Cross-National Indicators of Liberal Democracy, 1950 1990

ICPSRInter-university Consortium for

Political and Social Research

Cross-National Indicators of Liberal Democracy, 1950–1990

Kenneth A. Bollen

ICPSR 2532

CROSS-NATIONAL INDICATORS OF LIBERAL DEMOCRACY, 1950-1990 (ICPSR 2532) Principal Investigator Kenneth A. Bollen University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Second ICPSR Version January 2001 Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research P.O. Box 1248 Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATION Publications based on ICPSR data collections should acknowledge those sources by means of bibliographic citations. To ensure that such source attributions are captured for social science bibliographic utilities, citations must appear in footnotes or in the reference section of publications. The bibliographic citation for this data collection is: Bollen, Kenneth A. CROSS-NATIONAL INDICATORS OF LIBERAL DEMOCRACY, 1950-1990 [Computer file]. 2nd ICPSR version. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina [producer], 1998. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor], 2001. REQUEST FOR INFORMATION ON USE OF ICPSR RESOURCES To provide funding agencies with essential information about use of archival resources and to facilitate the exchange of information about ICPSR participants' research activities, users of ICPSR data are requested to send to ICPSR bibliographic citations for each completed manuscript or thesis abstract. Please indicate in a cover letter which data were used. DATA DISCLAIMER The original collector of the data, ICPSR, and the relevant funding agency bear no responsibility for uses of this collection or for interpretations or inferences based upon such uses.

DATA COLLECTION DESCRIPTION Kenneth A. Bollen CROSS-NATIONAL INDICATORS OF LIBERAL DEMOCRACY, 1950-1990 (ICPSR 2532) SUMMARY: This study, a collection of crossnational measures of political democracy, contains over 800 variables for most of the world's independent countries. Political, social, and economic measures are available in the data file, and topics include adult suffrage; civil liberties; political rights; the openness, fairness, and competitiveness of the electoral process; executive and legislative selection and effectiveness; political party legitimacy; political participation; limitations on the executive branch of the government; level of democratization; economic openness; constitutional development; government legitimacy; and the outlook for freedom. A series of variables focuses on freedom and barriers to freedom, including freedom of peaceful assembly and association, mail censorship, women's rights, freedom of information and technology, freedom of political opposition, and freedom of the press. Compulsory membership in state organizations and political parties and compulsory religion in schools are addressed as well. UNIVERSE: Cross-national indicators of liberal democracy. SAMPLING: A pooled cross-section of national indicators of liberal democracy. NOTE: (1) The SAS transport file was created using the SAS XPORT engine. (2) The codebook is provided as a Portable Document Format (PDF) file. The PDF file format was developed by Adobe Systems Incorporated and can be accessed using PDF reader software, such as the Adobe Acrobat Reader. Information on how to obtain a copy of the Acrobat Reader is provided on the ICPSR Web site. EXTENT OF COLLECTION: 1 data file + machine-readable documentation (PDF) + SAS data definition statements + SPSS data definition statements EXTENT OF PROCESSING: REFORM.DOC/ DDEF.ICPSR/ REFORM.DATA DATA FORMAT: Logical Record Length with SAS and SPSS data definition statements with SAS transport (XPORT) file

File Structure: rectangular Cases: 191 Variables: 825 Record Length: 3,336 Records Per Case: 1

Two variables, V817 BLONDE71 and V818 LIBDEM71, which contain no data are undocumented in the codebook. Addditionally, the variable listing in the appendix is truncated.

1

ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF ASSISTANCE

"Cross-National Indicators of Political Democracy, 1950-1990" was many years in the making. Throughout those years I wasfortunate to have the help of some exceptional graduate studentsfrom the Sociology Department at the University of North Carolinaat Chapel Hill. Alphabetically, they are Jennifer Ashlock, ScottBarber, Walt Davis, Glenn Deane, Keri Iyall, Hyojoung Kim, andPamela Paxton. Completing the project would not have beenpossible without their participation. I am grateful to all ofthem. Another key ingredient to this research was the support ofthe Sociology Program of the National Science Foundation. TheNSF Sociology Program provided the funding to acquire, clean,analyze, and document the democracy measures collected in thearchive. I am grateful to NSF for providing the financialresources to enable this work. Beverly Wiggins and Ruby Masseyand other staff members of UNC’s Institute of Research in theSocial Sciences (IRSS) provided excellent support inadministering the grants. Finally, I am indebted to theresearchers whose efforts led to many of the variables that arepart of this Archive. Their names and the documentation fortheir measure appear in the body of the codebook. Byconstructing their measures they have performed a great servicethat many have and will continue to benefit from.

3

STUDY DESCRIPTION

"Cross-National Indicators of Political Democracy, 1950 to 1990"grew out of two NSF grants from the Sociology Program (SES-8908361 and SES-9121564). The two primary purposes of theseprojects were to: (1) collect cross-national measure of politicaldemocracy and (2) analyze some of the most widely used measures. This archive and codebook document the results of the firsteffort. The data file contains over 800 variables, includes mostof the world’s independent countries, and covers the years from1950 to 1990. Most of the indicators I include were constructedby others. I often modified or combined these measure but theoriginal sources of the data are documented in the codebook. Inaddition to consolidating democracy measures from diversesources, the archive presents some original measures notpreviously published. For instance, I report a 1950 and 1955version of a political democracy index that I mentioned but didnot report in Bollen (1980 American Sociological Review ). Thearchive also presents newly created annual measures of adultsuffrage from 1950 to 1990 (Bollen, Jackman, and Kim, 1996). Icombine these suffrage measures with other indicators in a newannual democracy measure, "Liberal Democracy Series 1" that Ipresent for 1972 to 1988.

The second purpose of the project, the analysis stage, isongoing. But some results are published. Bollen (1995) providesa general overview of democracy measures. Bollen (1993) andBollen and Paxton (forthcoming) document the systematic error("method factors") present in several widely used measures ofdemocracy. The "Liberal Democracy Series 1" is an attempt tocreate a democracy measure that minimizes the presence of sucherrors. In addition to the papers on democracy, the project ledto a number of methodological "spin-off" papers. Below are someof the comparative studies that were fully or partially supportedby the NSF grants as of December, 1996:

Bollen, K.A. 1993. "Liberal Democracy: Validity and MethodFactors in Cross-National Measures." American Journal ofPolitical Science . 37:1207-1230.

Bollen, K.A., 1995. "Measures of Political Democracy." in S. M.Lipset (ed) The Encyclopedia of Democracy . Washington,D.C.: Congressional Quarterly.

4

Bollen, K.A. and S. Appold. 1993. "National Industrial Structureand the Global System." American Sociological Review .58:283-301.

Bollen, K.A., B. Entwisle, and A. Anderson. 1993. "Macrocomparative Research Methods." Annual Review ofSociology . 19:321-351.

Bollen, K.A. and R. Jackman. 1995. "Inequality andDemocratization Revisited." American Sociological Review60:983-989.

Bollen, K.A. and P. Paxton. 1997. "Democracy Before Athens." inM. Midlarsky (ed) Inequality and Democracy .NY: CambridgeUniversity Press.

Bollen, K.A. and P. Paxton. accepted for publication. "Detectionand Determinants of Bias in Subjective Measures." AmericanSociological Review.

Hughes, M. 1997. "Sample Selection Bias in the Analyses of thePolitical Democracy- Income Inequality Relationship." SocialForces 75: 1101-1117.

Paxton, P. accepted for publication. "Women in NationalLegislatures: A Cross-National Analysis." Social ScienceResearch.

Papers Under Review

Bollen, K.A., R.W. Jackman, and H. Kim. "A Comparative Analysisof Voting Suffrage, Registration, and Turnout."

Bollen, K.A. and P. Paxton. "Subjective Measures of PoliticalDemocracy, 1972-1988."

Paxton, P. "Women in the Measurement of Democracy."

5

Table of Contents - By Position in SAS Data Set Please see Appendix for alphabetical listing

Var# Variable Name Description

1 ID Standard Code For Country 2 RSS World Handboo k III Code (Russet, Singer,

and Small Code)3 NAME Country Name 4 ABBR Abbreviation of Country Name 5 REGION8 World Region: 8 Categories 6 ASIA Dummy Var 1 for Asia, 0 other 7 EUROPE Dummy Var 1 for Europe, 0 other 8 LATAMER Dummy Var 1 for Latin Amer., 0 other 9 ME_NAFR Dummy Var 1 = MidEast & N Afr, 0 other

10 NORAMER Dummy Var 1 for N. America, 0 other 11 PACIFIC Dummy Var 1 for Pacific, 0 other 12 SAFR Dummy Var 1 = Subsaharan Africa , 0 other 13 DEM50 Political Democracy Index (Bollen) 1950 14 DEM55 Political Democracy Index (Bollen) 1955 15 DEM60 Political Democracy Index (Bollen) 1960 16 DEM65 Political Democracy Index (Bollen) 1965 17 DEM80 Political Democracy Index (Bollen) 1980 18 LIBDEM72 Libera l Democracy Series 1 (Bollen) 1972 19 LIBDEM73 Liberal Democracy Serie s 1 (Bollen) 1973 20 LIBDEM74 Liberal Democracy Series 1 (Bollen ) 1974 21 LIBDEM75 Liberal Democrac y Series 1 (Bollen) 1975 22 LIBDEM76 Liberal Democracy Series 1 (Bollen) 1976 23 LIBDEM77 Libera l Democracy Series 1 (Bollen) 1977 24 LIBDEM78 Liberal Democracy Serie s 1 (Bollen) 1978 25 LIBDEM79 Liberal Democracy Series 1 (Bollen ) 1979 26 LIBDEM80 Liberal Democrac y Series 1 (Bollen) 1980 27 LIBDEM81 Liberal Democracy Series 1 (Bollen) 1981 28 LIBDEM82 Libera l Democracy Series 1 (Bollen) 1982 29 LIBDEM83 Liberal Democracy Serie s 1 (Bollen) 1983 30 LIBDEM84 Liberal Democracy Series 1 (Bollen ) 1984 31 LIBDEM85 Liberal Democrac y Series 1 (Bollen) 1985 32 LIBDEM86 Liberal Democracy Series 1 (Bollen) 1986 33 LIBDEM87 Libera l Democracy Series 1 (Bollen) 1987 34 LIBDEM88 Liberal Democracy Serie s 1 (Bollen) 1988 35 SUFF50 Adult Suffrage (%) 1950 36 SUFF51 Adult Suffrage (%) 1951 37 SUFF52 Adult Suffrage (%) 1952 38 SUFF53 Adult Suffrage (%) 1953 39 SUFF54 Adult Suffrage (%) 1954 40 SUFF55 Adult Suffrage (%) 1955 41 SUFF56 Adult Suffrage (%) 1956 42 SUFF57 Adult Suffrage (%) 1957

6

43 SUFF58 Adult Suffrage (%) 1958 44 SUFF59 Adult Suffrage (%) 1959 45 SUFF60 Adult Suffrage (%) 1960 46 SUFF61 Adult Suffrage (%) 1961 47 SUFF62 Adult Suffrage (%) 1962 48 SUFF63 Adult Suffrage (%) 1963 49 SUFF64 Adult Suffrage (%) 1964 50 SUFF65 Adult Suffrage (%) 1965 51 SUFF66 Adult Suffrage (%) 1966 52 SUFF67 Adult Suffrage (%) 1967 53 SUFF68 Adult Suffrage (%) 1968 54 SUFF69 Adult Suffrage (%) 1969 55 SUFF70 Adult Suffrage (%) 1970 56 SUFF71 Adult Suffrage (%) 1971 57 SUFF72 Adult Suffrage (%) 1972 58 SUFF73 Adult Suffrage (%) 1973 59 SUFF74 Adult Suffrage (%) 1974 60 SUFF75 Adult Suffrage (%) 1977 61 SUFF76 Adult Suffrage (%) 1976 62 SUFF77 Adult Suffrage (%) 1977 63 SUFF78 Adult Suffrage (%) 1978 64 SUFF79 Adult Suffrage (%) 1979 65 SUFF80 Adult Suffrage (%) 1980 66 SUFF81 Adult Suffrage (%) 1981 67 SUFF82 Adult Suffrage (%) 1982 68 SUFF83 Adult Suffrage (%) 1983 69 SUFF84 Adult Suffrage (%) 1984 70 SUFF85 Adult Suffrage (%) 1985 71 SUFF86 Adult Suffrage (%) 1986 72 SUFF87 Adult Suffrage (%) 1987 73 SUFF88 Adult Suffrage (%) 1988 74 SUFF89 Adult Suffrage (%) 1989 75 SUFF90 Adult Suffrage (%) 1990 76 CIVLB72 Civil Liberties 1972 77 CIVLB73 Civil Liberties 1973 78 CIVLB74 Civil Liberties 1974 79 CIVLB75 Civil Liberties 1975 80 CIVLB76 Civil Liberties 1976 81 CIVLB77 Civil Liberties 1977 82 CIVLB78 Civil Liberties 1978 83 CIVLB79 Civil Liberties 1979 84 CIVLB80 Civil Liberties 1980 85 CIVLB81 Civil Liberties 1981 86 CIVLB82 Civil Liberties 1982 87 CIVLB83 Civil Liberties 1983 88 CIVLB84 Civil Liberties 1984 89 CIVLB85 Civil Liberties 1985 90 CIVLB86 Civil Liberties 1986 91 CIVLB87 Civil Liberties 1987 92 CIVLB88 Civil Liberties 1988

7

93 CIVLB89 Civil Liberties 1989 94 CIVLB90 Civil Liberties 1990 95 CLCHG77 CL Change By Author 1977 96 CLCHG78 CL Change By Author 1978 97 CLCHG79 CL Change By Author 1979 98 CLCHG80 CL Change By Author 1980 99 CLCHG81 CL Change By Author 1981

100 CLCHG82 CL Change By Author 1982 101 CLCHG83 CL Change By Author 1983 102 CLCHG84 CL Change By Author 1984 103 CLCHG85 CL Change By Author 1985 104 CLCHG86 CL Change By Author 1986 105 CLCHG87 CL Change By Author 1987 106 CLCHG88 CL Change By Author 1988 107 CLCHG89 CL Change By Author 1989 108 POLRT72 Political Rights 1972 109 POLRT73 Political Rights 1973 110 POLRT74 Political Rights 1974 111 POLRT75 Political Rights 1975 112 POLRT76 Political Rights 1976 113 POLRT77 Political Rights 1977 114 POLRT78 Political Rights 1978 115 POLRT79 Political Rights 1979 116 POLRT80 Political Rights 1980 117 POLRT81 Political Rights 1981 118 POLRT82 Political Rights 1982 119 POLRT83 Political Rights 1983 120 POLRT84 Political Rights 1984 121 POLRT85 Political Rights 1985 122 POLRT86 Political Rights 1986 123 POLRT87 Political Rights 1987 124 POLRT88 Political Rights 1988 125 POLRT89 Political Rights 1989126 POLRT90 Political Rights 1990 127 PRCHG77 PR Change by Author 1977 128 PRCHG78 PR Change by Author 1978 129 PRCHG79 PR Change by Author 1979 130 PRCHG80 PR Change by Author 1980 131 PRCHG81 PR Change by Author 1981 132 PRCHG82 PR Change by Author 1982 133 PRCHG83 PR Change by Author 1983 134 PRCHG84 PR Change by Author 1984 135 PRCHG85 PR Change by Author 1985 136 PRCHG86 PR Change by Author 1986 137 PRCHG87 PR Change by Author 1987 138 PRCHG88 PR Change by Author 1988 139 PRCHG89 PR Change by Author 1989 140 COMPET50 Competitiveness Nominat. Process 1950 141 COMPET51 Competitiveness Nominat. Process 1951 142 COMPET52 Competitiveness Nominat. Process 1952

8

143 COMPET53 Competitiveness Nominat. Process 1953 144 COMPET54 Competitiveness Nominat. Process 1954 145 COMPET55 Competitiveness Nominat. Process 1955 146 COMPET56 Competitiveness Nominat. Process 1956 147 COMPET57 Competitiveness Nominat. Process 1957 148 COMPET58 Competitiveness Nominat. Process 1958 149 COMPET59 Competitiveness Nominat. Process 1959 150 COMPET60 Competitiveness Nominat. Process 1960 151 COMPET61 Competitiveness Nominat. Process 1961 152 COMPET62 Competitiveness Nominat. Process 1962 153 COMPET63 Competitiveness Nominat. Process 1963 154 COMPET64 Competitiveness Nominat. Process 1964 155 COMPET65 Competitiveness Nominat. Process 1965 156 COMPET66 Competitiveness Nominat. Process 1966 157 COMPET67 Competitiveness Nominat. Process 1967 158 COMPET68 Competitiveness Nominat. Process 1968 159 COMPET69 Competitiveness Nominat. Process 1969 160 COMPET70 Competitiveness Nominat. Process 1970 161 COMPET71 Competitiveness Nominat. Process 1971 162 COMPET72 Competitiveness Nominat. Process 1972 163 COMPET73 Competitiveness Nominat. Process 1973 164 COMPET74 Competitiveness Nominat. Process 1974 165 COMPET75 Competitiveness Nominat. Process 1975 166 COMPET76 Competitiveness Nominat. Process 1976 167 COMPET77 Competitiveness Nominat. Process 1977 168 COMPET78 Competitiveness Nominat. Process 1978 169 COMPET79 Competitiveness Nominat. Process 1979 170 COMPET80 Competitiveness Nominat. Process 1980 171 COMPET81 Competitiveness Nominat. Process 1981 172 COMPET82 Competitiveness Nominat. Process 1982 173 COMPET83 Competitiveness Nominat. Process 1983 174 COMPET84 Competitiveness Nominat. Process 1984 175 COMPET85 Competitiveness Nominat. Process 1985 176 COMPET86 Competitiveness Nominat. Process 1986 177 COMPET87 Competitiveness Nominat. Process 1987 178 COMPET88 Competitiveness Nominat. Process 1988 179 EFFEC50 Effective Executive Selection 1950 180 EFFEC51 Effective Executive Selection 1951 181 EFFEC52 Effective Executive Selection 1952 182 EFFEC53 Effective Executive Selection 1953 183 EFFEC54 Effective Executive Selection 1954 184 EFFEC55 Effective Executive Selection 1955 185 EFFEC56 Effective Executive Selection 1956 186 EFFEC57 Effective Executive Selection 1957 187 EFFEC58 Effective Executive Selection 1958 188 EFFEC59 Effective Executive Selection 1959 189 EFFEC60 Effective Executive Selection 1960 190 EFFEC61 Effective Executive Selection 1961 191 EFFEC62 Effective Executive Selection 1962 192 EFFEC63 Effective Executive Selection 1963

