl esa f’kf{kr

bathfu;j lkgc Hkh va/kfo’oklh cu tkrs gSaA ^^;g lkgl ugha gS] LokFkZ gS os bathfu;j lkgc th gSa u ijEijk ds ekeys

esa cgqr dk;j gSaA iwtk ikB djrs gSaA lkbu&oksbr ns[kdj ;k=k djrs gSaA tksV&Vksx esa fo’okl j[krs gSa] NqvkNwr dks

[kwc ekurs gSa ysfdu lc vius LokFkZ ds fy,A^^12 xzkeh.k vkfnoklh fdlku Hkh vusd va/kfo’oklksa ls tqM+dj [ksrh djrs

gSaA ^^njvly vc Hkh dqN yksxksa ds eu esa ;g ckr cSBh gqbZ gS fd /kku dks vkneh ds [kwu esa lkudj fcpM+k Mkyus ls

Qly cgqr vPNh gksrh gSA blfy, bl lhtu esa dqN eqM+hdVok yksx ?kwers jgrs gSaA13 xzkeh.k efLr"d Toj vkSj fo’ke

Toj tSlh laØked egkekjh vkus ij Hkh bykt u djokdj va/kfo’okl esa viuh ftanxh xaok nsrs gSaA ^^>ksiM+iV~Vh ds

cqtqxksZa us dgk & ;gk¡ dh jhr ds vuqlkj uhe xkN dh ^lhryk eb;k^ ds ikl nk: dh cksry njdkdj ,d eqxsZ dh

cfy ns nksA tks cpsaxs lks cpsaxs ugha cpus okys lhryk eb;k dh lokjh cu tk,¡xsA^^14

xzkekapfyd tu&thou esa vKku vf’k{kk] /kekZU/krk vkSj nfjnzrk ds dkj.k Hkwr&izsr] >kM+&Qw¡d] xqfu;k] pqM+Sysa]

vks>k] vkfn Ikj fo’okl j[kuk lkekftd fjokt gSA ledkyhu miU;klksa esa Hkh mu fdLlkas dk mnkgj.k gSA lksukHkkVh

dkykty /kkj] eaxy&Hkou ikj] uekfe xzkee] chl cjl] vy dcwrjh] xzke lsfodk] Xykscy xk¡o ds nsork miU;klksa esa Hkh

izsr laca/kh vusd vo/kkj.kk,¡ ns[kus dks feyrh gSaA

^^lk¡Ik dkVs egqvkjh esa cje ckck ds ;gk¡ tkrs gSa] lefiZr gksdj vPNs tkrs gSaA os gh bu nsgkr ds >kM+&Qw¡d

djus okys vkSj xquh oS| gSaA^^15

miU;klksa esa e`rkRek ds ikl Qfj’rksa ds vkusdh dYiuk Hkh dh tkrh gSA ^^lkjh ?k`.kk] Øks/k ;k bZ";kZ Hkwydj eSaus

e ugh eu nqvk dh [kqnk lYyks vk;k rks c[“ks mudh :g dks lqdwu ns vkSj D;k lpeqp vk;k dh dcz esa Qfj” rs

xq:t ds dksM+s ysdj mrjs gksaxsaA^^16

vkfnoklh tutkfr;k¡ Hkwr&izsr dh dìk Hkh thou esa vko’;d ekurs gSaA fi’kkp&ck/kk ls eqfDr ikus ds dk;Z

mik; Hkh djrs gSaA

^^Mhgckck dqN o’kZ igys ck¡/ks x, FksA xk¡o ds reke Hkwr&izsr] pqM+Sy vkSj ftu oxSjg idM+s x,A vks>k&lks[kk

yksxksa us cgqr Je fd;k FkkA xk¡o esa lHkh nsork dh iwtk gqbZ vkSj xk¡o dks fufoZ?u cukus ds fy, Hkwrksa dks cSBk fn;k

x;kA^^17

Xkzkekapfyd lekt esa bfPNr dk;Z iwjk gksus gsrq] vkifŸk;ksa ls N qVdkjk ikus gsrq nsoh&nsork] ihj ckck ;k

lar&egkRek esa eukSfr;k¡ ek¡xus dh Hkkouk ds mnkgj.k ^lksukHkkVh^] ^/kkj^] ^chl cjl^ tSls ledkyhu miU;klksa esaa feyrs

gSaA ^^mUgsa ,d :Ik;k Fkek;k vkSj mUgksaus Lo;a ?kh nsdj gkse lEiUu fd;kA HkLe dk fryd yxk ds ckcw lkgc us nsoh dk

n’kZu dj eukSrh iwjh dhA^^18





fu"d"kZr% xzkeh.k thou esa nsoh&nsorkvksa ,oa bZ’oj ij vkLFkk ,d vkarfjd mRlo gSA /keZ dh ckxMksj etcwrh

ls idM+s xzkeh.k lq[kh thou O;rhr djrs gSaA ledkyhu miU;klksa esa xzkeh.k /kkfeZd ifjos’k ikBd oxZ dks Hkh J)k o

vkLFkk ls ljkcksj djrk gSA

1. xqIr] MkW- fo’kEHkj n;ky ¼1980½] gkFkjl] lhrk izdk’ku] i`- 109A

2. D;wcj tkWu] lksL;ksykWth] , fluksIlhl vkWQ fizUlhiYl

3. oLdh] efyuksoLdh

4. ;kno] jktsUnz] vxLr ¼2002½] fgUnh ekfld if=dk] ubZ fnYyh & 2] v{kj izdk’ku] ubZ fnYyh] i`- 45

5. Ikq"ik] eS=s;h ¼1978½] eksrhyky cukjlhnkl izdk’ku] ubZ fnYyh] i`- 45

6. Ikq"ik] eS=s;h ¼1994½] u;h fnYyh]jktdey izdk’ku i`- 73

7. ’kkuh ¼1985½] u;h fnYyh]jktdey isij cSDl] i`- 224

8. iq"ik] eS=s;h ¼2000½] u;h fnYyh]jktdey izdk’ku] i`- 129&130A

9. feJ] jkenj“k ¼1996½] u;h fnYyh]ok.kh izdk’ku]i`- 43A

10. prqosZnh] Kku ¼1999½] u;h fnYyh] jktdey izdk’ku] i- 122

11. jk;] foosdh ¼1983½] fnYyh] izHkkr izdk’ku] i- 147A

12. feJk] jkenj’k ¼1996½] ubZ fnYyh] ok.kh izdk’ku]i`- 15A

13. j.ksUnz] ¼2009½] u;h fnYyh] Hkkjrh; KkuihB izdk’ku] i- 12A

14. fefFkys’oj ¼2009½] ubZ fnYyh] Hkkjrh; KkuihB] i- 35&36

15. jk;] MkW- foosdh ¼1983½] u;h fnYyh] izHkkr izdk’ku] i`- 462A

16. ’kkuh ¼1985½] u;h fnYyh] jktdey isij cSDl] i`- 304A







% mi’kkL=h; laxhr dk bfrgkl ,oa fodkl ls rkRi;Z ;g gS fd blds ek/;e ls NksVh&NksVh txg esa ,d

cM+s Hkko dks fpf=r djus ds leku gh bl ’kSyh esa FkksM+s ’kCnksa eas Lojksa ds lgkjs foLr``r] O;kid Hkko&foEc mHkkjs tkrs gSaA

rkRi;Z ;g gS fd mi’kkL=h; xk;u ’kSyh esa xhr ds ,d NksVs in dks fofHkUu Loj la;kstuksa dk lgkjk iznku dj fou;]

vkxzg] ykpkjh] csclh] izse] J)k] nhurk] leiZ.k bR;kfn Hkkoksa dks lkaxhfrd vfHkO;fDr iznku dh tkrh gSA

mi’kkL=h; laxhr esa ’kkL=h; laxhr rFkk yksd laxhr vFkok ’kkL=h; laxhr vkSj yksdfiz; laxhr

tSls if’peh ;k ikWi dk feJ.k gksrk gSA ,sls laxhr dks yksdfiz; cukus ;k fo’k s"k izHkko mRiUu djus ds fy, budk

iz;ksx fQ+Yeksa ;k ukVdksa esa fd;k tkrk gSA yksdxhrksa esa Bqejh] nknjk] pSrh] dtjh] gksjh tSlh vusd fo/kk,¡ gSa tk s igys

yksdlaxhr dh Hkk¡fr izdk’k esa vk, vkSj ckn esa mudk ’kkL=h;dj.k fd;k x;kA buds ’kkL=h; #i dk xq.khtu iwjh rjg

ikyu djrs gSa] ysfdu vkt Hkh yksd&laxhrdkj buds ’kkL=h; #i dk xaHkhjrk ls ikyu fd, fcuk bUgsa lqanjrk ls

izLrqr djrs gSaA bl izdkj ds feJ.k dks ^mi’kkL=h; laxhr* dgrs gSaA mi’kkL=h; laxhr ds varxZr tks fo/kk,a vkrh gSa

mUgsa ge foLrkj ls le>us dk iz;kl djsaxs &

i %& Bqejh Hkkjrh; laxhr dh ,d xk;u ’kSyh gS] ftlesa jl] jax vkSj Hkko dh iz/kkurk gksrh gSA [+;ky ’kSyh ds

nzqry; dh jpuk ¼NksVk [k;ky½ vkSj Bqejh esa ewyHkwr vUrj ;gh gkssrk gS fd NksVs [;ky esa ’kCnksa dh vis{kk jkx ds Lojksa

vkSj Loj laxfr;ksa ij fo’k s"k /;ku j[kuk iM+rk gS] tcfd Bqejh esa jl ds vuqdwy HkkokfHkO;fDr ij /;ku j[kuk iM+rk gSA

izk;% Bqejh xk;d ;k xkf;dk dks ,d gh ’kCn vFkok ’kCn lewg dks vyx&vyx Hkko esa izLrqr djuk gksrk gSA bl

izfØ;k esa jkx ds fu/kkZfjr Lojksa esa dgha&dgha ifjorZu djuk iM+rk gSA

bldh mRifRr ds ckjs esa ;s Kkr gksrk gS fd izkphu dky esa ,d ^^Nfydk** uked ’kSyh FkhA blesa vfHku; rFkk

xk;u dh i)fr FkhA egkdfo dkfynkl us êkyfodkfXufe=* uked ukVd esa ekyfodk }kjk Nfydk dk cM+k gh lqUnj

o.kZu fd;k gSA ^Bqejh* bldk gh ifjofrZr #i ekuh tkrh gSA ,d nwljs er ds vuqlkj jktk ekuflag rksej us Bqejh dks

tUe fn;k] vU; er ;g Hkh gS fd Bqejh dk tUe mu yksdxhrksa ls gqvk gS] tks fd u`R; ds lkFk xk;s tkrs FksA Hkk"kk

foKku dh n`f"V ls Bqejh ^Bqed* ’kCn ls fudyh gS] ftldk vFkZ gS ^lqUnj&ikn~{ksi*A blls Li"V gksrk gS fd Bqejh vkSj

u`R; dk ?kfu"B lEcU/k jgk gksxkA ,d fopkj ;g Hkh gS fd Bqejh dk tUe vo/k ds uokcksa ds njckj esa gqvk] mu uokcksa

dks [k;ky ’kSyh ilan ugha FkhA mUgsa rks dksbZ gYdh ’kSyh pkfg, Fkh] ftldk fd uR; ds lkFk iz;ksx fd;k tk lds vkSj

Bqejh gh blds fy, lokZf/kd mi;qDr FkhA oLrqr% Bqejh ,d Jaxkj jl iw.kZ ek/kq;Z xq.k lEiUu xk;u fo/kk gS] ftlesa

’kCnksa ds Hkkoksa dks Lojksa ds gkoHkko }kjk Li"V djds xs; in ds HkkokFkZ dks izdV fd;k tkrk gS] ;gh Bqejh xk;dh dh

izeq[k fo’ks"krk gSA17

ii %& mi’kL=h; laxhr dh gh Bqejh] VIik ds vykok ,d [kkl ’kSyh gS ^^nknjk**A laxhr dh nqfu;k esa nknjk

,d ^rky* Hkh gS vkSj xk;u ’kSyh HkhA vU; ’kSfy;ksa ds xk;u dh rjg nknjk dks Hkh [+kwc ^nkn* feyrh gSA nknjs dh ’kSyh

Bqejh ls feyrh&tqyrh gS] bls eq[; #i ls dgjok vkSj nhipanh esa xk;k tkrk gS vkSj bldh xfr Bqejh ls rst gksrh

gSA bls iwjc vax dh Bqejh dk gYdk laLdj.k Hkh dgk tkrk gSA blesa izeq[k Hkko] Jaxkj dk gksrk gS ysfdu blesa Bqejh

17clUr %& laxhr fo’kkjn] 1988] i`- 167





ds eqdkcys vf/kd mUeqDrrk gksrh gSA nknjs esa rky dh xfr;k¡ fHkUu&fHkUu :iksa esa izLrqr dh tkdj ,d nzqr y;kRed

okrkoj.k mRiUu djus dh ps"Vk gksrh gSA18 loky gS] ;s nknjk ’kCn dgk¡ ls vk;k\ nknjk xk;u mRrj Hkkjr dh izk;%

lHkh laLd`fr;ksa esa yksd ’kSyh ds #i esa Hkh fxuk tkrk gSA bls e/;izns’k] NRrhlx<+ vkSj >kj[kaM ds dqN bykdksa esa

nnfj;k Hkh dgk tkrk gS vkSj igkM+h ’kSyh dk xk;u ekuk tkrk gSA mi’kkL=h; laxhr ’kSyh ds rkSj ij nknjk dh

igpku ykfyR;.kZ xk;u ’kSyh ds rkSj ij gksrh gSA nknjk dks Bqejh tSlk gh ekuk tkrk gS vkSj vD+lj Bqejh ds lkFk

nknjk xk;k gh tkrk gSA izlaxo’k crk nsa fd cqtqxksaZa us Bqejh vkSj nknjk ds ckjs esa cM+h fnypLi ckr dgh gS] Bqejh

;kuh unh fdukjs xhys oL=ksa esa [kM+h l|Lukrk vkSj nknjk ;kfu nnZA

laLd`r esa ,d ’kCn gS ^nn%* ftldk vFkZ gksrk gS ioZr] igkM+] miR;dk vkfnA blh rjg bldk ,d vU; vFkZ

Hkh gS migkj] nku oxSjgA nn% ls gh cuk ^nknj* ftldk eryc fgUnh dh dqN yksdcksfy;ksa esa igkM+ gksrk gS] ewyr% bls

cVksfg;ksa dk laxhr dguk T;knk vklku gksxkA igkM+h nqxZe jkLrksa ij pyrs gq, lQj dks vklku cukus ds fy, cVksgh

laxhr dk vkJ; ysrs jgs gSa] blh ls ;s ’kCn py iM+s gksaxs ftUgksaus ckn esa ^^nknjk ’kSyh** dk #i ys fy;kA nnfj;k ;k

nknjk tSls ’kCnksa esa igkM+h laxhr dh ckr ;gk¡ vkdj lkQ gksrh gS] njvly bl xk;u ’kSyh dks ’kkL=h;rk ds dV~Vj

yksxksa }kjk fdlh t+ekus esa ^pyrkÅ* dgk tkrk Fkk tks dgusa esa xyr Fkk exj ;w¡ pyrs&pyrs laxhr ds vFkZ esa le>sa

rks lgh gSA

iii %& pSrh mRrj izns’k dk] pSr ekg ij dsafnzr yksd&xhr gSA bls v/kZ’kkL=h; xhr fo/kkvksa esa Hkh lfEefyr fd;k

tkrk gS rFkk mi’kkL=h; cafn’ks xkbZ tkrh gSaA pS= ds eghus esa xkbZ tkus okys bl ’kSyh dk fo"k; izse] izd`fr vkSj gksyh

jgrk gSA pSr] Jhjke ds tUe dk Hkh ekl gS blfy, bl xhr dh gj iafDr cs ckn vDlj ^^gks jkek** ;g ’kCn yxkrs gSaA

laxhr dh vusd egfQyksa esa dsoy Bqejh] nknjk] pSrh] VIik gh xk, tkrs gSa] ;s vDlj jkx olar ;k feJ olar es

vk/kkfjr gksrs gSaA

pSrh] Bqejh] nknjk] dtjh bR;kfn dk x<+ iwohZ mRrj izns’k rFkk eq[; #i ls okjk.klh gSA igys dsoy blh dks

lefiZr laxhr lekjksg gqvk djrs Fks] ftls ^pSrk mRlo* dgk tkrk FkkA vkt ;g laLd`fr yqIr gks jgh gS] fQj Hkh pSrh

dh yksdfiz;rk laxhr izsfe;ksa esa cuh gqbZ gSA ckjg ekls esa pSr dk eghuk xhr laxhr ds ekl ds #i esa fpf=r fd;k x;k

gSA

iv %& VIik Hkkjr dh izeq[k ikjaifjd laxhr ’kSfy;ksa esa ls ,d gSA ;g ekuk tkrk gS fd bl ’kSyh dh mRifRr

iatkc o fla/k izkarksa ds Å¡V pykus okyksa }kjk dh xbZ FkhA bu xhrksa esa ewy #i ls ghj vkSj jka>k o izse o fojg izlaxks

dks n’kkZ;k tkrk gSA [kekt] HkSjoh] dkQ+h] fryax] f>a>ksVh] fla/kqjk vkSj nsl tSls jkxksa rFkk iatkch irksa tSls rkyksa }kjk

izse&izlax vFkok d#.kk Hkko O;Dr fd, tkrs gSaA ^VIik* dh fo’ks"krk gS] blesa yh tkus okyh ÅtkZoku rku vkSj vleku

y;c) ygt+sA VIik xk;u dks fe;k¡ x+qyke uch ’kksjh us ,d yksd’kSyh ls Åij mBkdj ,d ’kkL=h; ’kSyh dk #i fn;k

FkkA dgk tkrk gS fd VIik] iatkc ds Å¡V pkydksa dk tkrh; laxhr Fkk blfy, dykoUr VIik xk;dh dks ,d pyrk

xkuk tks iatkc ls pyk Fkk] dgrs gSaA19

v %& dtjh ;k ^dtyh* efgykvksa }kjk xk;k tkus okyk yksdxhr gS] tks mRrj izns’k esa cgqr izpfyr gSA ifjokj

esa fdlh ekaxfyd volj ij efgyk,¡ lewg esa dtjh xk;u djrha gSaA efgykvksa }kjk lewg esa izLrqr dh tkus okyh

dtjh dks ^^nqueqfu;k dtjh** dgk tkrk gSA Hkkjrh; iapkax ds vuqlkj Hkknzin ekl] d".k i{k dh rrh;k dks lEiw.kZ

iwokZapy esa ^dtjh rht* ioZ /kwe/kke ls euk;k tkrk gSA bl fnu efgyk,¡ ozr djrh gSa] ’kfDr Lo#ik ek¡ foa/;okfluh dk

