Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutritio

8/13/2019 Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutritio

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3IVIA -

Fundaci6n AGROALIMED, 46113 Moncada, Valencia, Spain

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Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition

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Antimicrobial Edible Films and Coatings for Fresh and

Minimally Processed Fruits and Vegetables A Review

ilvia A6 7alencia8ha(orro a b , Ll#is "ala# a , /i*#el A6 del )io a & /aria 6 "ere;a*o a

8entro de Tecnolo*ia "oscosecha, lnstit#to 7alenciana de lnvesti*aciones A*rarias 113 /oncada, 7alencia , 5ain

b ?e5arta(ento de 8iencia de Ali(entos y iotecnolo*ia, +sc#ela "olitecnica -acional , "

O@ 1 o 01 2!9, #ito , +c#ador

c &7&A %#ndacion A;)OAL&/+? , .>113 /oncada, 7alencia , 5ain

Acce5ted a#thor version 5osted online: 23 /ay 20116"#blished online: 20 /ay 20116

To cite this article: ilvia A6 7alencia8ha(orro , Ll#is "ala# , /i*#el A6 del )io & /aria 6 "ere;a*o


3/30

The use of edible films and coatings is an environmentally friendly technology that offers substantial advantages for shelf-life

increase of many food products including fruits and vegetables. The development of new natural edible films and coatings with th

addition of antimicrobial compounds to preserve fresh and minimally processed fruits and vegetables is a technological challenge

for the industry and a very active research field worldwide. ntimicrobial agents have been successfully added to edible

composite films and coatings based on polysaccharides or proteins such as starch, cellulose derivatives, chitosan, alginate, frui

puree, whey protein isolated, soy protein, egg albumen, wheat gluten, or sodium caseinate. This paper reviews the development of

edible films and coatings with antimicrobial activity, typically through the incorporation of antimicrobial food additives as

ingredients, the effect of these edible films on the control of target microorganisms, the influence of antimicrobial agents on

mechanical and barrier properties of stand-alone edible films, and the effect of the application of antimicrobial edible coatings on

the !uality of fresh and fresh-cut fruits and vegetables.

Ce*o+d >ood p+ee+?a.i?e, >+e-cu., ba++ie+ and @ecanical p+ope+.ie, po.a+?e. uali.*

"NTR#$%CT"#N

2e edible >il@ and coa.in >[email protected] i. na.u+al p+oduc.

a?e been de?eloped >o+ >+e and p+oceed >ood p+oduc. 0e*

con.i.u.e an [email protected]*->+iendl* .ecnolo* .a. @a* enance

>ood uali.*, a>e.*, .abili.*, and .e @ecanicalandlin p+ope+.ie

b* p+o?idin a e@i-pe+@eable ba++ie+ .o a.e+ ?apo+, o*en, and

ca+bon dioide be.een .e >ood and .e u++oundin a.@ope+e

'G+eene+-Donoe and Fenne@a, 1%%4( Edible >il@ and coa.in

can alo be ued a ca++ie+ o> an.ioidan., >la?o+in aen., colo+in

aen., +o. +eula.o+, and an.i@ic+obial .a. ill i@p+o?e >ood

uali.* and a>e.* 'Vodani and 0o++e, 1%%H )uppe., 1%%4H a@an

and

Add+e co++epondence .o Ma+>a ; :e+eJ-Gao, )en.+o de 0eenolo>a

:ocoeca, In.i.u.o Valenciano de In?e.iacione A+a+ia 'IVIA(, 46113

Moncada, Valencia, Spain 0el!'K34( %634$4&&&H Fa nu@be+! 'K34(

%634$4&&E-@ail!pe+eJnbe?ae

;a*@di+, $1H )o@a e. al, $$( In >+e >+ui. and ?

.e c+ea.ion o> a @oi.u+e and a ba++ie+ @a* lead .o ei

+epi+a.ion +a.e +educ.ion i. a coneuen. ene+al

p+oduce enecence '7aen@aie+ and ;ae+, 1%%3H Debeau

1%%"H :e+eJ-Gao e. al, $$( Fu+.e+@o+e, .e app

coa.in @a* i@p+o?e .e ?iual uali.* b* p+o?idin

coa.ed co@@odi.ie '0+eJJa and C+oc.a, $( On .e o

edible >il@ and coa.in @a* +eplace, .o o@e e.e

pacain b* na.u+al and biode+adable ub.ance 0ei+lead .o an i@po+.an. +educ.ion on .e o?e+all pacain +e

and, .e+e>o+e, a.e dipoal p+oble@

In .e la. decade, a conide+able a@oun. o> o+ a >

.e de?elop@en. o> >il@ and coa.in baed on p+o

pol*acca+ide i. >ood addi.i?e >+o@ na.u+al o+ *n.e

.o con.+ol @ic+obial +o. on >+e and p+oceed >oo

>il@ and coa.in con.ainin an.i@ic+obial, uc a o@

acid and .ei+ al., pa+aben, ci.oan, een.ial oil,

plan. e.+ac. a?e been e>>ec.i?e in dela*in

"#$


4/30

A20IMI)RO;IAL EDI;LE )OA0I2GS FOR 7OR0I)9L09RAL :ROD9)E "#3

.e +o. o> [email protected] @ic+oo+ani@ and @ain.ainin .e

uali.* du+in .o+ae and di.+ibu.ion o> >+e and >+ecu.

o+.icul.u+al p+oduc. 0i pape+ +e?ie ei.in li.e+a.u+e and .e

cu++en. .a.e o> .e a+. on! '1( edible >il@ p+epa+ed i. >ood

addi.i?e a an.i@ic+obial in+edien. and .ei+ e>>ec. on .e con.+ol

o> .a+e. @ic+oo+ani@H '$( .e in>luence o> an.i@ic+obial aen. on

@ecanical and ba++ie+ p+ope+.ie o> .and-alone edible >il@H and '3(.e e>>ec. o> an.i@ic+obial edible coa.in on .e uali.* o> >+e and

@ini@all* p+oceed >+ui. and ?ee.able

&$"'(& F"()S N$ C#T"N*S+ $&F"N"T"#N,

C#)#S"T"#N, N$ F%NCT"#N( R#&RT"&S

Films vs Coatings

Fil@ a+e uuall* de>ined a a .and-alone .in la*e+ o> @a.e+ial.a. can be ued a co?e+, +ap, o+ epa+a.ion la*e+ 7oe?e+, .e

@ain ue o> .and-alone >il@ i a .e.in .+uc.u+e >o+

[email protected] o> ba++ie+, @ecanical, olubili.*, and o.e+ p+ope+.ie

p+o?ided b* ce+.ain >il@ @a.e+ial )oa.in in?ol?e .e >[email protected] o>

>il@ di+ec.l* on .e u+>ace o> .e p+oduc. .e* a+e in.ended .o

p+o.ec. o+ enance 'C+oc.a, $$( 0e+e>o+e, edible coa.in a+e

conide+ed pa+. o> .e >inal >ood p+oduc. and ould con>e+

accep.able colo+, odo+, .a.e, >la?o+, and .e.u+e .o .e coa.ed p+oduc.