9

193 EFFEC64 Effective Executive Selection 1964 194 EFFEC65 Effective Executive Selection 1965 195 EFFEC66 Effective Executive Selection 1966 196 EFFEC67 Effective Executive Selection 1967 197 EFFEC68 Effective Executive Selection 1968 198 EFFEC69 Effective Executive Selection 1969 199 EFFEC70 Effective Executive Selection 1970 200 EFFEC71 Effective Executive Selection 1971 201 EFFEC72 Effective Executive Selection 1972 202 EFFEC73 Effective Executive Selection 1973 203 EFFEC74 Effective Executive Selection 1974 204 EFFEC75 Effective Executive Selection 1975 205 EFFEC76 Effective Executive Selection 1976 206 EFFEC77 Effective Executive Selection 1977 207 EFFEC78 Effective Executive Selection 1978 208 EFFEC79 Effective Executive Selection 1979 209 EFFEC80 Effective Executive Selection 1980 210 EFFEC81 Effective Executive Selection 1981 211 EFFEC82 Effective Executive Selection 1982 212 EFFEC83 Effective Executive Selection 1983 213 EFFEC84 Effective Executive Selection 1984 214 EFFEC85 Effective Executive Selection 1985 215 EFFEC86 Effective Executive Selection 1986 216 EFFEC87 Effective Executive Selection 1987 217 EFFEC88 Effective Executive Selection 1988 218 LEGEF50 Legislative Effectiveness 1950 219 LEGEF51 Legislative Effectiveness 1951 220 LEGEF52 Legislative Effectiveness 1952 221 LEGEF53 Legislative Effectiveness 1953 222 LEGEF54 Legislative Effectiveness 1954 223 LEGEF55 Legislative Effectiveness 1955 224 LEGEF56 Legislative Effectiveness 1956 225 LEGEF57 Legislative Effectiveness 1957 226 LEGEF58 Legislative Effectiveness 1958 227 LEGEF59 Legislative Effectiveness 1959 228 LEGEF60 Legislative Effectiveness 1960 229 LEGEF61 Legislative Effectiveness 1961 230 LEGEF62 Legislative Effectiveness 1962 231 LEGEF63 Legislative Effectiveness 1963 232 LEGEF64 Legislative Effectiveness 1964 233 LEGEF65 Legislative Effectiveness 1965 234 LEGEF66 Legislative Effectiveness 1966 235 LEGEF67 Legislative Effectiveness 1967 236 LEGEF68 Legislative Effectiveness 1968 237 LEGEF69 Legislative Effectiveness 1969 238 LEGEF70 Legislative Effectiveness 1970 239 LEGEF71 Legislative Effectiveness 1971 240 LEGEF72 Legislative Effectiveness 1972 241 LEGEF73 Legislative Effectiveness 1973 242 LEGEF74 Legislative Effectiveness 1974

10

243 LEGEF75 Legislative Effectiveness 1975 244 LEGEF76 Legislative Effectiveness 1976 245 LEGEF77 Legislative Effectiveness 1977 246 LEGEF78 Legislative Effectiveness 1978 247 LEGEF79 Legislative Effectiveness 1979 248 LEGEF80 Legislative Effectiveness 1980 249 LEGEF81 Legislative Effectiveness 1981 250 LEGEF82 Legislative Effectiveness 1982 251 LEGEF83 Legislative Effectiveness 1983 252 LEGEF84 Legislative Effectiveness 1984 253 LEGEF85 Legislative Effectiveness 1985 254 LEGEF86 Legislative Effectiveness 1986 255 LEGEF87 Legislative Effectiveness 1987 256 LEGEF88 Legislative Effectiveness 1988 257 LEGSEL50 Legislative Selection 1950 258 LEGSEL51 Legislative Selection 1951 259 LEGSEL52 Legislative Selection 1952 260 LEGSEL53 Legislative Selection 1953 261 LEGSEL54 Legislative Selection 1954 262 LEGSEL55 Legislative Selection 1955 263 LEGSEL56 Legislative Selection 1956 264 LEGSEL57 Legislative Selection 1957 265 LEGSEL58 Legislative Selection 1958 266 LEGSEL59 Legislative Selection 1959 267 LEGSEL60 Legislative Selection 1960 268 LEGSEL61 Legislative Selection 1961 269 LEGSEL62 Legislative Selection 1962 270 LEGSEL63 Legislative Selection 1963 271 LEGSEL64 Legislative Selection 1964 272 LEGSEL65 Legislative Selection 1965 273 LEGSEL66 Legislative Selection 1966 274 LEGSEL67 Legislative Selection 1967 275 LEGSEL68 Legislative Selection 1968 276 LEGSEL69 Legislative Selection 1969 277 LEGSEL70 Legislative Selection 1970 278 LEGSEL71 Legislative Selection 1971 279 LEGSEL72 Legislative Selection 1972 280 LEGSEL73 Legislative Selection 1973 281 LEGSEL74 Legislative Selection 1974 282 LEGSEL75 Legislative Selection 1975 283 LEGSEL76 Legislative Selection 1976 284 LEGSEL77 Legislative Selection 1977 285 LEGSEL78 Legislative Selection 1978 286 LEGSEL79 Legislative Selection 1979 287 LEGSEL80 Legislative Selection 1980 288 LEGSEL81 Legislative Selection 1981 289 LEGSEL82 Legislative Selection 1982 290 LEGSEL83 Legislative Selection 1983 291 LEGSEL84 Legislative Selection 1984 292 LEGSEL85 Legislative Selection 1985

11

293 LEGSEL86 Legislative Selection 1986 294 LEGSEL87 Legislative Selection 1987 295 LEGSEL88 Legislative Selection 1988 296 LEG50 Product of LEGSEL50*LEGEF50 297 LEG51 Product of LEGSEL51*LEGEF51 298 LEG52 Product of LEGSEL52*LEGEF52 299 LEG53 Product of LEGSEL53*LEGEF53 300 LEG54 Product of LEGSEL54*LEGEF54 301 LEG55 Product of LEGSEL55*LEGEF55 302 LEG56 Product of LEGSEL56*LEGEF56 303 LEG57 Product of LEGSEL57*LEGEF57 304 LEG58 Product of LEGSEL58*LEGEF58 305 LEG59 Product of LEGSEL59*LEGEF59 306 LEG60 Product of LEGSEL60*LEGEF60 307 LEG61 Product of LEGSEL61*LEGEF61 308 LEG62 Product of LEGSEL62*LEGEF62 309 LEG63 Product of LEGSEL63*LEGEF63 310 LEG64 Product of LEGSEL64*LEGEF64 311 LEG65 Product of LEGSEL65*LEGEF65 312 LEG66 Product of LEGSEL66*LEGEF66 313 LEG67 Product of LEGSEL67*LEGEF67 314 LEG68 Product of LEGSEL68*LEGEF68 315 LEG69 Product of LEGSEL69*LEGEF69 316 LEG70 Product of LEGSEL70*LEGEF70 317 LEG71 Product of LEGSEL71*LEGEF71 318 LEG72 Product of LEGSEL72*LEGEF72 319 LEG73 Product of LEGSEL73*LEGEF73 320 LEG74 Product of LEGSEL74*LEGEF74 321 LEG75 Product of LEGSEL75*LEGEF75 322 LEG76 Product of LEGSEL76*LEGEF76 323 LEG77 Product of LEGSEL77*LEGEF77 324 LEG78 Product of LEGSEL78*LEGEF78 325 LEG79 Product of LEGSEL79*LEGEF79 326 LEG80 Product of LEGSEL80*LEGEF80 327 LEG81 Product of LEGSEL81*LEGEF81 328 LEG82 Product of LEGEF82*LEGSEL82 329 LEG83 Product of LEGEF83*LEGSEL83 330 LEG84 Product of LEGEF84*LEGSEL84 331 LEG85 Product of LEGEF85*LEGSEL85 332 LEG86 Product of LEGEF86*LEGSEL86 333 LEG87 Product of LEGEF87*LEGSEL87 334 LEG88 Product of LEGEF88*LEGSEL88 335 PARTY50 Party Legitimacy 1950 336 PARTY51 Party Legitimacy 1951 337 PARTY52 Party Legitimacy 1952 338 PARTY53 Party Legitimacy 1953 339 PARTY54 Party Legitimacy 1954 340 PARTY55 Party Legitimacy 1955 341 PARTY56 Party Legitimacy 1956 342 PARTY57 Party Legitimacy 1957

12

343 PARTY58 Party Legitimacy 1958 344 PARTY59 Party Legitimacy 1959 345 PARTY60 Party Legitimacy 1960 346 PARTY61 Party Legitimacy 1961 347 PARTY62 Party Legitimacy 1962 348 PARTY63 Party Legitimacy 1963 349 PARTY64 Party Legitimacy 1964 350 PARTY65 Party Legitimacy 1965 351 PARTY66 Party Legitimacy 1966 352 PARTY67 Party Legitimacy 1967 353 PARTY68 Party Legitimacy 1968 354 PARTY69 Party Legitimacy 1969 355 PARTY70 Party Legitimacy 1970 356 PARTY71 Party Legitimacy 1971 357 PARTY72 Party Legitimacy 1972 358 PARTY73 Party Legitimacy 1973 359 PARTY74 Party Legitimacy 1974 360 PARTY75 Party Legitimacy 1975 361 PARTY76 Party Legitimacy 1976 362 PARTY77 Party Legitimacy 1977 363 PARTY78 Party Legitimacy 1978 364 PARTY79 Party Legitimacy 1979 365 PARTY80 Party Legitimacy 1980 366 PARTY81 Party Legitimacy 1981 367 PARTY82 Party Legitimacy 1982 368 PARTY83 Party Legitimacy 1983 369 PARTY84 Party Legitimacy 1984 370 PARTY85 Party Legitimacy 1985 371 PARTY86 Party Legitimacy 1986 372 PARTY87 Party Legitimacy 1987 373 PARTY88 Party Legitimacy 1988 374 GDEMOC50 Gurr's Institutionalized Democracy 1950 375 GDEMOC51 Gurr's Institutionalized Democracy 1951 376 GDEMOC52 Gurr's Institutionalized Democracy 1952 377 GDEMOC53 Gurr's Institutionalized Democracy 1953 378 GDEMOC54 Gurr's Institutionalized Democracy 1954 379 GDEMOC55 Gurr's Institutionalized Democracy 1955 380 GDEMOC56 Gurr's Institutionalized Democracy 1956 381 GDEMOC57 Gurr's Institutionalized Democracy 1957 382 GDEMOC58 Gurr's Institutionalized Democracy 1958 383 GDEMOC59 Gurr's Institutionalized Democracy 1959 384 GDEMOC60 Gurr's Institutionalized Democracy 1960 385 GDEMOC61 Gurr's Institutionalized Democracy 1961 386 GDEMOC62 Gurr's Institutionalized Democracy 1962 387 GDEMOC63 Gurr's Institutionalized Democracy 1963 388 GDEMOC64 Gurr's Institutionalized Democracy 1964 389 GDEMOC65 Gurr's Institutionalized Democracy 1965 390 GDEMOC66 Gurr's Institutionalized Democracy 1966 391 GDEMOC67 Gurr's Institutionalized Democracy 1967 392 GDEMOC68 Gurr's Institutionalized Democracy 1968

13

393 GDEMOC69 Gurr's Institutionalized Democracy 1969 394 GDEMOC70 Gurr's Institutionalized Democracy 1970 395 GDEMOC71 Gurr's Institutionalized Democracy 1971 396 GDEMOC72 Gurr's Institutionalized Democracy 1972 397 GDEMOC73 Gurr's Institutionalized Democracy 1973 398 GDEMOC74 Gurr's Institutionalized Democracy 1974 399 GDEMOC75 Gurr's Institutionalized Democracy 1975 400 GDEMOC76 Gurr's Institutionalized Democracy 1976 401 GDEMOC77 Gurr's Institutionalized Democracy 1977 402 GDEMOC78 Gurr's Institutionalized Democracy 1978 403 GDEMOC79 Gurr's Institutionalized Democracy 1979 404 GDEMOC80 Gurr's Institutionalized Democracy 1980 405 GDEMOC81 Gurr's Institutionalized Democracy 1981 406 GDEMOC82 Gurr's Institutionalized Democracy 1982 407 GDEMOC83 Gurr's Institutionalized Democracy 1983 408 GDEMOC84 Gurr's Institutionalized Democracy 1984 409 GDEMOC85 Gurr's Institutionalized Democracy 1985 410 GDEMOC86 Gurr's Institutionalized Democracy 1986 411 GLEGEL50 Gurr's Number of Leg Elections 1950 412 GLEGEL51 Gurr's Number of Leg Elections 1951 413 GLEGEL52 Gurr's Number of Leg Elections 1952 414 GLEGEL53 Gurr's Number of Leg Elections 1953 415 GLEGEL54 Gurr's Number of Leg Elections 1954 416 GLEGEL55 Gurr's Number of Leg Elections 1955 417 GLEGEL56 Gurr's Number of Leg Elections 1956 418 GLEGEL57 Gurr's Number of Leg Elections 1957 419 GLEGEL58 Gurr's Number of Leg Elections 1958 420 GLEGEL59 Gurr's Number of Leg Elections 1959 421 GLEGEL60 Gurr's Number of Leg Elections 1960 422 GLEGEL61 Gurr's Number of Leg Elections 1961 423 GLEGEL62 Gurr's Number of Leg Elections 1962 424 GLEGEL63 Gurr's Number of Leg Elections 1963 425 GLEGEL64 Gurr's Number of Leg Elections 1964 426 GLEGEL65 Gurr's Number of Leg Elections 1965 427 GLEGEL66 Gurr's Number of Leg Elections 1966 428 GLEGEL67 Gurr's Number of Leg Elections 1967 429 GLEGEL68 Gurr's Number of Leg Elections 1968 430 GLEGEL69 Gurr's Number of Leg Elections 1969 431 GLEGEL70 Gurr's Number of Leg Elections 1970 432 GLEGEL71 Gurr's Number of Leg Elections 1971 433 GLEGEL72 Gurr's Number of Leg Elections 1972 434 GLEGEL73 Gurr's Number of Leg Elections 1973 435 GLEGEL74 Gurr's Number of Leg Elections 1974 436 GLEGEL75 Gurr's Number of Leg Elections 1975 437 GLEGEL76 Gurr's Number of Leg Elections 1976 438 GLEGEL77 Gurr's Number of Leg Elections 1977 439 GLEGEL78 Gurr's Number of Leg Elections 1978 440 GLEGEL79 Gurr's Number of Leg Elections 1979 441 GLEGEL80 Gurr's Number of Leg Elections 1980 442 GLEGEL81 Gurr's Number of Leg Elections 1981