18’k=q?u ’kqDy %& Bqejh dh mRifÙk] fodkl ,oa ’kSfy;k¡] 1983] i`- 241

19foey dkar jk; pkS/kjh %& Hkkjrh; laxhr dks"k] 1975] i`- 38





iwtu&vpZu djrh gSa vkSj ^jrtxk* Hkh djrh gSaA jrtxk djrs gq, lewg cuk dj iwjh jkr dtjh xk;u djrh gSaA ,sals

vk;kstu esa iq#’kksa dk izos’k oftZr gksrk gS] ;|fi iq#"k oxZ Hkh dtjh xk;u djrk gS] fdUrq muds vk;kstu vyx gksrs

gSaA

^dtjh* dh mRifRr dc vkSj dSls gqbZ] ;g dguk dfBu gS] ijUrq ;g rks fuf’pr gS fd ekuo dks tc Loj vkSj

’kCn feys] vkSj tc yksd thou dks izdfr dk dksey Li’kZ feyk gksxk] mlh le; ls yksdxhr gekjs chp gSaA izkphudky

ls gh mRrj izns’k dk fetkZiqj tuin] ek¡ foa/;okfluh ds ’kfDrihB ds #i esa vkLFkk dk dsUnz jgk gSA vf/kla[; izkphu

dtfj;ksa esa ’kfDrLo#ik nsoh dk gh xq.kxku feyrk gS] vkt dtjh ds o.kZ&fo"k; vf/kd foLr`r gSa] ijUrq dtjh xk;u

dk izkjEHk nsoh xhr ls gh gksrk gSA

vi %& ^^gksjh** uke ls Li"V gks tkrk gS fd ;s gksyh esa xk;k tkus okyk xhr gSA bls Qkxqu ekg esa xk;k tkrk gSA

gksjh esa czt esa eukbZ tkus okyh gksyh dk o.kZu gksrk gSA20

1- clUr % laxhr fo’kkjn] 1988] i`- 167

2- ’k=q?u ’kqDy % Bqejh dh mRifÙk] fodkl ,oa ’kSfy;k¡] 1983] i`- 241

3- foey dkar jk; pkS/kjh % Hkkjrh; laxhr dks’k] 1975] i`- 38

4- uSuk nsoh % Bqejh xk;dh] dyk Hkkjrh] mi’kkL=h; xk;u if=dk] 1965] i`- 65

5- MkW- lq’khy dqekj pkScs % gekjk vk/kqfud laxhr] 1983] i- 9

20uSuk nsoh %& Bqejh xk;dh] dyk Hkkjrh] mi’kkL=h; xk;u if=dk] 1965] i`- 65





Conductometric Studies On Micellar Solubilization Of Acetic Acid In Triton X 100

Aqueous Medium

Alka Tiwari , Sunita Singh , Archana Bajpai, Sandhya Rani Panda, S.K. Chatterjee

Govt. D.B. Girls P.G.COllege,Raipur(C.G.) India

Govt. O.F.K. College, Jabalpur (M.P.) India

Mats Univercity Raipur (C.G.) India

N. R. M. Govt. Girls' College, Dhamtari (C.G.) India

Abstract : The CMC Value of Triton X 100 first increases with the increase in the concentration of acetic acid at

305 K & at 310 K, but it gradually decreases at temperatures of 315 & 320 K.This observation suggests that the

solubilisation of acetic acid can be made at a higher temperature which is suitable for the micellisation and

solubilisation.

Key words : - CMC, Micellisation , Solubilization,Acetic acid .

Introduction : Surfactants (tensides) are organic substances, which signifícantly decrease the surface tension of

water at relatively low concentrations, are at least partially water soluble. Because surfactants are adsorbed mainly

on the surface of the solution, creating a thin monolayer, they are called surface active substances. When dissolving

them, after they reach a certain value of concentration, molecules or ions of surfactants begin to associate and to

organize themselves into more complex units, also called micelles. The characteristic concentration value, where the

association process begins, is called the critical micelle concentration and it is labeled with symbol cc or

abbreviation CMC. The CMC is one of the most useful physicochemical characteristics of many biologically active

substances . From the chemical point of view, surfactants are mostly low-molecular compounds, so when dissolved,

they form the true solutions in concentration ranges below the CMC. Micelles are aggregates of a larger number of

simple molecules or ions of surfactants (e.g. several dozens), so the resulting size of such structures is in the

colloidal range. For this reason the micelle solutions of surfactants are regarded as association colloids. The effect of

acetic acid on the self association processes of non-ionic surfactant and hence on the properties of the micelles

formed has been investigated for several systems using a variety of techniques . The behavior of Triton X 100

micelles in the presence of acetic acid has been extensively investigated .

T riton X 100 is a type of nonionic surfactant, molecular formula C34H62O11,molecular weight -646.86, CAS

No:9002-93-1 exists as a liquid in normal physical state.





Methodology :

A. Principles of Determination of CMC

The determination of CMC is generally based on the localization of the position of a breaking point in the

concentration dependencies of equivalent conductance of surfactant solutions. The conductivity of any

solution is directly proportional to the concentration of its ions. The dependence of equivalent conductance

on the square root of concentration is used to determine CMC of ionic surfactants. The graph is plotted

between √C.102 and ʎ.√C.

Where C is the concentration of the solution and ʎ is the equivalent conductance.

The breaking point in the graph represents the CMC.

This concentration dependence of equivalent conductivity is thus described by Onsager equation.

ʎ = ʎ 0 – a.√C

Where, ʎ 0 is the corresponding equivalent conductance at the infinite dilution and ‘a’ is a constant.

Values of equivalent conductance are calculated from the experimental values of specific conductance Ƙ.

Units: Equivalent conductance: ohm-1

Concentration: mol.dm-3

B. Materials, Chemicals and Equipments

1) Conductometer, conductivity electrode, thermometer, thermostat, stirrer, 25 ml analytical flask

2) Non ionic surfactant

(Triton X 100)

KCl solution

3) Redistilled water

4) Acetic Acid

C. Procedure

1) Preparation of stock solution of the surfactants with concentration c=2X10-3

m to 14X10-3

m in 25 ml

analytical flask:

The weighed amount of surfactant is dissolved in calculated amount of distilled water.

2) From the stock solution, various other solutions are prepared of different concentrations:

c1.V1=c2.V2

c1=concentration of stock solution

V1=volume of stock solution

c2=concentration of solution to prepare

V2 volume of solution to prepare

3) Conductometer is calibrated :

For calibrating the conductometer, 0.1N KCl solution is prepared and electrode is dipped in it then its

conductance value is set in the conductometer.

4) Solution is poured in conductivity vessel, stirrer is inserted and then the thermometer and conductivity

electrode is immersed in it.

5) Thermostat is set to 305K.

6) The measurement:

First the reading of conductance is taken for the stock solution followed by solutions of different

concentrations. The values observed are noted. The value so obtained is the observed conductance.





From this value equivalent conductance is calculated. And then the graph is plotted between √C.102

and ʎ.√C. The break in the curve gives the CMC.

7) Now the thermostat is set to 310K then 315K, 320K and the measurements are made.

8) Similarly in presence of Acetic acid, the values are determined.

D. Calculation of Equivalent Conductance

The value obtained with the help of conductivity meter is known as the observed conductance. Here the cell

constant of conductivity meter was set 1. From this observed value, specific conductance is calculated.

Specific conductance = observed conductance x cell constant

Since the cell constant is 0.91 .

The product of the specific conductance and the volume gives the Equivalent conductance.

ʎ = Ƙ .V

ʎ is the equivalent conductance

Ƙ is the specific conductance

V is the volume

E. Calculation of Thermodynamic Parameters

Change in free energy, change in enthalpy and change in entropy is calculated by using the formula given

below-

ΔG0= RT Log CMC

ΔH0= -RT

2 d/dt Log CMC

ΔS0= ΔH

0- ΔG

0/T

Result and discussion :

Effect of Acetic acid on the CMC value of Triton X 100

VARIATION OF CMC VALUE OF TRITON X 100 WITH INCREASING MOLAR CONCENTRATION OF

ACETIC ACID AT 305 K

S.No. Molar conc. Of Acetic acid CMC value at 305 K

1. 2.0 X10-3

3.0X10-4

2. 4.0 X10-3

3.5 X10-4

3. 6.0 X10-3

4.0 X10-4

The CMC value of triton X 100 increases with the increasing concentration of acetic acid at 305 K . This

observation shows that at 305 K temperature, lower concentration of Acetic acid is suitable for micellisation in

Triton X 100.





VARIATION OF CMC VALUE OF TRITON X 100 WITH INCREASING MOLAR CONCENTRATION

OF ACETIC ACID AT 310 K

S.No. Molar conc.of Acetic acid CMC value

1. 2.0X10-3

2. 5X10-3

2. 4.0X10-3

3.0X10-3

3. 6.0X10-3

3. 5X10-3

The CMC value of Triton X 100 increases with the increasing concentration of acetic acid at 310 k.this observation

shows that at 310K, lower concentration of acetic acid is suitable for micellisation and solubilisation in Triton X

100.



S.No. Molar conc. Of Acetic acid CMC value

1. 2.0X10-3

2.0X10-4

2. 4. 0X10-3

1.5X10-4

3. 6. 0X10-3

1.0X10-4

At 315 K, The CMC value of Triton X 100 decreases with the increasing concentration of acetic acid .At This

temperature higher concentration of acetic acid is favorable for micellisation and solubilisation.



S.No. Molar conc. Of Acetic acid CMC value

1. 2.0X10-3

1.5X10-4

2. 4. 0X10-3

1.0X10-4

3. 6. 0X10-3

0.8X10-4

At 320 K, The CMC value of Triton X 100 decreases with increasing concentration of acetic acid suggesting a

suitable condition for micellisation and hence solubilisation of Acetic Acid.






ACETIC ACID AT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES

Molar conc. Of

acetic acid X10-3

CMC at 305 K CMC at 310 K CMC at 315 K CMC at 320 K

2 3.0X10-4

2.5X10-4

2.0 X10-4

1.5 X10-4

4 3.5 X10-4

3.0 X10-4

1.5 X10-4

1.0 X10-4

6 4.0 X10-4

3.5 X10-4

1.0 X10-4

0.8 X10-4

It was observed that The CMC Value of Triton X 100 first increases with the increase in the concentration of acetic

acid at 305 K & at 310 K, but it gradually decreases at temperatures of 315 & 320 K.This observation suggests that

the solubilisation of acetic acid can be made at a higher temperature which is suitable for the micellisation and

solubilisation.

REFFERENCES:

1. Farn RJ: Chemistry and Technology of Surfactants, Blackwell Publishing Ltd, Oxford. ( 2006).

2. Khan MS, Ali Z: Micellisation of dodecyl benzenesulfonic acid and its interaction with poly(ethylene oxide)

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’kks/k Nk=k] ih-,p-Mh- lekt’kkL= jkuh nqxkZorh fo’ofo|ky; tcyiqj e-iz-

& dkjkxkjks esa cafn;ks ls Je djk;k tkuk] vijkf/k;ks ds izfr n.MkRed izfrfd`;k O;Dr fd;s tkus okys fofHkUu

:o:iksa dk gh ,d Lo:Ik gSA dkjxkjksa dh LFkkiuk ds izkjfEHkd dky esa pwafd dkjkxkj dks ,d n.MkRed laLFkk ekuk

tkrk Fkk blfy;s cafn;ks ls ftl izdkj ds Je djk;s tkrs Fks] os izd`frr% vR;ar dBksj vuqRiknd d"Vizn rFkk

vizlUurknk;h izdkj ds gksrs Fks] vijkf/k;ks ls iRFkj rqMok;s tkrs FksA iwoZ ekU;rkvksa ds vk/kkj ij dkjkxkj Je dk izeq[k

mÌs’; cafn;ks ls dBksj ifjJe djokdj vijk/k ds izfr Hk; mRiUu djrk Fkk] ijUrq orZeku le; esa pwafd dkjkxkj dks

lq/kkjkRed laLFkk ekuk tkus yxk gS] vr,o dkjkxkj Je cafn;ks ds fy, n.MkRed lk/; u gksdj lq/kkj dk ,d lk/ku

cu x;k gSA vc cafn;ks ls dkjkxkj esa fy;s tkus okys dBksj Je dh HkRlZuk dh tkus yxh gS ,oa ;g dgk tkus yxk gS

fd canh Je esa dk;Zdèks dk mÌs’; cafn;ks dks ihM+k igqapkuk u gksdj mudks ,sls dk;ksZ rFkk ,sls m|ksxks esa yxkuk gS

ftlls mues vkS|ksfxd {kerk ds fodkl ds lkFk lq/kkj dh Hkkouk izLQqfVr gks ldsA vc Je ds ek/;e ls cafn;ks dks

,slk dk;Zdq’ky ukxfjd cukus dk iz;kl fd;k tk jgk gS rkfd dkjkxkjks ls eqDr gksus ds mijkUr os viuh thfodk dh

O;oLFkk Lo;a gh dj lds vkSj dkjksxkjks esa tc rd jgs rc rd vius }kjk fd;s tkus okys Je ds cnys ikfjJfed :Ik

esa osru Hkh izkIr djrs jgsA dkjxkjks esa vc cafn;ks dks fofHkUu izzdkj ds m|ksxks esa yxk;k tk jgk gS ,oa muls mRiknd

Je djk;k tk jgk gS ftlls dkjkxkjks dh foRrh; O;oLFkk Hkh lqn<+ gksrh tk jgh gSA

la{ksi esa vkt ds dkjkxkj Je ds ekSfyd mÌs’;ks dks fuEu fyf[kr fcUnqvks esa j[kdj izLrqr fd;k tk ldrk gS &

Ckafn;ks esa ifjJe djus dh vknr fodflr djukA

cafn;ks esa vkKkdkfjrk dh Hkkouk fodflrA

cafn;ks esa v/;olk; dh Hkkouk izLQqfVr djukA

cafn;ks esa leatudkjh O;ogkj djus dh vknr fodflr djukA

cafn;ks dks mRiknudkjh dk;ksZ ;k m|ksxks dk izf’k{k.k nsukA

cafn;ks dks vfu"Vdkjh dk;ksZ ls nwj j[kukA

cafn;ks dks lq/kjus dk vFkok lekt esa iquokZflr gksus dk izf’k{k.k nsuk bR;kfnA

dz- tsy dk uke izkjEHk izf’k{k.k

1- tcyiqj cqukbZ] dkjisaVjh] flykbZ] fizafVax izsl] lkcqu m/kksx] elkyk cukuk] Ldzhu fizafVx]

d<kbZ] ,Eozk;Mjh] C;wfVf’k;u] QwMfiztjos’ku] okf’kax ikmMj fuekZ.k] bysfEMksf’k;u]

VsyhQksu fjis;fjax o ckal m/kksx izf’k{k.k Vk;fiax] cSaM ctkuk

2- Hkksiky cqukbZ] dkjisaVjh] flykbZ] fizafVax izsl] lkcqu m/kksx] okf’kax ikmMj fuekZ.k] ewfrZdyk]

oqM dkfoZx] xqfM;k cukuk] tuiqjksfgr] df"k ckxokuh m/kkfudh] dEi;wVj izf’k{k.k]

Vk;fiax] cSaM ctkuk

3- Xokfy;j cqukbZ] dkjisaVjh] flykbZ] fizafVx izsl] pkd m/kksx] d`f"k ckxokuh

4- bankSj cqukbZ] dkjisaVjh] flykbZ] fizafVx izsl] lkcqu m/kksx] Lvhy ds crZu fuekZ.k]

tuiqjksghr] iafMr] Ldzhu fizafVax] eYVhijit eSdsfud d`f"k ckxokuh] cSaM ctkuk





5- jhok cqukbzZ] dkjisaVjh] flykbZ] yksgkjh] elkyk fuekZ.k] d`f"k ckxokuh

6- lruk cqukbZ] dkjisaVjh] flykbZ] fiazfVax izsl] elkyk fuekZ.k] d`f"k ckxokuh] cSaM ctkuk

7- mTtSu cqukbZ] dkjisaVjh] flykbZ] cqfVd] fizafVax d`f"k] ckxokuh

8- ujflagiqj cqukbZ] dkjisaVjh] flykbZ] yksgkjh] d`f"k ckxokuh

9- lkxj cqukbZ] dkjisaVjh] flykbZ] yksgkjh] chMh cukuk df"k ckxokuh] cSaM ctkuk

10- Vhdex<+ cqukbZ] d`f"k ckxokuh

11- ’kktkiqj cqukbZ] c<+bZfxjh

12- e.Myk pVkbZ cukuk] d`f"k ckxokuh

dkYMoSy dk vuqlj.k ¼1956]606½ djrs gq, dkjkxkj jkstxkj dk;Zdze ds fy, fu- fy- 5 mik; crk;s tk ldrs gS &

1- & n.M laLFkkvksa dks vkRefuHkZj cukuk u rks okafNr gS vkSj u gh lEHko gSA fuokM cquus

o njh cukus tSlh izkphu izFkkvks dks grksRlkfgr djuk gSA vk/kqfud dkjkxkj O;olk; dk;Zdze dk ewy vk/kkj

foHksnhdj.k gksuk pkfg, tks u dsoy cafn;ks dh O;fDrxr vko’;drkvks dks iwjk djus dk volj iznku djsaxs

cfYd futh dk;ZØe dPps eky dh miyfC/k] laLFkk ds vkdkj vkSj izd`fr ¼dsUnzh; ;k ftyk dkjkxkj½ cafn;ks ds

izdkj] izf’k{k.kks dh miyfC/k laHkfor cktkj vkSj blh izdkj ds vU; rRoks ds vk/kkj ij fHkUu&fHkUu gksus

pkfg,A

jkT; ys[kk iz.kkyh Lo;a esa u dsoy Li/kkZ dks cfYd vusd vU;

nks"kks dks Hkh tUe nsrh gSA QyLo:Ik bl iz.kkyh dks iw.kZ:Ik ls lekIr ugha fd;k tkuk pkfg, cfYd bldk

iz;ksx lhfer gksuk pkfg,A jkT; miHkksx iz.kkyh dks izksRlkgu fn;k tkuk pkfg,A ljdkjh ,oa v/kZ ljdkjh

laLFkkvksa ds lfdz; lg;ksxh ls ;g iz.kkyh Hkh Hkyh&Hkkafr lUrqfyr dkjkxkj dk;Zdze miyC/k djk ldrh gSA