&dible Film and Coating )aterials

Acco+din .o .ei+ co@ponen., edible >il@ and coa.in can be

di?ided in.o .+ee ca.eo+ie! *d+ocolloid, lipid, and [email protected]

7*d+ocolloid include p+o.ein and pol*acca+ide Lipid include

ae, ac*ll*ce+ol, and >a..* acid )[email protected] con.ain bo.

*d+ocolloid co@ponen. and lipid 'G+eene+Donoe and Fenne@a,

1%%4H 2ipe+o-)a++iedo, 1%%4H ;aldin, 1%%%( Se?e+al o.e+

co@pound uc a pla.iciJe+ and e@uli>ie+ @a* be added .o

edible >il@ and coa.in .o i@p+o?e .ei+ @ecanical p+ope+.ie and

>o+@ .able e@ulion en lipid and *d+ocolloid a+e co@bined

In addi.ion, edible coa.in and >il@ can alo ac. a ca++ie+ o> >ood

addi.i?e, includin an.ioidan., colo+an., >la?o+in aen., and

an.i@ic+obial co@pound ')uppe., 1%%4H ;aldin, 1%%%H F+anen

and C+oc.a, $H )a and )innan, $4H 7an and Gennadio,$(

7il* pola+ pol*@e+ con.ainin *d+o*l +oup, uc a

p+o.ein and pol*acca+ide, ene+all* p+een. a ood ba++ie+ .o

o*en a. lo +ela.i?e u@idi.* 'R7( due .o .ei+ .i.l* paced,

o+de+ed *d+oen-bonded ne.o+ .+uc.u+e and lo olubili.*

'Mc7u and C+oc.a, 1%%4( 7oe?e+, .e* >o+@ a poo+ @oi.u+e

ba++ie+ due .o .ei+ *d+opilic ca+ac.e+ Fil@->o+@in

pol*acca+ide @a.e+ial include .a+c and .a+c de+i?a.i?e,

celluloe de+i?a.i?e, alina.e, ca++aeenan, pec.in, pul-

lulan, ci.oan, and ?a+iou u@ NIan and Gennadio, $-1,

:+o.ein .a. a?e +ecei?ed +ea. a..en.ion >o+ .ei+ capabili.* o>

>o+@in edible >il@ and coa.in include co+n Jein, ea. lu.en

'PG(, o* p+o.ein, e* p+o.ein, caein, collaenela.in, pea

p+o.ein, +ice b+an p+o.ein, co..oneed p+o.ein, peanu. p+o.ein, and

e+a.in ';aldin and ;ae+, $$H 7an and Gennadio, $(

7oe?e+, o@e conide+a.ion i. +epec. .o >ood in.ole+ance uca ea. lu.en in.ole+ance ' celiac dieae(, o+ @il p+o.ein

in.ole+ance, alle+ie, o+ +eliiou belie>bannin ould be .aen

in.o accoun. en p+o.ein-baed >il@ and coa.in a+e ued Lipid

and +ein, due .o .ei+ *d+opobic na.u+e, a+e ued in edible >il@

and coa.in .o p+o?ide a ba++ie+ .o @oi.u+e In addi.ion, .e* a+e

o>.en ued .o p+o?ide lo .o >ood u+>ace 'G+eene+-Donoe and

Fenne@a, 1%%4( 7oe?e+, becaue lipid and +ein a+e no.

pol*@e+, .e* >o+@ >il@ and coa.in i. poo+ @ecanical p+ope+-

.ie Lipid and +ein ued >o+ .e p+epa+a.ion o> lipid-baed edible

>il@ and coa.in include neu.+al lipid, >a..* acid, ae 'beea

';P(, candelilla a, ca+nauba a, +ice b+an a(, and +ein

'ellac, ood +oin( 'Ri@ and Sella@@e+, $(

)[email protected] >il@ and coa.in co@p+ie *d+ocolloid [email protected] lipid, .u enancin .e ad?an.ae and leenin .e

diad?an.ae o> eac A [email protected] >il@ can be p+oduced a ei.e+ a

bi-la*e+ o+ a .able e@ulion In bi-la*e+ [email protected] >il@, .e lipid

>o+@ a econd la*e+ o?e+ .e pol*acca+ide o+ p+o.ein la*e+ In

e@ulion [email protected] >il@, .e lipid i dipe+ed and en.+apped in .e

uppo+.in @a.+i o> p+o.ein o+ pol*acca+ide 'Sella@@e+ and

C+oc.a, 1%%#H :e+eJ-Gao and C+oc.a, $( In [email protected] edible

>il@ and coa.in, .e e>>icienc* o> lipid @a.e+ial depend on .e

lipid .+uc.u+e, i. ce@ical a++ane@en., *d+opobici.*, p*ical

.a.e, and i. in.e+ac.ion i. o.e+ co@ponen. o> .e >il@ 'Ri@ and

Sella@@e+, $(

:la.iciJe+ a+e lo @olecula+ ei. aen. .a. a+e inco+po+a.ed

in.o >il@->o+@in @a.e+ial .o dec+eae .e in.e+@olecula+ >o+cebe.een pol*@e+ cain, ic +eul. in +ea.e+ >il@ >leibili.*,

elona.ion, and .oune 7oe?e+, .e* can alo inc+eae >il@

pe+@eabili.* '7an and Gennadio, $( :la.iciJe+ ued >o+ edible

>il@ and coa.in include uc+oe, l*ce+ol, o+bi.ol, p+op*lene

l*col, pol*e.*lene l*col, >a..* acid, and @onol*ce+ide Pa.e+

alo ac. a a pla.iciJe+ >o+ pol*acca+ide and p+o.ein edible >il@

'C+oc.a, 1%%#( 0u, .e >il@ @oi.u+e con.en., a a>>ec.ed b* R7,

a a la+e e>>ec. on >il@ p+ope+.ie

E@uli>ie+ o+ u+>ac.an. a+e u+>ace-ac.i?e aen. o> a@pipilic

na.u+e .a. in.e+ac. a. .e a.e+-lipid in.e+>ace and +educe u+>ace

.enion be.een .e dipe+ed and con.inuou pae .o i@p+o?e .e

.abili.* o> .e e@ulion '7an and Gennadio, $( 0e* a+e alo

ued .o enu+e ood u+>ace e..in, p+eadin, and adeion o> .ecoa.in .o .e >ood u+>ace )o@@on e@uli>ie+ ued on >il@ and

coa.in a+e >a..* acid, e.*lene l*col @ono.ea+a.e, l*ce+ol

@ono.ea+a.e, e.e+ o> >a..* acid, leci.in, uc+oe e.e+, and

o+bi.an @ono.ea+a.e o+ pol*o+ba.e '.een(


5/30

0able 1 An.i@ic+obial co@pound ued on edible >il@ and coa.in

Food p+ee+?a.i?e

2a.u+al E-

)e@ical co@pound E-)odeQ co @pound Re

==#rganic acids olypeptides

Ace.ic E-$6 L*oJ*@e E-

;enJoic E-$1 :e+oidae

)i.+ic E-33 Lac.ope+oida

Lac.ic E-$# Lac.o>e++in

Malic E-$%6 2i in E-$34

:+opionic E-$" 2a.a@*cin E-$3

So+bic E-$

0a+.a+ic E-334

#rganic acid salts ant

essential

spices

Sodiu@ ace.a.e E-

)inna@on 1"$1

Sodiu@ diace.a.e E-

)apicu@ 1"$1

Sodiu@ benJoa.e E-$11 Le@on+a 1"$$

Sodiu@ ci.+a.e E- O+eano 1"$1Sodiu@ >[email protected] E-$3# Roe@a+* 1"$$

)alciu@ >[email protected] E-$3" Ga+lic 1"413

Sodiu@ L-lac.a.e E-3$ Vanilla 1"$1

Sodiu@ p+opiona.e E-$"1 )a+?ac+ol 1#$1)alciu@ p+opiona.e E-$"$ )i.+al 1"$6

:o.aiu@ o+ba.e E-$$ )inna@alde*

1"$6

Sodiu@ L-.a+.+a.e E-

Vanillin 1"$6

G+ape eed

e.+ac.