14

443 GLEGEL82 Gurr's Number of Leg Elections 1982 444 PARCOM50 Gurr's Comp. of Polit Particip. 1950 445 PARCOM51 Gurr's Comp. of Polit Particip. 1951 446 PARCOM52 Gurr's Comp. of Polit Particip. 1952 447 PARCOM53 Gurr's Comp. of Polit Particip. 1953 448 PARCOM54 Gurr's Comp. of Polit Particip. 1954 449 PARCOM55 Gurr's Comp. of Polit Particip. 1955 450 PARCOM56 Gurr's Comp. of Polit Particip. 1956 451 PARCOM57 Gurr's Comp. of Polit Particip. 1957 452 PARCOM58 Gurr's Comp. of Polit Particip. 1958 453 PARCOM59 Gurr's Comp. of Polit Particip. 1959 454 PARCOM60 Gurr's Comp. of Polit Particip. 1960 455 PARCOM61 Gurr's Comp. of Polit Particip. 1961 456 PARCOM62 Gurr's Comp. of Polit Particip. 1962 457 PARCOM63 Gurr's Comp. of Polit Particip. 1963 458 PARCOM64 Gurr's Comp. of Polit Particip. 1964 459 PARCOM65 Gurr's Comp. of Polit Particip. 1965 460 PARCOM66 Gurr's Comp. of Polit Particip. 1966 461 PARCOM67 Gurr's Comp. of Polit Particip. 1967 462 PARCOM68 Gurr's Comp. of Polit Particip. 1968 463 PARCOM69 Gurr's Comp. of Polit Particip. 1969 464 PARCOM70 Gurr's Comp. of Polit Particip. 1970 465 PARCOM71 Gurr's Comp. of Polit Particip. 1971 466 PARCOM72 Gurr's Comp. of Polit Particip. 1972 467 PARCOM73 Gurr's Comp. of Polit Particip. 1973 468 PARCOM74 Gurr's Comp. of Polit Particip. 1974 469 PARCOM75 Gurr's Comp. of Polit Particip. 1975 470 PARCOM76 Gurr's Comp. of Polit Particip. 1976 471 PARCOM77 Gurr's Comp. of Polit Particip. 1977 472 PARCOM78 Gurr's Comp. of Polit Particip. 1978 473 PARCOM79 Gurr's Comp. of Polit Particip. 1979 474 PARCOM80 Gurr's Comp. of Polit Particip. 1980 475 PARCOM81 Gurr's Comp. of Polit Particip. 1981 476 PARCOM82 Gurr's Comp. of Polit Particip. 1982 477 PARCOM83 Gurr's Comp. of Polit Particip. 1983 478 PARCOM84 Gurr's Comp. of Polit Particip. 1984 479 PARCOM85 Gurr's Comp. of Polit Particip. 1985 480 PARCOM86 Gurr's Comp. of Polit Particip. 1986 481 XCONST50 Gurr's Exec Constraints 1950 482 XCONST51 Gurr's Exec Constraints 1951 483 XCONST52 Gurr's Exec Constraints 1952 484 XCONST53 Gurr's Exec Constraints 1953 485 XCONST54 Gurr's Exec Constraints 1954 486 XCONST55 Gurr's Exec Constraints 1955 487 XCONST56 Gurr's Exec Constraints 1956 488 XCONST57 Gurr's Exec Constraints 1957 489 XCONST58 Gurr's Exec Constraints 1958 490 XCONST59 Gurr's Exec Constraints 1959 491 XCONST60 Gurr's Exec Constraints 1960 492 XCONST61 Gurr's Exec Constraints 1961

15

493 XCONST62 Gurr's Exec Constraints 1962 494 XCONST63 Gurr's Exec Constraints 1963 495 XCONST64 Gurr's Exec Constraints 1964 496 XCONST65 Gurr's Exec Constraints 1965 497 XCONST66 Gurr's Exec Constraints 1966 498 XCONST67 Gurr's Exec Constraints 1967 499 XCONST68 Gurr's Exec Constraints 1968 500 XCONST69 Gurr's Exec Constraints 1969 501 XCONST70 Gurr's Exec Constraints 1970 502 XCONST71 Gurr's Exec Constraints 1971 503 XCONST72 Gurr's Exec Constraints 1972 504 XCONST73 Gurr's Exec Constraints 1973 505 XCONST74 Gurr's Exec Constraints 1974 506 XCONST75 Gurr's Exec Constraints 1975 507 XCONST76 Gurr's Exec Constraints 1976 508 XCONST77 Gurr's Exec Constraints 1977 509 XCONST78 Gurr's Exec Constraints 1978 510 XCONST79 Gurr's Exec Constraints 1979 511 XCONST80 Gurr's Exec Constraints 1980 512 XCONST81 Gurr's Exec Constraints 1981 513 XCONST82 Gurr's Exec Constraints 1982 514 XCONST83 Gurr's Exec Constraints 1983 515 XCONST84 Gurr's Exec Constraints 1984 516 XCONST85 Gurr's Exec Constraints 1985 517 XCONST86 Gurr's Exec Constraints 1986 518 XRCOMP50 Gurr's Comp. of Exec Recruitment 1950 519 XRCOMP51 Gurr's Comp. of Exec Recruitment 1951 520 XRCOMP52 Gurr's Comp. of Exec Recruitment 1952 521 XRCOMP53 Gurr's Comp. of Exec Recruitment 1953 522 XRCOMP54 Gurr's Comp. of Exec Recruitment 1954 523 XRCOMP55 Gurr's Comp. of Exec Recruitment 1955 524 XRCOMP56 Gurr's Comp. of Exec Recruitment 1956 525 XRCOMP57 Gurr's Comp. of Exec Recruitment 1957 526 XRCOMP58 Gurr's Comp. of Exec Recruitment 1958 527 XRCOMP59 Gurr's Comp. of Exec Recruitment 1959 528 XRCOMP60 Gurr's Comp. of Exec Recruitment 1960 529 XRCOMP61 Gurr's Comp. of Exec Recruitment 1961 530 XRCOMP62 Gurr's Comp. of Exec Recruitment 1962 531 XRCOMP63 Gurr's Comp. of Exec Recruitment 1963 532 XRCOMP64 Gurr's Comp. of Exec Recruitment 1964 533 XRCOMP65 Gurr's Comp. of Exec Recruitment 1965 534 XRCOMP66 Gurr's Comp. of Exec Recruitment 1966 535 XRCOMP67 Gurr's Comp. of Exec Recruitment 1967 536 XRCOMP68 Gurr's Comp. of Exec Recruitment 1968 537 XRCOMP69 Gurr's Comp. of Exec Recruitment 1969 538 XRCOMP70 Gurr's Comp. of Exec Recruitment 1970 539 XRCOMP71 Gurr's Comp. of Exec Recruitment 1971 540 XRCOMP72 Gurr's Comp. of Exec Recruitment 1972 541 XRCOMP73 Gurr's Comp. of Exec Recruitment 1973 542 XRCOMP74 Gurr's Comp. of Exec Recruitment 1974

16

543 XRCOMP75 Gurr's Comp. of Exec Recruitment 1975 544 XRCOMP76 Gurr's Comp. of Exec Recruitment 1976 545 XRCOMP77 Gurr's Comp. of Exec Recruitment 1977 546 XRCOMP78 Gurr's Comp. of Exec Recruitment 1978 547 XRCOMP79 Gurr's Comp. of Exec Recruitment 1979 548 XRCOMP80 Gurr's Comp. of Exec Recruitment 1980 549 XRCOMP81 Gurr's Comp. of Exec Recruitment 1981 550 XRCOMP82 Gurr's Comp. of Exec Recruitment 1982 551 XRCOMP83 Gurr's Comp. of Exec Recruitment 1983 552 XRCOMP84 Gurr's Comp. of Exec Recruitment 1984 553 XRCOMP85 Gurr's Comp. of Exec Recruitment 1985 554 XRCOMP86 Gurr's Comp. of Exec Recruitment 1986 555 XROPEN50 Gurr's Openness of Exec Recruit 1950 556 XROPEN51 Gurr's Openness of Exec Recruit 1951 557 XROPEN52 Gurr's Openness of Exec Recruit 1952 558 XROPEN53 Gurr's Openness of Exec Recruit 1953 559 XROPEN54 Gurr's Openness of Exec Recruit 1954 560 XROPEN55 Gurr's Openness of Exec Recruit 1955 561 XROPEN56 Gurr's Openness of Exec Recruit 1956 562 XROPEN57 Gurr's Openness of Exec Recruit 1957 563 XROPEN58 Gurr's Openness of Exec Recruit 1958 564 XROPEN59 Gurr's Openness of Exec Recruit 1959 565 XROPEN60 Gurr's Openness of Exec Recruit 1960 566 XROPEN61 Gurr's Openness of Exec Recruit 1961 567 XROPEN62 Gurr's Openness of Exec Recruit 1962 568 XROPEN63 Gurr's Openness of Exec Recruit 1963 569 XROPEN64 Gurr's Openness of Exec Recruit 1964 570 XROPEN65 Gurr's Openness of Exec Recruit 1965 571 XROPEN66 Gurr's Openness of Exec Recruit 1966 572 XROPEN67 Gurr's Openness of Exec Recruit 1967 573 XROPEN68 Gurr's Openness of Exec Recruit 1968 574 XROPEN69 Gurr's Openness of Exec Recruit 1969 575 XROPEN70 Gurr's Openness of Exec Recruit 1970 576 XROPEN71 Gurr's Openness of Exec Recruit 1971 577 XROPEN72 Gurr's Openness of Exec Recruit 1972 578 XROPEN73 Gurr's Openness of Exec Recruit 1973 579 XROPEN74 Gurr's Openness of Exec Recruit 1974 580 XROPEN75 Gurr's Openness of Exec Recruit 1975 581 XROPEN76 Gurr's Openness of Exec Recruit 1976 582 XROPEN77 Gurr's Openness of Exec Recruit 1977 583 XROPEN78 Gurr's Openness of Exec Recruit 1978 584 XROPEN79 Gurr's Openness of Exec Recruit 1979 585 XROPEN80 Gurr's Openness of Exec Recruit 1980 586 XROPEN81 Gurr's Openness of Exec Recruit 1981 587 XROPEN82 Gurr's Openness of Exec Recruit 1982 588 XROPEN83 Gurr's Openness of Exec Recruit 1983 589 XROPEN84 Gurr's Openness of Exec Recruit 1984 590 XROPEN85 Gurr's Openness of Exec Recruit 1985 591 XROPEN86 Gurr's Openness of Exec Recruit 1986 592 ASSC82 Humana Assm. and Assoc. 1982-1983

17

593 ASSC85 Humana Assm. and Assoc. 1985 594 ASSC91 Humana Fr Assm/Assoc 1991 595 CENMAL82 Humana No Mail Censorship 1982-83 596 CENMAL85 Humana No Mail Censorship 1985 597 CENMAL91 Humana Censorship of Mail 1991 598 EQW82 Humana Equal Rights Women 1982-83 599 EQW85 Humana Equal Rights Women 1985 600 EQW91 Humana Equal Rights Women 1991 601 FRINF82 Humana Free. of Information 1982-83 602 FRINF85 Humana Free. of Information 1985 603 FRINF91 Humana Free Tch and Inform 1991 604 POLOPP82 Humana Free Political Oppos. 1982-83 605 POLOPP85 Humana Free Political Oppos. 1985 606 POLOPP91 Humana Free Political Oppos. 1991 607 CENPR85 Humana Censorship of Press 1985 608 CENPR91 Humana Censorship of Press 1991 609 CMPMEM85 Humana Comp. Memb. of State Party 1985 610 CMPMEM91 Humana Comp. Memb. of State Party 1991 611 CMPREL85 Humana Comp. Religion in School 1985 612 CMPREL91 Humana Comp. Religion in School 1991 613 EXJKIL85 Humana Extrajudicial Killings 1985 614 EXJKIL91 Humana Extrajudicial Killings 1991 615 MONRHT85 Humana Free to Monitor H.R. Viol. 1985 616 MONRHT91 Humana Free to Monitor H.R. Viol. 1991 617 TORTR85 Humana Torture by State 1985 618 TORTR91 Humana Torture by State 1991 619 ANTGVT82 Humana Free Antigovt Acts 1982-83 620 BANLIT82 Humana No Penalty Banned Lit. 1982-83 621 FREPRS82 Humana Free Press 1982-83 622 INDBK91 Humana Independent Book Pub 1991 623 INDPAP91 Humana Independent Newspapers 1991 624 INDRTV91 Humana Independent Radio/TV 1991 625 MLTPEL91 Humana Multi-Party Elections 1985 626 FJDEM80 Latin America: Democracy Rating 1980 627 FJDEM85 Latin America: Democracy Rating 1985 628 FJELEC45 Latin America: Free Elections 1945 629 FJELEC50 Latin America: Free Elections 1950 630 FJELEC55 Latin America: Free Elections 1955 631 FJELEC60 Latin America: Free Elections 1960 632 FJELEC65 Latin America: Free Elections 1965 633 FJELEC69 Latin America: Free Elections 1969 634 FJELEC75 Latin America: Free Elections 1975 635 FJELEC80 Latin America: Free Elections 1980 636 FJFPRS45 Latin America: Free Press 1945 637 FJFPRS50 Latin America: Free Press 1950 638 FJFPRS55 Latin America: Free Press 1955 639 FJFPRS60 Latin America: Free Press 1960 640 FJFPRS65 Latin America: Free Press 1965 641 FJFPRS69 Latin America: Free Press 1969 642 FJFPRS75 Latin America: Free Press 1975

18

643 FJFPRS80 Latin America: Free Press 1980 644 FJOPP45 Latin America: Free Pol. Organiz. 1945 645 FJOPP50 Latin America: Free Pol. Organiz. 1950 646 FJOPP55 Latin America: Free Pol. Organiz. 1955 647 FJOPP60 Latin America: Free Pol. Organiz. 1960 648 FJOPP65 Latin America: Free Pol. Organiz. 1965 649 FJOPP69 Latin America: Free Pol. Organiz. 1969 650 FJOPP75 Latin America: Free Pol. Organiz. 1975 651 FJOPP80 Latin America: Free Pol. Organiz. 1980 652 LAREPR50 LA: Political Repression 1950 653 LAREPR51 LA: Political Repression 1951 654 LAREPR52 LA: Political Repression 1952 655 LAREPR53 LA: Political Repression 1953 656 LAREPR54 LA: Political Repression 1954 657 LAREPR55 LA: Political Repression 1955 658 LAREPR56 LA: Political Repression 1956 659 LAREPR57 LA: Political Repression 1957 660 LAREPR58 LA: Political Repression 1958 661 LAREPR59 LA: Political Repression 1959 662 LAREPR60 LA: Political Repression 1960 663 LAREPR61 LA: Political Repression 1961 664 LAREPR62 LA: Political Repression 1962 665 LAREPR63 LA: Political Repression 1963 666 LAREPR64 LA: Political Repression 1964 667 LAREPR65 LA: Political Repression 1965 668 LAREPR66 LA: Political Repression 1966 669 LAREPR67 LA: Political Repression 1967 670 LAREPR68 LA: Political Repression 1968 671 LAREPR69 LA: Political Repression 1969 672 AFREPR80 Africa: Political Repression 1979-1982 673 AFTYPE80 Africa: Type of Pol. System 1980 674 ELEC6_53 Number of Elections 1948-1953 675 ELEC6_54 Number of Elections 1949-1954 676 ELEC6_55 Number of Elections 1950-1955 677 ELEC6_56 Number of Elections 1951-1956 678 ELEC6_57 Number of Elections 1952-1957 679 ELEC6_58 Number of Elections 1953-1958 680 ELEC6_59 Number of Elections 1954-1959 681 ELEC6_60 Number of Elections 1955-1960 682 ELEC6_61 Number of Elections 1956-1961 683 ELEC6_62 Number of Elections 1957-1962 684 ELEC6_63 Number of Elections 1958-1963 685 ELEC6_64 Number of Elections 1959-1964 686 ELEC6_65 Number of Elections 1960-1965 687 ELEC6_66 Number of Elections 1961-1966 688 ELEC6_67 Number of Elections 1962-1967 689 ELEC6_68 Number of Elections 1963-1968 690 ELEC6_69 Number of Elections 1964-1969 691 ELEC6_70 Number of Elections 1965-1970 692 ELEC6_71 Number of Elections 1966-1971

19

693 ELEC6_72 Number of Elections 1967-1972 694 ELEC6_73 Number of Elections 1968-1973 695 ELEC6_74 Number of Elections 1969-1974 696 ELEC6_75 Number of Elections 1970-1975 697 ELEC6_76 Number of Elections 1971-1976 698 ELEC6_77 Number of Elections 1972-1977 699 ELEC6_78 Number of Elections 1973-1978 700 ELEC6_79 Number of Elections 1974-1979 701 ELEC6_80 Number of Elections 1975-1980 702 ELEC6_81 Number of Elections 1976-1981 703 ELEC6_82 Number of Elections 1977-1982 704 VANHAN80 Vanhanen's Index of Democ. 1980 705 VANHAN81 Vanhanen's Index of Democ. 1981 706 VANHAN82 Vanhanen's Index of Democ. 1982 707 VANHAN83 Vanhanen's Index of Democ. 1983 708 VANHAN84 Vanhanen's Index of Democ. 1984 709 VANHAN85 Vanhanen's Index of Democ. 1985 710 VANHAN86 Vanhanen's Index of Democ. 1986 711 VANHAN87 Vanhanen's Index of Democ. 1987 712 VANHAN88 Vanhanen's Index of Democ. 1988 713 KADEM65 Karzen & Aubrey Pol. Democ. 1965 714 KADEM70 Karzen & Aubrey Pol. Democ. 1970 715 KADEM80 Karzen & Aubrey Pol. Democ. 1980 716 KADEM90 Karzen & Aubrey Pol. Democ. 1990 717 ARATDM75 Arat's Democracy Scores for 1975 718 ARATDM80 Arat's Democracy Scores for 1980 719 POURDM86 Pourgerami's Democracy 1986 720 POURHR86 Pourgerami's Human Rights 1986 721 WESDEM85 Wesson's Democracy Classifications 1985 722 POLIT77 Political System 1977 723 POLIT78 Political System 1978 724 POLIT79 Political System 1979 725 POLIT80 Political System 1980 726 POLIT81 Political System 1981 727 POLIT82 Political System 1982 728 POLIT83 Political System 1983 729 POLIT84 Political System 1984 730 POLIT88 Political System 1988 731 ECON77 Economic System 1977 732 ECON78 Economic System 1978 733 ECON79 Economic System 1979 734 ECON80 Economic System 1980 735 ECON81 Economic System 1981 736 ECON82 Economic System 1982 737 ECON83 Economic System 1983 738 ECON84 Economic System 1984 739 ECON88 Economic System 1988 740 CENSOR89 UNDP: Censorship of the Media 1989 741 ELEC89 UNDP: Govt. Legitimacy by Election 1989 742 LIMEL89 UNDP: State Limits on Elec. Outcome 89