& cafn;ks dks dk;Z] mudh f’k{kk] vk;q] ;ksX;rk]

izf’k{k.k vko;’drkvks] dkjkokl dh vof/k] vijk/k dh izdfr ,oa fo’oluh;rk ds vk/kkj ij lkSik tkuk

pkfg,A uo izfo"V vijkf/k;ks dks dqN lIrkg ds fy, Lokxr dsUnzks ij j[kdj muds O;fDrxr fgrks dks

lqfuf’pr fd;k tk ldrk gSA rc cafn;ks dk oxzhdj.k vkS/kksfxd dk;ksZ ,oa O;kikj dk;ksZ ds fy, ;ksx;rk ds

vk/kkj ij fd;k tk ldrk gSA

canh fcuk ikfjJfed ;k vU; izksRlkgu ds dq’kyrk ls dk;Z ugh djsaxsA vr%

dkjkxkjksa esa ikfjJfed iz.kkyh ;g /;ku j[kdj izkjEHk dh tk ldrh gS fd cafn;ks dks Hkkstu oL= vkfn

dkjkxkj iz’kklu }kjk eqDr iznku fd;k tk;sA ;fn nSfud ikfjJfed Hkksxh 50 :Ik;s ls 75 :Ik;s dek ldrk

gS oks dke djus okys canh dks 10 :Ik;s ls 15 :Ik;s izfrfnu bl vk/kkj ij fn;k tk ldrk gS fd mlds dk;Z

dh izdfr D;k gSA

jkstxkj dk;ZØe mPpre Lrjks ds vuq:Ik laxfBr vPNs deZpkfj;ksa ls

Hkjiwj ,oa lkt lTtk ls ;qDr gksuk pkfg,A dkjkxkj m|ksxks esa Hkyh HkkWfr izf’kf{kr yksx Ik;kZIr ek=k esa fn,

tkus pkfg, tks fofo/k rduhdh leL;kvksa tSls izf’k{k.k mRiknu ,oa xq.koRrk cuk, j[kus vvkfn dks leHkky

ldsA





& dkjkxkj esa Je dks nks Hkkxks esa oxzhd`r fd;k tkrk gSA ¼1½ vr% fHkŸkh; Je rFkk ¼2½ ckâ fHkŸkh; Je

vUr% fHkŸkh; Je og Je gS tks dkjkxkj dh pgkjnhokjh ds ckgj fdUrq dkjkxkj dh lhek ds vUrxZr lEikfnr fd;k

tkrk gSA iqu% dkjkxkj esa fuf’pr dk;Z lEiknu ds fy, ’kkjhfjd iz;kl dh ek=k dh vko’;drkuqlkj Je dks 3 Jsf.k;ks

esa oxhZd`r fd;k tkrk gS &

¼1½ dBksj Je ¼2½ e/;e Je ¼3½ ljy Je

O;ogkfjd :Ik esa cafn;ks dks dk;kZoaVu djrs le; fuEufyf[kr ckrksa dks /;ku esa j[kk tkrk gS&

1- fdlh dk;Z ds fy, canh dh ’kkjhfjd ,oa ekufld {kerk

2- dkjkxkj esa vkus ds iwoZ dk mldk O;olkf;d vuqHko rFkk izf’k{k.k

3- dk;ksZUesf"kr >qdko

4- iquokZlu dh lEHkkO;rk

dkjkxkj esa cafn;ks ls dk;Z djkus dk le; lkekU;r% izkr% 7%30 cts ls 11%30 rd ,oa 1%30 ls 5%30 rd gS mUgsa 2 ?k.Vs

dk foJke Hkh fn;k tkrk gSa] fdUrq 2 ?k.Vs dk foJke dk le; _rqvksa ds ifjorZu ds lkFk cnyrk jgrk gSA canh

jfookj ,oa jktif=r vodk’kks ds fnu dk;Z ugha djrs gSA

canh fcuk ikfjJfed ;k vU; izksRlkfgr ds dq’kyrk ls dk;Z ugha djsaxsA vr% dkjkxkjks esa

ikfjJfed iz.kkyh ;g /;ku j[kdj izkjEHk dh tk ldrh gSa fd cafn;ks dks Hkkstu oL= vkfn dkjkxkj iz’kklu }kjk eqDr

iznku fd;k tk;sA orZeku esa ikfjJfed njs 55 :- ls c<+kdj 110 ¼dq’ky canh½ vkSj 50 ls c<+kdj 62 :- ¼vdq’ky canh½

dj fn;k x;k gSA

izR;sd tsy dehZ dk ;g nkf;Ro gS fd og tsy esa canh dks izf’kf{kr dj ,d vPNk ukxfjd cuus gsrq mRizsfjr

djsA canh esa vkRefuHkZjrk dk fodkl gks og ,d deZB bUlku cus rFkk viuk iquZokl dj ldsA blh mÌs’; ls fofHkUu

VsªMl esa izf’k{k.k fn;k tkus dk izko/kku fd;k x;k gSA tsy esa cafn;ks dks O;olkf;d dk;Zdq’kyrk cukus ds mÌs’; ls

fofHkUu vkS|ksfxd VsªM odZ esa izf’k{k.k nsuk ’kq: fd;k x;k gSA e- iz- tsy fu;ekoyh fu;e 1968 ds fu;e 64 ¼3½ esa

fy[kk gS fd tsy vf/k{kd dks dks pkfg;s fd og ;g ns[ks fd fdlh Hkh canh dks D;k ,slk dksbZ dk;Z fl[kk;k tk jgk gS

fd ftlls eqfDr mijkar og thfodksiktZu gsrq dqN vtZu dj ldsA

1. Anuja Ram, the prison system, Effectiveness and effects of prision custody Sahitya bhawan agra 1981

A prisoner is a humen being “ the times of india (times weekly) vel. 3 No 47 may 27, 1973

2. e- iz- tsy fu;ekoyh fu;e 1968 ds fu;e 64 ¼3½

3. MkW- yky th feJ e- iz- tsy dh n’kk vkSj nqZn’kk 2002

4. Tksy foHkkx ea=ky;] oYyHk Hkou Hkksiky dk vkns’k dz- ,d 03&03@2012@3@tsy Hkksiky 10 ebZ 2016

5. fiztUl ,DV ¼tsy vf/kfu;e 1894½ fdzfeukWykWth MkW- Mh ,l c?ksy

6. vijk/k’kkL= ds fl)kUr & MkW- ’;ke/kj flag liuk v’kksd izdk’ku okjk.klh 2005





'kks/k funsZf’kdk lsokfuor] izkpk;Z 'kk- ekudqaoj ckbZ efgyk egkfo|ky;] tcyiqj

'kks/kkFkhZ ¼fgUnh½ jkuh nqxkZorh fo’ofo|ky;jkuh nqxkZorh fo’ofo/kky;] tcyiqj

vius oSfo/;iw.kZ dfr;ksa ls yxkrkj lkfgR;&lekt dks vk’oLr djrh dFkk ysf[kdk Mk- uhjtk ek/ko

fdlh Hkh fo"k; ij fcuk fgpd viuh csckd fVIi.kh nsusokyh vius ys[ku esa vrhr ds 'kk’kor~ ewY;ksa dks lgst dj

Hkfo"; ds gkFkksa esa lkSai nsus dh NViVkgV ds lkFk fn[kkbZ iM+rh gSA

uhjtk ek/ko us vius lkfgR; dh lHkh fo/kk,sa pkgsa og dgkuh gks ;k miU;kl mu lHkh esa ukjh dh

vyx&vyx Hkwfedkvksa dk fp=.k viuh lkfgfR;d fo/kkvksa esa fd;k gSA vk/kqfud ;qx dh ukjh ds lkFk&lkFk ikjEifjd o

mRrj&vk/kqfud ;qx dh ukjh dh fopkj/kkjkvksa dks lfEefyr fd;k gSa

/keZ]jktuhfr]laLd`fr ls lEcaf/kr jk"Vz~h;&vUrjk"Vz~h; eqn~nks ls vius lkfgR; fo"k; dh tehu rS;kj djus okyh

LFkwy :i ls ns[kus ij budh lkfgfR;d fgUnqRoknh lksp vkSj ijEijk dh iks"kd tku iM+rh gS ysfdu T;ksa&T;ksa ikBd

bldh xgjkbZ esa mrjrk gS] buds vFkZ Lo;a [kqyrs pys tkrs gSA lHkh /keksZ ds ewy lgt rRo izse] d:.kk] vkSj mnkjrk

ds fy, NViVkgV ds lkFk viuh laLd`fr vkSj ewY;ksa dh j{kk ds fy;s cspSu eu dh vfHkO;fDr ikBd dks Hkh fpUru ds

fy;s foo’k djrh gSA

fgUnh x| dk dze&c) bfrgkl mUuhloha 'krkCnh ls izkIr gksrk gSA

x| ds nksuksa vax dgkuh o miU;kl vkBosa n’kd dh lekfIr gksrs&gksrs buesa tks jgekjgeh 'kq: gqvk Fkk og vkt bl

mRrvk/kqfud ;qx esa ifjiDork izkIr dj pqdk gSA vkt lkekftd&’kks"k.k fgalk] vU;k;] ngst vkfn fdrus gh fo"k;

dgkuh o miU;klksa ds ek/;e ls ikBdksa d s ikl igqWp jgsa gSA vkt ds jpukdkjks us eglql fd;k gS fd iwjk fo’o ,d

oSpkfjd&ckSf)d ladzkfUd ls xqtj jgk gSA fo’odFkk lkfgR; dh rtZ ij ukjh psruk ds l’kDr rsojksa dh vuqxwWt “h

b/kj ds fgUnh lkfgR; esa vR;ar izHkkoh <ax ls izdV gqbZ gSA ukjh&nsg dk tqywl fudkyrh iq:"koknh jfrd&nf"V ds

lekukUrj L=h ysf[kdkvksa dk ukjh&foe’kZ ukjh thou dh xksiuh; lPpkb;ksa o mu gknlksa dks osinkZ djrk gS] tks viuh

leLr fod`fr]dRlk o vfo’oluh;rk ds ckotwn Hkkjrh; lekt dk uXu o dzwj ;FkkFkZ gSA bUgha lcds chp uhjtk ek/ko

dk ys[ku vius gj dFkk&lkfgR; esa dqN u dqN u;k o lekt ds lkeus L=h dks ,d u;s :i o u;h lksp ds lkFk

izLrqr djus dk iz;kl djrk gSA

% Mk- uhjtk ek/ko dk tUe 15 ekpZ 1962 dks tkSuiqj ftys ds dksrokyiqj ¼ljsew½ xkao esa gqvk gSA uhjtk ek/ko

cpiu ls gh cgqr es/kkoh Nk=k FkhA mudh izkjfEHkd f’k{kk xkWo ds izkbejh fo/kky; esa gqbZ mlds ckn mPp f’k{kk izkIr

djus ds fy;s og cukjl vk xbZA vaxzstha lkfgR; es ,e-,-ih-,p-Mh- vkSj flrkj esa fMIyksek djus ds ckn iw.kZ lefiZr

Hkko ls fgUnh lkfgR; dh lsok esa layXu Mk- uhjtk ek/ko la?k yksd lsok vk;ksx }kjk p;fur gksdj bl le; nwjn’kZu

okjk.klh esa dk;Zdze vf/kHkklh ds in ij dk;Zjr gSA vkdk’kok.kh vkSj nwjn’kZu ds vius nkf;Roksa dks fuHkkrs gq;s og

lkfgR; l`tu esa Hkh yxh gqbZ gSA

budk lkfgR; vkt ds ifjn`’;ks ds lkFk&lkFk vius laLd`fr o ijEijkvksa dk Hkh eku djkrk gSA mudh

dgkfu;ksa o miU;klksa esa L=h dh fLFkfr cgqr gh etcwrh ds lkFk fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA og dgrh Hkh gS fdÞesjh dgkfu;ksa esa

eq[; :i ls ukjh ik= gh izeq[k gSA gj mez dh] gj oxZ dh ukjh ik=A bldk rkRi;Z ;g ugha gS fd iq:"k ik=ksa ds izfr

esjk joS;k mis{kkRed gS] cfYd vkt ds lekt dh vko’;drk dks /;ku esa j[krs gq;s gh bu ukjh&ik=ksa dk l`tu gqvk





gSA iq:"k&ekufldrk dgh vojks/k gS] rks dgh lg;ksxh Hkh cuh gS esjh dgkfu;ksa esaA ijarq dsUnz&fcUnq esa ukjh gh gSaA vkt

n;k] izse ] d:.kk laosnuk vkSj vU; ekuoh; ewY;ksa dk lekt esa rsth ls gkzkl gks jgk gSA u tkus fdrus ;q)ksa egk;q)ksa

dh fofHkf"kdk,W lkeus vkbZ gSA ukjh VwVrh jgh] tqM+rhjgh] fc[kjrh jgh]tw>rh jghA ijUrq mlus vius uSlfxZd xq.kksa dk

R;kx ugha fd;kA eSjh dgkfu;ksa esa ukjh dh ihM+k gS( lU=kl gS vkSj foo’krk Hkh ijUrq lkFk gh ,d fonzksgh rsoj ,slh Hkh

ukjh ik= gS tks dHkh&dHkh egRodka{kh gks tkrh gS exj tSls gh mUgsa vius [kksus dk ,glkl gksrk gS og i’pkrki dh

vkx esa tydj [kjh gks tkrh gSAÞ

ÞlkfgR; esa py jgsa fofHkUu vkUnksyuksa vkSj ckn ds izHkko ls eSus Lo;a dks iwjh rjg ls eqDr j[kus dk

iz;kl fd;k gS D;ksafd u;s iz;ksx ;k lfgfR;d peRdkj ls ikB~dksa dks vkd"V djus dk iz;kstu esjk mn~ns’; dHkh ugha

jgk A eSus vke yksxksa dh ckr mUgha dh Hkk"kk 'kSyh esa vki lq/kh ikB~dksa rd ig q Wpkus dh dksf’k’k dh gSA esjs vf/kdka’k ik=

lkekU; oxZ ;k fuEuoxZ ds gSA mudh lgt thou 'kSyh gSA NksVh&cM+h LokHkkfod lkekftd leL;k,W gS ftuls tw>uk

;k eqDr gksus dk iz;kl mudh fu;fr gSA

uhjtk ek/ko ths ds dbZ dgkfu;kW o miU;kl izdkf’kr gks pqds gS ftlesa

ls xs’ks tEik¼2006½ ;enhi¼2009½] rsH; Lo/kk¼2009½] bZgke`x¼2010½] vo.kZ efgyk dkaLVsfcy dh Mk;jh¼2010½] /kU;okn

flouh 2010 vkfn miU;kl gS] mudh vyx&vyx fo"k;ksa dks ysdj jpk x;k gSA ^xs’k s tEik^ esa frCcfr 'kj.kkfFkZ;ksa dh

ekfeZd xkFkk gS rks ^ ;enhi^ esa lekt ls ifjf"dr mu fdUujksa ds ckjs esa fy[kk x;k gS tks gekjs lekt dk vfHkUu vax

gksus ds ckctwn og gelcls fdrus nwj o jgL;e;h yxrs gSA ^rsH;Lok/kk^ esa ,slh L=h dks eq[; ik= ds :Ik es a izLrqr

fd;k gS tks fd Hkkjr&ikfdLrku ds cWVokjs ds le; d’ehj esa dckbyh geys dh f’kdkj gks tkrh gS og cyiwoZd

ikfdLrku ys tkbZ tkrh gSAvkSj u pkgrs gq;s Hkh mls ogkW viuk thou O;rhr djuk iM+rk gS ckn esa og vius csVs ds

lkFk Hkkjr esa vk x;k esa tkdj vius ?kjokyksa o muds lkFk ekjs x;s iPphl gtkj 'kj.kfFkZ;ksa dk fi.Mnku iwjs

fof/kfo/kku ds lkFk djokrh gSA ^bZgke`x^ miU;kl ds dsUnz esa rFkkxr xkSre cq) dh fnO; ÅtkZ ls vkOykfor lkjukFk gSA

orZeku esa lkjukFk oSf’od folaxfr;ksa dk ,d NksVk lk izrhd cu pqdk gSA ^vo.kZ efgyk dkaLVsfcy dh Mk;jh^ esa ,d

nfyr efgyk dk vius vkl&ikl ds okrkoj.k dk tks izHkko ml ij iM+rk gS mls og M+k;jh dk :i ns ml ij fopkj

n`f"V o viuh euksn’kk dk o.kZu djrs gq;s cryk;k gSA ^/kU;okn flouh^ muds xq: Lokeh Jh Lo:ikuUn ljLorh th

egjkt ij vk/kkfjr gSA blh izdkj mudh dbZ dgkfu;ksa ds laxzg Hkh izdkf’kr gq;s gS ftUesa ls vf/kdka’kr% ukjh ik=ksa dks

ysdj fy[ks x;s gS&^fpVds vkdk’k dk lwjt^¼1997½] ^vHkh Bgjks va/kh lnhZ^¼1998½] îFk&ns’k^¼2002½]^ izse laca/kksa dh

dgkfu;kW^¼2003½] vkfnA

uhjtk ek/ko us vius ys[ku ls vkt ds ?kVrs uSfrd thou ewY;ksa vkSj dVq gksrs ekuoh; laca/kksa dks u;s vk;ke

nssus dk iz;kl fd;k gSA fdlh Hkh lekt esa oxZ&Hksn ,d lkekU; izfdz;k gSA fdlh u fdlh :i esa bldk vfLrRo

lekt esa fo|eku jgsxkA muds dgkfu;ksa o miU;kl esa ;g Li"V fn[krk gSA mUgksusa vius ys[kuh ds ek/;e ls ftrus

Hkh pfj=ksa dks vius ikB~dks ds lkeus j[kk gS mlls fuf’pr gh ikBd oxZ ds gn`; Liafnr gksaxsA

uhjtk ek/ko ds lkfgR; esa ukf;dkvksa dk fo’ks"k LFkku gS] pkgs og xsa’ks tEik

dh nso;kuh gks] ;enhi dh ekuoh] rsF; Lo/kk dh ehuk] bZgke`x dh lsjsuk ekMosy mQZ xkSjh vkSj vo.kZ dkaLVsfcy dh

Mk;jh dh Hkoizhrk vk;kZA bu lHkh us vius vkl&ikl ds okrkoj.k ij viuh iSuh utj Mkyh A ml ij cgl Hkh fd;k

vkSj nqljksa ds lkeus og D;k lksprh gS bls iwjs vkRefo’okl ls izLrqr fd;k A

nso;kuh xs’ks tEik esa bl miU;kl ds uk;d dks ges’kk muds la?k"kksZ dks vkSj rst djus ds fy;s yydkjrh gSA

