11

Cross-cultural Cross-cultural CommunicationCommunication

Sender Receiver

CultureCulture

22

CultureCulture

Artifacts/productsArtifacts/products

Norms/valuesNorms/values

Basic Basic asummptionsasummptions

explicitexplicit

implicitimplicit

Cues/cultural Cues/cultural indexesindexes

implicaturesimplicatures

33

Two Types of Cross-Two Types of Cross-cultural Communicationcultural Communication

Ego The Others[LINEAL]

Ego

The Others

[HIRARCHICAL]

etnocentrism

44

Cue and ImplicatureCue and Implicature

Culture is like an iceberg: you can only see the top of itCulture is like an iceberg: you can only see the top of it cues and cultural indexescues and cultural indexes

We have to learn how to grasp the interpretive frame in a We have to learn how to grasp the interpretive frame in a cross-cultural communication to understand the cue-cross-cultural communication to understand the cue-implicature relationimplicature relation

cue

implicature

iceberg

Interpretive Interpretive frameframe

55

Cultural indexCultural indexidentify identify cues to understand their cues to understand their

implicature[s]implicature[s]

Cultural index= anything that can be Cultural index= anything that can be identified as a marker of a certain identified as a marker of a certain cultureculture

The interpretation of a cultural index The interpretation of a cultural index can be influenced by connotation and can be influenced by connotation and stereotypingstereotyping

66

StereotypingStereotyping

Originates from connotationOriginates from connotation

It is It is OVEROVERGENERALIZATIONGENERALIZATION

We have to We have to avoid stereotypingavoid stereotyping, but , but our patient is expected to be our patient is expected to be stereotypingstereotyping

77

Adlers Checklist on Adlers Checklist on stereotypes:stereotypes: Stereotypes should be consciously held.Stereotypes should be consciously held. Stereotypes should be descriptive.Stereotypes should be descriptive. Stereotypes should be accurate.Stereotypes should be accurate. Stereotypes should be the first best Stereotypes should be the first best

guess.guess. Stereotypes should be modifiable. Stereotypes should be modifiable.

88

Cross-Cultural LearningCross-Cultural Learning Start with openness to the OtherStart with openness to the Other Willing to learn the culture of the Willing to learn the culture of the

OtherOtherMoving away from stereotypesMoving away from stereotypes

(moving from (moving from automatic processingautomatic processing of of information to information to more controlled more controlled processingprocessing))

99

Cross-Cultural LearningCross-Cultural Learning

Understand the culture of the Other Understand the culture of the Other means understanding ourselvesmeans understanding ourselves

cross-cultural learning is a cross-cultural learning is a prerequisite of good cross-cultural prerequisite of good cross-cultural communicationcommunication

Doctor-patient interaction is basically Doctor-patient interaction is basically cross-cultural communication.cross-cultural communication.

Cross-cultural CommunicationCultureTwo Types of Cross-cultural CommunicationCue and ImplicatureCultural indexStereotypingAdlers Checklist on stereotypes:Cross-Cultural LearningSlide 9