20

743 REPRES89 UNDP: State Repression 89 744 RESTRV89 UNDP: Restrictions on Travel 89 745 OPPOS89 UNDP: Tolerance of Pol. Opposition 89 746 OUTLK77 Outlook in 1977 747 OUTLK78 Outlook in 1978 748 OUTLK79 Outlook in 1979 749 OUTLK80 Outlook in 1980 750 OUTLK81 Outlook in 1981 751 OUTLK82 Outlook in 1982 752 MLTPEL85 Coppedge-Rein. Mult-Party Electns 1985 753 ALTINF85 Coppedge-Reinicke Media Pluralism 1985 754 FAIREL85 Coppedge-Reinicke Fair Elections 1985 755 FREEOR85 Coppedge-Rein. Free. of Organiza. 1985 756 FREESP85 Coppedge-Rein. Free. of Expression 1985 757 CRSUFF85 Coppedge-Rein. Extens. of Suffer. 1985 758 CENSOR50 Censorship Score 1950 759 CENSOR55 Censorship Score 1955 760 CENSOR60 Censorship Score 1960 761 CENSOR63 Censorship Score 1963 762 CENSOR65 Censorship Score 1965 763 CONSTI50 Constitutional Status 1950 764 CONSTI55 Constitutional Status 1955 765 CONSTI60 Constitutional Status 1960 766 CONSTI63 Constitutional Status 1963 767 CONSTI65 Constitutional Status 1965 768 ELECTO50 Electoral System 1950 769 ELECTO55 Electoral System 1955 770 ELECTO60 Electoral System 1960 771 ELECTO63 Electoral System 1963 772 ELECTO65 Electoral System 1965 773 FREEOP50 Freedom of Opposition 1950 774 FREEOP55 Freedom of Opposition 1955 775 FREEOP60 Freedom of Opposition 1960 776 FREEOP63 Freedom of Opposition 1963 777 FREEOP65 Freedom of Opposition 1965 778 LEADER50 Political Leadership 1950 779 LEADER55 Political Leadership 1955 780 LEADER60 Political Leadership 1960 781 LEADER63 Political Leadership 1963 782 LEADER65 Political Leadership 1965 783 FAIREL50 WHII: Elec Irregularity Score 1950 784 FAIREL55 WHII: Elec Irregularity Score 1955 785 FAIREL60 WHII: Elec Irregularity Score 1960 786 FAIREL65 WHII: Elec Irregularity Score 1965 787 BROAD79 Broadcast Media Control 1979 788 BROAD80 Broadcast Media Control 1980 789 BROAD81 Broadcast Media Control 1981 790 BROAD83 Broadcast Media Control 1983 791 BROAD84 Broadcast Media Control 1984 792 BROAD85 Broadcast Media Control 1985

21

793 BROAD86 Broadcast Media Control 1986 794 BROAD87 Broadcast Media Control 1987 795 PRINT79 Print Media Control 1979 796 PRINT80 Print Media Control 1980 797 PRINT81 Print Media Control 1981 798 PRINT83 Print Media Control 1983 799 PRINT84 Print Media Control 1984 800 PRINT85 Print Media Control 1985 801 PRINT86 Print Media Control 1986 802 PRINT87 Print Media Control 1987 803 GOVT79 Government News Agency 1979 804 GOVT80 Government News Agency 1980 805 GOVT81 Government News Agency 1981 806 MEDIA88 Sussman News Media Control 1988 807 MEDIA89 Sussman News Media Control 1989 808 MEDIA90 Sussman News Media Control 1990 809 LFP66 Lowenstein's Free Press 1966 810 LFP67 Lowenstein's Free Press 1967 811 NIXFP59 Nixon's Free Press 1959 812 NIXFP64 Nixon's Free Press 1964 813 GFP60 Greenberg's Free Press 1960 814 FRPR70S Press Freedom Index Early 70's 815 LOWFP66 WHII: Press Freedom Index 1966 816 ASSEM71 Blondel's Exist. Assembly 1971 817 MIL71 Blondel's Military Control 1971 818 POLOPP68 Dahl's Political Opposition Rank 1968 819 ELGVOT68 Dahl's % Eligible Adult Voters 1968 820 POLTER78 Political Terrorism 1978 821 POLTER79 Political Terrorism 1979 822 ECONFR81 Economic Freedom 1981 823 MARXLN82 Lenski: Marxist-Leninist Society 1982

22

Variable 1- ID (Standard Code for Country) Identification Code for Country

N: 183 Min: 1 Max: 1300

Source: Taylor, Charles L. 1983. World Handbook of Politicaland Social Indicators , 3rd ed. New Haven: Yale University Press.

________________________________

Variable 2- RSS (World Handbook III Code)Russett, Singer, and Small country code from World Handbook III

Code: Russett, Singer, Small country code

N: 187 Min: 2 Max: 1008

Notes: World Handbook III (WH3) codes and abbreviations forthe following countries could not be found so pseudo-codes andabbreviations were created. The first four countries listed werenot listed in the WH3. The other countries either divided orunited after the WH3 was constructed. The codes for thesecountries are:

NAME CODE ABBR

CISKEI 1000 CISKSAN_MARINO 1001 SMARSENEGAMBIA 1002 SENEARUBA 1003 ARUBCYPRUS GRK 1004 CYPGCYPRUS TURK 1005 CYPTNETH ANTILS 1006 NANTGERMANY 1007 GERMYEMEN 1008 YEMEVIETNAM 1009 VIET

West Germany had a code of 260 in the World HandbookIII documentation but 255 in Russet/Singer/Small. Code 260 wasused. Malta had a code of 333 in the WHB3 documentation and acode of 338 in Russett/Singer/Small. Code 338 was used.

Source: Taylor, Charles Lewis. 1983. World Handbook ofPolitical and Social Indicators , 3rd ed. New Haven: YaleUniversity Press.

________________________________

23

Variable 3- NAME (Country Name)Country Name

Code: Name of the country (25 character field length)

For notes, see RSS (variable 2).

________________________________

Variable 4- ABBR (Abbreviation of Country Name)Abbreviation of Country Name

Code: Name of the country (4 character field length)

For notes, see RSS (variable 2).

________________________________

Variable 5- REGION8 (Region: 8 Categories)Region with 8 Categories

Codes: 1 = Western Industrial2 = Eastern Europe3 = Northern Africa & Middle East4 = Southern Africa5 = Central/South America6 = Caribbean7 = Asia8 = Oceania

REGION8 Frequency Percent ----------------------------- 1 28 15.5 2 9 5.0 3 24 13.3 4 49 27.1 5 20 11.0 6 15 8.3 7 27 14.9 8 9 5.0 Frequency Missing = 4

N: 181 Mean: 4.23 Stddev: 2.07 Min: 1 Max: 8

Source: 1989 World Population Data Sheet. Population ReferenceBureau, Inc., 1989, 777 Fourteenth St, NW, Suite 800, Washington,D.C. 20005

________________________________

24

Variable 6- ASIA (Dummy Var 1 for Asia, 0 other)Dummy Variable 1 for Asia, 0 for other

Codes: 0 = not an Asian country1 = an Asian country


________________________________

Variable 7- EUROPE (Dummy Var 1 for Europe, 0 other)Dummy Variable 1 for Europe, 0 for other

Codes: 0 = not a European country1 = a European country


________________________________

Variable 8- LATAMER (Dummy Var 1 for Latin Amer., 0 other)Dummy Variable 1 for Latin America, 0 for other

Codes: 0 = not a Latin American country1 = a Latin American country


________________________________

Variable 9- ME_NAFR (Dummy Var 1 = MidEast & N. Afr, 0 other)Dummy Variable 1 for Middle East and North Africa, 0 for other

Codes: 0 = not a Middle Eastern or North African country1 = a Middle Eastern or North African country


________________________________

Variable 10- NORAMER (Dummy Var 1 for N. America, 0 other)Dummy Variable for North American, 0 for other

Codes: 0 = not a North American country1 = a North American country

N: 180 Mean: 0.01 Stddev: 0.11 Min: 0 Max: 1 ________________________________

25

Variable 11- PACIFIC (Dummy Var 1 for Pacific, 0 other)Dummy Variable for Pacific, 0 for other

Codes: 0 = not a Pacific island country (Oceania)1 = a Pacific island country (Oceania)


________________________________

Variable 12- SAFR (Dummy Var 1 = Subsahara Africa, 0 other)Dummy Variable 1 for Subsaharan Africa, 0 for other

Codes: 0 = not a Southern African country1 = a Southern African country


________________________________

Variable 13- DEM50 (Political Democracy Index 1950)Political Democracy Index

Codes: Index of liberal democracy

N: 61 Mean: 63.02 Stddev: 32.76 Min: 10.47 Max: 100

Source: Bollen, Kenneth A. 1980. "Issues in the ComparativeMeasurement of Political Democracy." American SociologicalReview 45: 370-390.

________________________________

Variable 14- DEM55 (Political Democracy Index (Bollen))


For codes and source, see DEM50 (variable 13).

________________________________

26


N: 113 Mean: 61.50 Stddev: 29.54 Min: 10.67 Max: 100 For codes and source, see DEM60 (variable 13).

________________________________


N: 123 Mean: 55.15 Stddev: 30.60 Min: 5.18 Max: 100 For codes and source, see DEM65 (variable 13).

________________________________

Variable 17- DEM80 (Political Democracy Index (Bollen)) Codes: Index of Liberal Democracy composed of threeindicators.

N: 162 Mean: 43.83 Stddev: 36.42 Min: 0 Max: 100 Source: Bollen, Kenneth A. 1993. "Liberal Democracy: Validityand Method Factors in Cross-National Measures." American Journalof Political Science 37: 1207-1229.

________________________________

Variable 18- LIBDEM72 (Liberal Democracy Series 1: 1972)Liberal Democracy Series One

Codes: The 1972 index of Liberal Democracy in Series One isconstructed as: (X1 + X2)/2 where X1=SUFF72 if SUFF72 < (POLRT72+ LEG72)/0.2, otherwise X1= (POLRT72 + LEG72)/O.2, X2=PARTY72*10, and POLRT72, PARTY72, LEG72, and SUFF72 arevariables documented in this archive.


________________________________

Variable 19- LIBDEM73 (Liberal Democracy Series 1: 1973)


27

For codes and notes, see LIBDEM72 (variable 18).

________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________

28




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________

29




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________

Variable 35- SUFF50 (Adult Suffrage (%) 1950)Percent Adult Suffrage 1950

Codes: Percent of adult population over 20 years of age whohave the right to vote in a national election. The measure doesnot consider how fair or free the elections are, but only whetherrecent national elections were held.


Source: Bollen, Kenneth A., Robert W. Jackman, & Hyojoung Kim. 1996. Suffrage, Registration, and Turnout: A ComparativeAnalysis . Unpublished paper, Department of Sociology, Universityof North Carolina at Chapel Hill.

________________________________

30

Variable 36- SUFF51 (Adult Suffrage (%) 1951)


For codes and source, see SUFF50 (variable 35).

________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




31

________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________

32




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________

33




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




34

________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________



35


________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________

36



For codes and source see SUFF50 (variable 35).

________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________

37

Variable 76- CIVLB72 (Civil Liberties 1972)Civil Liberties 1972

Codes: 0 = The outside world almost never hears of internal criticism except through the government's condemnation of it. Citizens have no rights vis-a-vis the state.

1.7 = The rights of the state or its governing system are given legal priority over the rights of other groups or individuals. Nevertheless, criticism isallowed to appear in limited ways, and a few favored individuals are allowed considerable freedom.

3.3 = Civil liberties are often denied, but there is no doctrine that denies them. The media may be weak,government controlled, or frequently censored. Complaints that civil rights have been violated may simply be ignored.

5.0 = Broad areas of freedom, and publication may be relatively free, yet there are also broad areas ofrepression. States may be found in this ranking because of incomplete transition from traditional society or recent emergence from a revolutionary situation.

6.7 = Most of the trappings of civil liberty; the government may, for example, be regularly and successfully opposed in the courts. Yet for one or another reason, such as severe threats to the state or an unresolvable political deadlock, thereare serious imperfections. These may include repeated reliance on martial law, jailing for sedition, or suppression of publications.

8.3 = These states aspire to level 10, but because of violence or ignorance, or lack of sufficient or free media of expression, civil liberties are lesseffective. There may be special laws that restrain rights more than would seem required by the needs of order; these may result from an authoritarian civic tradition or the influence of a particular religious tradition.

10 = The rule of law is unshaken; there is a variety ofnews media, and freedom of expression is both possible and evident.


Notes: Gastil's Freedom in the World Annual was used for allof the Political Rights and Civil liberties Variables (especiallyTable 6 in the 1986 issue with time-series data). According to aMay/June 1988 phone conversation with Raymond Gastil the columnyear in this table does not always refer to the year of the data.

38

Instead, the table should read as follows:

LABEL 1973 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 *83 84 85 86 87ACTUAL 1972 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 83 84 85 86 87

Note that 1982 data is not included in this table. Instead, 1982 data comes from the 1983 Freedom at Issue. ThePOLRT and CIVLB data in the file are coded to refer to actualyear.

Note that Gastil left Freedom House some time between1989-1990. Beginning with the 1989 data (c1990), the ratings aremade by a Freedom House Survey Team headed by R. Bruce McColm. The label of the variable includes FREEDOM HOUSE after theoriginal variable label for 1989.

For Ecuador (ID=340), CIVLB74-CIVLB78 follow Gastil'srating from Freedom in the World (coded as 5). They do not matchthe World Handbook III ratings (coded as 4).

For Puerto Rico and Hong Kong (ID=6 and 720), theratings for CIVLB77-CIVLB87 were from Freedom in the WorldAnnuals for dependent territories (ratings for 1981 are missing).

For South Africa (ID=1040), CIVLB72 was coded accordingto the World Handbook III. These scores are the average ofscores for Whites and Blacks given in Gastil.

For South Vietnam, North Vietnam, and the unifiedVietnam (ID=1261, 1262, and 1260, respectively), South and NorthVietnam are coded as missing from 1975 onward, unified Vietnam iscoded missing from 1972-1974.

For Zaire (ID=260), CIVLB75 is coded according toGastil's rating (6) rather than the World Handbook III (7).

Cyprus was split up into Greek and Turkish beginning in1981 in the Freedom House surveys. Their scores were averagedand one score for Cyprus was recorded. Variable 250- CIVLB73(CIVIL LIBERTIES 1973)

Source: Gastil, Raymond D. Various Years. Freedom in theWorld: Political Rights and Civil Liberties, Various Years . NewYork: Freedom House.

Freedom House Survey Team, R. Bruce McColm, SurveyCoordinator. 1990. Freedom in the World: Political Rights andCivil Liberties, 1989-1990 . New York: Freedom House.

________________________________

39

Variable 77- CIVLB73 (Civil Liberties 1973)


For codes, notes and source, see CIVILB72 (variable 76).

________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________

40




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




41

________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________



42


________________________________

Variable 95- CLCHG77 (CL Change by Author 1977)Civil Liberties Change by Author 1977

Codes: 0 = Civil liberties rating has not been changed since previous year due to reevaluation.

1 = Civil liberties rating has been changed since the last survey due to reevaluation by the author. There may have been little real change in the country.

CLCHG77 Frequency Percent----------------------------- 0 146 94.2 1 9 5.8

Frequency Missing = 67



________________________________

Variable 96- CLCHG78 (CL Change by Author 1978)




For codes and source, see CLCHG77 (variable 95).

________________________________




43



________________________________






________________________________






________________________________






________________________________

44






________________________________






________________________________


CLCHG85 Frequency Percent ----------------------------- 0 172 93.0 1 13 7.0




________________________________



45




________________________________



Frequency Missing = 6 N: 185 Mean: 0.09 Stddev: 0.28 Min: 0 Max: 1

For codes and source, see CLCHG77 (variable 95).________________________________






________________________________


CLCHG89 FREQUENCY PERCENT-----------------------------

0 165 89.21 20 10.8Frequency Missing = 6



________________________________

46

Variable 108- POLRT72 (Political Rights 1972)Political Rights 1972

Codes: 0 = Tyranny with little legitimacy either in a national tradition or a modern ideology.

1.7 = There is either no generally operating electoral system, or opposition candidates are not allowed to compete. There remains some distribution of political power, and voting may offer limited choice at the local level.

3.3 = Elections are either closely controlled or limited, or the results have very little significance.

5.0 = There is either a constitutional block to the fulldemocratic significance of elections, or they appear to make little difference on the resulting power distribution.

6.7 = Leaders and representatives often elected, but coups, massive interference with electoral results, or other nondemocratic procedures also occur.