arabens

Me.*l pa+aben E-$1"E.*l pa+aben E-$14

:+op*l pa+aben E-$16

Sodiu@ al. o> @e.*l E-$1%

pa+aben

Sodiu@ al. o> e.*l E-$1

pa+aben

Sodiu@ al. o> p+op*l E-$1#

pa+aben

)ineral salts

Sodiu@ bica+bona.e E-

A@@oniu@ E-$3#Sodiu@ ca+bona.e E-

II#thers

ED0A-)a2a$c E-3"

"#4 S A VALE2)IA-)7AMORRO E0 AL

Functions and roperties of &dible Films and Coatings

0e @ain >unc.ion o> edible >il@ and coa.in i .o o>>e+ a

p+o.ec.i?e ba++ie+ .o @oi.u+e, o*en, >la?o+, a+o@a, ando+ oil

be.een .e >ood and .e en?i+on@en. In addi.ion, edible >il@ and

coa.in @a* alo @ain.ain >ood in.e+i.* b* p+o?idin o@e

@ecanical p+o.ec.ion 0e p+o.ec.i?e >unc.ion o> edible >il@ and

coa.in @a* be enanced i. .e addi.ion o> an.ioidan.,

an.i@ic+obial, >la?o+, nu.+ien., e.c Gi?en .a. .e @ain in.e+e. in

edible >il@ and coa.in i ene+all* baed on .ei+ ba++ie+ and

p+o.ec.i?e >unc.ion, @o. o> .e .udie a+e >ocued on de.e+@inin

.ee p+ope+.ie on .and-alone edible >il@ ;a++ie+ p+ope+.ie

co@@onl* .udied .o de.e+@ine .e abili.* .o p+o.ec. >ood >+o@ .e

en?i+on@en. and >+o@ adacen. in+edien. a+e a.e+ ?apo+

pe+@eabili.* 'PV:( and o*en pe+@eabili.* 'O:( A+o@a and oil

pe+@eabili.* a+e alo ?e+* i@po+.an. >o+ @an* >ood bu. a?e

ene+all* +ecei?ed le a..en.ion 0e abili.* o> edible >il@ and

coa.in .o p+o.ec. >ood aain. @ecanical da@ae i uuall*

aeed b* de.e+@inin >il@ .enile p+ope+.ie! '1( oun= Modulu

'M(, ic de.e+@ine >il@ .i>>ne a de.e+@ined b* +a.io o>

pullin >o+cea+ea .o de+ee-o>->il@-.+e.c, '$( .enile .+en. '0S(,

ic indica.e .e pullin >o+ce pe+ >il@ c+o-ec.ional a+ea

+eui+ed .o b+ea .e >il@, and '3( elona.ion a. b+ea 'E(, ic

i?e .e de+ee .o ic .e >il@ can .+e.c be>o+e b+eain and i.

i ep+eed a pe+cen.ae 'C+oc.a, $$( O.e+ >il@ p+ope+.ie .a.

a?e been .*picall* in?e.ia.ed include >il@ a.e+ olubili.*, lo,

and colo+Pi. +epec. .o .e e?alua.ion o> an.i@ic+obial edible >il@ and

coa.in, di>>e+en. @e.od a?e been ued .o ea@ine .e

an.i@ic+obial p+ope+.ie o> .and-alone >il@ aain. .a+e. @i-

c+oo+ani@ An.i@ic+obial aa* include! '1( Qaa+ di>uion .e.,Q

QJone o> inibi.ion .e.,Q o+ Qdi [email protected]+ .e.,Q in ic an

an.i@ic+obial >il@ i placed o?e+ a lan o> .e @ic+oo+ani@

+oin on an aa+ @ediu@ pla.e O?e+ .i@e, .e an.i@ic+obial

di>>ue >+o@ .e >il@ in.o .e @ediu@ and ill .e @ic+oo+ani@

o+ inibi. i. +o., c+ea.in a Jone o> clea+in o+ inibi.ion 0e

+eul. a+e ep+eed a .e [email protected]+ o+ .e a+ea o> .e Jone o>

inibi.ion 0i @e.od i +ela.i?el* i@ple and ea* .o appl*, bu. .e

uan.i.a.i?e Jone @eau+e@en. >+o@ di>>e+en. .udie a+e di>>icul. .o

co@pa+e becaue o> .e @an* peci>ic condi.ion o> .e epe+i@en.

includin >il@ iJe and p+ope+.ie, an.i@ic+obial, aa+ @edia,

@ic+oo+ani@, .e@pe+a.u+e, incuba.ion .i@e, e.cH '$( .e Qcell coun.

@e.odQ o+ Qlo +educ.ion aa*Q in?ol?e placin .e >il@ in a

@ic+oo+ani@ +oin b+o. olu.ion and +e@o?in a@ple >[email protected] olu.ion o?e+ .i@e 0e olu.ion a@ple i .en pla.ed on aa+

@edia and colonie a+e coun.ed 0i @e.od i?e a @ic+oo+ani@

coun. .a. can be ued .o @eau+e lo +educ.ion due .o .e an.i@ic+o-

bial >il@ A i. .e Qaa+ di>uion .e.,Q .e +eul. o> .i

[email protected] app+oac a+e no. di+ec.l* applicable .o a coa.ed >ood

p+oduc. becaue o> .e di>>e+en. [email protected] condi.ion 0e+e a+e

o.e+ epe+i@en. in.ended .o de.e+@ine .e abili.* o> .e >il@ .o

+eleae .e an.i@ic+obial in+edien. 0ee .e. @a* p+o?ide

in>[email protected] abou. '1( .e an.i@ic+obial +eleae

+a.e o+ .e a@oun. o> an.i@ic+obial co@pound .a. i +eleaed o?e+

.i@eH '$( .e an.i@ic+obial di>>uion coe>>icien. .a. i?e a

uan.i.a.i?e @eau+e@en. o> .e +a.e a. ic .e di>>uion p+oce

occu+H and '3( .e an.i@ic+obial pe+@eabili.* coe>>icien. 'F+anen

and C+oc.a, $H 2*ca and Sanda@i, $(

NT")"CR#'"( F##$ $$"T"0&S

Addi.i?e ued .o p+e?en. bioloical de.e+io+a.ion a+e [email protected]@ic+obial o+ p+ee+?a.i?e A .e* a+e alloed >o+ >ood con.ac.

applica.ion, .i ca.eo+* co@p+ie o> na.u+al o+ *n.e.ic

co@pound i. non and @ini@al .oicoloical e>>ec. on

@a@@al and .e en?i+on@en. An.i@ic+obial co@pound include

o@e ino+anic 'ca+bona.e, bica+bona.e, e.c( o+ o+anic acid and

.ei+ al. 'p+opiona.e, o+ba.e, benJoa.e, e.c(, pa+aben, ci.oan,

enJ*@e, bac.e+iocin, pol*pep.ide, and een.ial oil o+ o.e+

na.u+al e.+ac.

