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Rotasi Tanaman
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CROPPING SYSTEMCropping system in organic farming ≠ Conventional system Multiple cropping (Tumpang Gilir) = plant more than one crop on the same land in one year with the purpose to get more yield from more than one crop and from more than one time.The purpose and benefit of multiple cropping: a. harvest frequency, yield and farmer income can be increased b. Decrease risk of failure c. Decrease unemployment d. Increase soil fertility e. Minimun tillage f. Control soil erosion
TYPES OF MULTIPLE CROPPING
Companion plant (tanaman pendamping)
Mixed cropping (tanaman campuran) Intercropping (Tumpang sari) Crop rotation (rotasi tanaman) Relay planting (tanaman sela)
The different between organic farming cropping system and conventional cropping system
No Process Conventional Organic
1 Seed preparation Seed come from genetic engineering
Seed come from naturally crop growth
2 Soil tillage -Often used tractor-Maximum tillage
Manual tillage
3 Nursery Use chemical fertilizer & pesticide
Without using chemical fertilizer & pesticide
4 Planting Mono culture Multi cultureCrop rotationCompanion plantingCrop repellentRelay plantingGreen fertilizerBio pesticide
5 Irrigation Use usual irrigation water Use water that free from chemical
No Process Conventional Organic
6 Fertilization Use chemical fertilizer Use organic fertilizer
7 Insect, pest and weed control
Use chemical pesticide Based on natural balance
8 Harvest and post harvest
Contain residual chemicalUse chemical post harvest
Healthy foodWithout use of chemical post harvest
MIXED CROPPING
Combination of two or more crop in one land Factor affecting mixed cropping: Crop old Crop morphology Crop tolerant on light and shade Nutrition demand Root morphology Companion planting
Long old crop combined with short old crop High growth crops combined with short growth
crops Shade tolerant crops combined with high growth
crops - bean- celery - bean – lettuce - sun flower-lettuce Nutrition demand: - heavy feeder: use Nitrogen very high (leafy
crops, cabbage, corn, lettuce). - light feeder: carrot, radish - soil builders: bean, peanut, soybean Root morphology: bean-celery, bean-carrot, bean-
onion, carrot-lettuce, corn-potato, onion-cabbage
Group of crops based on nutrition demandHEAVY FEEDERS LIGHT FEEDERS SOIL BUILDERSAsparagus Carrot AlfalfaBroccoli Onion BeanCabbage Garlic PeanutCauli flower Potato SoybeanCelery Sweet potato
Corn China cabbage
Lettuce
Spinach
Kangkung
Cucumber
CROP ROTATION
HISTORY: Has been practiced in Britain, and Europe since many centuries. Eighteenth century: four course rotation: Roots- barley-Seed-Wheat Nineteenth century: six course rotation: Roots-barley-seeds-potatoes-wheat-oats Now: two years leaf crops and two years of straw crops
DEFINITIONS OF CROP ROTATION is a traditional method used to cleanse, protect
and replenish the soil. It is a cycle of growing different crops in the same area.
Ideally, these different crop are not related botanically
Ideally, two successive crops do not make the same demands on the soil for nutrients, nor do they share diseases or insect pests.
Legumes will be alternated with non legumes A longer rotation before the same crop is grown
again is better than a shorter rotation Rotations are both spatial (crops move) and
temporal (time moves).
BENEFIT OF CROP ROTATION
Pest & disease management – disrupts disease life cycles and the build-up of insect populations. These generally depend upon a specific host plant family to live on and reproduce ex cabbage maggot, carrot wireworm, brassica club-root, potato root eelworm/nematode
Weed control – different species germinate at different times of the year, and the variation in crop depth and surface area covered, as well as bed treatments, can prevent weeds from getting a hold.
Soil fertility & nutrient replacement - as the nutrients in the soil are slowly released, each plant uses them at a different rate, and with more demanding plants or ‘heavy feeders’ (ex corn) in a crop rotation, the soil has time to build up its nutrient store again. This prevents ‘soil exhaustion’, otherwise resulting in ‘crop starvation’, reduced yield and as poor food value.
Pests are most easily kept in balance when the soil grows different crops over a number of years
Plants of lower order of evolution (alfalfa, clover, cabbage) have been shown to be better feeders on less soluble nutrient sources than those of a higher order of development (lettuce or cucumber)
Rotations preserve and improve the soil structure Rotation increase in soil nitrogen Rotation increase bacterial activity Rotation increase release of CO2 Rotation control of weeds, insects and disease
Typical Cycle within a Year
Spring Autumn Winter SummerLeaf Root Legume Fruiteg cabbage eg beetroot eg lupin eg cucumbers
A Recommended 4-Year Crop Rotation Plot A Plot B Plot C Plot DYear 1 Root Crops Legumes Leafy Veges FruitYear 2 Legumes Leafy Fruit Root cropsYear 3 Leafy Fruit Root crops LegumesYear 4 Fruit Root Crops Legumes Leafy
AB
D
E
FC
D
A
B
C
D
4 YEARS CROP ROTATION
PLOT OF CROP ROTATION
Root Crops (carrot, potato, sweet potato)
Legume (bean, soybean, peanut, green bean)
Leavy Vegetables (Cabbage, Broccoli, lettuce etc)
Plot A
Plot B
Plot C
Plot DFruit (corn, tomato, capsicum)
CROP ROTATION BASED ON CROP TAKEN
BEDENGAN MUSIM TANAMI II III IV
1 LEAF FRUIT ROOT LEGUME2 FRUIT ROOT LEGUME LEAF3 ROOT LEGUME LEAF FRUIT4 LEGUME LEAF FRUIT ROOT5
6
7
8
dst
TYPE OF MULTIPLE CROPPING Inter-planting or Intercropping is the practice
of planting more than one crop together either in blocks, rows or spaces. It uses all of the available space in the garden at all times.