;enhi dh ekuoh i=dkj gksus ds ukrs lekt esa L=h dh n;uh; fLFkrh ij ys[kk fy[krh gS vkSj fdUuj uktchoh ds

lkFk mu Hkz"V usrkvksa dks lcd fl[kkuk pkgrh gS tks vius gh lekt dks [kks[kyk djuk pkgrs gSA rsF; Lo/kk dh ehuk

cykr~ dchykbZ }kjk ikfdLrku ys tk;h tkrh gSA ogWk ml ij <+sjks tqYe gksrs gS exj og viuk /keZ deZ ugha Hkwyrh





vkSj vius csVs }kjk vius Lotuksa dk Hkkjr vk fi.Mnku djokrh gSA bZgkex dh xkSjh vius firk ds lkFk Hkkjr esa 'kkafr

dh [kkst o fgUnw /keZ ij fjlpZ djus vkrh gSA vkSj ;gkW ds yksxks ds vyx&vyx iaFk vkSj utfj;s ls og bl QSlys

ij igqWprh gS fd 'kkafr dh ryk’k esa HkVduk mlh bZgke`x dh rjg gSA tks ges dHkh izkIr ugha gksrhA vo.kZ efgyk

dkaLVscy dh Mk;jh esa Hkoizhrk vk;h f’ko dh uxjh dks vius utfj;s ls i<+us dh dksf’kl djrh gSA

fdjnkj Hkys gh vyx gks le; o ifjn`’; vyx gks exj lHkh ukf;dk;sa vius LFkku ij n`<+rk ds

lkFk [kM+h gSA og vius lekt dks nwljksa dh utjks ls ugha cfYd viuh utjksa ls ns[krh gSA vius QSlys Lo;a djrh gSA

vius lH;rk vkSj laLd`fr dks cpkus dk iz;kl og gjne djrh gSA

1- ek/ko uhjtk&¼lkef;d izdk’ku 2006½]^xs’k tEik^ i"B la-160]

2- ek/ko uhjtk&¼lquhy lkfgR; lnu 2009½^;enhi^ i`"B la- 288

3- ek/ko uhjtk &¼izHkkr izdk’ku 2009½]^rsH;%Lo/kk^] i"B la- 147

4- ek/ko uhjtk&¼Hkkjrh; KkuihB 2010½^bZgke`x^]i"B la- 180

5- ek/ko uhjtk&¼jk/kkd`".k izdk’ku 2010½^vo.kZ efgyk dkaLVsfcy dh Mk;jh^] i"B la- 130

6- ek/ko uhjtk&¼dsru izdk’ku 1997½]^fpVds vkdk’k dk lwjt^ i`"B la- 120





’kks/kkFkhZ

Hkkjr esa efgyk dks ’kfDr Lo:ik ekuk x;k gSA Hkkjr dh lkaLÑfrd ijEijkvksa us efgyk dks lEekutud

LFkku iznku fd;k gSA efgykvksa dh fo’o vkfFkZd :ijs[kk ds vuqlkj efgyk tula[;k ds 50 izfr’kr Hkkx dk izfrfuf/kRo

djrh gSa ,oa 30 izfr’kr Je ’kfDr ds :i esa dk;Z djrh gSA lp ;g gS fd f’k{kk euq"; dks dsoy leFkZ gh ugha cukrh

oju~ mldk lokZaxh.k fodkl Hkh djrh gS] f’k{kk ,d dq’ky xg.kh vkSj ekrk ds :i esa viuk jax fn[kk ldrh gSa vkt

;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd efgyk,a ckSf)d Js; esa fcYdqy Hkh ihNs ugha gSa] volj feyus ij og dkQh vkxs fudy

ldrh gSA

efgykvksa ds O;fDrRo ckg~; vkSj vkarfjd fodkl fdlh Hkh lekt dh izxfr ds fu/kkZj.k dk egRoiw.kZ ekin.M

gSA efgykvksa ds fodkl vkSj muds vf/kdkjksa dh j{kk ds fy, la;qDr jk"Vª egklHkk esa 18 fnlEcj 1979 dks efgykvksa ds

fo:) lHkh izdkj ds HksnHkko lekIr djus ds ckjs esa izLrko ikfjr fd;k x;k] tks 3 flrEcj 1981 ls izHkkoh gqvkA

efgykvksa dh vf/kdkfjrk ,oa l’kfDrdj.k dh lkFkZdrk muds thou ds lokZaxh.k O;fDrRo fodkl ij gh fuHkZj djrh gS]

lokZaxh.k O;fDrRo fuekZ.k dk l’kDr ek/;e gS] ewY;ksaUeq[k f’k{kk@efgyk l’kfDrdj.k ls vfHkizk; ukjh ds thou dh

miyfC/k;ksa ls gh ugha cfYd muesa fufgr varZfufgr ’kfDr;ksa ds ifj"dkj vkSj muds lao/kZu lHkh gSa] tks muds vkfRed

fodkl dk ek/;e curh gSA efgykvksa ds tc l’kDr gksus dh ckr dh tkrh gWS rks ml le; ;g iz’u gekjs le{k

mRiUu gksrk gS fd vkf[kj ,d l’kDr efgyk dh ladYiuk D;k gS] vkt vko’;drk gS efgykvksa dks thou ds izR;sd

{ks= esa viuk jpukRed ;ksxnku iznku djuk gSA mPp f’k{kk laLFkkuksa dks Hkh bl fn’kk esa igy djuh gksxhA

ns’k esa ikfjokfjd fooknksa dh la[;k cgqr rsth ls c<+h gSA oSokfgd thou dh e/kqjrk dkuwuksa dh dBksjrk ,oa U;k;kyhu

fof/k izfØ;k esa lekIr gksus yxh gSA cM+h euksdkeeuk ls vk;h cgq dh ngst izrkM+uk laca/kh f’kdk;r leLr vjeku]

dYiuk,¡] lius /olr dj nsrh gSA lkl] uun] HkkHkh vkfn ifjokj dh efgyk,a Hkkjrh; n.M lafgrk ds izko/kkuksa dk

lkeuk djus foo’k gks tkrh gSA

iqfyl dk dke vijk/kksa ij fu;a=.k djuk gS ijarq ifjokfjd fooknksa dh foospuk] vfHk;kstu fxj¶rkjh esa cgqr

T;knk le; yxus ls dk;Z {kerk izHkkfor gks tkrh gSA U;k;ky;ksa esa Hkh ikfjokfjd fooknksa laca/kh fopkj/khu izdj.kksa esa

vikj of) gks jgk gSA iqfyl ifjokj ijke’kZ dsUnz ’kh?kz o izHkkoh U;k; fl)karksa ds vuq:Ik fopkj/khu izdj.kksas esa le>krk

djkus viuk ;ksxnku ns jgk gSA

efgykvksa ds fo:) fgalk ,d fo’oO;kih leL;k gS vkSj fo’o dh leLr laLÑfr;k¡ ,oa ns’k bl leL;k ls

xzflr gSA 20oha ’krkCnh ds vafre n’kd esas efgykvksa ij dh tkus okyh fgalk ds izfr lekt ds n`f"Vdks.k esa vR;kf/kd

egRoiw.kZ ifjorZu vk;k gSA bldk izeq[k dj.k ;g gS fd tgk¡ igys efgykvksa ds fo:) dh tkus okyh fgalk dh ewd

LohÑfr dh f’kdk;rsa ntZ dh tkrh FkhA efgykvksa ij c<+rh gqbZ fgalk dks ns[krs gq, efgykvksa ds fgr esa cuk, x,

fofHkUu dkuwuksa ds fØ;kUo;u jgh gSA igjokj esa gksus okys NksVs&eksVs] fookn ftUgsa ;fn le; ij ugha lqy>k;k tk;s tks

;g fookn c<+dj xaHkhj :Ik /kkj.k dj ysrs gS ifj.kke ifjokj ds fo?kVu ds :Ik esa lkeus vkrk gS vkSj izfrQy efgykvksa

dks fo’ks"k :Ik ls Hkksxuk iM+rk gSA oSokfgd fookn dks yEch dkuwuh izfØ;k ls lqy>kus esa efgyk,a dkQh dfBukbZ dk

vuqHko djrh gSA bls /;ku esa j[kdj izns’k ds yxHkx lHkh ftyksas esa ifjokj ijke’kZ dsUnz izkajHk fd;s x;s gSA iqfyl

}kjk rRdky vijk/k iathc) dj ysus ij vkilh le>kSrs dh xaqtkbZ’k yxHkx lekIr gks tkrh gSA dVq ?kVukØe ifjokj

dh efgykvksa ,oa cPpksa ds fy;s vR;ar gh =kln fLFkfr fufeZr djrh gSA ikfjokfjd fooknksa ds U;k;ky;ksa esa yafcr

izdj.kksa dh la[;k orZeku lkekftd O;oLFkk dk cnyrk Lo:Ik fl) dj jgs gSA





ihfM+r i{k iqfyl Fkkuksa vFkok iqfyl vf/kdkfj;ksa ds LFkku ij Lo;a vFkok Mkd }kjk viuh leL;k izLrqr dj ldrs gSA

ikfjokfjd O;Fkk dks lnL;x.k mlh le; lqudj leLr laHkkoukvksas ij fopkj djds lek/kku djus dk iz;kl djrs gSA

ikfjokfjd fookn ,oa oSokfgd thou ds d"Vksa dks Hkkoukvksa ,oa laosnukvksa ij vk/kkfjr dk;Zif)r vuq:Ik laca/kh i{kksa dh

vkilh lgefr ls loZ Lohdk;Z le>kSrk djk;k tkrk gSA ikfjokfjd fooknksa esa vkRegR;k tSls dBksj fu.kZ; djus ij

foo’k ihfM+r i{k dks ijke’kZ dsUnz esa vk’kk dh fdj.k fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA

vkosnd laLFkk ds ikl lkekftd lejlrk ,oa efgykvksa ls tqM+s eqn~nksa vkSj leL;kvksa ij dk;Z djus dk Ik;kZIr

vuqHko gksuk pkfg,A lekt dk;Z@euksfoKku esa mikf/k¼ekLVj fMxzh½A ftu ijke’kZnkrkvksa ds ikl fu/kkZfjr ’kSf{kd

;ksX;rk ugha gS] ysfdu os ikap ls vf/kd o"kksaZ ls ifjokj ijke’kZ dsUnz esa dk;Zjr gS rFkk mUgksaus dsUnzh; cksMZ }kjk

vk;ksftr vfHkeq[khdj.k izf’k{k.k vkSj iqu’p;kZ dk;ZØe esa Hkkx fy;k gS] rks os dsUnzh; cksMZ ds vuqeksnu ls ijke’kZnkrk ds

:Ik esa dk;Z dj ldrs gSaA

efgyk l'kfDrdj.k gsrq Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk ?kksf"kr uhfr 2009 ds dqN jk"Vªh; efgyk uhfr dk eq[; y{;]

efgykvksa dh izxfr] fodkl ,oa mudk l'kfDrdj.k lqfuf'pr djuk gSA jk"Vªh; efgyk uhfr ds eq[; mn~ns';

fuEufyf[kr gS %&

1- lEiw.kZ efgyk fodkl gsrq vuqdwy vkfFkZd ,oa lkekftd uhfr;ksa dk fu/kkZj.k djrs gq, leqfpr okrkoj.k lftr

djuk ftlls efgyk,a vius vUnj fo|eku {kerkvksa dk mi;ksx djus esa l{ke gks ldsaA

2- jktuhfrd] vkfFkZd] lkekftd ,oa lkaLÑfrd xfrfof/k;ksa esa iq:"k rFkk efgykvksa dks leLr ekuokf/kdkj rFkk

ekSfyd Lora=rk iznku djus gsrq dkuwuh dne mBkukA

3- jk"Vª ds vkfFkZd] lkekftd rFkk jktuhfrd thou esa lekurk ds vk/kkj ij efgykvksa dh fu.kZ; izfØ;k esa

Hkkxhnkjh lqfuf'pr djukA

4- lekurk ds vk/kkj ij efgykvksa dh igqap rFkk lHkh Lrjksa ij xq.koRrk;qDr LokLF;] f'k{kk jkstxkj] leku

etnwjh] dk;ZLFky ij lqj{kk ,oa lkekftd laj{k.k iznku djukA

5- dkuwuh O;oLFkk dks lqn`<+ djuk rkfd efgykvksa ds izfr fdlh Hkh izdkj ds HksnHkkoksa dh lekfIr gks ldsaA

6- iq:"k ,oa efgykvksa dh lgHkkfxrk dks c<+kok nsuk ftlls ts.Mj laca/kh] lkekftd lksp ,oa lkeqnkf;d O;ogkjksa

esa leqfpr ifjorZu yk;k tk ldsaA

7- efgykvksa ds n`f"Vdks.k dks fodkl izfØ;k esa lekfgr djukA

8- efgyk rFkk ckfydk ds izfr lHkh izdkj dh fgalk ,oa HksnHkko dks lekIr djukA

9- efgykvksa] iq:"kksa fo|kfFkZ;ksa] tehu ls tqM+s dk;ZdrkZvksa] laLFkkvksa] laLFkkuksa] foHkkxksa o efgyk laxBuksa dh

lgHkkfxrk ls efgykvksa ds izfr ldkjkRed nf"Vdks.k dks fodflr djus dk fo'ks"k iz;kl djukA





orZeku esa efgykvksa ds fy;s lapkfyr ;kstuk;s] efgykvksa ds LokLF; lq/kkj gsrq ^^lesfdr cky fodkl ;kstuk**

rFkk vkfFkZd fodkl gsrq ^^xzkeh.k efgyk ,oa f’k’kq fodkl dk;ZØe** izkjEHk fd;k x;kA Lo.kZt;arh xzke Lojkstxkj

;kstukUrxZr Lolgk;rk lewgksa ds ek/;e ls muds l’kfDrdj.k dk mik; fd;k tk jgk gS]

efgykvksa dh miyfC/k;ksa dks lEeku ,oa ekU;rk iznku djus fy, igyh ckj 5 L=h’kfDr iqjLdkj forfjr fd,

x,A efgyk l’kfDrdj.k ds fy, ^^Lo;afl)** uked ,d lesfdr ;kstuk izkjaHk dh xbZ gSA ftldk y{; Hkh Lo&lgk;rk

lewgksa }kjk l’kfDrdj.k djuk gS] dkedkth efgykvksa ds fy, ^^Mds;j lsaVj** ;qDr 29 gksLVyksa ds fuekZ.k dks LohÑfr

nh xbZ gSA ftuls 61]564 efgyk,a ykHkkfUor gksaxh] lesfdr cky fodkl ;kstuk dks 4]388 fodkl[k.Mksa ls c<+kdj vxys

o"kZ ds var rd 5]000 fodkl[k.Mksa esa ykxw fd;k tk,xkA izlo i'pkr~ 600 :- dh vuqxzg jkf’k ckfydk ds uke ls cSad

esa tek djus ds fy, ^^ckfydk le`f) ;kstuk** esa la’kks/ku fd;k x;k gSA

xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa Økafrdkjh dk;Z fd;k tk jgk gS] vHkh rd 22 yk[k lewgksa dk cSadks ls tksM++k tk pqdk gS]

ljdkj dk bjknk gS fd vkxkeh 5 o"kksZ ds nkSjku xzkeh.k {ks= dh 50 izfr’kr efgykvksa dks bu lewgks ds vUrxZr yk;k

tk, rFkk bUgasa cSadks ls tksM+k tk;saA xjhc efgykvksa dks lw{e foRr dh lqfo/kk miyC/k djkus ds fy, jk"Vªh; efgyk

?kks"k.kk izHkko'kkyh dk;Z dj jgk gS bl dkslZ dk dksIklZ dqN o"kksZ esa 100 djksM+ :i;sa djus dk ljdkj dk bjknk o"kZ

2009&10 ds ctV es Li"V fd;k x;k gS A 8 ekpZ 2009 rd bl ;kstuk ds rgr 34 yk[k Loajkstxkj lewg xfBr fd,

tk pqds gS vkSj 020-98 djksM+ :i;s ds dqy ifjO;; ls lgk;rk iznku dh xbZ gSa o"kZ 2009 ds ctV esa bl ;kstuk ds

rgr~ 2350 djksM+ :i;s dk izko/kku fd;k gSaA





’kks/kkFkhZ] vo/ks’k izrki flag fo’ofo|ky;] jhok

iqLrdky; Kku dk ogr Hk.Mkj gksrk gSA bldh LFkkiuk Kku ds izlkj ,oa KkuktZu gsrq dh tkrh gSA

iqLrdkyu dh cqfu;knh Hkwfedk lwpuk L=ksr lwpuk L=ksr ,df=r djuk gS] rkfd ;g lekt ds lHkh oxksZ dks leku

:Ik ls uohure lwpuk,a iznku dj ldsA iqLrdkyu ds fdz;kdykiksa dks oSKkfud vk/kkj iznku djus rFkk leqfpr

fodkl ds fy, iqLrdkyu oSKkfudksa is iqLrdky; foKku dks ,d Lora= fo"k; ds :Ik esa ekU;rk iznku djokusa esa

egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku fn;k gSA

blesa MkW- ,l- vkj- jaxukFku dk ;ksxnku ljkguh; gSA vk/kqfud ;qx esa iqLrdky; ,oa lwpuk foKku ,d fo"k;

ds :Ik esa Hkkjr esa gh ugh vfirq fo’o ds vusd fo’ofo/kky;ksa esa v/;;u&v/;kiu dk izeq[k fo"k; cu x;k gSA vkt

iqLrdky; ikB~; lkexzh ds vknku&iznku dk dsUnz ugha jg x;k gSA cfYd vk/kqfud iqLrdky; lwpuk ,oa izksRlkgu

lwpuk ,oa izys[ku lsok dsUnz ds :Ik esa tkuk tkrk gSA iqLrdky; dk Lopkyhdj.k gksus ls lwpuk&izpkj ,oa izlkj esa

ØkfUrdkj ifjorZu vk pqdk gSA

iqLrdky; ,d lkekftd laLFkk gSa tks lekt ds dY;k.k esa fujarj dk;Z djrh jgrh gSA iqLdky; Kkuh RkFkk

vKkuh dks leku :Ik ls Kku forfjr djrk gSA gekjs ns’k esa fo|knku ds dk;Z dks Js"V ekuk tkrk gSA ;g Js"V nku

iqLrdky; gh dj ikrs gSA xzUFkky; lHkh vketuksa dks vkthou f’k{kk iznku djrs gSa dksbZ Hkh O;fDr xzUFkky; ls thou

Ik;ZUr Kku dk vtZu dj ldrk gSA pawfd xzUFkky; lHkh cPps] cw<s] L=h] iq:"k] fodykax vkfn yksx fcuk f’k{kd ds ,d