A ide ?a+ie.* o> an.i@ic+obial a?e been added .o edible >il@

and coa.in .o con.+ol @ic+obioloical +o. and e.end p+oduce

el>-li>e An.i@ic+obial ued >o+ .e >[email protected] o> edible >il@ and

coa.in @u. be clai>ied a >ood-+ade addi.i?e o+ co@pound

ene+all* +econiJed a a>e 'GRAS( b* .e +ele?an. +eula.ion

In.e+na.ional +eula.o+* aencie a+e in ca+e o> app+o?in

an.i@ic+obial >o+ .e ue on >ood In .e Eu+opean 9nion 'E9(,

.oe co@pound a+e +eula.ed b* .e E9 F+a@eo+ Di+ec.i?e

"%1# 'E9, 1%"%( and in .e 9ni.ed S.a.e '9S( b* .e pa+.$1)FR1#$ enac.ed b* .e 9S Food and D+u Ad@ini.+a.ion '9S

FDA, $%( 0able 1 o co@@on an.i@ic+obial aen. ued on

edible >il@ and coa.in and .ei+ code nu@be+ >o+ >ood addi.i?e

app+o?ed b* .e E9 'E-)ode( o+ .e +eula.ion nu@be+ e.ablied

b* .e 9S FDA 'Re2u@(

ntimicrobial Synthetic Chemical gents

O+anic acid a+e .e @o. co@@on *n.e.ic an.i@ic+obial

aen. and include ace.ic, benJoic, ci.+ic, >u@a+ic, lac.ic, @alic,

p+opionic, o+bic, uccinic, and .a+.a+ic acid, a@on o.e+ 0ee

acid .*picall* inibi. .e ou.+o. o> bac.e+ial and >unal cell

:o.aiu@ o+ba.e ':S( and odiu@ benJoa.e 'S;( a+e .e .o

o+anic acid al. @o+e idel* ued a an.i@ic+obial >ood addi.i?e

;enJoic acid i alo called pen*l>o+@ic acid o+ benJene-ca+bo*lic

acid 0e an.i@ic+obial ac.i?i.* o> benJoic acid and S; i +ela.ed .o

p7, and .e @o. e>>ec.i?e a+e .e undiocia.ed >o+@ 0e+e>o+e, .e

ue o> .ee p+ee+?a.i?e a been [email protected] .o .oe p+oduc. .a. a+e

acid in na.u+e ')iple*, $( So+bic acid i a .+ai.-cain

una.u+a.ed >a..* acid 0e ca+bo*l +oup o> o+bic acid i il*

+eac.i?e i. calciu@, odiu@ o+ po.aiu@, and +eul. in .e

>[email protected] o> ?a+iou al. and e.e+ 'S.op>o+. e. al, $b ( :S, .e

@o. oluble >o+@ o> o+ba.e i ell non >o+ i. po.en. an.i>unal

ac.i?i.* Mao+ @old pecie inibi.ed b* :S belon .o .e ene+a

lternaria, enicillium, and o.e+ 0e an.i@ic+obial ac.ion o>

A20IMI)RO;IAL EDI;LE )OA0I2GS FOR 7OR0I)9L09RAL :ROD9)E "#


6/30

QE-)ode Tcode nu@be+ >o+ >ood addi.i?e app+o?ed b* .e Eu+opean 9nion

bRe2u@ TReula.ion nu@be+ in 0i.le $1 o> .e 9S )ode o> Fede+al Reu-

la.ion e+e .e ce@ical appea+

cED0A-)a2a$T diodiu@ calciu@ e.*[email protected].+aace.a.e

o+ba.e i alo p7 dependen. In ene+al, :S ac.i?i.* i +ea.e+ a.

lo p7 ?alue, al.ou o+ba.e @a* be e>>ec.i?e a. p7 ?alue a

i a # In con.+a., o.e+ co@@on o+anic acid-baed

an.i@ic+obial, uc a p+opiona.e o+ benJoa.e, onl* o

conide+able an.i@ic+obial ac.i?i.* a. lo p7 ?alue uc a -

and 4-4, +epec.i?el* 'S.op>o+. e. al, $b ( Se?e+al .udie

a?e alo indica.ed inc+eaed an.i@ic+obial e>>ec. en :S a

co@bined i. ?a+iou popa.e )[email protected] o> o+ba.e i.

benJoa.e o+ p+opiona.e @a* be ued .o epand

.e +ane o> inibi.ed @ic+oo+ani@ i. +educed concen.+a

eac p+ee+?a.i?e 'S.op>o+. e. al, $b ( :+opionic ac

na.u+all*-occu++in @onoca+bo*lic acid Sal. o> .e acid

li. ceelie >la?o+ 0e an.i@ic+obial ac.i?i.* o> p+opiona

i p7 dependen., bein alo @o+e e>>ec.i?e a. lo p7 becaue

ie+ ac.i?i.* o> .e undiocia.ed >o+@ :+opionic acid i p+

inibi.o+* .o @oldH oe?e+, o@e *ea. and bac.e+ia a?been a.i>ac.o+il* con.+olled 'Doo+e, $(

:a+aben a+e .e al*l e.e+ o> pa+a-*d+o*benJoic acid

0e al*l cain len. o> pa+aben de.e+@ine .ei+ a.e+ ol

0e o+.e+ .e al*l cain len., .e ie+ .e a.e+ olub

pa+aben :a+aben a+e inibi.o+* .o ei.e+ e?e+al +a@-poi.

[email protected]?e bac.e+ia o+ @old, al.ou >uni a+e ene+all

ucep.ible .o pa+aben .an bac.e+ia 'Da?idon, $( Fo

bac.e+ia and >uni, .e inibi.o+* ac.i?i.* ene+all* inc+eae

al*l cain len. o> pa+aben alo inc+eae 0e op.i@u@

e>>ec.i?e an.i@ic+obial ac.i?i.* o> pa+aben i in .e +ane 3-

Natural ntimicrobial gents

2a.u+al an.i@ic+obial aen. include ci.oan, pol*pe.id

plan. oil, e.+ac., and pice )i.oan i a pol*acca+ide p

b* deace.*la.ion o> ci.in I. i co@poed o> ,"-1,4

lucoa@ine uni. and 2-ace.*l lucoa@ine +eidue I. i o

b* .e alaline deace.*la.ion o> ci.in, .e @o. abundan. co@

o> .e ell o> c+u.acean ')o@a e. al, $$H 2o e. al, $

a been ue.ed .a. ci.oan an.i@ic+obial ac.i?i.* @a*

>+o@ i. poi.i?e ca+e .a. ould in.e+>e+e i. .e neca+ed +eidue o> @ac+o@olecule on .e cell u+>ace, +en

@e@b+ane leaae 'Seb.i e. al, $#( Lieie, ci.oan @

ac. a an elici.o+ o> plan. de>ene +epone .a. include *n.