8.3 = Electoral processes remain open, but their effectiveness is reduced by factors such as extreme poverty, a feudal social structure, violence, or agreements to limit opposition.

10 = The great majority of persons (or families) in thestate have both rights and opportunities to participate in the electoral process. In addition, all have the right to compete for political office, and political parties are freelyformed for this purpose.


Notes: Gastil's Freedom in the World Annual was used for allof the Political Rights and Civil liberties Variables (especiallyTable 6 in the 1986 issue with time-series data). According to aMay/June 1988 phone conversation with Raymond Gastil the columnyear in this table does not always refer to the year of the data. Instead, the table should read as follows:

LABEL 1973 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 *83 84 85 86 87ACTUAL 1972 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 83 84 85 86 87

Note that 1982 data is not included in this table. Instead, 1982 data comes from the 1983 Freedom at Issue. ThePOLRT and CIVLB data in the file are coded to refer to actualyear.

Note that Gastil left Freedom House some time around1989-1990. Beginning with the 1989 data (c1990), the ratings aremade by a Freedom House Survey Team headed by R. Bruce McColm.

47

The label of the variable includes FREEDOM HOUSE after theoriginal variable label for 1989.

For Puerto Rico and Hong Kong (ID=6 and 720), theratings for POLRT77-POLRT87 were from Freedom in the WorldAnnuals for dependent territories (ratings for 1981 are missing).

For Mauritania (ID=790), POLRT75 and POLRT76 were coded2 as found in Gastil's ratings, these scores were 3's in theWorld Handbook III.

For South Africa (ID=1040), POLRT72 was coded accordingto the World Handbook III. These scores are the average ofscores for Whites and Blacks given in Gastil.

For South Vietnam, North Vietnam, and the unifiedVietnam (ID=1261, 1262, and 1260, respectively), South and NorthVietnam are coded as missing from 1975 onward, unified Vietnam iscoded missing from 1972-1974.

Cyprus was split up into Greek and Turkish beginning in1981 in the Freedom House surveys. Their scores were averagedand one score for Cyprus was recorded.

Source: Gastil, Raymond D. 1979. Freedom in the World: Political Rights and Civil Liberties, 1978 . New York: FreedomHouse.

________________________________

Variable 109- POLRT73 (Political Rights 1973)


For codes, notes and source, see POLRT72 (variable 108).________________________________



For codes, notes and source, see POLRT72 (variable 108).

________________________________



48


________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________

49




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________

50




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________

Variable 127- PRCHG77 (PR Change by Author 1977)Political Rights Change by Author 1977

Codes: 0 = Political rights rating has not been changed sinceprevious year due to reevaluation.

1 = Political rights rating has been changed since thelast survey due to reevaluation by the author. There may have been little real change in the country.

PRCHG77 Frequency Percent----------------------------- 0 148 95.5 1 7 4.5


51



________________________________

Variable 128- PRCHG78 (PR Change by Author 1978)




For codes and source, see PRCHG77 (variable 127).

________________________________






________________________________






________________________________

52






________________________________






________________________________






________________________________


PRCHG84 Frequency Percent----------------------------- 0 151 91.0

53

1 15 9.0 Frequency Missing = 56



________________________________


PRCHG85 Frequency Percent ----------------------------- 0 165 89.2 1 20 10.8




________________________________






________________________________






54

________________________________






________________________________


PRCHG89 FREQUENCY PERCENT-----------------------------

0 166 89.7 1 19 10.3 Frequency Missing = 6



________________________________

Variable 140- COMPET50 (Competitiveness Nominat. Process 1950)Competitiveness Nomination Process 1950

Codes: 0 = Non-competitive5 = Partially competitive

10 = Competitive


Notes: The original tape had a code of 3 from 1968-82 for alimited # (Maximum 6) of countries. Code 3 was changed to code2. Then, 0,1 and 2 were converted to the 0-10 scale definedabove.

Additional data were received in January, 1991 coveringthe years 1982-1988. Again a limited number of countries werecoded 3 and these were recoded to 2, then these were converted toa 0-10 scale.

55

Also, the 1982 variables already existed when the dataarrived but there were some discrepancies. The new data is usedin the COMPET82 variable. The countries, with discrepant valuesare:

NAME COMPET82CISKEI .MALAYSIA 5MALI 10NETH ANTILS 10SUDAN 5

Source: Banks, Arthur. September, 1979. Cross-NationalTime-Series Data Archive Users' Manual .

Center for Social AnalysisState University of New YorkBinghamton, New York 13901

________________________________

Variable 141- COMPET51 (Competitiveness Nominat. Process 1951)


For codes, notes and source, see COMPET50 (variable 140).

________________________________




________________________________




________________________________



56


________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________

57




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




58

________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________



59


________________________________




________________________________




________________________________



For codes, notes and source, see COMPET50 (variable 140).________________________________




________________________________




________________________________



60


________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________

61




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________

62

Variable 179- EFFEC50 (Effective Executive Selection 1950)

Codes: 10 = Direct Election. Election of the effective executive by popular vote or the election of committed delegates for the purpose of executive selection.

5 = Indirect Election. Selection by an elected assembly or by an elected but uncommitted electoral college.

0 = Nonelective. Any means of selection not involvinga direct or indirect mandate from an electorate.


Notes: Additional data were received in May, 1991 covering theyears 1982-1988. The 1982 variables already existed when thedata arrived but there were some discrepancies. The new data isused in the EFFEC82 variable. The countries with discrepantvalues are:

NAME EFFEC82CHINA 0GAMBIA 10NETH ANTILS 10SRI LANKA 10

In the new data, for the years 1983-1986 and 1988,Gambia was coded as a zero, whereas all other countries haddifferent codes from 1 to 3. Since in 1982 and 1987 Gambia wascoded as a 10 and since there is no indication that 0 is alegitimate code, the 10's were treated as 1's. That is, theseyears were coded as direct election.



________________________________



For codes, notes and source, see EFFEC50 (variable 179).

________________________________

63




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




64

________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________



65


________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________

66




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________

67


N: 158 Mean: 3.96 Stddev: 3.70 Min: 0 Max: 10For codes, notes and source, see EFFEC50 (variable 179).

________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________

68




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




69

________________________________




________________________________




________________________________

Variable 218- LEGEF50 (Legislative Effectiveness 1950)Legislative Effectiveness 1950

Codes: 0 = No legislature exists. 3.3 = Ineffective. There are three possible bases for

this coding: 1) legislative activity may be essentially of a "rubber stamp" character; 2) domestic turmoil may make the

implementation of legislation impossible; 3) the effective executive may prevent the legislature from meeting, or otherwise substantially impede the exercise of its functions.

6.7 = Partially Effective. A situation in which the effective executive's power substantially outweighs, but does not completely dominate that of the legislature.

10 = Effective. The possession of significant governmental autonomy by the legislature, including, typically, substantial authority in regard to taxation and disbursement, and the powerto override executive


Notes: Additional data were received in January, 1991 coveringthe years 1982-1988. The 1982 variables already existed when thedata arrived but there were some discrepancies. The new data isused in the LEGEF82 variable. The countries with discrepant

70

values are:

NAME LEGEF82BHUTAN 3.3KAMPUCHEA 3.3KIRIBATI 10LEBANON 3.3NETH ANTILS 10OMAN 3.3SIERRA LEON 3.3



________________________________

Variable 219- LEGEF51 (Legislative Effectiveness 1951)


For codes, notes and source, see LEGEF50 (variable 218).

________________________________




________________________________




________________________________



71


________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________

72




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________

73




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




74

________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________



75


________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________

76




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________

77

Variable 257- LEGSEL50 (Legislative Selection 1950)Legislative Selection 1950

Codes: 0 = None. No legislature exists.5 = Non-elective. Examples would be the selection of

legislators by the effective executive, or by means of heredity or ascription.

10 = Elective. Legislators (or members of the lower house in a bicameral system) are selected by meansof either direct or indirect popular election.


Notes: Additional data were received in January, 1991 coveringthe years 1982-1988. The 1982 variables already existed when thedata arrived but there were some discrepancies. The new data isused in the LEGSEL82 variable. The countries with discrepantvalues are:

NAME LEGSEL82BHUTAN 10CISKEI .KIRIBATI 10NETH ANTILS 10OMAN 5PAKISTAN 5

Source: Banks, Arthur. September, 1979. Cross-NationalTime-Series Data Archive User's Manual .


________________________________

Variable 258- LEGSEL51 (Legislative Selection 1951)


For codes, notes and source, see LEGSEL50 (variable 257).

________________________________




78

________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________



79


________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________

80




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________

81




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




82

________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________



83


________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________

84




________________________________




________________________________

Variable 296- LEG50 (Combined Leg. Selection and Effectiveness)Combined Legislative Selection and Effectiveness 1950

Codes:[(Legislative effectiveness) x (Legislative selection)] / 10

LEGEF LEGSEL


________________________________

Variable 297- LEG51 (Combined Leg. Selection and Effectiveness)


For codes, notes and source, see LEG50 (variable 296).

________________________________




________________________________

85




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________

86

Variable 305- LEG59 (Combined leg. effectiveness and selection)



________________________________

Variable 306- LEG60 (Combined leg. effectiveness and selection)



________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




87

________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________



88


________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________

89




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________

90




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




91

________________________________




________________________________

Variable 335- PARTY50 (Party Legitimacy 1950)Party Legitimacy 1950

Codes: 0 = No parties, or all but dominant party and satellites excluded

3.3 = Significant exclusion of parties (or groups) 6.7 = One or more minor or "extremist" parties

excluded 10 = No parties excluded


Notes: Additional data were received in January, 1991 coveringthe years 1982-1988. The 1982 variables already existed when thedata arrived but there were some discrepancies. The new data isused in the PARTY82 variable. The countries with discrepantvalues are:

NAME PARTY82ANDORRA 10CISKEI 0EGYPT 6.7HONDURAS 6.7LESOTHO 0MEXICO 10NETH ANTILS 10SENEGAL 6.7TRINIDAD 10



________________________________

92

Variable 336- PARTY51 (Party Legitimacy 1951)


For codes, notes and source, see PARTY50 (variable 335).

________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




A code of 4 on the original tape was recoded to 3.

93

________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________



94


________________________________




A code of 4 on the original tape was recoded to 3.

________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________

95




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________

96




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




97

________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________



98


________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________

Variable 374- GDEMOC50 (Gurr's Institutionalized Democracy 1950)Gurr's Institutionalized Democracy 1950

Codes: A ten point scale which is a weighted sum of fourother variables in the Polity II dataset - Competitiveness ofPolitical Participation (see PARCOM50), Competitiveness ofExecutive Recruitment (see XRCOMP50), Openness of ExecutiveRecruitment (see XROPEN50), and Constraint on Chief Executive(see XCONST50). See pp. 38-39 in the Polity II codebook for moreinformation.


Notes: For all Gurr variables, the computer tapes did notcontain data for Sierra Leone in 1977 and Guinea-Bissau from1974-1986. These data were printed in the codebook and enteredinto this dataset.

Source: Gurr, Ted R. 1990. Polity II: Political Structuresand Regime Change, 1800-1986 . (ICPSR Study No. 9263).

99

________________________________

Variable 375- GDEMOC51 (Gurr's Institutionalized Democracy 1951)


For codes, notes and source, see GDEMOC50 (variable 374).

________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________



100


________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________

101




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




102

________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________



103


________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________

104




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




105

________________________________




________________________________




________________________________

Variable 411- GLEGEL50 (Gurr's Number of Leg Elections 1950)Gurr's Number of Legislative Elections 1950

Codes: The number of elections held for the lower house of anational legislature in a given year.

GLEGEL50 Frequency Percent ------------------------------ 0.00 52 71.2 1.00 21 28.8



Notes: For all Gurr variables, the computer tapes did notcontain data for Sierra Leone in 1977 and Guinea-Bissau from1974-1986. These data were printed in the codebook and enteredin to this dataset.

Source: Gurr, Ted R. Polity II: Political Structures andRegime Change, 1800-1986 . (ICPSR Study No. 9263).

________________________________

Variable 412- GLEGEL51 (Gurr's Number of Leg Elections 1951)


106



For codes, notes and source, see GLEGEL50 (variable 411).

________________________________






________________________________


GLEGEL53 Frequency Percent ------------------------------ 0.00 57 73.1 1.00 20 25.6 2.00 1 1.3




________________________________






107

________________________________






________________________________






________________________________






________________________________

108






________________________________






________________________________






________________________________



109




________________________________






________________________________






________________________________






________________________________

110






________________________________






________________________________






________________________________



111




________________________________






________________________________






________________________________






________________________________

112






________________________________






________________________________






________________________________



113




________________________________






________________________________






________________________________






________________________________

114






________________________________






________________________________






________________________________



115

2.00 2 1.6Frequency Missing = 59



________________________________

Variable 444- PARCOM50 (Gurr's Compet of Polit Particip. 1950)Gurr's Competition of Political Participation 1950

Codes: 0 = Suppressed Competition: No significant oppositional activity is permitted outside the ranks of the regime and ruling party.

2.5 = Restricted/Transitional Competition: Some organized, political competition occurs outside government, without serious factionalism.

5 = Factional Competition: Polities with factional/restricted patterns of competition.

7.5 = Transitional Competition: Transitional arrangements from Restricted or Factional patterns to fully Competitive patterns, or vice versa.

10 = Competitive Competition: Relatively stable and enduring political groups which regularly compete for political influence at the national level.




________________________________

Variable 445- PARCOM51 (Gurr's Compet of Polit Particip. 1951)


For codes, notes and source, see PARCOM50 (variable 444).

________________________________

116




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________

117




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




118

________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________



119


________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________



120


________________________________




________________________________

Variable 471- PARCOM77 (Gurr's Compet of Polit Particip. 1977) N: 128 Mean: 3.81 Stddev: 4.17 Min: 0 Max: 10


________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________

121




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




122

________________________________

Variable 481- XCONST50 (Gurr's Exec Constraints 1950)Gurr's Executive Constraints 1950

Codes: 0 = Unlimited Authority 1.67 = Intermediate Category 3.33 = Slight to Moderate Limitations on Authority

5 = Intermediate Category 6.67 = Substantial Limitations on Authority

8.33 = Intermediate Category 10 = Executive Parity or Subordination


Notes: Unlimited Authority: There are no regular limitationson the executive's actions (as distinct from irregularlimitations such as the threat or actuality of coups andassassination). Examples include: constitutional restrictionsignored; constitution frequently suspended or revised byexecutive initiative; no legislative assembly, or called anddismissed at executive's pleasure; the legislature cannotinitiate legislation or veto acts of the executive; etc.

Slight to Moderate Limitations: Examples: legislatureinitiates some categories of legislation; legislature delaysimplementation of executive acts and decrees; executive fails tochange some constitutional restrictions; the legislature or partyapproves some categories of appointments nominated by theexecutive; an independent judiciary; etc.

Substantial Limitations: The executive has moreeffective authority than any accountability group but is subjectto substantial constraints by them. Examples: legislature orparty council often modifies or defeats executive proposals;council or legislature sometimes refuses funds to the executive;accountability group makes important appointments toadministrative posts; legislature refuses the executivepermission to leave the country; etc.

Executive Parity or Subordination: Accountabilitygroups have effective authority equal to or greater than theexecutive in most areas of activity. Examples: legislature,ruling party or council of nobles initiates much or mostimportant legislation; executive is chosen by the accountabilitygroup and is dependent on its continued support to remain inoffice; in multi-party democracies there is chronic 'cabinetinstability.'

For all Gurr variables, the computer tapes did notcontain data for Sierra Leone in 1977 and Guinea-Bissau from

123

1974-1986. These data were printed in the codebook and enteredin to this dataset.


________________________________

Variable 482- XCONST51 (Gurr's Exec Constraints 1951)


For codes, notes and source, see XCONST50 (variable 481).

________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________

124




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




125

________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________



126


________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________

127




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________

128




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




129

________________________________




________________________________




________________________________

Variable 518- XRCOMP50 (Gurr's Comp. of Exec Recruitment 1950)Gurr's Competition of Executive Recruitment 1950

Codes: 0 = Selection: hereditary succession/designation5 = Dual/Transitional: Dual Executives in which one is

chosen by hereditary succession, the other by competitive election. Also used for transitional arrangements between selection and competitive election.

10 = Election: Chief Executives are typically chosen inor through competitive elections matching two or more major parties or candidates.




________________________________

Variable 519- XRCOMP51 (Gurr's Comp. of Exec Recruitment 1951)


For codes, notes and source, see XRCOMP50 (variable 518).

130

________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________



131


________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________

132




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________

133




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




134

________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________



135


________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________

136




________________________________

Variable 555- XROPEN50 (Gurr's Openness of Exec Recruitment 1950)Gurr's Openness of Executive Recruitment 1950

Codes: 0 = Closed: Chief executives are determined by hereditary succession.

3.33 = Dual Executive - Designation: Hereditary succession plus executive or court selection

of an effective chief minister. 6.66 = Dual Executive - Election: Hereditary

succession plus electoral selection of an effective chief minister.

10 = Open: Chief executives are chosen by elite designation, competitive election or transitional arrangements between designation

and election.




________________________________

Variable 556- XROPEN51 (Gurr's Openness of Exec Recruitment 1951)


For codes, notes and source, see XROPEN50 (variable 555).