’kS{kf.kd laLFkk ds leku Kku nsrk gSA vr% xzUFkky; dks ,d f’k{kd Hkh dgk tk ldrk gSA xzUFkky; fo|k iznku djus

okys vFkkg lkxj gksrs gSaA vk/kqfud ;qx esa iqLrdky; ’kS{kf.kd txr esa viuk egRoiw.kZ LFkku j[krk gSA xzaFkky; ,d

lkekftd laLFkk gksrs gS ftuds lqpk: :Ik ls lapkyu ds fy, izca/k dk fo’ks"k egRo nsrk gSSA izca/k djus okys O;fDRk dks

izca/kd dgk tkrk gSA iqLrdky;ksa esa iqLdky;k/;{k gh izca/kd gksrs gSA

O;olkf;d {ks= esa Hkh iqLrdky; dk viuk egRoiw.kZ LFkku gksrk gSA blds vfrfjDr lekt esa lkekftd ,oa

vkfFkZd lwpukvksa dks ,df=r djuk iqLrdky; ds dk;Z {ks= ds varxZr vkrs gSA ;gh ugh cfYd iqLrdky; euksjatu

izzys[k vkSj vU; izdkj ds izys[kksa dk Hkh laxzg djrs gSA iqLrdky; izR;sd O;fDr dks vius lkoZfxz.k fodkl ds fy,

volj nsrk gSA iqLrdky; ds vk/kkj ij gh ns’k dh laLd`fr vkSj lH;rk dk ewY;kadu fd;k tkrk gSA

Hkkjr o"kZ esa iqLrdky; dk izpyu izkjfEHkd dky ls gh jgk mu fnuksa vkpk;Zx.k Jqfr ds ek/;e ls fo/kkfFkZ;ksa dks

f’k{kk nsrs Fks rFkk rkM+i=] rkez i=] f’kyk ys[k] Hkkst i=ksa vkfn ij fy[kdj laxzfgr djds iqLrdky;ksa dk Lo:Ik rS;kj

fd;k tkrk Fkk izkphu uxjksa ds fo/oal tks [kqnkbZ esa feys lcwrksa ls ;g irk pyrk gS fd izkphu dky esa Hkh iqLrdky;

LFkkfir FksA lkroh ’krkCnh lkfgR; ,oa f’k{kk dh nf"V ls Hkkjr dks Lo.kZ ;qx esa fxuk tkrk gSA ftlds varxZr ukyank

,oa r{kf’kyk tSls fo’ofo/kky; FksaA bu fo’ofo/kky;ksa esa ogn iqLrdky; LFkkfir fd;s x;s Fks] e/;dky ,oa eqxydky esa

Hkh iqLrdky;ksa ds Lo:Ik dk o.kZu feyrk gSA xzaFkky; og LFkku gS tgka iqLrdsa v/;;ukFkZ laxzfgr dh tkrh Fkh ysfdu

vkt xzaFkky; iqLrdksa ds laxzg djus rd gh lhfer ugha jg x;s gSa cfYd vkt ;s fofHkUu izdkj ds rFkk fofHkUu Lo:iksa

esa Kku&lkexzh dk laxzg djrs gSA okLro esa vc xzaFkky; vius ladyu lsokvksa rFkk dk;ksZ ds }kjk fofHkUu mn~ns’;ksa ls

LFkkfir fd, tkrs gSA





pwafd ns’k ds vanj ;fn ge iqLrdky;ksa dks fofHkUu {ks=ksa vkSj dk;ksZ ds vk/kkj ij foHkkftr djsa rks og rhu

izdkj dk gksrk gSA

1- lkoZtfud xzaFkky;

2- ’kS{kf.kd xzaFkky;

3- fof’k"V xzaFkky;

xzaFkky;ksa dh i"B Hkwfe eq[; :Ik ls iqLrd ,oa vU; lwpukvksa dk laxzg ,oa mudk fodkl gks jgk gSA blh

vk/kkj ij vusd iqLrdky;ksa ds dk;ksZ ,oa lsokvksa dk foHkktu fd;k x;k gSA iqLrdky; y?kq’kks/k ds varxZr]

izkFkhZ }kjk ikWfyVsdfud fo’ofo|ky; ds iqLrdky;ksa dh lsokvksa dk leh{kkRed v/;;u gS tks fof’k"V

iqLrdky; dh Js.kh esa vkrk gSA

;fn ge fof’k"V iqLrdky;ksa ds lanHkZ esa ppkZ djs rks bl iqLrdky; ds varxZr og lHkh iqLrdky;

vkrs gS tks fof’k"V izdkj dh ikB~; lkexzh dk ladyu dj rFkk mUgha dh lsok,a iznku djrs gSaA ;s xzaFkky; ,oa

fdlh iSf=d laLFkk ls tqM+s gksrs gS vkSj mu laLFkkvksa dh vko’;drk dh iwfrZ ds fy;s lsokvksa dk rFkk lwpukvksa

dk laxzg.k rFkk iquZizkIrh dk dk;Z djrs gSaA

fdlh fof’k"V fo"k; vFkok {ks= ds mi;ksxdrkZvksa dh ekax dh iwfrZ djus okys xzaFkky; fdlh iSr`d

laLFkk ds xzaFkky; gksrs gS rFkk os iSrd laLFkk dh vko’;drkvksa dh iwfrZ djus ds fy;s gh LFkkfir ,oe~

lapkfyr fd;s tkrs gSaA bl izdkj ikWfyVsdfud egkfo|ky;ksa ds xzaFkky; fdlh fof’k"V fo"k; ds vuqla/kku ,oe~

fodkl dks lgk;rk iznku djus gsrq LFkkfir ,oe~ lapkfyr fd;s tkrs gSaA

fof’k"V xzaFkky;ksa dk izknqHkkZo 20 oha ’krkCnh ds izkjaHk esa loZizFke vesfjdk esa izkjaHk gqvk FkkA ;s uohu

izdkj ds xzaFkky; Fks tks vU; izdkj ds xazaFkky;ksa ls mn~ns’;ksa] dk;ksZ] lsokvksa rFkk v/;;u lkexzh dks laxzfgr

,oe~ O;ofLFkr djus dh uohu fof/k;ksa esa fcYdqy fHkUu FksA orZeku ’krkCnh ds izkjaHk gksus ds ckn ds dbZ o"kksZ esa

O;kikj ,oe~ m|ksxksa ds {ks= esa fo’o esa cM+h rhozxfr ls o`f) gqbZ ,d cgqr cM+h laLFkk esa ljdkjh izfr"Bku

LFkkfir fd, x;s ftuesa lkFk&lkFk muds xzaFkky; Hkh LFkkfir fd;s x;s ftlls bu xzaFkky;ksa dh la[;k esa o`f)

gksus yxhA izFke ,oe~ f}rh; fo’o ;q) us bl c<+rh gqbZ fodkl dh izfØ;k dks jksd fn;kA ysfdu fQj ’kks/k

,oe~ fodkl dk;ZØeksa esa tkxfr vkbZ ftlls ’kks/k ,oe~ fodkl dk;ZØe laLFkkvksa ds :Ik esa fodflr ,oe~

ifjofrZr gksrs x;sA ftlls fof’k"V xzaFkky;ks a dh la[;k esa Hkh of) gksus yxh rFkk buds }kjk iznRr uohu

lsokvksa esa Hkh fodkl fn[kkbZ nsus yxkA vesfjdk dh rjg gh ;wjksi rFkk fo’o ds vU; cgqr ls fodflr ns’kksa esa

fof’k"V xzaFkky;ksa dk fodkl gksus yxkA cgqr ls jk"Vªksa us vius vuqla/kku laxBuksa rFkk izfr"Bkuksa esa fof’k"V

xazFkky; LFkkfir fd;sA gekjs ns’k Hkkjr esa Hkh fof’k"V xzaFkkky;ksa dh of) ,oe~ fodkl if’peh ns’kksa ds

lekukUrj gh gqvk gSA

fdlh fof’k"V xzaFkky; ds lHkh fØ;kdyki lwpuk lsokvksa ds nks ekSfyd izdkjksa ls izkIr gksrs gSa tks

muds }kjk iznku dh tkrh gSA okLro esa lwpuk iznku djus ds fy;s gh fof’k"V xzaFkky;ksa dk vfLrRo gksrk gSA

izFke lsok mi;ksxdrkZvksa dh lwpuk dh ekax ds mRrj esa iznku dh tkrh gS rFkk nwljh lwpuk ekax ds iwoZ gh

iznku dh tkrh gS ftlesa vuqØef.kdk] lkjdj.k lsok,a lfEefyr gksrh gS tks mi;ksxdrkZvksa dks uohu ,oe~

lkef;d lwpuk ds ifjiw.kZ djus ds fy, rS;kj dh tkrh gSA

fof’k"V xzaFkky;ksa ds laxzg tks] viuh lwpuk lsok,a iznku djus esa fØ;k’khy gksrs gSa rFkk lkef;d

lwpuk ,oe~ iwoZO;kih v/;;u lkexzh ij cy nsrs gS laxBuksa ds }kjk izk;ksftd izkstsDV rFkk izksxzke ds vk/kkj





ij fu/kkZfjr fd;s tkrs gSA bu xzaFkky;ksa esa ijkEijkxr :Ik esa miyC/k v/;;u lkexzh esa tSls & iqLrdsa] tuZYl]

’kks/k ,oe~ rduhdh fjiksVZl vkfn ds vfrfjDr isVsUVl] LislhfQds’kal O;kikfjd fjdkMZ~l] lekpkj i=ksa dh

drju vkfn Hkh laxzfgr dh tkrh gSAA

fdlh fof'k"V xzaFkky; eaas lk/kkj.k izdkj d lanHkZ iz'ukas mRrj ls ysdj vuqla/kku ds fy, iznÙk lwpuk

lsokvksa rd bldk lsok {ks= gskrk gSA mi;ksxdRrkZvksa dh lkekU;r;k vuqla/kku ds fy, lkfgR; dh [kkst djus

esa muds }kjk fd, x;s iz;klksa esa lgk;rk iznku dh tkrh gSA lwpuk dh ek¡x dh iwfrZ djus esa rFkk mUgsa

lokZf/kd mi;ksx QkeZ esa ifjofrZr djus ds fy, lwpuk fo'ks"kKrk miyC/k djkbZ tkrh gSA dqN fof'k"V xazFkky;

vuqokn lsok,¡ Hkh iznku djrs gSA bl izdkj vf/kdka'k fof'k"V xazFkky;ksa esa xzaFkky; deZpkfj;ksa rFkk

mi;ksxdRrkZvksa ds e/; xzaFkky; dh lsokvksa ls vf/kd ls vf/kd ykHk izkIr djus ds fy, ,d ?kfu"V lEc)rk

LFkkfir gksrh gSA





’kks/kNk=k] vo/ks’k izrki flag fo’ofo|ky;] jhok

izkphu le; esa Kku izkIr djus rFkk xazFkksa dk v/;;u djus dk vf/kdkj lhfer yksxksa dks gh Fkk mldk dkj.k xzaFk gkFk

ls fy[kk tkuk FkkA xzaFkky;ksa esa mudh lqj{kk dk iw.kZ /;ku j[kk tkrk FkkA le; vkSj ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds lkFk xzaFk mRiknu

esa Øakfr vk xbZ gSA bl dkj.k ls iqLrdky; lsokvksa dk foLrkj nqzrxfr ls gqvk gS rFkk nwljh rjQ viqLrdh; ikB~;

lkexzh }kjk iqLrdky; lsok,a Hkh izpqj ek=k esa nh tkus yxh gSA

xzaFkky; lsok dh vo/kkj.kk esa Hkh ifjorZu gks x;k gSA vc xzaFk lqj{kkFkZ u gksdj v/;;ukFkZ gSaA johUnzukFk VSxksj

ds vuqlkj ^^fdlh xzaFkky; dk egRo mlesa ,df=r xazFkksa dh vis{kk ikB~; lkexzh dks mikns; cuk nsus dh {kerk ls

fu.khZr gksrk gSA** vkt fdlh xzaFkky; dh lQyrk dk ekin.M blesa laxzfgr ikB~; lkexzh dk vkdkj u gksdj xzaFkky;

}kjk iznRr lsok,a gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd vk/kqfud xzaFkky; esa ikBdksa dks loksZifj ekurs gq, mlds lHkh izdkj lsok,a iznku

dh tkrh gSA ikB~; lkexzh rRdky iznku dh tk lds blds fy, iqLrdky; ikB~; lkefxz;ksa dk oxhZdj.k rFkk lwphdj.k

djkrk gSA ikB~; lkexzh dks [kkstus rFkk lwpuk izkIr djus ds fy, O;fDxr lsok ds :Ik esa lanHkZ lsok iznku dh tkrh

gSA v/;;u rFkk vuq’khyu ds fy;s mfpr okrkoj.k rFkk lqfo/kk lsok,a izeq[k gSA

e/;izns’k fLFkr fo’ofo|ky; iqLrdky;ksa esa vf/kdka’k iqLrdky; 10%30 ls 5%30 cts rd gh [kqys j[ks tkrs gSA

fo’ks"k ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa iqLrdky;ksa ds le; esa of) dk izko/kku j[kk x;k gS tSls fd ijh{kk ;k fo’ks"k iqLrdky;hu lqcg

8 cts ls jkf= 8 cts rd [kqyk j[kus dk izko/kku fd;k gSA orZeku esa e/;izns’k ds rhu fo’ofo|ky; esa MkW- gfjflag

xkSj fo’ofo|ky;] lkxj] jkuh nqxkZorh fo’ofo|ky; tcyiqj rFkk foØe fo’ofo|ky;] mTtSu dk [kqyus dk le;

lqcg 8 cts ls ’kke 5 cts j[kk x;k gSA ;g O;oLFkk rnFkZ gS ’ks"k fo’ofo|ky; fu/kkZfjr dk;kZy; le; esa gh [kqyrs ,oa

can gksrs gSA

iqLrdky; esa iqLrdksa ds vtZu ds Ik’pkr~ iqLrdksa dks O;ofLFkr Øe iznku djus ds fy;s izR;sd dks

fo’ofo|ky; iqLrdky;ksa esa iqLrdksa dk oxhZdj.k rFkk lwphdj.k dk dk;Z fd;k tkrk gSA

fofHkUu fo"k;ksa ds xzaFkksa dks O;ofLFkr djus gsrq dqN oxhZdj.k i)fr;ka mi;ksx esa ykbZ tkrh gS ftuesa izeq[k

:Ik ls n’keyo oxhZdj.k i)fr vkfn gSA dksbZ Hkh iqLrdky; viuh vko’;drkuqlkj laxBukRed ;ksX;rk ds vk/kkj ij

bu oxhZdj.k i)fr;ksa esa ls fdlh Hkh ,d i)fr dks viukrk gSA e/;izns’k ds lHkh fo’ofo|ky; iqLrdky; esa M~;wch

n’keyo oxhZdj.k dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

blds }kjk ikB~; lkexzh ds fo"k; dk fu/kkZfjr oxkZda rFkk xzaFkkd dk fu/kkZj.k dj fn;k tkrk gS ftlls

iqLrdky; lsok,a de le; esa rFkk izekf.kd nh tk ldrh gSA

tgka ,d vksj oxhZdj.k iqLrdky; dks vyekfj;ksa esa xzaFkksa dh O;oLFkk dks lqfo/kktud cukrk gSA ogh

lwphdj.k fdlh xzaFkksa dh O;oLFkk dks lqfo/kktud cukrk gSA ogh lwphdj.k fdlh xzaFk ds fy;s ikBdksa ds fofHkUu izdkj

dh ekaxksa dks larq"V djrk gSA lwphdj.k dh vusd i)fr;ka gS] ftlesa ,,y dksM] DyklhQkbM dsVykWx dksM] ,-,- lh-

vkj- vkfn gSA buesa ls fdlh ,d i)fr dks xazFkky;ksa esa ikB~; lkexzh ds lwphdj.k ds fy;s viuk;k tkrk gSA orZeku esa

lHkh iqLrdky; ikBd dh vko’;drkuqlkj lwpuk vafdr dj lwph rS;kj dh tkrh gSa okLro esa bl izfØ;k iqLrdky;

lsok ds varxZr ikBdksa ds }kjk ys[kd vk[;k fo"k; bR;kfn esa ls fdlh ,d dh tkudkjh gksus ij rRdky lsok nh tk

ldrh gSA





e/;izns’k ds vf/kdka’k fo’ofo|ky; iqLrdky;ksa esa oxkZdkj ,oa lwphdkj ds in fjDr gksus ;k in LohÑr u

gksus ds dkj.k ;g dk;Z ;k rks vizf’kf{kr deZpkfj;ksa ls djk;k tkrk gS ftlls ;s deZpkjh fo"k;kuqlkj iqLrdsa vyekfj;ksa

esa O;ofLFkr rks dj nsrs gSa ijarq mldh lwph dk fuekZ.k ugha dj ikrsA

iqLrdky; esa laxzfgr ikB~; lkexzh dks ikBd rd igqapkus dk dk;Z iqLrdky; dh

vknku&iznku lsok dk egRoiw.kZ nkf;Ro gSA bl dk;Z dh iqLrdky; ds vknku&iznku foHkkx }kjk djus dh ijEijk jgh

gS vkt tc iqLrdky; lwpuk dsUnz ds :Ik esa fodflr fd;s tk jgs gSA rc Hkh iqLrdky; dks vknku&iznku lsok

vR;kf/kd foLrkj’khy rFkk mi;ksxh lsok ds :Ik esa foLrkfjr fd;k tk jgk gSA

xzaFkky; o/kZu’khy laLFkk gSa blesa vknku&iznku i)fr ,slh gksuh pkfg, tks xzaFkky; esa ikBdksa dh c<+rh gqbZ

la[;k ds lkFk Hkh Bhd izdkj ls dk;Z dj ldsA iqLrdky;ksa esa vknku&iznku i)fr viukus ds fy;s fuEufyf[kr fof/k;ka

izfrikfnr gSa igyk iath iz.kkyh nwljk vLFkk;h iphZ iz.kkyh rhljk Meh iz.kkyh pkSFkk i=d iz.kkyh iakpok Vksdu fuxZe

iz.kkyh ,oa NVok Lo fuxZe iz.kkyhA

,d vkn’kZ vkxe&fuxZe iz.kkyh esa fuEufyf[kr xq.kksa dk gksuk vko’;d gS igyk ’kh?kzrk] nwljk lLrkiu] rhljk

ljyrk] pkSFkk LFkkuh; vko’;drk ds lkFk rkyesy mi;qDr ckrksa ds vkn’kZ i)fr esa fuEukafdr lwpuk,a Hkh vklkuh ls

izkIr dh ldsA igyk izR;sd fnu fdruh iqLrdsa fuxZfer gqbZ izR;sd iqLrdsa fuxZfer gqbZA izR;sd iqLrd ds okil gksus dh

frfFk rd tks iqLrdsa okil ugha vk lds rc mlds fy;s vko’;d dk;Zokgh Hkh dh tk ldsA

lanHkZ lsok ,d ekuoh; izfØ;k gSA iqLrdky; foKku ds varxZr lanHkZ lsok ,d ’kk[kk ds :Ik esa tkuh

tkrh gSA iqLrdky; esa rduhdh fof/k;ksa dk iz;ksx dj ikB~; lkexzh dks O;ofLFkr fd;k tkrk gSA

ikBd bu rduhdh fof/k;ksa ls vufHkK gksrs gSa vr% bu fof/k;ksa dks ikBdksa dks le>kus v/;;u rFkk vuqla/kku

esa lgk;rk igqapkus vkfn ds fy;s iqLrdky; deZpkfj;ksa dh vko’;drk gksrh gS ftl deZpkjh }kjk ;g dk;Z lEikfnr

dj;k tkrk gSA bl lanHkZ esa izks-,l-vkj- jaxukFku dk er gS fd lanHkZ lsok iqLrd vkSj ikBd ds e/; laidZ LFkkfir

djkus dh ,d izfØ;k gS lanHkZ xzaFkkoy;h ds ikl egRoiw.kZ lanHkZ xazFkksa dk laxzg nwjHkk"k rFkk mudks j[kus ds fy;s

vko’;d xazFkkxkjksa vkfn dk izca/k gksuk pkfg,A mlds ikl m/okZ/kj QkbZy dSfcusV Hkh gksuk pkfg,A lanHkZ foHkkx ds

xBu ls lacaf/kr nks gh rRo lokZf/kd egRoiw.kZ gS igyk mfpr lanHkZ xazFkksa dk laxzgA nwljk lanHkZ lsok ds fy, mfpr

dkfeZdksa dk p;u rFkk izf’k{k.kA

ifjpkyu ,d egRoiw.kZ {ks= gS] dk;Z dh izÑfr ds dkj.k tks fd ifjpkyu esa izHkkoh gS bls Lopkfyr fd;s

tkus dh vko’;drk gSA ifjpkyu esa iqLrdky; lkefxz;ksa ds vknku&iznku] vkj{k.k] lkaf[;dh] le; ij u okil

lkefxz;ksa ds fy;s Lej.k i=ksa dks Hkstuk vkfn ’kkfey gSA





’kks/kNk=k] tcyiqj

^^dqN oLrqvksa dk xyr le; ij] xyr ek=kvkas esa rFkk xyr LFkkukas ij ik;k tkuk i;kZoj.k iznw"k.k dgykrk gSA**

orZeku dky esa c<+rh gq;h vkcknh] Ñf"k] vkS|ksfxdhdj.k] ouks dh dVkbZ] oU; thoksa dk lagkj rFkk