an.i@ic+obial p*.oalein in >+e p+oduce Func.ional p+o

and an.i@ic+obial e>>ec. o> ci.oan a+e +ela.ed .o i. deace.

de+ee and @olecula+ ei. )i.oan inibi. .e +o. o>

?a+ie.* o> >uni, *ea., and bac.e+ia Due .o i. >il@ >

p+ope+.*, ci.oan i ued .o p+epa+e >il@ and coa.in '2o

$#(

2iin, a *d+opobic p+o.ein, i a lo-@olecula+

pol*pep.ide p+oduced b* .e bac.e+ial dai+* .a+.e+ (acto

lactis ubpecie lactis. 2iin a a b+oad pec.+u@ o>

aain. [email protected]?e bac.e+ia, bu. do no. ini>ican.l* inibi.nea.i?e bac.e+ia, *ea., o+ @old '0o@a and Del?e-;+ou

$( 2iin a p+o?ed .o be non-.oic and clai>ied a GR

.e 9S FDA in 1%6% Since .en, i. a been idel* ued in .

indu.+* a a a>e and na.u+al p+ee+?a.i?e 'Seb.i e. al, $#(

2a.a@*cin i a .e.+aene pol*ene @ac+olide I. i a na.u

.i>unal aen. p+oduced b* Streptomyces natalensis. 2a.a@*

no e>>ec. on bac.e+ia, bu. i. i ac.i?e aain. nea+l* all @o

*ea. 2a.a@*cin i uuall* applied a a u+>ace .+ea.@en. >

ceee and d+* o+ +ipened auae '0ii+e e. al, $%b (


7/30

Table $ An.i@ic+obial ac.i?i.* o> edible pol*acca+ide-baed [email protected] >il@ con.ainin an.i@ic+obial aen.

An.i@ic+obial

Fil@ @a.+i An.i@ic+obial aen. )oncen.+a.ion 0a+e. pa.oen :a.oen inocula.ion ac.i?i.*Q Re>e+ence

7:M)b )i.oan 1U Ape+illu nie+ 14po+e:e.+i di K 'Seb.i e. al, $#(

7:M) 2iin 14u+c@L (isteria monocytogenes, # Lell K 'Seb.i e. al, $$(

Staphylococcus aureus

7:M) 2iin 14, 1I9@L )icrococcus luteus $# 1 U o> .e .+ain in 'Seb.i e. al, $3(

b+o. '??(

7:M) 2iin $1glm( 2ocuria rhi3ophila 1 U o> .e .+ain in K 'Seb.i e. al, $#(

b+o. '??(

7:M)-

Sodiu@ bica+bona.e $U enicillium digitatum, 13, 14, 1po+e@L K 'Valencia-)a@o++o e. al,

enicillium italicumA@@oniu@ bica+bona.e $U . digitatum, . italicum 13, 14po+e@L K

A@@oniu@ bica+bona.e $U . italicum 13, 14, 1po+e@L

:o.aiu@ o+ba.e, odiu@ $, $U . digitatum, . italicum 13, 14, 1po+e@L K

benJoa.eSodiu@ ace.a.e, odiu@ diace.a.e, 1U . digitatum, . italicum 13, 14, 1po+e@L

calciu@ p+opiona.e, calciu@

>[email protected], odiu@ L-lac.a.e,

odiu@ L-.a+.+a.e

Sodiu@ p+opiona.e, odiu@ $, 1, 1U . digitatum 13po+e@L K

>[email protected], calciu@ >[email protected]

Sodiu@ p+opiona.e, odiu@ $, 1, 1U . italicum 13, 14, 1po+e@L

>[email protected], calciu@ >[email protected]

:o.aiu@ o+ba.e K odiu@ 1 K U . digitatum 13, 14, 1po+e@L K

p+opiona.e

:o.aiu@ o+ba.e K odiu@ 1 K U . italicum 13, 14, 1po+e@L

p+opiona.e

Sodiu@ benJoa.e K po.aiu@ $ K U . digitatum, . italicum 13, 14, 1po+e@L K

o+ba.eSodiu@ benJoa.e K odiu@ $ K U . digitatum, . italicum 13, 14po+e@L K

p+opiona.e

Sodiu@ benJoa.e K odiu@ $ K U . italicum 1po+e@L

p+opiona.e

Sodiu@ al. o> @e.*l pa+aben 1, 1U . digitatum, . italicum 13, 14, 1po+e@L K

Sodiu@ al. o> e.*l pa+aben, 1, 1U . digitatum, . italicum 13, 14, 1po+e@L K

odiu@ al. o> p+op*l pa+aben

Sodiu@ al. o> @e.*l pa+aben K 1 K U . digitatum, . italicum 13, 14, 1po+e@L K

odiu@ al. o> p+op*l pa+aben

ED0A 1U . digitatum 13, 14po+e@L K

ED0A 1U . italicum 14, 1po+e@L

$-deo*-D-lucoa U . digitatum, . italicum 13, 14, 1po+e@L

M)d Rhodotorula rubra, 1 @L o> upenion ')en e. al, 1%%6(

notatum

:o.aiu@ o+ba.e, odiu@ $U R. rubra, . notatum 1 @L o> upenion K

benJoa.eM) 2a.a@*cin 1 @1 >il@ olu.ion A nie+ 14po+e@L '0ii+e e. al, $%b(

1 @1 >il@ olu.ion. ro!uefortii 16po+e@L K

2a.a@*cin K+oe@a+* e.+ac. K 1 @1 >il@ . niger, . ro!uefortii 14, 16po+e@L

olu.ion&& 4Continued on net page5--

"#6 S A VALE2)IA-)7AMORRO E0 AL

Lac.ope+oidae i a e@op+o.ein p+een. in @il, .ea+, and

ali?a 0e lac.ope+oidae *.e@ coni. o> .+ee co@ponen.!

lac.ope+oidae, .ioc*ana.e, and *d+oen pe+oide 0e la.

co@pound e+?e a a ub.+a.e >o+ lac.ope+oidae in oidaJin

.ioc*ana.e and iodide ion, +eul.in in .e ene+a.ion o> il*

+eac.i?e oidaJin aen. '2aidu, $3( 0e lac.ope+oidae *.e@

a on .e abili.* .o inibi. di>>e+en. bac.e+ia, >uni, pa+ai.e,

and ?i+ue, and >o+ .a. +eaon i. i conide+ed a b+oad-pec.+u@

na.u+al an.i@ic+obial 'S.op>o+. e. al, $a( Cillin o> cell i

uuall* +ea.e+ a. lo p7 and, lo .e@pe+a.u+e and i. iodide ion

a .e elec.+on dono+ '2aidu, $3(

Lac.o>e++in i an i+on-bindin, bioac.i?e l*cop+o.ein o> .e

.+an>e++in >a@il* .a. con.+ibu.e .o .e con.+ol o> i+on in bioloical>luid Lac.o>e++in inibi. @ic+oo+ani@ b* bindin i+on and

@ain i. una?ailable >o+ @ic+obial de?elop@en. 'S.op>o+. e. al,

$a(

L*oJ*@e i an enJ*@e co@p+iin 1$% a@ino acid c+olined

b* diul>ide bond ')a+i e. al, $4( L*oJ*@e eibi.