________________________________




137

________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________



138


________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________

139




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________

140




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




141

________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________



142


________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________

143

Variable 592- ASSC82 (Humana Assm. and Assoc. 1982-83)Humana Assembly and Association 1982-83

Codes: 0 = Indicates a constant pattern of violations of the freedom of peaceful assembly and association.

3.3 = Frequent violations of the freedom of peaceful assembly and association.

6.7 = Occasional breaches of respect for the freedom of peaceful assembly and association.

10 = Unqualified respect for the freedom of peaceful assembly and association.


Source: Humana, Charles. 1983. World Human Rights Guide .London: Hutchinson.

________________________________

Variable 593- ASSC85 (Humana Assem. And Assoc. 1985)Humana Assembly and Association 1985

Codes: 0 = Indicates a constant pattern of violations of the freedom to peacefully associate and assemble.

3.3 = Frequent violations of the freedom to peacefully associate and assemble.

6.7 = Occasional breaches of respect for the freedom to peacefully associate and assemble.

10 = Unqualified respect for the freedom to peacefully associate and assemble.


Source: Humana, Charles. 1986. World Human Rights Guide, NewYork: Facts On File Publications .

________________________________

Variable 594- ASSC91 (Humana FR Assem/Assoc 1991)Humana Freedom of Assembly or Association 1991

Codes: 0 = A constant pattern of violations of the freedoms,

rights, or guarantees of the article or indicator of the quesitonnaire.

3.3 = Frequent violations of the freedoms, rights, or guarantees.

6.7 = Occasional breaches of respect for the freedoms, rights or guarantees.

10 = Unqualified respects for the freedoms, rights, or guarantees.

144


Source: Humana, Charles. 1992. World Human Rights Guide:Third Edition , pp. 11-381. New York: Oxford University Press.

________________________________

Variable 595- CENMAL82 (Humana No Mail Censorship 1982-83)Humana Number of Mail Censorship 1982-83

Codes: 0 = Indicates a constant pattern of violations of the freedom from censorship of mail.

3.3 = Frequent violations of the freedom from censorshipof mail.

6.7 = Occasional breaches of respect for the freedom from censorship of mail.

10 = Unqualified respect for the freedom from censorship of mail.


For source, see ASSC82 (variable 592).

________________________________

Variable 596- CENMAL85 (Humana No Mail Censorship 1985)Humana Number of Mail Censorship 1985

Codes: 0 = Indicates a constant pattern of violations of the freedom from censorship of mail or telephone-tapping.

3.3 = Frequent violations of the freedom from censorshipof mail or telephone-tapping.

6.7 = Occasional breaches of respect for the freedom from censorship of mail or telephone-tapping.

10 = Unqualified respect for the freedom from censorship of mail or telephone-tapping.



________________________________

145

Variable 597- CENMAL91 (Humana Censorship of Mail 1991)Humana Censorship of Mail 1991


For codes, source, and notes, see ASSC91 (variable 594).

_________________________________

Variable 598- EQW82 (Humana Equal Rights Women 1982-83)Humana Equal Rights for Women 1982-83

Codes: 0 = Indicates a constant pattern of violations of the freedom of women to equal rights.

3.3 = Frequent violations of the freedom of women to equal rights.

6.7 = Occasional breaches of respect for the freedom of women to equal rights.

10 = Unqualified respect for the freedom of women to equal rights.



________________________________

Variable 599- EQW85 (Humana Equal Rights Women 1985)Humana Equal Rights for Women 1985

Codes: 0 = Indicates a constant pattern of violations of the rights to social and economic equality for women.

3.3 = Frequent violations of the rights to social and economic equality for women.

6.7 = Occasional breaches of respect for the rights to social and economic equality for women.

10 = Unqualified respect for the rights to social and economic equality for women.



________________________________

Variable 600- EQW91 (Humana Equal Rights Women 1991)Humana Equal Rights for Women 1991


146


_________________________________

Variable 601- FRINF82 (Humana Free. of Information 1982-83)Humana Freedom of Information 1982-83

Codes: 0 = Indicates a constant pattern of violations of the freedom to seek information and teach ideas.

3.3 = Frequent violations of the freedom to seek information and teach ideas.

6.7 = Occasional breaches of respect for the freedom to seek information and teach ideas.

10 = Unqualified respect for the freedom to seek information and teach ideas.


For source see ASSC82 (variable 592).

________________________________

Variable 602- FRINF85 (Humana Free. of Information 1985)Humana Freedom of Information 1985







________________________________

Variable 603- FRINF91 (Humana Free Tch & Inform 1991)Humana Freedom of Technology and Information 1991



_________________________________

147

Variable 604- POLOPP82 (Humana Free Political Oppos. 1982-83)Humana Freedom for Political Opposition 1982-83

Codes: 0 = Indicates a constant pattern of violations of the freedom of peaceful political opposition.

3.3 = Frequent violations of the freedom of peaceful political opposition.

6.7 = Occasional breaches of respect for the freedom of peaceful political opposition.

10 = Unqualified respect for the freedom of peaceful political opposition.

N: 75 Mean: 4.58 Stddev: 4.27 Min: 0 Max: 10 For source, see ASSC82 (variable 592).

________________________________

Variable 605- POLOPP85 (Humana Free Political Oppos. 1985)Humana Freedom for Political Opposition 1985

Codes: 0 = Indicates a constant pattern of violations of the rights to peaceful political opposition.

3.3 = Frequent violations of the rights to peaceful political opposition.

6.7 = Occasional breaches of respect for the rights to peaceful political opposition.

10 = Unqualified respect for the rights to peaceful political opposition.



________________________________

Variable 606- POLOPP91 (Humana Free Political Oppos. 1991)Humana Freedom for Political Opposition 1991



_________________________________

Variable 607- CENPR85 (Humana Censorship of Press 1985)Humana Censorship of Press

Codes: 0 = Indicates a constant pattern of violations of the

148

freedom from political censorship of press. 3.3 = Frequent violations of the freedom from political

censorship of press. 6.7 = Occasional breaches of respect for the freedom

from political censorship of press. 10 = Unqualified respect for the freedom from political

censorship of press.



________________________________

Variable 608- CENPR91 (Humana Censorship of Press 1991)Humana Censorship of Press 1991



_________________________________

Variable 609- CMPMEM85 (Humana Comp. Memb. of State Party 1985)Humana Compulsory Members of State Party 1985

Codes: 0 = Indicates a constant pattern of violations of the freedom from compulsory membership of state organizations or parties.

3.3 = Frequent violations of the freedom from compulsorymembership of state organizations or parties.

6.7 = Occasional breaches of respect for the freedom from compulsory membership of state organizations or parties.

10 = Unqualified respect for the freedom from compulsory membership of state organizations or parties.



________________________________

Variable 610- CMPMEM91 (Humana Comp Memb State Party 1991)Humana Compulsory Members of State Party 1991)


149


_________________________________

Variable 611- CMPREL85 (Humana Comp. Religion in School 1985)Humana Compulsory Religion in School 1985

Codes: 0 = Indicates a constant pattern of violations of the freedom from compulsory religion or state ideologyin schools.

3.3 = Frequent violations of the freedom from compulsoryreligion or state ideology in schools.

6.7 = Occasional breaches of respect for the freedom from compulsory religion or state ideology in schools.

10 = Unqualified respect for the freedom from compulsory religion or state ideology in schools.



________________________________

Variable 612- CMPREL91 (Humana Comp Religion in School 1991)Humana Compulsory Religion in School 1991



_________________________________

Variable 613- EXJKIL85 (Humana Extrajudicial Killings 1985)Human Extrajudicial Killings 1985

Codes: 0 = Indicates a constant pattern of violations of the freedom from extrajudicial killings or 'disappearances.'

3.3 = Frequent violations of the freedom from extrajudicial killings or 'disappearances.'

6.7 = Occasional breaches of respect for the freedom from extrajudicial killings or 'disappearances.'

10 = Unqualified respect for the freedom from extrajudicial killings or 'disappearances.'



150

________________________________

Variable 614- EXJKIL91 (Humana Extrajudicial Killings 1991)Human Extrajudicial Killings 1991



_________________________________

Variable 615- MONRHT85 (Humana Free to Monitor H.R. Viol. 1985)Humana Freedom to Monitor Human Rights Violations 1985

Codes: 0 = Indicates a constant pattern of violations of the freedom to monitor human rights violations.

3.3 = Frequent violations of the freedom to monitor human rights violations.

6.7 = Occasional breaches of respect for the freedom to monitor human rights violations.

10 = Unqualified respect for the freedom to monitor human rights violations.



________________________________

Variable 616- MONRHT91 (Humana Free to Monitor H.R. Viol. 1991)Humana Freedom to Monitor Human Rights Violations 1991



________________________________

Variable 617- TORTR85 (Humana Torture by State 1985)Humana Torture by State 1985

Codes: 0 = Indicates a constant pattern of violations of the freedom from torture or coercion by the state.

3.3 = Frequent violations of the freedom from torture orcoercion by the state.

6.7 = Occasional breaches of respect for the freedom from torture or coercion by the state.

10 = Unqualified respect for the freedom from torture

151

or coercion by the state.



________________________________

Variable 618- TORTR91 (Humana Torture by State 1991)Humana Torture by State 1991



________________________________

Variable 619- ANTGVT82 (Humana Free Antigovt Acts 1982-83)Humana Free Anti Government Acts 1982-83



________________________________

Variable 620- BANLIT82 (Humana No Penalty Banned Lit. 1982-83)Humana Number of Banned Literature 1982-83






For source see ASSC82 (variable 592).

________________________________

Variable 621- FREPRS82 (Humana Free Press 1982-83)Humana Free Press 1982-83

Codes: 0 = Indicates a constant pattern of violations of the freedom from political press censorship.

152

3.3 = Frequent violations of the freedom from political press censorship.

6.7 = Occasional breaches of respect for the freedom from political press censorship.

10 = Unqualified respect for the freedom from politicalpress censorship.



________________________________

Variable 622- INDBK91 (Humana Independent Book Pub 1991)Humana Independent Book Publishing 1991



_________________________________

Variable 623- INDPAP91 (Humana Independent Newspapers 1991)Humana Independent Newspapers 1991



_________________________________

Variable 624- INDRTV91 (Humana Independent Radio/TV 1991)Humana Independent Radio and Television 1991



_________________________________

Variable 625- MLTPEL91 (Humana Multi-Party Elections 1991)Humana Multiple Party Elections 1991



_________________________________

153

Variable 626- FJDEM80 (Latin America: Democracy Rating 1980)Latin America: Democracy Rating 1980


Notes: FJDEM80 and FJDEM85 are the sums of 5 'select criteriafor democracy'. The individual items are not available for 1985(see FJFPRS45 for further source and data information). Thesedata are available only for 20 Latin American countries.

Source: Johnson, Kenneth F. & Philip L. Kelly. Spring 1986. "Political Democracy in Latin Democracy 1985: Partial Results ofthe Image Index Survey." LASA Forum 17(1): 19-22. Please note:the Spring, 1986 volume of LASA Forum was mislabeled as volume16, number 4.

________________________________

Variable 627- FJDEM85 (Latin America: Democracy Rating 1985)

N: 20 Mean: 1137 Stddev: 380.6 Min: 532 Max: 1801

For codes and source, see FJDEM80 (variable 626).

________________________________

Variable 628- FJELEC45 (Latin America: Free Elections 1945)Latin America: Free Elections 1945


Notes: Three measures (FJFPRSxx, FJELECxx, and FJOFFxx) arepart of a 15 item scale for Latin American image, originallypresented by Fitzgibbon, then Fitzgibbon and Johnson, and nowJohnson and Kelly beginning with the 1980 data. These 3 are partof the 'select criteria for democracy.'

For 1945-1970, the data are presented as "equalized rawscores" but as "total raw scores" for the 1975-1980 data.

The values for FJFPRS80 were off by one row in thetable, between Brazil and Honduras. This was verified bychecking the sum of the 5 select criteria against the sumsreported. By moving everything down 1 row, the sums are correct. Since the value for Brazil is missing after moving down the othervalues, this was generated by subtracting the other 4 criteriafrom the reported sum (value of 206). These data are availableonly for the 20 Latin American countries.

154

Source: Johnson, Kenneth F. 1976. "Measuring the ScholarlyImage of Latin American Democracy, 1945-1970." In StatisticalAbstract of Latin America , edited by James W. Wilkie, vol. 17,pp. 347-356 (ch. 32).

Johnson, Kenneth F. 1976. "Scholarly Images of LatinAmerican Political democracy in 1975." Latin American ResearchReview 11: 129-140.

Johnson, Kenneth F. 1982. "The 1980 Image-IndexSurvey of Latin American Political Democracy." Latin AmericanResearch Review 17(3): 193-201.

________________________________

Variable 629- FJELEC50 (Latin America: Free Elections 1950)


For codes and source, see FJELEC45 (variable 628).

________________________________




________________________________

Variable 631- FJELEC60 (Latin America: Free Elections 1960) N: 20 Mean: 33.10 Stddev: 12.40 Min: 11 Max: 49


________________________________




________________________________

155




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________

Variable 636- FJFPRS45 (Latin America: Free Press 1945) Latin America: Free Press 1945



________________________________

Variable 637- FJFPRS50 (Latin America: Free Press 1950)



________________________________




156

________________________________




________________________________



For codes and source, see FJELEC45 (variable 628).________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________

Variable 644- FJOPP45 (Latin America: Free Pol. Organiz. 1945)Latin America: Free Political Organization 1945


157


________________________________

Variable 645- FJOPP50 (Latin America: Free Pol. Organiz. 1950)



________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________

158




________________________________




________________________________

Variable 652- LAREPR50 (Latin America: Political Repression 1950)Latin America: Political Repression 1950


Notes: Original coding was 0 to 16 with higher numbers notinggreater repression so the scale was reversed and scaled from 0 to10. This variable is the sum of four other variables notincluded in this dataset: Suspension of constitutionalguarantess; Arrests, exiles and executions; Restrictions onPolitical Parties; Censorship of the press and other media.

Source: Duff, Ernest A. and John F. McCamant. 1976. Violenceand Repression in Latin America: a Quantitative and HistoricalAnalysis , ch. 1. New York: Free Press.

________________________________

Variable 653- LAREPR51 (Latin America: Political Repression 1951)

N: 20 Mean: 5.78 Stddev: 2.64 Min: 0 Max: 9.4

For codes, notes and source, see LAREPR50 (variable 652).

________________________________




159

________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




160

________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________



161


________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




_________________________________

162

Variable 672- AFREPR80 (Africa: Political Repression 1979-1982)Africa: Political Repression 1979-1982

Codes: 0 = Very widespread and frequent human rights

violations - unlimited rule of terror. 2.5 = Very serious human rights violations - more than

100 political prisoners, frequent reports of torture, major infringements on the rule of law.

5 = Major violations - 10 to 100 political prisoners, some reports of torture, some

infringements on the rule of law. 7.5 = Some minor violations - less than 10 political

prisoners, no reports of torture. 10 = No significant violations of human rights or

infringements on the rule of law reported.


Notes: Original coding was 1 to 5 with higher numbers notinggreater repression so the scale was reversed and scaled from 0 to10.

Source: Berg-Shclosser, Dirk. 1984. "African PoliticalSystems: Typology and Performance." Comparative PoliticalStudies 17: 121-151.

________________________________

Variable 673- AFTYPE80 (Africa: Type of Pol. System 1980)Africa: Type of Political System 1980

AFTYPE80 Frequency Percent ------------------------------ 1 10 22.2 2 8 17.8 3 5 11.1 4 22 48.9


Codes: 1 = Polyarchic2 = Socialist3 = Authoritarian4 = Military


Source: Berg-Shclosser, Dirk. 1984. "African PoliticalSystems: Typology and Performance." Comparative PoliticalStudies 17: 121-151.

________________________________

163

Variable 674- ELEC6_53 (Number of Elections 1948-1953)Total Number Elections from 1948 through 1953

Code: The number of popular elections held between 1948 and1953 for national legislatures, national chiefs, by-elections,and national referenda. Totals have been calculated to excludedouble counting when elections for chief executive andlegislative were held on the same day.

Note: Each variable includes all elections that occurred inthe indicated six year period.


Source: Taylor, Charles Lewis. 1983. World Handbook ofPolitical and Social Indicators , 3rd ed. New Haven: YaleUniversity Press.

________________________________

Variable 675- ELEC6_54 (Number of Elections 1949-1954)

Code: The number of elections held from 1949 through 1954.


For source, see ELEC6_53 (variable 674).

________________________________





________________________________





164

________________________________





________________________________





________________________________

Variable 680- ELEC6_59 (Number of Elections 1954-1959) Code: The number of elections held from 1954 through 1959.



________________________________





________________________________




165


________________________________





________________________________





________________________________





________________________________





________________________________



166



________________________________





________________________________





________________________________





________________________________





________________________________

167





________________________________





________________________________





________________________________





________________________________





168

________________________________





________________________________





________________________________





________________________________





________________________________




169


________________________________





________________________________





________________________________

Variable 704- VANHAN80 (Vanhanen's Index of Democratization 1980)


Notes: These measures are constructed from objective data. They are the product of (100 minus the percentage of votesreceived by the largest party)*(the percentage of the totalpopulation which voted) divided by 100. See Vanhanen (1990) formore details.