Ik;kZoj.k&ijh{k.kksa ls i;kZoj.k&larqyu fcxM+ x;k gS] blls u dsoy Hkkjr vfirqq lEiw.kZ fo’o Hk;kØkar gS] ukuk

izdkj dh xSls&dkcZuMkbZvkWDlkbM] lYQj Mkb vkWDlkbM] dkcZu eksuks vkWDlkbM] MhMhVh] fofdj.k] lhlk] rsy]

ikjk] QkLQsV vkfnA ;s iznw"k.k ls euq"; dh ’kkjhfjd] ekufld fodkl dks {kfr igaqp jgh gS]ftlls oSpkfjd iznw"k.k

QSy jgk gSA

Ik;kZoj.k&leL;k okLro esa gekjs nks"kiw.kZ jgu&lgu dk gh ifj.kke gSA Ñf=erkiw.kZ jgu&lgu] vkdk’k esa

c<+rk gqvk vk/kqfud okgu] e’khuks dk ’kksj] fpeuh rFkk okguksa ds }kjk NksM+k tkus okyk /kqvk¡] tgjhys vif’k"V

inkFkksaZ us ty vkSj i`Foh dks cqjh rjg iznwf"kr dj fn;k gSA izÑfr ds o’khdj.k ds iz;kl] czg~ek.Mdks fo?kVu dh

vksj ys tk jgs gSaA thounk;d ok;q iznw"k.k ds dkj.k thou?kkrd gks jgh gS] ve`rrqY; ty fo"krqY; curk tk jgk

gSA

vksMekuqlkj& ^ôkrkoj.k ds vFkok thoe.My ds HkkSfrd] jklk;fud o tSfod xq.kkas ds Åij tks gkfudkjd izHkko

iM+rk gS] iznw"k.k dgykrk gSA**

ek?k iznw"k.k dh vksj ladsr djrs gq, dgrs gS&

^îz{kkyukf) i³~dL; nwjknLi’kZua oje~^^

vFkkZr~ iSj dks dhpM+ esa lkudj fQj mls /kksus ls vPNk gS fd iSj esa dhpM+ yxus gh u fn;k tk,A

vk/kqfud fodkl ds fpUrd ekurs Fks fd izÑfr ds ikl muds mi;ksx dks larq"V djus gsrq v{kq..k Hk.Mkj

gSa vkSj ekuo mudk ftruk pkgs] tSlk pkgs mi;ksx] fonksgu vkSj ;gka rd fd ’kks"k.k dj ldrs gSa] lkFk gh os ;g

Hkh ekurs gSa fd iFoh ij tks dqN Hkh miyC/k gS êkuo ds miHkksx ds fy, gSA

U;wVu dk mn~/kj.k bls vkSj iq"V djrk gS&

^^lkjh i`Foh mls ,d lUrjs dh rjg utj vkrh gS mldh bPNk gksrh gS fd bls fupksM+dj ih tk,A**

okLro esa izÑfr ds izfr ,slh Hkkouk us gh iznw"k.k dks tUe fn;k ftlls lkjk fo’o bl leL;k dh pisV esa gS rFkk

izkÑfrd vkinkvksa dk xzkl cuk tk jgk gSA

i;kZoj.k iznw"k.k dks oxhZÑr djuk dfBu gS v/;;u dh lqfo/kkuqlkj iznw"k.k dks fuEu izdkj ls foHkkftr fd;k

tkrk gS&

HkkSfrd iznw"k.k

lkekftd iznw"k.k





LFky iznw"k.k

vkfFkZd iznw"k.k

ty iznw"k.k

/kkfeZd iznw"k.k

jktuhfrd ok;q iznw"k.k] ekuoh; iznw"k.k¼naxk];q)½

lkekftd izn"kw.k ¼vkradokn] pksjh MdSrh½

Tkc ekuoh; LoHkko lhek dk laØe.k djrk gS] rks i;kZoj.k dk àkl gks tkrk gSA Ldhcj bl izfØ;k dks le>krs

gSa&

land use

Empairement of other Requirements

Environmental Damage

Impaired land use

Ik;kZoj.k ds iznw"k.k ds eq[; dkj.k ou fouk’k] Ñf"k fodkl] rhoz tula[;k of)] vR;kf/kd

Ik’kqpkj.k] fu/kZurk dk izHkko] vkS|ksfxdhdj.k] uxjhdj.k] HkkSfrdoknh laLÑfr dh iz/kkurk] lalk/kukas dk vfoosdiw.kZ

nksgu] rhoz ;krk;kr O;oLFkk] vfu;ksftr fodkl] vk/kqfud vkS|ksfxdhdj.k vkfn ftlds QyLo:Ik Ik;kZoj.k esa

vlarqyu dh fLFkfr curh gS tSls& ck<+&lw[kk] Hkwfe {kj.k] e:LFkyhdj.k] tyok;oh; O;frØe] HkwdEi vkSj

HkwL[kyu] chekjh vkSj egkekjh pØokr vkSj rwQku] Tokykeq[kh vkfnA

izÑfr dk fu;e gS nsrs jgukA xzh"e esa lw;Z i`Foh ds leLr jl dks lks[k ysrk gS o"kkZ _rq esa mlh dks ykSVk nsrs gSa

fofHkUu izdkj dh xSl ls ok;q iznwf"kr gks x;h gSA iFoh ds thoksa ds fy, loZizFke LoPN ok;q vko’;d gS ftlls

thou dh ’kq:vkr gS] blds ckn tyA ty ls gh vUu mRiUu gksrk gS] fctyh dk mRiknu] thoksa dks larqf"V]

vkarfjd rFkk ckg~; ’kqf) dk;Z ty ls gh laHko gSA ty dks gh iznwf"kr djus esa ekuo Hkj laHko iz;kljr gSA

ty dk eq[; lzksr unh gS] unh esa tyh; thoksa dk thou gSA unh ls /khjs&/khjs eNyh] lkai] exjePN

vkfn dk thou rks iznw"k.k ds dkj.k u"V gksus dh dxkj ij gSA unh ds tho&tUrq] ikS/ks xanxh dks cgqr dqN

jksdrs gSa fdarq vkt ’kgjksa dk xank ikuh lh/ks ufn;ksa esa fxj jgk gS] ftlls ty iznwf"kr gks jgk gS vkSj tyh; tho

blls [kRe gks jgs gSaA i`Foh dk 75 izfr’kr Hkkx ty ls f?kjk gSA leqnz esa dqy ek=k dk 92 -2 izfr’kr Hkkx ty gS

2 izfr’kr Hkkx cQZ cuk gqvk gSA thoksa ds mi;ksx ds fy, flQZ 0-8 izfr’kr ty gh miyC/k gSA c<+rh tula[;k

ty leL;k dk izeq[k dkj.k gS] blds lkFk m|ksxksa dk fodkl unh ds fdukjs T;knk gqvk gS D;ksa fd bUgsa lcls

T;knk ikuh dh vko’;drk gksrh gS] blls fudyk vif’k"V inkFkZ rFkk vU; xanxh iznw"k.k c<+krk gSA Ñf"k esa

dhVuk’kd jklk;fud [kkn~; ls feyh feV~Vh cjlkr esa cgdj ufn;ksa esa feyrh gS] bu iznw"k.k ls unh esa vkWDlhtu

dh ek=k ?kVrh gS] ftlls tyh; tho u"V gks tkrs gSaA

ekuo laLÑfr ,oa lH;rk dk bfrgkl cukus okyh gS /kjrh ij vfojy cgus okyh ufn;ka gh gSaA bUgha ds

rV ij lH;rk dk fodkl gqvk gS] fdarq vkt dSlk nqHkkZX; gS] ftu lfjrkvksa us euq"; dk laLdkj fd;k]

thonkf;uh] tuuhrqY; laj{k.k vkSj thounku fn;k] mUgha dks euq"; us xank fd;k] iznwf"kr dj jgk gSA jkT; ds

izeq[k uxjks tSLks& bankSj] Hkksiky] mTtSu] tcyiqj vkfn ls tks xans ukys fudyrs gSa] os Ik;kZoj.k iznw"k.k ds izeq[k

leL;k,a gSaA muls u dsoy LFkkuh; vfirq] O;kid Lrj ij lewps ns’k dk i;kZoj.k iznwf"kr gksrk gS bls ,sls





le>ldrs gSa& bankSj ds ?kjksa dk xank ikuh [kku unh esa fxjrk gSA [kku unh ml xanxh dks xaHkhj vkSj f{kizk unh

esa Mkyrh gSA f{kizk unh pEcy ls feyrh gSA pEcy tkdj ;equk ls laxe djrh gS] ;equk xaxk esa feyrh gSA bl

rjg iznw"k.k dk ;g pØ iwjs ns’k vkSj fo’o dks viuh pisV esa ys ysrk gSA

vejd.Vd ls ueZnk dk mn~Hko dq.M ls gqvk] ogka vR;ar xanxh gSA vejd.Vd esa vkJe rFkk eafnj

ds fuekZZ.k ls ogka dk izkÑfrd lkSan;Z fNUUk&fHkUu gks jgk gSA ueZnk ds iFk&izokg esa xanxh us mls ?ksj j[kk gSA

ueZnk vejd.Vd dh ?kkVh ds Hkhrj dsoy izkÑfrd lEink dk vuojr nksgu vFkok vkS|ksxhdj.k dh izofRRk gh

ueZnk iznw"k.k ds dkj.k ugha gS cfYd xanxh ;k xans ikuh ds fudkl dh leqfpr O;oLFkk dk u gksuk Hkh ,d eq[;

dkj.k gSA ;g ueZnk rV ij cls gj dLcs ;k uxj dk gky gSA ueZnk vejdaVd dh ?kkVh ds Hkhrj vUr% lfyy

ds :Ik esa fo|eku gS vkSj vejdaVd ds Ik;kZoj.k ds lkFk NsM+NkM+] ueZnk ds fouk’k dks vkea=.k gSA vUr% lzksrksa ds

,d ckj lw[k tkus ds ckn lg+L= o"kksaZ rd os fQj ogka ugha QwVrsA vr% ueZnk dh j{kk ds fy, vejdaVd dk

izkÑfrd oSHko Hkh v{k; jguk pkfg,A

fM.MkSjh cl LVs.M ds ihNs ueZnk rV dh xanxh lh/ks ueZnk esa cgkbZ tkrh gSA ueZnk ds fdukjs e.Myk esa

Hkh 10&12 ukykas dk xank ikuh lh/ks ueZnk esa feyrk gSA ;gh fLFkfr tcyiqj tSls egkuxj dh gSSA izkphu le; esa

;gka tkckfy _f"k dk vkJe jgk] tgka ueZnk izÑfr ds izkxa.k ls mNyrh&dwnrh izokfgr gksrh Fkh fdarq vkt

ueZnk rV ij vfrØe.k dj lhf<+;ksa rd dks xk;c dj fn, gSaA eafnjks dk fuekZ.k dj ueZnk ds ekxZ dks vo:)

dj jgs gSaA jsr fudklh us ueZnk ds ty ’kqf)dj.k {kerk dk gj.k dj fy;k gSA ;gka xans ukyks dk nqxZU/k;qDr

ikuh lh/ks ueZnk esa fxjrk gSA lksdfiV cukus ds ctk; ikbi ykbu }kjk ueZnk esa vklkuh ls xank ikuh igqap jgk

gSA

gks’kaxkckn esa dksjh?kkV ,oa lsBkuh?kkV ds chp ,d ukys }kjk iwjs ’kgj dk xank ikuh ueZnk esa fxjrk gS

ftl LFkku esa xank ikuh fxjrk gSA vkS|ksfxd uxj cM+okg mlds lehiorhZ xzkeh.k {ks= iznw"k.k ds ?ksjs esa vk x,

gSaA uxj ds iwohZ rjQ ’kjkc dkj[kkuk] mRrj esa pwuk m|ksx nf{k.k esa ,UkdkWOl la;a= us ;gka ds okrkoj.k dks

izHkkfor fd;k gSA ’kjkc dkj[kkus ls fudyus okyk xank ikuh pksjy unh esa fxjrk gSA pksjy mls ueZnk esa fxjkrh

gSA bl ikuh ds iz;ksx ls peZjksx dh f’kdk;r vkbZ gSA Hk:p esa cM+h xanxh gSA ’kgj dh lkjh xanxh ueZnk esa

fxjrh gSAvdays’oj isVªksdsfedYl dkj[kkus dh xanxh ueZnk esa vkrh gSA

ueZnk dh lgk;d ufn;ka bldh tku gSa] buds fcuk ueZnk dh dYiuk ugha dh tk ldrhA lgk;d ufn;ksaa dh

la[;k dkQh cM+h gS ftuesa 41 izeq[k gSaA buesa ls 19 unh mRrjh rV ls rFkk 22 unh nf{k.kh rV ls vkdj ueZnk

esa feyrh gSA budh xanxh Hkh Hkjiwj ek=k esa ueZnk esa feyrh gSA ufn;ka NksVs&cM+s izikr cukdj rst xfr ls

cgdj iznw"k.k dks dkQh gn rd de djus dh {kerk j[krh gSa fdarq tc buesa cka/k cuk;k tkrk gS rks budh xfr

esaa vojks/k mRiUu gksrk gS vkSj ;s fo’kky rkykc ds :Ik esa fn[kus yxrh gaaSA :ds gq, ikuh esa vf/kd iznw"k.k jgrk

gSA ueZnk ij brus cM+s&cM+s cka/k cuus ds ckotwn Hkh vHkh ueZnk esa xaxk&;equk tSls iznw"k.k ugha gS fdarq ;fn /;ku

ugha fn;k rks fLFkfr fu;a=.k ls ckgj gks ldrh gSA

ftl fnu euq"; laLÑfr ls foÑfr dh vksj vxzlj gqvkA mlh fnu i;kZoj.k iznw"k.k dh leL;k

mRiUu gks x;hA ou ls riksou ;k miou cukus dh ctk; mlus ouks dk fouk’k djuk izkjaHk dj fn;k] mu ykyph

euq";kas dks taxyks esa gjs&Hkjs o`{k vPNs ugha yxrs] muds fy, taxyks ds lhfer o`{kks dh rqyuk esa Lo;a ds

ekyxksnke esa j[ks gq, er isM+ksa ds BwB T;knk I;kjs yxrs gSaA euq"; laiw.kZ izÑfr dks mtkM+ dj Qsad nsuk pkgrk

gSA rkfd Lo;a /kuoku cusA vk/kqfud ifjos’k esa laiw.kZ Ik;kZoj.k euq"; ls izHkkfor gks jgk gSA o`{kksa ds àkl ls





izkÑfrd larqyu fcxM+ jgk gSA euq"; vkSj izÑfr ds e/; larqyu gksuk fodkl] vkSj larqyu fcxM+uk gh fouk’k gSA

,sls esa izk.kok;q dk ladV cuuk LoHkkfod gSA ;fn izkÑfrd fouk’k dk rk.Mo ,sls gh pyrk jgk rkss ’k q) ok;q

feyuk nqyZHk gks tk,xh] o"kkZ de] lw[kk iM+sxk] lHkh ijs’kkuh dks ns[kus ds ckn Hkh euq"; ou fouk’k djus esa vxz.kh

cuk gqvk gSA tula[;k c<+sxh rks dkj[kkus c<+asxs buls /kjrh ij vkPNkfnr o{kksa dks dkVuk izkjaHk fd;k tk,xk]

ftlls izÑfr ij vlarqyu LFkkfir gks tk,xk vkSj ;gha ls tUe gksrk gS iznw"k.k dkA tSls& c<+rs uxjhdj.k ds

dkj.k Hkwfexr ty Lrj esa deh gksrh gS] uxjksa dh o`f) ls lehiLFk unh esa {ks=kas esa ck<+ leL;k] iDdh lM+dsa]

daØhVksa ds taxykas ds dkj.k ty fjlko Hkwfe esa ugha gks jgk gS ftlls Hkwfexr ty dh {kfr iwfrZ ugha ik jgh gSA

folftZr ey] dwM+k&djdV] iznwf"kr ty foltZu ls dbZ egkekjh ,oa iznw"k.k laca/kh jksxkas dk tUe gksus ls uxj

ekuo LokLF; ds nq’eu gks x, gSaA vkt LokLF; Bhd j[kus ds fy, ekuo taxyks esa ^farm house* cukdj jgus

dks dksf’k’k esa gSA

ckgjh iznw"k.k ds dkj.k ekuo ruko xzLr curk tk jgk gSA fopkjksa esa erHksn] ?k`.kk] bZ";kZ bu lcdks tUe ns jgk gS