an.i@ic+obial ac.i?i.* aain. ?ee.a.i?e cell o> a ide ?a+ie.* o>

o+ani@, includin nu@e+ou >oodbo+ne pa.oen and poilae

@ic+oo+ani@ [email protected]?e bac.e+ia a+e ene+all* le eni.i?e

.an [email protected]?e bac.e+ia .o l*oJ*@e, @ainl* a a +eul. o>

p+o.ec.ion o> .e cell all b* .e ou.e+ @e@b+ane 'onon and

La+on, $( 0e +a.e o> cell ca.al*i b* l*oJ*@e depend upon

.e p7 o> .e @ediu@, oin a bell-ape i. a @ai@u@ a. p7

and in>lec.ion a. p7 3" and 6# '2aidu, $3(

:lan., e+b, and pice, a ell a .ei+ de+i?ed een.ial oil and

ub.ance iola.ed >+o@ di>>e+en. e.+ac., con.ain a la+e nu@be+ o>

co@pound .a. a+e non .o inibi. .e @e.abolic ac.i?i.* o>

bac.e+ia, *ea., and @old 'LopeJ-Malo e. al, $( Fo+ in.ance, i.a been p+o?ed .a. een.ial oil o> anelica, anie, ca++o.,

ca+da@o@, cinna@on, clo?e, co+iande+, dill eed, >ennel, a+lic,

nu.@e, o+eano, pa+le*, +oe@a+*, ae, o+ .*@ol a+e inibi.o+* .o

?a+iou poilae o+ pa.oenic bac.e+ia, @old, and *ea. ')a+i e.

al, $4(

NT")"CR#'"( &$"'(& F"()S+ NT")"CR#'"(,

'RR"&R, N$ )&C6N"C( R#&RT"&S

S.udie on an.i@ic+obial, ba++ie+, and @ecanical p+ope+.ie

ould be co@bined .o co++ec.l* p+edic. .e bea?io+ o> an an-

.i@ic+obial edible >il@ 'Mc7u and C+oc.a, 1%%4H )a+i e. al,

$1( 0e p+ope+.ie o> .ee >il@ a+e .+onl* in>luenced b* .e

.*pe and concen.+a.ion o> .e an.i@ic+obial co@pound and .e na.u+e

o> .e >il@ @a.+i

ntimicrobial ctivity of &dible Films

0e an.i@ic+obial ac.i?i.* o> di>>e+en. pol*acca+ide-baed

'0able $( and p+o.ein-baed '0able 3( edible >il@ con.ainin

an.i@ic+obial aain. i@po+.an. .a+e. pa.oen i p+een.ed

Reul. +epo+.ed in di>>e+en. .udie a+e di >>icul. .o co@pa+e

@ainl* due .o di>>e+ence in [email protected] condi.ion uc a >il@

[email protected], an.i@ic+obial aen. and concen.+a.ion, .+ain, and

concen.+a.ion o> .e .a+e. @ic+oo+ani@ and anal*.ical @e.od

ued .o de.e+@ine .e >il@ an.i@ic+obial ac.i?i.* Fo+ .i +eaon, .e

an.i@ic+obial ac.i?i.* o> .e >il@ i +epo+.ed in .e .able a

inibi.ion ' K( o+ no inibi.ion ' - ( o> .e .a+e. pa.oenic

@ic+oo+ani@ i. no dependence on .e @ani.ude o> .e

inibi.ion, a concluded b* .e au.o+ o> .e di>>e+en. .udie,

acco+din .o .ei+ [email protected] condi.ion

Muc +eea+c o+ +epo+. .e addi.ion o> an.i@ic+obial aen.

.o di>>e+en. >il@ @a.+ie and .ei+ e>>ec. on .e an.i@ic+obial ac.i?i.*

aain. .a+e. pa.oen :ol*acca+ide-baed >il@ con.ainin

an.i@ic+obial aen. .a. a?e been e?alua.ed >o+ .i pu+poeinclude .oe p+epa+ed i. .a+c, celluloe de+i?a.e, ci.oan,

alina.e, and >+ui.-pu+ee Rea+din p+o.einbaed >il@, .e+e a+e

a?ailable .udie on .oe p+epa+ed i. e* p+o.ein iola.ed 'P:I(,

o* p+o.ein, and o* p+o.ein iola.ed 'S:I(, e albu@en 'EA(, PG,

and odiu@ caeina.e F+o@ .e b+oad ?a+ie.* o> .a+e. @ic+obe,

u@an pa.oen o> .e enu (isteria, &scherichia, and Salmonella

a?e been .e @o. idel* .udied

Cellulose-'ased &dible Films

So@e .udie '0able $( +epo+. .e an.i@ic+obial e>>ec. o> niin in

*d+o*p+op*l @e.*lcelluloe '7:M)( >il@ aain. (isteria

monocytogenes A0)) 1313, Staphylococcus aureus I: "16,

2ocuria rhi3ophila A0)) %341, andspergillus niger. 0e addi.ion

o> 1U .ea+ic acid .o 7:M) >il@ dec+eaed >il@ inibi.o+* ac.i?i.*b* # and 4U >o+ (. monocytogenes and S aureus, +epec.i?el*

0i peno@enon a eplained b* elec.+o.a.ic in.e+ac.ion

be.een .e ca.ionic niin and .e anionic >a..* acid, ic dec+eaed

niin deo+p.ion >+o@ .e >il@ 'Seb.i e. al, $$( Si@ila+l*, a 3->old

+educ.ion o> >il@ an.i@ic+obial ac.i?i.* aain. 2. rhi3ophila a

obe+?ed en 1"U @il>a. a added .o .e 7:M) >il@ eb.i e.

al, $, Inco+po+a.ion o> ci.oan .o 7:M) >il@ a. concen.+a.ion

a lo a 1 U '?( oed a [email protected] inibi.ion o> .e >unu .

niger 'Seb.i e. al, $#( On .e o.e+ and, en niin a added .o

c+o-lined 7:M) >il@ '%"U c+o-linin le?el i. ci.+ic acid(,

no an.i@ic+obial ac.i?i.* aain. .e bac.e+ial .+ain )icrococcus

luteus $# a obe+?ed 'Seb.i e. al, $3( 0e au.o+ concluded

.a. 7:M) could po.en.iall* +a>. niin ?ia e.e+ bond >+o@ .e

niin )-.e+@inal ca+bo*lic acid +oup and celluloic *d+o*l

+oup In addi.ion, .e p+i@a+* a@ine +oup >+o@ .e 2-.e+@inal

poi.ion and >+o@ .e l*ine +eidue could +eac. on .e ca+bo*lic

>unc.ion a?ailable on ci.+ic acid .o >o+@ a@ine bond In bo. cae,niin deo+p.ion could be .+onl* +educed, [email protected] >il@

an.i@ic+obial ac.i?i.*

Valencia-)a@o++o e. al '$"( '0able $( e?alua.ed .e in ?i.+o

ac.i?i.* aain. .e ci.+u >+ui. po.a+?e. pa.oen enicillium

digitatum andenicillium italicum o> .and-alone 7:M)-lipid edible

[email protected] >il@ con.ainin >ood p+ee+?a.i?e, uc a @ine+al al.,

o+anic acid al. and .ei+ @i.u+e, pa+aben and .ei+ @i.u+e,

and o.e+ GRAS co@pound

Donloaded b* W9ni?e+i.* Lib+a+* 9.+ec.X a. #!3 % Oc.obe+ $13


8/30

An.i@ic+obialFil@ @a.+i An.i@ic+obial aen. )oncen.+a.ion 0a+e. pa.oen :a.oen inocula.ion ac.i?i.*Q Re>e+ence