Catch-cropping is a small, quick maturing crop among or alongside main crops which take longer to develop. It is an aspect of inter-planting. Some vegetables most effective for catch-cropping are: lettuce, dwarf bean, cress, mustard, chives, celeriac, radish, turnip, corn salad, early carrots.
Companion Planting is a particular application of inter-planting. The companion assists the main crop in several ways ex. opening up the soil, supporting growth, improving flavour, protecting it from being attacked by pests because of its fragrance or a substance it exudes. The benefit are:
(a) attract or repel insects (b) enhance the growth, health and flavour of
neighbouring plants ex. tomatoes, cabbages, beetroot, carrots, parsley. Some plants release oils and minerals into the soil (ex. marigolds, beans, peas, lupins) which enhance the growth of some plants and inhibit others ex. potatoes and tomatoes as neighbour inhibit each others growth, sunflowers inhibit most competitors, but are fine with beans growing up them!
(C). Companion planting often have higher harvests than monocultures because different companion plantings often have fewer pest problems than monocultures because pests have a harder time finding suitable hosts, or because different plantings provide better habitat for natural enemies
(d) Companion planting is an important part of pest management.
(e) Companion planting helps bring a balanced eco-system to our landscape, allowing nature to do its' job.
CROP PATTERNS
Legumes are generally beneficial preceding crops The onions, lettuces and squashes are generally
beneficial preceding crops Potato yields best after corn Carrots, beets and cabbages are generally
detrimental to subsequent crops
Type of companion Plant
Peas, beans, and legumes trap nitrogen from the air with nodes on their roots. When these crops have finished producing you can dig them into the soil so that the nitrogen is available for the next crop.being leafy vegetables, (cabbages, broccoli,) require a lot of nitrogen to grow, so that's why follow summer pea crops with winter cabbages is a known best practice because it can use this free nitrogen source.
Most Popular Companion Plants
Basil: is grow better with Pepper, Tomato, MarigoldBush Beans: with Beets, Cabbage, Carrots, Celery, Corn, Cucumbers, Eggplant, Lettuce, Pea, Radish, Strawberry, .Pole Beans:Carrots, Corn Cucumber, Eggplant, Lettuce, Pea, Radish, Savory, Tansy Beets, OnionBeets : Bush Beans, Cabbage, Onion, SageCabbage Family Bush Beans, Beets, Celery, Onions, Tomato, All Strong Herbs, Marigold, NasturtiumStrawberry
Companion Planting Chart for VegetablesVegetable Really likes to be with… Really dislikes to be with…Asparagus Basil, Tomato, Nasturtium, Parsley Onion, garlic, potato
Beans Carrot, cabbage, cauliflower, cucumber, marigold
Chives, leek, garlic
Broad Beans Brassicas, carrot, celery, corn, lettuce, potato
Fennel
Beets Brassicas, lettuce, onion, sage Bean (pole)
Broccoli Celery, chamomile, dill, rosemary Oregano, Strawberry
Brussel Sprouts Potato, Thyme Strawberry
Cabbage Beetroot, potato, oregano, sage Strawberry, tomato
Carrot Bush beans, pole beans, lettuce, onion, pea, radish, tomato
Chives, dill, parsnip
Cauliflower Beans, celery, oregano Nasturtium, peas, potato, strawberry, tomato
Celery Cabbage, leek, onion, spinach, tomato Parsnip, potato
Corn Bean, cucumber, melon, pea, pumpkin, potato, radish
Tomato
Cucumber Bean, celery, lettuce, pea, radish Cauliflower, potato, basil
Eggplant Bean, capsicum, potato, spinach
Leek Carrot, celery, strawberry
Lettuce Carrots, radishes, strawberry Beans, beetroot, parsley
Melon Corn, radish Potato
Onion Bean sprout, broccoli, cabbage, lettuce, strawberry tomato
Bean, pea
Pea Beans, Carrot, corn, cucumber, radish
Onion family
Potato Bean, corn, cabbage, pea, eggplant
Cucumber, pumpkin, squash, sunflower
Pumpkin Corn Potato
Spinach Celery, cauliflower, eggplant
Tomato Asparagus, celery, carrot, parsley, marigold
Corn, fennel, potato
Zucchini Nasturtium
Good neighbors companion plantingMain Crop Companion crops
Beans Fix nitrogen, plant with carrots, celery, corn, peas, potatoes, brassicas, cucumbers
Broccoli Cucumber, garlic, lettuce, onion, potato, tomatoCabbage Celery, onion, potatoesCarrots Lettuce, onions, tomatoesCelery Beans, cabbage family, leek, onion, spinach, tomatoesCorn Beans, cucumber, peanut, peas, potato, pumkin, soybean
Cucumber Peas, carrotsGarlic Cucumbers, peas, lettuce, celeryLeeks Carrots, celery, onions
Lettuce Broccoli, carrots, cucumbers, onionsOnions Carrots, leeks, brassicas, tomatoes, lettuce
Main Crop Companion crops
Peas Carrots, celery, corn, cucumber, potato, radish, spinach, tomatoes
Potato Cabbage family, carrots, celery, corn, peas
Radish Carrot, cucumber, lettuce, melon, peas, spinach
Spinach Peas, beans, cabbage, cauliflower, celery, onion, peas
Soybean Corn
Sweet potato Potatoes, beans
ORGANIC FARMING COMPONENTS Land: free from chemical fertilizer &
pesticide pollution - new agriculture land - conversion land from conventional Cultivation: - row planting - crop rotation - alley planting - cover crop - strip cropping Marketing: trust from the consument Miss perception: good performance Certification: International is hard