^fodkl dh gksM+*A dgrs Fks&^vf[k;ka gfjn’kZu dh I;klh* jgh gksaxh vc os gSa Vh- oh- dh I;klhA Vh- oh- gekjs

fnekx esa fdruk dwM+k Bwalrh gS ;s fdlh ls vNwrk ugha gSA16 ;gh ekufld iznw"k.k gSA lkjk iznw"k.k oSpkfjd

iznw"k.kls gh fofHkUu :iksa esa vkdkj ikrk gSA

iznw"k.k c<+rh tula[;k ds dkj.k gksrk gS fdarq de tula[;k okys ns’k esa Hkh iznw"k.k QSy jgk gSA okLro

esa bldk dkj.k gS vk/kqfud O;fDr dh vko’;drk dk vf/kd gksuk] r`".kk ,oa Hkksxoknh laLÑfrA larqf"V tSls ’kCn

dk ukeksfu’kku feV x;k gSA vf/kd vko’;drk gh dkj[kkukas dks c<+kok nsrh gSaA bl vk/kqfud le; esa fuR;

u;h&u;h oLrq,¡ cukus dh gksM+ esa u;s&u;s dkj[kkus yxk, tk jgs gSa ftrus vf/kd dkj[kkus mruk i;kZoj.k dk

fouk’k vkSj iznw"k.k dk fodklA ;gh dkj[kkus vius /kq,¡ ls ok;qe.My dks iznwf"kr djsaxs lkFk gh ufn;ksa esa viuh

xanxh cgkdj muesa tgj ?kksysaxsA ftu ifo= ufn;ksa ds fdukjs lH;rk us tUe fy;k] ftlds ikou iquhr rVksa esa

gekjs _f"k&eqfu ds vkJe gksrs Fks] ftUgsa gekjs /keZ ’kkL=ks ,oa iqjk.kks esa eks{k iznkf;uh yksdekrk dgk x;k gSA vkt

mUgha ufn;ksa dk vfLrRo [krjs esa iM+ x;k gSA oLrqr% miHkksDrkoknh laLÑfr ds dkj.k fuR; u;s&u;s dkj[kkus

LFkkfir fd, tk jgs gSaA QyLo:Ik Hkfo"; esa vf/kdkf/kd ek=k esa izÑfr dk fonksgu gksxkA fodkl dh blh va/kh

HkkxnkSM+ us vkt laiw.kZ txr dks fouk’k ds eq[; }kj ij ykdj [kM+k dj fn;k gSA

i;kZoj.k ds vUr% iru esa leLr dkjd pkgs m|ksx] tula[;k] Hkwfe {kj.k] [kkn~;] ou fouk’k] uxjhdj.k]

miHkksDrkonh ekufldrk] ok.kh nks"k] oSpkfjd vlarqyu] foykflrk iw.kZ thou vkfn us of) gsrq vR;kf/kd lg;ksx

iznku fd;k gS ftlls ekuo thou vLr&O;Lr gks x;k gSA izÑfr ls ysrs vo’; gSa fdarq nsrs dqN ughaA ;fn

Ik;kZoj.k dk laj{k.k djuk pkgrs gSa rks ^lknk thou mPp fopkj* dh vksj ykSVuk gksxkA





’kks/k Nk=k vFkZ’kkL=] jkuh nqxkZorh fo’ofo|ky; tcyiqj ¼e-iz-½

ckyk?kkV ftys dk HkkSxksfyd {ks=Qy 9]229 oxZ fdeh gS ,oa 4]775-50 oxZ fd-eh {ks= vFkkZr 52 izfr’kr Hkkx esa

ou gSA ckyk?kkV lkekU; oueaMy dh LFkkiuk o"kZ 1921 esa dh xbZ rRi’pkr o"kZ 1960 esa mRrj ,oa nf{k.k lkekU;

oueaMy dk xBu fd;k x;k oueaMy ds varxZr m".k dfVca/kh; ’kq"d ir>M+ okys lkxkSu] lky ,o a fefJr ou gSA

ou eaMy ds leLr ifj{ks=ksa esa ckal ik;k tkrk gSA ou foHkkx dk;Z vk;kstuk vkys[k Hkkx&1 ds vuqlkj mRrj

ckyk?kkV ou eaMy esa fefJr ou 466-27 izfr gSDVs;j o`{kksa dh la[;k gSA ckyk?kkV ftys ds varxZr nks lkekU; oueaMy

dk;Zjr gSa ftuesa mRrj oueaMy ckyk?kkV lkekU; esa vkjf{kr ou 1369-6 oxZ fd-eh- rFkk lajf{kr ou 351-29 oxZ fd-eh-

gSA

ckyk?kkV ftys esa egqvk cgqrk;r ls ik;k tkrk gS ;|fi egqvk dk mi;ksx dPph ’kjkc cukus ds fy, rks gksrk

gh gS] ysfdu egqvk ds isM+ dh ifRr;ksa ls nksuk iRry cukus dh bdkbZ ;gka lqxerk ls LFkkfir gks ldrh gSA pwafd ftys

esa nksuk&iRry m|ksx dqVhj m|ksx ds varxZr lapkfy gS D;ksafd yksx ckal dh [kfPp;ksa ds fruds o egq, ds iRrkssa ls

iRry nksuk cukdj csp jgs gSaA ;fn iRry nksuk cukus dh ;kaf=d bdkbZ LFkkfir dh tk; tks izsLM nksuk iRry cukus esa

fuiq.k gks rks ;g ,d lQy y?kq m|ksx dk #i ys ldrk gSA pwafd bl {ks= esa ’kknh fookg /kkfeZd dk;Z ,oa vU;

voljksa ij Hkkst gsrq lHkh oxZ }kk nksuk&iRry dk cgqrk;r ls iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA vr% dPps eky dh miyC/krk ,oa

fodz; dh laHkkouk dks ns[krs gq, ;g bdkbZ vf/kd mi;qDr gksxhA

ftys esa vkaoyk vkSj csy Ik;kZIr ek=k esa ik;k tkrk gS ftys ds fuoklh vkaoys dk mi;ksx ewyr% vpkj fuekZ.k

gsrq djrs gSa rFkk bl Qy dk lkekU;r% mi;ksx ’kcZr ,oa eqjCck cukus esa Hkh iz;qDr fd;k tkrk gSA ;fn bldk mi;ksx

vk;qosZfnd nokbZ;ksa ds fuekZ.k esa fd;k tk;s rks mlds mRiknu gsrq y?kq m|ksx {ks= esa vusd bdkbZ;ka lgtrk ls LFkkfir

gks ldrh gSA pwafd ftys esa vkt Hkh futh {ks= esa dqN oS/kjkt ,oa vk;qosZfnd nok dk O;olk; djus okys dqN O;kikjh

,oa fuekZrk PkO;auizk’k cukdj mRikn rS;kj dj jgs gSa ftldh vkiwfrZ lhfer {ks= esa gh gks ikrh gSA vr% bl {ks= esa Hkh

y?kq m|ksx bdkbZ;ka LFkkfir gks ldrh gSA

ftys esa ck;cjax] fHkyoka] csapknh] cgSjk vkSj esusj Qy tSls vk;qosZfnd lalk/ku Ik;kZIr ek=k esa miyC/k gS blds

vk/kkj ij vk;qosZfnd nokb;ksa dh ,d bdkbZ ftys esa lgtrk ls LFkkfir dh tk ldrh gSA ftlls fd futhdj.k dks

izksRlkgu feysxk ftys esa mi;qZDr ouksit dks ns[krs gq, vk;qosZfnd nokbZ;ksa ds fuek.kZ gsrq futh {ks= dh bdkbZ;ksa dks

ljdkj }kjk fo’ks"k fj;k;rs o lqfo/kk,a nsuk vko’;d gSA

bu fofHkUu {ks=ksa es fofHkUu izdkj dh mit ikbZ tkrh gS ;fn budk fof/kor vkSj O;ofLFkr <ax ls mi;ksx

fd;k tk; rks ;s Hkh vusd izdkj y?kq m|ksx bdkbZ;kas dks LFkkfir djus esa Ik;kZIr gSA bu {ks=ks a esa bekjrh ydM+h ftuesa

lkxkSu] lky] ljbZ] rsanq] /kok] chtk vkfn dh ydM+h egRoiw.kZ gSA blds vykok tykm ydM+h ,oa ckl Hkh miyC/k gSA

ouksit ds #i esa rsanwiRrk gjkZ] dRFkk xkasn] fpjkSath egqvk vkfn gSA

ftys esa cgqrk;r ek=k esa vkS"kf/k o{k ik;s x;s gS ftuls fd fofHkUu izdkj dh vk;qosZfnd nokvksa dk fuek.kZ fd;k

tk ldrk gS vkSj orZeku le; esa vk;qosZn dh rjQ yksxks dk #>ku c<+rk utj vk jgk gSA bl ftys esa vkS"kf/k o`{kksa

ds Qyksa esa cgsM+k] rh[kwj] fHkyok Qy] vkaoyk] fpjk;rk] ck;cjax] cspkanh] esuj Qy] csyxwnk] dejdl] xksan] djS;k] lky





xksan] fduksa xksan] beyh dk xksan] dqlqe cht vkfn ftys esa miyC/k gS vkSj ;s lc ouksit Hkh vyx vyx izdkj ds

m|ksx dks LFkkuh; Lrj ij pykus esa lgk;d gks ldrs gSaA mDr vkS"kf/k o`{kksa ds Qyksa ls ftl izdkj ds y?kq m|ksx iui

ldrs gSa mudh tkudkjh vxzkafdr gSA

ftys esa bekjrh ydM+h cgqrk;r ek=k esa miyC/k gksus ds dkj.k bldk O;kikjd ckyk?kkV ftyk ekuk tkrk jgk

gSA vr% ydM+h ds QuhZpj] f[kM+dh] njokts ds pkS[kV iYys] IykbZoqM] ydM+h ds dykRed ekWMy ,oa f[kyksus rFkk

[ksydwn ds ydM+h ds lkekuksa dk m|ksx ;gka lgtrk iwoZd LFkkfir fd;s tk ldrs gSaA ;|fi ;s leLr m|ksx /ka/ks ds

#i esa dk;Zjr gSA ysfdu bUgsa y?kq m|ksx dk #i fn;k tkuk vko’;d gSA

izns’k dk vkSlr okf"kZd rsanqiRrk yxHkx 25 yk[k ekud cksjk mRiknu gSA e/;izns’k lokZf/kd rsanwiRrk

Mk;kslik;jl esaysDtk;yksu dh ifRr;ka mRiknu okyk jkT; gSA tks ns’k ds dqy rsanwiRrk okf"kZd mRiknu dk yxHkx 25

izfr’kr gSA e/;izns’k esa rsanwiRrk ds ,d ekud ckjs esa 50&50 iRrs dh 1600 xfM~M;ka gksrh gSA ;s iRrs rsanw ds o`{k ls

izkIr gksrs gSaA tks bcsuslh ifjokj dk ikS/kk gS ,oa ;g Hkkjrh; miegk}hi dh iztkfr gSA ;g e/;e Js.kh dk o`{k gS

ftldk ruk VsM+k es<+k gksrk gSA mRrj Hkkjr ds taxyksa esa ;g o`{k Lor% cgqr mxrk gS bldh iRrh dks rksM+dj cgqrk;r

ek=k esa miyC/k gSA fdarq dqN gh {ks=ksa esa bldk dk;Z fd;k tkrk gS] ;g tcfd lHkh cgqrk;r ek=k esa ik;k tkrk gSA

bldks foLr`r y?kq m|ksx dk Lo#i fn;k tkuk egRoiw.kZ gSA

ckal] xzfeuhbZ dqy dk dk ,d vR;ar mi;ksxh ?kkl gSA tks Hkkjr ds izR;sd {ks= esa ikbZ tkrh gSA ckal ,d

lkewfgd ’kCn gSA eq[; tkfr;ka cSC;wlk] MsaMksdsySel uj ekal vkfn gSA cSC;wlk ’kCn ejkBh cSacw dk ysfVu uke gS blds

yxHkx 24 oa’k Hkkjr esa ik, tkrs gSaA

ckal ,d liq&id vko`rthoh] ,d chti=h iks,lh dqy dk ikni gSA blds ifjokj ds vU; egRoiw.kZ lnL;

nwc] xsgwa] eDdk] tkS vkSj /kku gSA ;g iFoh ij lcls rst c<+us okyuk vdk"Bh; ikS/kk gSA ;g iks/kk vius thou esa ,d

ckj gh Qy /kkj.k djrk gSA ckal ls fofHkUu izdkj ds jkstxkjksa dks c<+kok feyrk gSA tks fd orZeku esa ’kks/k {ks= esa

lapkfyr ugha gSA tcfd bldk mRiknu ckyk?kkV ftys esa lokZf/kd gSA

yk[k ,d izkdfrd jkWy gS ckdh lc jkWy d`f=e gSA blh dkj.k bls izd`fr dk ojnku dgrs gSaA yk[k ds dhV

vR;ar lw{e gksrs gSaA rFkk vius ’kjhj ls yk[k mRiUu djds gesa vkfFkZd lgk;rk iznku djrs gSA oSKkfud Hkk"kk esa yk[k

dks ysflQj laLd`r ds y{k ’kCn ls gqbZ gSA laHkor% bldk dkj.k eknk dks’k ls vufxur f’k’kq dhM+ksa dk fudyuk gSA

yxHkx 34 gtkj yk[k ds dhM+s ,d fd-xzka- jaxhu yk[k rFkk 14 gtkj 4 lkS yk[k dhM+s ,d fd-xzk- dqleh yk[k iSnk

djrs gSaA

ckyk?kkV ftys dh vFkZO;oLFkk ewy#i ls d`f"k ij vk/kkfjr gSA ftys esa Hkkjrh ;k e/;e vkS|ksfxd bdkbZ;ksa dk

yxHkx vHkko gSA tcfd ftys esa orZeku esa vf/kdka’k d`f"k flafpr gS rFkk vk/kqfud rduhdh fof/k;ksa ls dh tk jgh gSA

dqn O;olkf;d Qlyksa dk mRiknu Hkh cgqrk;r esa gksrk gS ftuds vk/kkj ij ftys esa d`f"k ij vk/kkfjr y?kq e/;e vkSj

cM+s m|ksxksa dh LFkkiuk dh tk ldrh gSA bldk mnkgj.kkFkZ& ckyk?kkV ftys esa [kk|kUu ds vfrfjDr O;olkf;d Qlyksa

lks;kchu] xUuk] eVj] frygu] nygu dikl vkSj gjh lfCt;ksa dk mRiknu dkQh ek=k esa gksrk gSA





%&

1- ,l-ih- nqxkZ] *Hkkjr esa ckal dk foi.ku* ih-,p-Mh- fjlpZ lDkyj okf.kT; foHkkx iqEiqgkj dkWyst vkWVkseksel esyS;wj

609107 dhoMZ

2- eq[; ou laj{kd dk;kZy; ckyk?kkV

3- Jhefr izHkk xqIrk **e/;izns’k ds jk"Vh; ouksit dk vFkZ’kkL=h; v/;;u** dkUgk jk"Vh;** ds fo’ks"k lanHkZ esa jkuh

nqxkZorh fo’ofo|ky;] tcyiqj e-iz-A

4- uhfr tSu 2008 *egqvk] Qwy ,oa cht dk foi.ku* ou /ku if=dk] vad&3 ist ua- 25&28]

5- lq/khj iokj 2010 **y?kqouksit la?k] }kjk izns’k esa yk[k laxzg.k dk dk;Z* Yk?kqouksit lans’k e/;izns’k jkT;

y?kqouksit O;kikj ,oa fodklA





POLITICAL EMPOWERMENT OF MUSLIM WOMEN OF JABALPUR CITY

Ms. Tamanna Praveen

Asst. Prof., Department of Political Science Hawabagh College, Jabalpur

Women empowerment means increasing the spiritual, social, educational, gender, economic and political

strength of individuals and communities to deliver an authority or permission. India provides vote to right for all.

Muslim women of this area feels that due to social reason women are not participating in political activities. Male

dominating behavior, narrow thinking regarding the efficiency of Muslim women, family responsibilities, and

religious principles also affects the participation of Muslim women in Politics. They are not encouraged by the

family. Whereas maximum percentage of Muslim women goes with lack of education, they feel that Muslim

women are lacking in education and education plays vital role in the political participation.

Table No. 1. Participation in election as a candidate

Sr. No. Participation as a candidate Respondents Percentage

1. Yes 38 10.2

2. No 336 89.8

Total 374 100

The above table reveals that only 10.2% women show a change in their thinking, they want to join and

take active participation in the politics and 89.8% women are not interested in political field. They consider it

inappropriate place or field for women.

Graph No. 1. – Representation of participation in election as a candidate

Table No. 2. Less political participation Muslim women due to

Sr. No. Less political participation of Muslim women Respondents Percentage

1. Social Reason 112 30

2. Lack of Education 173 46.3

10.20%

89.80%

Yes No





4. Weakness of Political parties 24 6.4

5. Money problem 65 17.3

Total 374 100

17.3% women tell us the same reason for not taking active participation in politics. 6.4% shows that even

political parties are not that much strong to take a step in favour of Muslim women. They don’t even approach

Muslim women to join politics.

Graph No. 2 – Representation of less political participation of Muslim women due to

CONCLUSION :- It is concluded that the situation of the Muslim women is not satisfactory regarding socio-

economic status, educational status, decision making and political status. The condition of Muslim women of high

class or low class, educated or iliterate, employed or unemployed, everyone are facing the same problem. The

condition of each and every Muslim women in Jabalpur City are same, they are not equally treated and

encouraged by family and community.

RECOMMENDATIONS :-

1. Muslim community leaders and organizations should recognize their duty and should promote economic

and educational progress of the community especially backward Muslim women and also create favourable

attitude or environment regarding Muslim women empowerment.

2. Promote Muslim women political participation at local and state level to improve their participation in

mainstream.

REFERENCES :

Ashrafi, Talat, Muslim Women in Changing Perspective, Common Wealth Publishers, New Delhi, 1992

Siddiqui, H.Y., Muslim Women in Transition, Harnam Publications, New Delhi, 1987.

Siddiqui, M.M., Women in Islam, Islamic Book Trust, Delhi, 1980.