2a.a@*cin K+oe@a+* e.+ac. 1 K 1 @1 . niger 14po+e@L K

olu.ion

)i.oan-M) :o.aiu@ o+ba.e, odiu@ 4U R. rubra, . notatum 1 @L o> upenion K ')en e. al, 1%%6(

benJoa.e

)i.oan- L @onoc*.oene 3 cell K 'Molle+ e. al, $4(

)i.oan R. rubra, . notatum 1 @L o> upenion ')en e. al, 1%%6(

:o.aiu@ o+ba.e, odiu@ $U R. rubra, . notatum 1 @L o> upenion

benJoa.e

)i.oan 2i in $1glm( . niger, 2. rhi3ophila A0)) %341 13, 14po+e@L K 'Seb.i e. al, $#(

)i.oan (. monocytogenes 3 # cell pe+ :e.+i di ')o@a e. al, $$(

)i.oan (. monocytogenes 3 cell K 'Molle+ e. al, $4(

)i.oan Ga+lic oil 1 L S aureus,(. monocytogenes,'acillus 1, 16)F9e@L K ':+ano.o e. al, $a(

cereus,

41(lg &scherichia coli, Salmonella 1, 16)F9@L

typhimurium

:o.aiu@ o+ba.e lOO@ S aureus, (. monocytogenes,'. cereus 1, 16)F9@L K

$@ &. coli, S typhimurium 1, 16)F9@L

2i in 1, I9 S aureus, (. monocytogenes,'. cereus 1, 16)F9@L K ':+ano.o e. al, $a(

$4, I9 &. coli, S typhimurium 1)F9@L

)i.oan Fusarium moniliforme, F. 13po+e K 'Seba.ien e. al, $6(

proliferatum,spergillus ochraceus

)i.oan . niger 12po+e:e.+i di K 'Seb.i e. al, $#(

0apioca-.a+c :o.aiu@ o+ba.e 3U ygosaccharomyces bailii 16)F9@L K 'Flo+e e. al, $#b(

Sao .a+c Le@on+a oil 4U &.coli 1#!7# 1, 16)F9@L K 'MaiJu+a e. al, $#(

:ea .a+c G+ape eed e.+ac. 1U (. monocytogenes,S. aureus, 16)F9@L K ')o++ale e. al, $%(

&nterococcus faecium, &.

faecalis,'rochothri thermosphacta

$U S typhimurium,&. coli

Sodiu@ Ga+lic oil $U S aureus, '. cereus 1, 16)F9@L K ':+ano.o e. al, $b(

Sodiu@ Lac.ope+oidae $U &. coli, (isteria innocua, 3 -4 Io )F9@L K 'ene+ e. al, $%(

seudomonas fluorescences

4U &. coli, S typhimurium 1, 16)F9@L

Alina.e-apple O+eano oil ca+?ac+ol 1U &.coli 1#!7# 1)F9@L K 'Roa-G+au e. al,

pu+eeLe@on+a oil ci.+al U

)inna@on oil cinna@alde*de U

Apple pu+ee O+eano oil 1U &.coli 1#!7# 1)F9@L K 'Roa-G+au e. al,

Le@on+a oil U

)inna@on oil U

[email protected] pu+ee )a+?ac+ol #U &.coli 1#!7# 1)F9@L K 'Du e. al, $"(

a An.i@ic+obial ac.i?i.*! = K = T inibi.ionH = - = Tno inibi.ion

b7:M) T *d+o*p+op*l @e.*lcelluloe

=0lI Tin.e+na.ional uni.H 11g co++epond .o 4 I9

dM) T @e.*lcelluloe

Q)l-9 T colon* >o+@in uni.


&&

NNNl Table $ An.i@ic+obial ac.i?i.* o> edible pol*acca+ide-baed [email protected] >il@ con.ainin an.i@ic+obial aen. 4Continued5


9/30

Table An.i@ic+obial ac.i?i.* o> edible p+o.ein-baed [email protected] >il@ con.ainin an.i@ic+obial aen.

An.i@ic+obial

Fil@ @a.+i An.i@ic+obial aen. )oncen.+a.ion 0a+e. pa.oen :a.oen inocula.ion ac.i?i.* Re>e+ence

P:: So+bic acid #U Li.e+ia @onoc*.oene,Ece+icia coli 1 @L ')a+i e. al, $1(789:+6:, Sal@onella .*pi@u+iu@

$T87;

p-a@i@obenJoic acid #U (. monocytogenes,&. coli 1#!7#, S 1 @L typhimurium D014

P:I Lac.o>e++in 1 gig enicillium comune 1po+e 'Min and C+oc.a, $(

Lac.o>e++in 1 gig

Lac.ope+oidae % mglg >il@ P:I Lac.ope+oidae U (. monocytogenes 13)F9bl@L 'Min e. al, $b(P:I Lac.ope+oidae 3U Salmonella enterica, &.coli 1#!7# 1")F9 'Min e. al, $a(P:I O+eano oil $U &.coli 1#!7#, Staphylococcus aureus, 1")F9@L 'Se*di@ and Sa+iu,

Salmonella enteriditis, (.

monocytogenes, (actobacillusplant arum

Ga+lic oil 3U &.coli 1#!7#,S aureus,S. enteriditis,(. monocytogenes, (.

plant arum

Roe@a+* oil 4U &.coli 1#!7#, S aureus, S

enteriditis,(. monocytogenes,(.

plant arum

P:I, S:I),

EAd,2iin 4 I911 >il@ di (. monocytogenes 13)F9 'Co e. al, $1(

S:I 2iin ci.+ic acid $ I9I p+o.ein (. monocytogenes,Salmonella 16)F9 'Ea+ananda@ e. al,gaminara,&. coli 1#!7#

2iin lac.ic acid2iin @alic acid2iin .a+.a+ic acid

S:I G+ape eed e.+ac. 1U (. monocytogenes 16)F9@L 'Si?a+ooban e. al, $"(2iin 1, I9l

Sodiu@-ED0A 16U

G+ape eed e.+ac. 1U S typhimurium,&. coli 789:+6: 16)F9@L

G+a e eed e.+ac. 1U 1, I9l (. monocytogenes,S. typhimurium,&. niin 16U 1#!7#odiu@-ED0A

Sodiu@ Sodiu@ lac.a.e 4U (. monocytogenes 12)F9c@2 'C+i.o e. al, $"(:o.aiu@ o+ba.e $U

2iin #U



10/30

aDp+ T e* p+o.ein iola.edcF9 T colon* >o+@in uni.

cp+ T o* p+o.ein iola.ed dEAT e albu@en

eo T ea. lu.enL+u T in.e+na.ional uni.H 1 g co++epond .o 4 I9

!=4=4l odiu@-ED0A Todiu@ e.*[email protected].+aace.a.e

'