Source: Vanhanen, Tatu. 1990. The Process of Democratization ,pp. 27-29. New York: Crane Russak.

________________________________



For codes and source, see VANHAN80 (variable 704).

________________________________

170




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________

171




________________________________

Variable 713- KADEM65 (Karzen. & Aubrey Political Democracy 1965)

Codes: 0 = Low democracy5 = Transition

10 = High democracy

KADEM65 Frequency Percent ----------------------------- 0 53 69.6 5 14 4.9 10 24 25.5



Notes: For KADEM90, Uruguay was missing from the list, butUganda was listed twice. For 65-80, Uganda had been listed aslow democracy-periphery. Uruguay had been listed as semi-periphery, fluctuating between high and low democracy. Since thefirst listing of Uganda in 1990 was consistent with Uganda'sprevious positions, and the second listing was transition/semi-periphery, it was decided that this was supposed to be thelisting for Uruguay.

Source: Karzeniewicz, Roberto P. and Kimberley Aubrey. November 3-4, 1990. Democratic Transitions and the Semiperipheryof the World Economy . Presented at Conference on Global Trendsof Democratization, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, New York.

________________________________





172

For codes and source, see KADEM65 (variable 713).

________________________________






________________________________






________________________________

Variable 717- ARATDM75 (Arat's Democracy Scores for 1975)Arat's Democracy Scores for 1975


Notes: Arat constructs a democracy score on the basis ofparticipation, inclusiveness, competitiveness, and civil rights. Participation, is measured by sum of executive selection (1 ifeffective executive elected, otherwise 0), legislative selection(2 for the legislative body is elected, 0 for no legislature,otherwise 1), legislative effectiveness (3 for the effectivelegislature, 2 for the partially effective legislature, 1 for thelargely ineffective legislature, 0 for no legislature), and the competitiveness of the nomination procedure (2 for thecompetitive nomination process, 1 for the essentially non-

173

competitive nomination process, 0 for no legislature). Inclusiveness (ranging 1 and 0) is measured by one minus theestimated percentage of population under restriction with regardto participation. Competitiveness is measured by partylegitimacy (3 if no parties are excluded from the system, 2 ifonly some "extremist" parties are excluded, 1 if some parties areallowed but there is significant exclusion of parties, 0 if thereare no political parties, or all but a dominant party andsatellites are excluded). Government Coerciveness, which is an opposite indicator of Civil Liberties, is measured by thedifference between actual and predicted (estimated) values,obtained by regressing the number of sanctions employed on thesocial unrest indicators for each year. After annual scores areassigned to the sample of countries for the years between 1948and 1982, the annual score of participation is multiplied by oneplus the score of inclusiveness. Then, the raw scores for eachcomponent are transformed into T-scores with mean values of 40and standard deviation of 10. The final score of"democraticness" is calculated by subtracting the degree ofcoerciveness from the sum of the other components. Thus, theequation for the score is: Score of democraticness =[(Participation)x(1 + Inclusiveness)) + competitiveness] Coerciveness. For more detailed information about definitions,measurements, and limitations of Arat's democracy score, refer toArat's book pp. 15-31.

Source: Arat, Zehra F. 1991. Democracy and Human Rights inDeveloping Countries , pp. 136-166. Boulder: Lynne RiennerPublishers.

________________________________

Variable 718- ARATDM80 (Arat's Democracy Scores for 1980)


For notes and source, see ARATDM75 (variable 717).

_________________________________

Variable 719- POURDM86 (Pourgerami's Democracy 1986)Pourgerami's Democracy 1986

POURDM86 Frequency Percent ----------------------------- 1 40 38.1 2 33 31.4 3 32 30.5 Frequency Missing = 82

174

Codes: 1 = Authoritarian2 = Semi-Competitive3 = Competitive


Notes: To construct a democracy classification, the samplecountries are evaluated with respect to the (1) length of timethat the main government leader has been in office;(2) year thatthe most recent election took place; (3) number of legalpolitical parties; (4) voting strength of the ruling party in themost recent election; (5) number of other political or pressuregroups; and (6) evidence of anti-government insurgence. The mainsource of data is the World Factbook, 1987. Used is Dick'sdemocracy scale (Dick, G. William. 1974. "Authoritarian VersusNon-authoritarian Approaches to Economic Development." Journalof Political Economy 82: 817-827).

Source: Pourgerami, Abbas. 1991. Development and Democracy inthe Third World , pp. 14-16 & 20-21. Boulder: Westview Press.

________________________________

Variable 720- POURHR86 (Pourgerami's Human Rights 1986)Pourgerami's Human Rights 1986

Codes: 1 = Very widespread and frequent human rights violations including extra-judicial executions of unarmed civilians and unlimited rule of terror by agents of the state.

2 = Very serious violations of human rights, a substantially large number of political prisoners, frequent reports of torture and disappearance and major infringement of the rule of law.

3 = Major violations of human rights, a large number of prisoners of conscience, and reports of torture and infringement of the rule of law.

4 = Minor human rights violations, no or few political prisoners, and no report of torture.

5 = No significant human rights violations or infringement of the rule of law.


POURHR86 Frequency Percent ----------------------------- 1 28 26.9 2 27 26.0 3 31 29.8 4 12 11.5 5 6 5.8

175


Notes: Rankings of POURHR86 is based on information providedby The Amnesty International Report about the national humanrights situations concerning the number of political prisoners,reports of torture and disappearance, and incidents of politicalterror and extra judicial executions of unarmed civilians.

Source: Pourgerami, Abbas. 1991. Development and Democracy inthe Third World , pp. 14-16. Boulder: Westview Press.

________________________________

Variable 721- WESDEM85 (Wesson's Democracy Classifications 1985)Wesson's Democracy Classifications 1985

Codes: 1 = Absolutism2 = Limited authoritarianism

3 = Partial democracy 4 = Insecure democracy

5 = Stable democracy

WESDEM85 Frequency Percent ----------------------------- 1 39 25.0 2 48 30.8 3 17 10.9 4 24 15.4 5 28 17.9 Frequency Missing = 31


Notes: Honduras appears twice in Wesson's classifications asInsecure Democracy (code # 4) and Partial Democracy (code # 3). It is coded as Partial Democracy (code # 3).

Source: Wesson, Robert, ed. 1987. Democracy: A WorldwideSurvey . New York: Praeger Publishers. pp. xi-xiii.

________________________________

Variable 722- POLIT77 (Political System 1977)Political System 1977

Codes: 1 = Multi-party centralized2 = Multi-party decentralized3 = Dominant-party4 = One-party socialist5 = One-party communist

176

6 = One-party nationalist7 = Non-party military8 = Non-party traditional

POLIT77 Frequency Percent----------------------------- 1 45 29.0 2 12 7.7 3 11 7.1 4 18 11.6 5 16 10.3 6 19 12.3 7 20 12.9 8 14 9.0


N: 155


________________________________

Variable 723- POLIT78 (Political System 1978)



N: 158

For codes and source, see POLIT77 (variable 722).

________________________________


POLIT79 Frequency Percent----------------------------- 1 53 32.9 2 12 7.5

177

3 15 9.3 4 21 13.0 5 16 9.9 6 12 7.5 7 13 8.1 8 19 11.8


N: 161


________________________________




N: 162


________________________________




N: 164

178


________________________________




N: 164


________________________________




N: 165


________________________________

179




N: 166


________________________________


Codes: 1 = Multi-party centralized2 = Multi-party decentralized3 = Dominant-party4 = One-party socialist5 = One-party communist6 = One-party nationalist7 = Non-party military8 = Non-party nonmilitary

POLIT88 Frequency Percent-----------------------------

1 51 34.02 11 7.33 14 9.34 19 12.75 12 8.06 18 12.07 14 9.38 11 7.3Frequency Missing = 14

N: 166


________________________________

180

Variable 731- ECON77 (Economic System 1977)Economic System 1977

Codes: 1 = Industrial capitalist2 = Preindustrial capitalist3 = Industrial capitalist-statist4 = Preindustrial capitalist-statist5 = Industrial capitalist socialist6 = Preindustrial capitalist socialist7 = Industrial socialist8 = Preindustrial socialist

ECON77 Frequency Percent---------------------------- 1 32 20.6 2 33 21.3 3 19 12.3 4 12 7.7 5 19 12.3 6 14 9.0 7 14 9.0 8 12 7.7


N: 155


________________________________

Variable 732- ECON78 (Economic System 1978)



N: 158

For codes and source, see ECON77 (variable 731).

________________________________

181




N: 161


________________________________




N: 162 Mean: *cat* Stddev: 2.26 Min: 1 Max: 8


________________________________


ECON81 Frequency Percent---------------------------- 1 33 20.1 2 31 18.9 3 20 12.2 4 19 11.6 5 16 9.8

182

6 8 4.9 7 11 6.7 8 14 8.5 9 12 7.3


N: 164


________________________________


ECON82 Frequency Percent---------------------------- 1 31 18.9 2 31 18.9 3 23 14.0 4 20 12.2 5 16 9.8 6 7 4.3 7 10 6.1 8 14 8.5 9 12 7.3


N: 164


________________________________




N: 165

183


________________________________




N: 166


________________________________

Variable 739- ECON88 (Economic System 1988) Codes: 1 = Inclusive capitalist

2 = Non-inclusive capitalist3 = Inclusive capitalist-statist4 = Non-inclusive capitalist-statist5 = Inclusive mixed capitalist6 = Inclusive mixed socialist7 = Non-inclusive mixed socialist8 = Inclusive socialist9 = Non-inclusive socialist

ECON88 Frequency Percent ---------------------------- 1 31 18.7 2 30 18.1 3 22 13.3 4 19 11.4 5 22 13.3 6 8 4.8 7 10 6.0 8 13 7.8 9 11 6.6


184

N: 166


________________________________

Variable 740- CENSOR89 (UNDP: Censorship of Media 1989)United Nations Development Programme: Censorship of Media 1989

Codes: 0 = Censorship exists.10 = Censorship does not exist or is minimal.

CENSOR89 Frequency Percent ------------------------------ 0 80 65.6 10 42 34.4



Notes: Dummy variable converted to 0 to 10 scale.

Source: (The dummy variables were coded by Paul Redfern forUNDP. The data sources are US Dept. of State: Country Reports onHuman Rights Practices for 1989.) Lawyer's Committee for HumanRights. 1989. Review of Dept. of State's Country Reports ofHuman Rights Practices for 1989 .

________________________________

Variable 741- ELEC89 (UNDP: Govt. Legitimacy by Election 1989)United Nations Development Programme:

Government Legitimacy by Election 1989

Codes: 0 = No elections 10 = Elections

ELEC89 Frequency Percent ---------------------------- 0 31 24.0 10 98 76.0



For notes and source, see CENSOR89 (variable 740).

________________________________

185

Variable 742- LIMEL89 (UNDP: St. Limits on Election Outcome 1989)United Nations Development Programme: State Limits on Election Outcome 1989

Codes: 0 = Limits exist 10 = No limits

LIMEL89 Frequency Percent ----------------------------- 0 80 63.0 10 47 37.0




________________________________

Variable 743- REPRES89 (UNDP: State Repression 1989)United Nations Development Programme: State Repression 1989

Codes: 0 = State repression exists 10 = No state repression

REPRES89 Frequency Percent ------------------------------ 0 77 61.6 10 48 38.4




________________________________

Variable 744- RESTRV89 (UNDP: Restrictions on Travel 1989)United Nations Development Programme: Restrictions on Travel 1989

Codes: 0 = Restrictions exist 10 = No restrictions

RESTRV89 Frequency Percent ------------------------------ 0 43 35.2 10 79 64.8


186



________________________________

Variable 745- OPPOS89 (UNDP: Tolerance of Polit. Opposition 1989)United Nations Development Programme:

Tolerance of Political Opposition 1989

Codes: 0 = No Tolerance 10 = Tolerance

OPPOS89 Frequency Percent ----------------------------- 0 44 34.6 10 83 65.4




________________________________

Variable 746- OUTLK77 (Outlook in 1977)Outlook in 1977

Codes: The outlook for freedom is based on the problems thecountry is facing, the way the government and people are reactingto these problems, and the longer run political traditions of thesociety. A judgment of outlook may also reflect an imminentchange, such as the expected adoption of a meaningful newconstitution.

0 = Negative outlook for freedom1 = Relative stability of ratings2 = Positive outlook for freedom

OUTLK77 Frequency Percent----------------------------- 0 138 89.0 1 16 10.3 2 1 0.6



Source: Gastil, Raymond D. 1979. Freedom in the World: Political Rights and Civil Liberties, 1978 . New York: Freedom

187

House.

________________________________

Variable 747- OUTLK78 (Outlook in 1978)




For codes and source, OUTLK77 (variable 746).

________________________________





For codes and source, see OUTLK77 (variable 746).

________________________________






________________________________

188






________________________________






________________________________

Variable 752- MLTPEL85 (CoppedgeReinicke Multi-Party Electns1985)

Coppedge Reinicke Multiple Party Elections 1985


Source: Coppedge, Michael and Wolfgang Reinicke. 1988. "AScale of Polyarchy." In Freedom in the World: Political Rightsand Civil Liberties, 1987-1988 edited by Raymond D. Gastil, pp.101-125. New York: Freedom House.

________________________________

Variable 753- ALTINF85 (CoppedgeReinicke Media Pluralism 1985)Coppedge Reinicke Media Pluralism 1985

Codes:0 = There is no public alternative to official

information. All sources of information are

189

official organs or completely subservient private sources. The media are considered instruments of indoctrination. Foreign publications are usually unavailable or censored and foreign broadcasts may be jammed.

3.3 = The government or ruling party dominates the diffusion of information to such a degree that alternative sources exist only for non-political issues, for short periods of time, or for small segments of the population. The media are either mostly controlled directly by the government or party or restricted by routine prior censorship, near-certain punishment of dissident reporters, publishers, and broadcasters, or pervasive self-censorship. Foreign media may be available to a small segment of the population.

6.7 = Alternative sources of information are widely available but government versions are presented in preferential fashion. This may be the result of partiality in, and greater availability of, government-controlled media; selective closure, punishment, harassment, or censorship of dissident reporters, publishers, or broadcasters; or mild self-censorship resulting from any of these.

10 = Alternative sources of information exist and are protected by law. If there is significant government ownership of the media, they are effectively controlled by truly independent or multi-party bodies.


For source, see MLTPEL85 (variable 752).

________________________________

Variable 754- FAIREL85 (CoppedgeReinicke Fair Elections 1985)Coppedge Reinicke Fair Elections 1985

Codes: 0 = No meaningful elections: elections without choice of candidates or parties, or no elections at all. 5 = Elections with some fraud or coercion. 10 = Elections without significant or routine fraud or

coercion.



________________________________

190

Variable 755- FREEOR85 (CoppedgeRein. Free. of Organiza. 1985)Coppedge Reinicke Freedom of Organization 1985

Codes: 0 = No independent organizations are allowed. All organizations are banned or controlled by the government or the party.

3.3 = The only relatively independent organizations thatare allowed to exist are nonpolitical.

6.7 = Some political parties are banned and trade unionsor interest groups are harassed or banned, but membership in some alternatives to official organizations is permitted.

10 = Some trade unions or interest groups may be harassed or banned but there are no restrictions on purely political organization.



________________________________

Variable 756- FREESP85 (CoppedgeRein. Free. of Expression 1985)Coppedge Reinicke Freedom of Expression 1985

Codes: 0 = All dissent is forbidden and effectively suppressed. Citizens are wary of criticizing the government even privately.

5 = Dissent is discouraged, whether by informal pressure or by systematic censorship, but control is incomplete. The extent of control may range from selective punishment of dissidents on a limited number of issues to a situation in which only determined critics manage to make themselves heard. There is some freedom of private discussion.

10 = Citizens express their views on all topics without fear of punishment.

N: 171 Mean: 5.85 Stddev: 3.56 Min: 0 Max: 10 For source, see MLTPEL85 (variable 752).

________________________________

Variable 757- CRSUFF85 (Coppedge-Rein. Extens. of Suffer. 1985)Coppedge Reinicke Extension of Sufferage 1985

Codes: 0 = No suffrage. 3.3 = Suffrage denied to large segments of population.

191

6.7 = Suffrage with partial restrictions. 10 = Universal adult suffrage.

N: 171 Mean: 8.65 Stddev: 3.33 Min: 0 Max: 10 For source, see MLTPEL85 (variable 752).

________________________________

Variable 758- CENSOR50 (Censorship Score 1950)Censorship Score 1950

Codes: 0 = Complete or fairly complete censorship of news.

5 = Some censorship of the news. 10 = No censorship, other than usual laws about

libel and the controlling of news of a national security nature.


Source: Rummel, Rudolf J. 1976. The Dimensionality of NationsProject "Research Report No. 65", Department of PoliticalScience, University of Hawaii.

________________________________

Variable 759- CENSOR55 (Censorship Score 1955)


For codes and source, see CENSOR50 (variable 758).

________________________________




________________________________




192

________________________________




________________________________ Variable 763- CONSTI50 (Constitutional Status 1950)

Codes: 0 = Totalitarian/Authoritarian

100 = Constitutional


Notes: The variable originally had three codes with separatevalues for totalitarian and authoritarian. It was decided thatthese two categories were not sufficiently distinct to becategorized separately.