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%30%

46.30%

6.40%

17.30%

Social Reason

Lack of Education

Weakness of Politicalparties

Money problem





dFkkoLrq dkO; dk vfHkUu v³~x gksrh gSA og vius ewy :i esa vR;Ur laf{kIr] ,dkaxh rFkk vfodflr gksrh

gSA dfo mls dkO;Hkwfe esa izfrf"Br djus ds fy, visf{kr ifoorZu] ifjo/kZu ,oa la’kks/ku djrk gSA ftlls og dkO;oLrq

ds :i esa O;kid] ekSfyd vkSj mnkRr ekuoh; xq.kksa ls lEiUu gks tkrh gSA bldh lQyrk dfo dh izfrHkk ij fuHkZj

djrh gSA og dFkkoLrq dks ’kkL=h; ekun.Mksa dh dklkSVh ij mrkjus ds fy, viuh izfrHkk dk iw.kZ mi;ksx djrk gS tks

dkO; ijEijk es jfpr ml Ñfr dk Hkfo"; fuf’pr djrh gSaA

lqnkepfjr egkdkO; Hkxoku~ JhÑ".k dh lqnkek ds lkFk eS=h dFkk ds vk/kkj ij fufeZr izcU/k dkO; gSA

Jhen~Hkkxor iqjk.k esa laf{kIr :i esa of.kZr ;g dFkk ;gk¡ dkO; Lo:i izfrf"Br gqbZ gSA ;gk¡ nksuksa ;kSoukoLFkk esa ckY;

eS=h ds vk/kkj ij iqufeZyu of.kZr gSA1 izLrqr dkO; ds }kn’k izcU/kksa ds Øe’k% fuEukafdr fo"k; of.kZr gS& nf{k.k if’pe

fn’kk es fLFkr e/kqiqjh uked xzke ds foiz lqnkek cM+s nfjnzrk Hkjs fnu fcrkrs gq, viuh iRuh lrh ds lkFk fuokl djrs

gSA m ~íofÙk ;k f’k{kk ls cM+s d"Viw.kZ thou fcrkrh gqbZ lrh ,d fnu vius ifr ds lkeus thou /kkj.k ds fy, /ku dh

vko’;drk fuosfnr djrh gS izHkq ds Jhpj.kksa es vklDr fpÙk lqnkek /ku dh fuUnk djr gSA okj okj/ku dh vifjgk;Zrk

dks cks/k djkrh gqbZ lrh ckY;fe= Ñ".k ds ikl ls /ku ykus ds fy, ifr dks izsfjr djrh gSA lqnkek /kukFkhZ ds :i esa

Ñ".k ds lkeus tkus ds bPNqd u gksdj Hkh vius fe= }kjdk/kh’k ds eu ls n’kZukFkZ }kjorh tkus ds fy, mRlkfgr gksrs

gSaA fe= ds fy, HkssaV :o:i oL= esa ca/ks dqN pkoy lrh lqnkek dks nsrh gSA }kjorh es igq¡pdj ogk¡ dh HkO;rk dks

ns[kdj lqnkek Lo;a dks NksVk ekurs gS rFkkfi JhÑ".k ds n’kZu dh bPNk ls jkt}kj ij fo|eku vf/kdkfj;k sa ls Hkhrj

izos’k djus dk vuqjks/k djrs gSA **fe= vk;s gSa ckgj izrh{kk dj jgs gSa** bl izdkj izfrgkj ds eq[k ls lqudj JhÑ".k

Lo;a gh }kj dh vksj nksM+rs gq, tkrs gS vkSj fe= dk vkfyax djrs gSAA vkuUnkJq dh ty/kkjk ls flDr nksuksa vkius

feyu ds n`’; ls nsoksa dks Hkh izHkkfor djrs gSaA JhÑ".k lqnkek dks Hkhrj ys vkrs gSA JhÑ".k dh iRuh ty ykdj Lo;a

gh lqnkek ds iSj /kksrh gSA bl cgqeku ls :fDr.kh ds eu esa mRiUu ftKklk dk lek/kku djrs gq, JhÑ".k ckY;dky esa

xq: lkUnhifu ds vkJe esa vius v/;;u dky dk Lej.k djkrs gS rFkk lqnkek ds lkFk vius izx<+ eS=h dk o.kZu djrs

gSaA

JhÑ".k lqnkek dk izxk<+ rFkk vuqie vkfrF; djrs gSaA Ik’pkr~ os lqnkek ls HksaV esa D;k yk;s gSa] bl izdkj

iwNrs gSaA viuh nfjnzrk ds dkj.k yfTtr rFkk vHkwriwoZ bl vkfrF; ls vR;f/kd ladqfpr lqnkek rqPN pkoy nsus dk

mRlkg ugha dj ikrs gSaA JhÑ".k Lo;a gh muls pkoy ysdj mlesa ls nks eqB~Bh pkoy [kkrs gSaA rhljh ckj pkoy dks

[kkus ds mRlqd JhÑ".k dks ogk¡ fo|eku :fDe.kh mUgsa jksdrh gS rFkk dgrh gS fd nks ckj esa gh vkius nks yksd bl

f}t dks lefiZr dj fn;s gSA rhljh ckj eas rhljk yksd Hkh ogha pyk tk,xkA JhÑ".k ds egy esa cM+s lq[k vkSj ,s” o;Z

ls lqnkek jgrs gSaA jkf= esa lqnkek ds lks tkus ij JhÑ".k muds xkWo tkrs gS rFkk fo’odekZ dks cqykdj lqnkek dk ?kj

Lo.kZe; vkSj /ku/kkU; ls Hkj nsrs gSaA cU/kq iRuh ds lkFk lEHkk"k.k djrs gSaA cU/kq iRuh lrh mudh Lrqfr djrh gSA

lqnkek }kjkorh ls ykSVrs gSA ekxZ esa os JhÑ".k es xq.kksa dh iz’kalk djrs gq, Hkh muls dqN /ku izkIr ugha fd;kA

bl izdkj fopkj dj mudh Ñi.krk dh eu lk fuUnk djrs gSA dqN Hkh izkIr ugha gqvk bl dkj.k eu esa mUgsa viuh

iRuh ds izfr Øks/k vkrk gS D;ksfd mlds dkj.k ls gh ,slk Je vkSj yTtk Lohdkj dj os JhÑ".k ds efUnj esa x;s FksA

os JhÑ".k dks Hkh dBksj ân; rFkk funZ; ekurs gSa D;kasfd Ik;kZIr /ku lEiUu gksdj Hkh mUgksuas lqnkek ds vkrs le; opu

/ku ds vfrfjDr dksbZ /ku iznku ugha fd;kA





bl izdkj vius eu esa fopkj djrs gq, tc og vius ?kj igqWps vkSj ogkW fofo/k jRuksa ,oa fofo/k tuksa ls ifjiw.kZ

lqo.kZe; izklkn dks ns[kdj igys grizHk gksrs gS] Hkzeo’k nwljs ds ?kj igqWp x;s&,slk fopkj djrs gSaA vius ?kj vkSj iRuh

ds fouk’k dh vk’kadk dj nq%[kdkrj lqnkek ykSVuk pkgrs gSaA rHkh fofo/k vkHkw"k.kksa ls foHkwf"kr rFkk lf[k;ksa o

ifjpkfjdkvksa ls ifjosf"Vr lqnkek iRuh lrh vkrh gSA og lqnkek dks cqykrh gSA lqnkek mls ,d jkuh gh ekurs gSaA l[kh

mudh n’kk dks tkudj ifjgkl ds lkFk mUgsa dke ØhMk ds fy, vkºoku djrh gSA bls vuqfpr ekudj lqnkek mldk

frjLdkj djrs gSA ckn esa os viuh iRuh dks igpku ysrs gSA nksuksa dk feyu gksrk gSA JhÑ".k dh lsok esa vkRekiZ.k

djds vUr esa nksuksa dks fo".kq in izkIr gksrk gSA bl dFkk ds lkFk dkO; ds ckjg izcU/k ifjlekIr gksrs gSA

izLrqr dFkkoLrq dks egkdkO;kuq:Ik O;kid rFkk mnkÙk Lo:Ik iznku djus ds fy, dfo us leh{kk xzUFkksa esa

fu/kkZfjr ekin.Mksa dk ikyu djus dk lQy iz;kl fd;k gSA3 lqnkepfjra egkdkO; ckjg izcU/kksa esa foHkDr gSA bldk

vkjEHk dfo us Hkxoku~ f’ko dks ueu djds fd;k gS &

uRok ’kEHkqinkjfoUn;qxya Le`Rok xqjks% ikoua

LokUrs Hkwifr cYyHkL; pj.ka fo|kiznL;k?kge~A

Ok{;s Ñ".k lqnkek iq.; pfjra loZ= lRdhfrZra

Nkfj|ªkfn fouk’kua ’kqHkdja df’pn~ cgksjks f}t%AA

Hkxoku fo".kq ds izfr HkfDr Hkko ls iw.kZ ln~oa’k f}t lqnkek bl egkdkO; ds /khjksnkÙk uk;d gSaA blesa loZ=

HkfDr jl dh iz/kkurk gSaA bldh dFkkoLrq Jhen~Hkkxor iqjk.k dh dFkk ij vk/kkfjr gSA blesa lqnkek rFkk JhÑ".k ds

mnkÙk pfj= dks lqUnj dkO;e; <ax ls izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA egkdkO; prqZoxZ dh izkfIr esa lgk;d gSA lqnkek ds

fe=&feyu ls /keZ izkfIr] Jh Ñ".k ds nku ls vFkZ izkfIr] vFkZ ls dke izkfIr rFkk /kekZFkZ dke :Ik Qyksa ds fo"k; esa

vuklfDRk gksus ls eks{k izkfIr fl) gksrh gSA JhÑ’.k dh HkfDr ls fo’.kq in dh izkfIr gh bl egkdkO; dk Qy gS tks

y{k.k xzUFkksa ds vuqlkj egkdkO;kuq:Ik gSA lqnkekpfjr vk|ksikUr HkfDr jl HkfDr dkO; gSA

vr% blesa ;|fi [kyfuUnk dk dgha volj ugha Fkk rFkkfi dfo us JhÑ".k dks vkYkEcu cukdj [ky fuUnk dh

gSA Ñ".k ls /kukfn ykHk izkfIr ugha gqbZ& ;g lkspdj lqnkek JhÑ".k dh fuUnk djrs gSaA ;gh ugha os vU; nsoksa ds xq.kksa

ij fopkj djrs gSa Øe’k% lHkh nsoksa esa dksbZ u dksbZ nks’k mUgsa fn[kk;h nsrk gSA

vr% os czºek] fo".kq] f’kolw;Z x.ks’k y{eh vkfn dh Hkh fuUnk djrs gSA rFkkfi dfo us lqnkek ds pfj= dks vPNh

rjg mHkkjk gSA ogk W ij L=h ds dj Li’kZ dks vuqfpr ekurs gSa ij /ku ,oa iRuh ds izfr mUgsa dksbZ vklfDRk ugha gSA vr%

og vU; L=h dh vk’kadk ls djc) gksus ij dgrs gSaA

Do esaa cfy iznkuk; iq’iekyka n/ks âfnA

fdaQya “kksHkua rsL;kRdja /k`Rok grs f}tsAA

lqnkepfjra egkdkO; esa okjg izcU/k rFkk vkB lkS vB~Bklh “yksd gSaA blesa x| rFkk NUnksc) “yksdksa dk

lgokl gSA lkFk gh blesa Ik|Hkkx dk vkf/kD; ,oa izk/kkU; gSA ’kkL=h; n`f"V ls izcU/kksa dks lxZ dgk tk ldrk gSA blesa

x|ka’k dsoy uoesa X;kjgosa rFkk okjgosa izcU/k esa miyC/k gk srs gSaA muesa Hkh x|ka’k dh vis{kk i|ka’k gh vf/kdrj gSA

dkO; esa x| dk iz;ksx dsoy rhu LFkyksa ij fd;k x;k gSA ;g x| x| izkS<+ rFkk vkstksxq.k fof’k"V gSaA ’yksdksa

ds iz;ksx esa dfo us LorU=rk dk vkpj.k fd;k gSA dgha Ng pj.kksa ls fof’k"V ’yksd Hkh jps x;s gSaA bUgsa dfo us Lo;a

’kV~inh ’kCn ls vfHkfgr fd;k gSA dkO; esa izfr izcU/k esa ,d gh NUn ds ’kkL=h; fu;e dk ikyu loZFkk ugha fd;k x;k

gSA izcU/k ds e/; esa ewy NUn ds vfrfjDr vU; NUnksa dk iz;ksx ifjyf{kr gksrk gSA dkO; esa oa’kLFk NUn dk iz;ksx





lokZf/kd fd;k x;k gSA vuq"Vqi~ NUn dk iz;ksx oa’kLFk ds ckn nwljs LFkku ij gSA oLrqr% izcU/kks ds izlaxksa dks vkxs c<+kus

ds fy, ;g NUn mi;ksxh gksrk gSA

izLrqr egkdkO; esa ;FkkLFkku lw;Z pUnz jtuh unh leqnz rFkk _rq vkfn vusd je.kh; o.kZu gSA uosa izcU/k esa

dfo us x| esa izHkkr dky dk cM+k gh lqUnj fp=.k fd;k gSA ÞpUnzek ds vLr gks tkus ij Hkxoku HkkLdj mn;kapy ij

vk:<+ gq,A nksuksa fn’kkvksa esa QSys rst ls lalkj /koy gks mBkA pdksj papy n`f’V ls ns[kus yxsA Hkzej dey dks’k ls

fudydj mM+us yxs] e/kqiku ls eÙk gksdj e/kqj xqatkj djus yxs---------------------- eksj g’kZ ls fuukn djus yxsA e`x vkdk’k

ekxZ ls nkSM+us yxsAß

uxj o.kZu esa foosP; vV~Vkfydkvksa rksj.kksa rFkk izlkn] ekxksZa ds vusd je.kh; o.kZu gSaA iqjh }kjorh ds nqxZ ds

lEeq[k vusd eneÙk xt fLFkr gSaA ekxZ ds pkSjkgs lksus ds yks’Bksa ls fufeZr gSaA vfXu ln’ko.kZ ls os lnSo nsnhI;eku

gksrs gSA blh izdkj ueZnk rV ij fLFkr vofUrdk rFkk e/kqiqjh ds o.kZu Hkh ;gk¡ dkO; ijaijk fuokZg ds :Ik esa izLrqr gSaA

lqnkepfjr esa ;K v/;;u ,oa nku vkfn fofo/k fof/k fo/kkuksa dk mYYks[k gqvk gSA lfof/k ;K ,oa nkukfn mÙke

deZ ls euq’; LoxZ izkIr djrk gSA vr% f}t dks “kkL=fofgr mDr deZ vo’; djus pkfg,A

lqnkek vusd ’kkL=ksa ds vPNs fo}ku gSA dkO; esa mudk pfj= iz/kku uk;d ds egklROk] vfrxaHkhjrk vkfn ls

iw.kZ gS] os vius lekt esa izfrf"Br gSa iqjksfgr gaSa rFkk fu/kZu gksus ij Hkh izHkq HkfDr esa yhu jgus ls lq[kh gSA os ek= /ku

;kpuk ds fy, Jhd".k ls feyus ugha tkrs gSa izR;qr iRuh ds vkxzgo’k fe= d`".k ls feydj cgqr izLkUu gksrs gSA os fe=

ds vfrF; ls xnxn gksdj vusd’k% mudh iz’kalk djrs gSA

Jh d".k dk mnkÙk pfj= Hkh dkO; esa of.kZr gSA }kjorh ds vkn’kZ jktk gSaA dwVuhfrK rFkk dq’ky iz’kkld gSaA

foizksa ukxfjdksa ifjtuksa rFkk jktHkR;ksa ds j{kd rFkk Lokeh gSaA vius ckY; fe= lqnkek dks }kj ij vk;k tkudj Lo;a

ogk¡ igq¡prs gSa os jktk gksdj Hkh jkten ls ’kwU; gSaA fu/k Zu foiz lqnkek ds xq.kksa dh iz’kalk djrs gSaA muds vkfrF; esa os

dksbZ deh ugha djrs gSa rFkk fu/kZurk nwj djus ds fy, mUgsa fcuk crk;s gh jkf= esa tkdj muds ?kj dks Lo.kZe; laiUu

cuokdj okil vk tkrs gSaA vr% Jhd".k dk nku fu%lUnsg LrqR; gSA os R;kx dh lk{kkr~ ewfrZ gSA

dkO; esa ukf;dk lrh dks vkn’kZ Hkkjrh; ukjh ds :Ik esa fpf=r fd;k x;k gSA og d’kxk= rFkk dqoL=k rFkk

dqpSyk gksdj Hkh ifrozrk gSA fu/kZu thou dk lokZf/kd d"V mls gh Hkksxuk iM+k gS viuh vkfFkZd n’kk dk dkj.k og

ifjfLFkfr tU; ykHk ikus dh i zoapuk dks gh ekurh gSA mldk fo’okl gS fd vius jktfe= ls feyus ij mldh nfjnzrk

nwj gksxhA

vr% vkxzg iwoZd og ifr dks d`".k ds lehi Hkstrh gS rFkk muls ;Fks"V ykHk ikdj vius iz;kstu esa lQy

gksrh gSA

lrh dk fo’okl gS fd lq[kh ,o a ’kkfUriw.kZ thou ds /ku ijeko’;d gSA /ku ds fcuk ;K nku Hkksx vkfn dk;Z

ugha gks ldrs gSA /ku ds fcuk /keZ vkSj dke Hkh laHko ugha gS blfy, nkukfn mfpr mik;ksa ls euq"; dks /ku laxzg

vo’; djuk pkfg,A

vr% dkO; esa dFkkoLrq dks vusdfo/k O;kid rFkk mnkÙk cukdj dfo us bls egkdkO; oLrq dk mfpr Lo:Ik

iznku fd;k gSA blds foe’kZ dks dfo us Jhd".k lqnkek dh vUkU; eS=h dks yksd esa vf/kd foJqr gksus dk lans’k fn;k gSA

lekt esa fo|eku LokFkZ ds LFkku R;kx ,oa HksnHkko ds LFkku ij Å¡p&uhp Hkko nwj gksus dk vuqie lans’k izLrqr fd;k

gSA dkO; esa fuc) lHkh oLrq o.kZu dFkkoLrq ds vfuok;Z vax ln`’k lekfgr gSA ftlls ;g egkdkO; dFkkoLrq dh nf"V

ls iw.kZ le) vkSj mPpdksfV dk xzUFk gSA





1- lqnkepfjr~ egkdkO; i`0&?k ¼Hkwfedk½

2- lq0p0i`0&p ¼Hkwfedk½

3- dkO;n’kZ] dkO;izdk’k] lkfgR;niZ.k

4- lq0p0i`0&1@1

5- lq0p0i`0&12@67

6- lq0p0i`0&9@39

7- lq0p0i`0&4@50

8- lq0p0i`0&9@46&72

9- lq0p0i`0&9@1&48

10- lq0p0i`0&12@96

Documents

crowding - srfresearchjournal.com