________________________________

Variable 764- CONSTI55 (Constitutional Status 1955)


For codes and source, see CONSTI50 (variable 763).

________________________________




________________________________



193


________________________________




________________________________

Variable 768- ELECTO50 (Electoral System 1950)Electoral System 1950

Codes: 0 = Non-competitive

5 = Partially competitive 10 = Competitive



________________________________

Variable 769- ELECTO55 (Electoral System 1955)


For codes and source, see ELECTO50 (variable 768).

________________________________




________________________________



194


________________________________




________________________________

Variable 773- FREEOP50 (Freedom of Opposition 1950)Freedom of Opposition 1950

Codes:0 = Political opposition not permitted (groups not

allowed to organize for political action, e.g. interest groups, political parties).

5 = Restricted political opposition allowed (groups to organize in politics, but oppositional role limited and they may not campaign for control of government).

10 = Political opposition mostly unrestricted (groups can organize for political action and may campaignfor control of government).



________________________________

Variable 774- FREEOP55 (Freedom of Opposition 1955)


For codes and source, see FREEOP50 (variable 773).

________________________________




195

________________________________




________________________________



For codes and source, see FREEOP50 (variable 773).________________________________

Variable 778- LEADER50 (Political Leadership 1950)Political Leadership 1950

Codes: 0 = Elitist

5 = Moderately elitist 10 = Non-elite



________________________________

Variable 779- LEADER55 (Political Leadership 1955)Political Leadership 1955


For codes and source, see LEADER50 (variable 778).

________________________________

Variable 780- LEADER60 (Political Leadership 1960)



196

________________________________




________________________________




________________________________

Variable 783- FAIREL50 (WHII: Electoral Irregularity Score 1950)1950 Electoral Irregularity Score from World Handbook II

Codes: Judgments were made from parliamentary journals, newindices and country sources, in accordance with the conditionsnecessary for free elections proposed by W.J.M Mackenzie: anindependent judiciary; and honest, non-partisan machinery forrunning the election; a developed party system; and a generalacceptance of the "Rules of the Game" which place limits on thestruggle for power. (Mackenzie, William James M. 1958. FreeElections , pp. 13-14. London: George Allen and Unwin.)

Data was coded regardless of whether political parties exist inparticular country.

Elections are coded as follows:0 = Rigged5 = Substantial irregularity

10 = Competitive, reasonably free. = Either the data was missing or information

available was insufficient for judgements.

N: 93 Mean= 5.43 Stddev: 4.40 Min: 0 Max: 10

Source: Taylor, Charles L. 1983. World Handbook of Politicaland Social Indicators , 3rd ed. New Haven: Yale University Press.

________________________________

197

Variable 784- FAIREL55 (WHII: Electoral Irregularity Score 1955)


For codes and source, see FAIREL50 (variable 783).

________________________________




________________________________




________________________________

Variable 787- BROAD79 (Broadcast Media Control 1979)Broadcast Media Control 1979

Codes: 0 = Generally not free 5 = Partly free 10 = Generally free

Refers to the extent of government control over the broadcastmedia.


Note: For subsequent years, refer to Freedom in the Worldvolume which is published one year after the variable date.

Source: Sussman, Leonard. 1980. In Freedom in the World: Political Rights and Civil Liberties , edited by Raymond D.Gastil, pp. 53-98. New York: Freedom House.

________________________________

Variable 788- BROAD80 (Broadcast Media Control 1980)


198

For codes and source, see BROAD79 (variable 787).

________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________

199




________________________________

Variable 795- PRINT79 (Print Media Control 1979)Print Media Control 1979

Codes: 0 = Generally not free 5 = Partly free 10 = Generally free

Refers to the extent of government control over the print media.


Note: For subsequent years, refer to Freedom in the Worldvolume which is published one year after the variable date.

Source: Sussman, Leonard. 1980. In Freedom in the World: Political Rights and Civil Liberties edited by Raymond D. Gastil,pp. 70-73. New York: Freedom House.

________________________________

Variable 796- PRINT80 (Print Media Control 1980)


For codes and source, see PRINT79 (variable 795).

________________________________




________________________________




200

________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________




________________________________

Variable 803- GOVT79 (Government News Agency 1979)Government News Agency 1979

Codes:0 = Lack of government news agency, with or without

availability of private news services.1 = Presence of government news agency, with or

without availability of private news services.


Source: Sussman, Leonard. 1980. In Freedom in the World:

201

Political Rights and Civil Liberties edited by Raymond D. Gastil,pp. 70-73. New York: Freedom House.

________________________________

Variable 804- GOVT80 (Government News Agency 1980)


For codes and source, see GOVT79 (variable 803).

________________________________

Variable 805- GOVT81 (Government News Agency)


For codes and source, see GOVT79 (variable 803).

________________________________

Variable 806- MEDIA88 (Sussman News Media Control 1988)Sussman News Media Control 1988


Notes: The 'data' are reported graphically. These wereconverted into numbers based on their lengths. The scaleappeared to be in 16ths of an inch. The lowest score is 1, thehighest 16.

Source: Sussman, Leonard R. 1989. Power, the Press and theTechnology of Freedom . New York: Freedom House. p. 470.

________________________________

Variable 807- MEDIA89 (Sussman News Media Control 1989)

N: 159 Mean: 8.01 Stddev: 5.70 Min: 1 Max: 16 For codes and notes, see MEDIA88 (variable 808).

Source: Sussman, Leonard R. 1990 (January). Shock Waves of aFreer Press. Freedom at Issue 20(112): 56-63.

________________________________

202

Variable 808- MEDIA90 (Sussman News Media Control 1990)


For codes and notes, see MEDIA88 (variable 808).

Source: Sussman, Leonard R. 1991. The Press 1990: ContraryTrends. Freedom Review 22: 57-62.

________________________________

Variable 809- LFP66 (Lowenstein's Free Press 1966)Lowenstein's Free Press 1966

N: 93 Mean: 4.45 Stddev: 2.03 Min: 1.0 Max: 7.0

Source: Lowenstein, Ralph L. 1976. "Press Freedom as aBarometer of Political Democracy" In International andIntercultural Communication edited by Heinz-Dietrich Fischer andJohn Calhoun Merrill, pp. 136-147. New York: Hastings HousePublishers.

________________________________

Variable 810- LFP67 (Lowenstein's Free Press 1967)Lowenstein's Free Press 1967


For source and codes, see LFP66 (variable 809).

________________________________

Variable 811- NIXFP59 (Nixon's Free Press 1959)Nixon's Free Press 1959


Source: Nixon, Raymond B. 1960. "Factors Related to Freedomin National Press Systems." Journalism Quarterly 37: 13-28.

________________________________

Variable 812- NIXFP64 (Nixon's Free Press 1964)


Source: Nixon, Raymond B. 1965. "Freedom in the World'sPress: a Fresh Appraisal with New Data." Journalism Quarterly

203

42: 3-14, 118.

________________________________

Variable 813- GFP60 (Greenberg's Free Press 1960)Greenberg's Free Press 1960


Source: Greenberg, Bradley S. "Additional Data on VariablesRelated to Press Freedom." Journalism Quarterly 38: 76-78.

________________________________

Variable 814- FRPR70S (Press Freedom Index Early 70's)Press Freedom Index Early 1970s

Code: Freedom of press index rescaled from 0 to 10.


Source: Kurian, George Thomas. 1979. The Book of WorldRankings . New York: Facts on File. Freedom of InformationCenter, School of Journalism, University of Missouri.

________________________________

Variable 815- LOWFP66 (WHII: Press Freedom Index 1966) World Handbook II: Press Freedom Index 1966


Source: Lowenstein, Ralph L. May 1968. PICA: Measuring WorldPress Freedom . Unpublished paper, School of Journalism,University of Missouri at Columbia.

________________________________

Variable 816- ASSEM71 (Blondel's Exist. Assembly 1971)Blondel's Existing Assembly 1971

Codes: 0 = There are not any chambers. 10 = There is one or more chambers.


Source: Blondel, Jean. 1972. Comparing Political Systems . New York: Praeger Publishers.

204

_________________________________

Variable 817- MIL71 (Blondel's Military Control 1971)Blondel's Military Control 1971

Codes: 0 = Military is in power, or exercises very stronginfluence.

10 = Limited influence of the military.


For codes and source, see ASSEM71 (variable 816).

________________________________

Variable 818- POLOPP68 (Dahl's Political Opposition Rank 1968)Dahl's Political Opposition Rank 1968

Codes: 10 = Greatest opportunity 0 = Least opportunity


Notes: Countries are ranked by opportunities to participate innational elections and to oppose the government.

Source: Dahl, Robert. 1971. Polyarchy: Participation andOpposition , pp. 231-245. New Haven: Yale University Press.

________________________________

Variable 819- ELGVOT68 (Dahl's % Eligible Adult Voters 1968)Dahl's Percent Eligible Adult Voters 1968

Codes: 0 = Elections were not held. 3.33 = Under 20% of adult citizens eligible to vote. 6.67 = Between 20% and 90% of adult citizens eligible to

vote. 10 = Over 90% of adult citizens eligible to vote.


For source, see POLOPP68 (variable 818).

________________________________

205

Variable 822- ENCONFR81 (Economic Freedom 1981)Economic Freedom 1981

Codes: The degree to which persons are free individually andcollectively to undertake economic activities of their choiceregardless of political structure.


Notes: Each of four types of economic freedoms (freedom tohave property, freedom of association, freedom of movement,freedom of information) are given values of 1) Low, 2) Low-Medium, 3) Medium, 4) Medium-High, or 5) High. This variable isthe average of these values taken over the four types of economicfreedom.

Source: Wright, Lindsay M. 1982. "A Comparative Survey ofEconomic Freedoms." In Freedom in the World edited by Raymond D.Gastil, pp. 51-90. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press.

________________________________

Variable 823- MARXLN82 (Lenski: Marxist Leninist Society 1982)Lenski: Marxist Leninist Society 1982

Codes: 0 = Not a Marxist Leninist society.1 = A Marxist Leninist society.


Source: Lenski, Gerhard and Jean Lenski. 1982. HumanSocieties: An Introduction to Macrosociology , 4th ed., pp. 296,378. New York: McGraw-Hill.

________________________________

206

Appendix - Alphabetical List of Variables

Var# Variable Name Description

4 ABBR Abbreviation of Country Name

672 AFREPR80 Africa: Political Repression 1979-1982 673 AFTYPE80 Africa: Type of Pol. System 1980 753 ALTINF85 Coppedge-Reinicke Media Pluralism 1985 619 ANTGVT82 Humana Free Antigovt Acts 1982-83 717 ARATDM75 Arat's Democracy Scores for 1975 718 ARATDM80 Arat's Democracy Scores for 1980

6 ASIA Dummy Var 1 for Asia, 0 other 592 ASSC82 Humana Assm. and Assoc. 1982-1983 593 ASSC85 Humana Assm. and Assoc. 1985 594 ASSC91 Humana Fr Assm/Assoc 1991 816 ASSEM71 Blondel's Exist. Assembly 1971 620 BANLIT82 Humana No Penalty Banned Lit. 1982-83 787 BROAD79 Broadcast Media Control 1979 788 BROAD80 Broadcast Media Control 1980 789 BROAD81 Broadcast Media Control 1981 790 BROAD83 Broadcast Media Control 1983 791 BROAD84 Broadcast Media Control 1984 792 BROAD85 Broadcast Media Control 1985 793 BROAD86 Broadcast Media Control 1986 794 BROAD87 Broadcast Media Control 1987 595 CENMAL82 Humana No Mail Censorship 1982-83 596 CENMAL85 Humana No Mail Censorship 1985 597 CENMAL91 Humana Censorship of Mail 1991 607 CENPR85 Humana Censorship of Press 1985 608 CENPR91 Humana Censorship of Press 1991 758 CENSOR50 Censorship Score 1950 759 CENSOR55 Censorship Score 1955 760 CENSOR60 Censorship Score 1960 761 CENSOR63 Censorship Score 1963 762 CENSOR65 Censorship Score 1965 740 CENSOR89 UNDP: Censorship of the Media 1989

76 CIVLB72 Civil Liberties 1972 77 CIVLB73 Civil Liberties 1973 78 CIVLB74 Civil Liberties 1974 79 CIVLB75 Civil Liberties 1975 80 CIVLB76 Civil Liberties 1976 81 CIVLB77 Civil Liberties 1977 82 CIVLB78 Civil Liberties 1978 83 CIVLB79 Civil Liberties 1979 84 CIVLB80 Civil Liberties 1980 85 CIVLB81 Civil Liberties 1981 86 CIVLB82 Civil Liberties 1982 87 CIVLB83 Civil Liberties 1983

207

88 CIVLB84 Civil Liberties 198489 CIVLB85 Civil Liberties 1985 90 CIVLB86 Civil Liberties 1986 91 CIVLB87 Civil Liberties 1987 92 CIVLB88 Civil Liberties 1988 93 CIVLB89 Civil Liberties 1989 94 CIVLB90 Civil Liberties 1990 95 CLCHG77 CL Change By Author 1977 96 CLCHG78 CL Change By Author 1978 97 CLCHG79 CL Change By Author 1979 98 CLCHG80 CL Change By Author 1980 99 CLCHG81 CL Change By Author 1981

100 CLCHG82 CL Change By Author 1982 101 CLCHG83 CL Change By Author 1983 102 CLCHG84 CL Change By Author 1984 103 CLCHG85 CL Change By Author 1985 104 CLCHG86 CL Change By Author 1986 105 CLCHG87 CL Change By Author 1987 106 CLCHG88 CL Change By Author 1988 107 CLCHG89 CL Change By Author 1989 609 CMPMEM85 Humana Comp. Memb. of State Party 1985 610 CMPMEM91 Humana Comp. Memb. of State Party 1991 611 CMPREL85 Humana Comp. Religion in School 1985 612 CMPREL91 Humana Comp. Religion in School 1991 140 COMPET50 Competitiveness Nominat. Process 1950 141 COMPET51 Competitiveness Nominat. Process 1951 142 COMPET52 Competitiveness Nominat. Process 1952 143 COMPET53 Competitiveness Nominat. Process 1953 144 COMPET54 Competitiveness Nominat. Process 1954 145 COMPET55 Competitiveness Nominat. Process 1955 146 COMPET56 Competitiveness Nominat. Process 1956 147 COMPET57 Competitiveness Nominat. Process 1957 148 COMPET58 Competitiveness Nominat. Process 1958 149 COMPET59 Competitiveness Nominat. Process 1959 150 COMPET60 Competitiveness Nominat. Process 1960 151 COMPET61 Competitiveness Nominat. Process 1961 152 COMPET62 Competitiveness Nominat. Process 1962 153 COMPET63 Competitiveness Nominat. Process 1963 154 COMPET64 Competitiveness Nominat. Process 1964 155 COMPET65 Competitiveness Nominat. Process 1965 156 COMPET66 Competitiveness Nominat. Process 1966 157 COMPET67 Competitiveness Nominat. Process 1967 158 COMPET68 Competitiveness Nominat. Process 1968 159 COMPET69 Competitiveness Nominat. Process 1969 160 COMPET70 Competitiveness Nominat. Process 1970 161 COMPET71 Competitiveness Nominat. Process 1971 162 COMPET72 Competitiveness Nominat. Process 1972 163 COMPET73 Competitiveness Nominat. Process 1973 164 COMPET74 Competitiveness Nominat. Process 1974 165 COMPET75 Competitiveness Nominat. Process 1975

208

166 COMPET76 Competitiveness Nominat. Process 1976 167 COMPET77 Competitiveness Nominat. Process 1977 168 COMPET78 Competitiveness Nominat. Process 1978 169 COMPET79 Competitiveness Nominat. Process 1979 170 COMPET80 Competitiveness Nominat. Process 1980 171 COMPET81 Competitiveness Nominat. Process 1981 172 COMPET82 Competitiveness Nominat. Process 1982 173 COMPET83 Competitiveness Nominat. Process 1983 174 COMPET84 Competitiveness Nominat. Process 1984 175 COMPET85 Competitiveness Nominat. Process 1985 176 COMPET86 Competitiveness Nominat. Process 1986 177 COMPET87 Competitiveness Nominat. Process 1987 178 COMPET88 Competitiveness Nominat. Process 1988 763 CONSTI50 Constitutional Status 1950 764 CONSTI55 Constitutional Status 1955 765 CONSTI60 Constitutional Status 1960 766 CONSTI63 Constitutional Status 1963 767 CONSTI65 Constitutional Status 1965 757 CRSUFF85 Coppedge-Rein. Extens. of Suffer. 1985

13 DEM50 Political Democracy Index (Bollen) 1950 14 DEM55 Political Democracy Index (Bollen) 1955 15 DEM60 Political Democracy Index (Bollen) 1960 16 DEM65 Political Democracy Index (Bollen) 1965 17 DEM80 Political Democracy Index (Bollen) 1980

731 ECON77 Economic System 1977 732 ECON78 Economic System 1978 733 ECON79 Economic System 1979 734 ECON80 Economic System 1980 735 ECON81 Economic System 1981 736 ECON82 Economic System 1982 737 ECON83 Economic System 1983 738 ECON84 Economic System 1984 739 ECON88 Economic System 1988 822 ECONFR81 Economic Freedom 1981

Documents

Cross-National Indicators of Liberal Democracy, 1950 1990