11/30

"" S A VALE2)IA-)7AMORRO E0 AL

0ee >ood addi.i?e ad on an.i>unal ac.i?i.* aain. .ee

pa.oen en applied a aueou olu.ion ':alau e. al, $$H

Mon.eino-7e++e+o e. al, $%( 0e [email protected] o> .e an.i>unal

ac.i?i.* o> .e >il@ a baed on .e aa+ di>>uion .e., in ic .e

[email protected]+ o> .e inibi.ion a+ea u++oundin a >il@ di placed on

[email protected] aa+ @edia a @eau+ed and co@pa+ed .o .a.

obe+?ed i. con.+ol >il@ p+epa+ed i.ou. .e co++epondin >oodp+ee+?a.i?e Fil@ con.ainin odiu@ al. o> pa+aben a. a

concen.+a.ion o> 1 U o+ .ei+ @i.u+e '1U( e+e .e @o. e>>ec.i?e

in inibi.in .e +o. o> bo.. digitatum and. italicum. A@on

all o+anic acid al. .e.ed, onl* >il@ con.ainin :S '$U( and S;

'$U( clea+l* inibi.ed .e +o. o> bo. pa.oen Su+p+iinl*,

no addi.i?e o+ *ne+i.ic e>>ec. >o+ @old inibi.ion e+e obe+?ed

i. >il@ con.ainin @i.u+e o> >ood p+ee+?a.i?e i> co@pa+ed .o

.e ue o> inle an.i>unal co@pound I. a +epo+.ed .a. .e

an.i@ic+obial ac.i?i.* o> .e >il@ con.ainin >ood p+ee+?a.i?e e+e

.+onl* in>luenced b* .e .*pe o> an.i@ic+obial co@pound 'iJe,

ape, and pola+i.*(, i. concen.+a.ion, and .e na.u+e o> .e >il@

@a.+i

0e+e a+e >e .udie in .e li.e+a.u+e on @e.*lcelluloe 'M)(>il@ con.ainin an.i@ic+obial aen. M) >il@ con.ainin $U

o+anic acid al., :S, o+ S;, e+e ?e+* ac.i?e aain. .e

@ic+oo+ani@ Rodotorula rubra and enicillium notatum,

p+o?idin clea+ inibi.o+* Jone a+ound >il@ di pla.ed in aa+

@edia ')en e. al, 1%%6( 0e addi.ion o> na.a@*cin and +oe@a+*

e.+ac., alone o+ in [email protected], .o M) >il@ oed di>>e+en.

an.i@ic+obial e>>ec. aain. . niger and enicillium ro!uefortii.

0e @ini@u@ inibi.o+* concen.+a.ion 'MI)( ?alue o> na.a@*cin

e+e $ and 1 @ pe+ 1 o> >il@ olu.ion aain. . niger and.

ro!uefortii, +epec.i?el* Roe@a+* e.+ac. did no. o an*

inibi.o+* an.i>unal ac.i?i.* aloneH oe?e+, i. ac.ed *ne+i.icall*

i. na.a@*cin .o p+e?en. .e +o. o> . niger. 0u, al.ou

concen.+a.ion o> na.a@*cin o> 1 @ pe+ 1 o> >il@ olu.ion e+eno. e>>ec.i?e aain. A. niger, .e [email protected] o> .i co@pound a.

.i concen.+a.ion i. +oe@a+* e.+ac. a.i>ac.o+il* inibi.ed .e

+o. o> .i @old '0li+e e. al, $%b (

Chitosan-'ased &dible Films

)i.oan abili.* .o >o+@ edible >il@ and i. an.i@ic+obial ac.i?i.*

aain. a b+oad pec.+u@ o> @ic+obe @ae i. one o> .e @o.

.udied biopol*@e+ Reul. o .a. .e an.i@ic+obial ac.i?i.* o>

ci.oan >il@ depend p+i@a+il* on .e .+ain o> .e .a+e.

@ic+oo+ani@ and .e aa* condi.ion '0able $( )o@a e. al '$$(

+epo+.ed no inibi.ion >+o@ ci.oan >il@ depoi.ed on aa+ @ediu@

inocula.ed i. (. monocytogenes a>.e+ $4 ou+ o> incuba.ion

7oe?e+, ci.oan >il@ oed 1U inibi.ion o> (.

monocytogenes >o+ a. lea. " da* en .e bac.e+icidal ac.i?i.* a

@eau+ed b* epi>luo+ecence .ecniue 0e au.o+ .a.ed .a.

unde+ .e condi.ion .e.ed, ci.oan a incapable o> di>>uin

.+ou .e adacen. aa+ @ediu@, indica.in .e i@po+.ance o> .e

.e. @e.odolo* 0ee +eea+ce+ alo obe+?ed a dec+eae in .e

an.ibac.e+ial e>>ec. o>

ci.oan i. .i@e, ic a a..+ibu.ed .o a dec+ea

a?ailabili.* o> a@ino-+oup o> ci.oan Molle+ e.

+epo+.ed .a. a @ini@u@ o> 1 U ci.oan con.en. a +

ci.oan >il@ .o @ain.ain a ini>ican. an.i-li.e+ia ac.i?i.

aa+ pla.e @e.od, e+ea .e ind o> ol?en. 'a.e+, aue

acid, and e.anol( ued .o p+epa+e .e >il@ did no. in>luenc

li.e+ia ac.i?i.* o> .e ci.oan >il@)i.oan >il@ con.ainin $U o> :S o+ S; did no. clea

.e +o. o>R. rubra and . notatum in aa+ di>>uion .e.

al, 1%%6( 0ee au.o+ concluded .a. .e in.e+ac.ion

ci.oan and .e p+ee+?a.i?e inibi.ed .ei+ +eleae An i

.e concen.+a.ion o> p+ee+?a.i?e .o U +eul.ed in clea+

Jone in .e aa+ i. ci.oan >il@, indica.in .a. .e bi

>o+ addi.i?e e+e p+eu@abl* a.u+a.ed a. .i i con

:+ano.o e. al '$a( i@p+o?ed .e an.i@ic+obial ac.i?i.* o

>il@ aain. pa.oenic bac.e+ia .+ou .e addi.ion o>

bial aen., uc a a+lic oil, :S and niin 0e addi.ion o

up .o le?el o> a. lea. 1 1(lg o> ci.oan, :S a. 1 @

niin a. 1, I9 +e?ealed an i@po+.an. an.i@ic+ob

aain. S aureus, (. monocytogenes, and'acillus cereus..ee >il@ did no. o inibi.o+* ac.i?i.* aain.&sche

and Salmonella typhimurium. 0e* ue.ed .a. .i be

due .o .e ie+ eni.i?i.* o> [email protected]?e bac.e+

an.i@ic+obial aen. )i.oan >il@ a?e alo been e>>ec.

con.+ol o> @old uc a Fusarium moniliforme,

proliferatum, andspergillus ochraceus. A [email protected] o

and pol*lac.ic acid alo p+een.ed conide+able an.i>un

'Seba.ien e. al, $6(

Se?e+al o+e+ a?e a.i>ac.o+il* @odi>ied ci.oan a

@ean o> blendin i. o.e+ pol*@e+ .o i@p+o?e .e >il@

p+ope+.ie 0e i@ila+i.* o> celluloe and ci.oan in

.+uc.u+e a >acili.a.ed .e >[email protected] o> o@oeneou

>il@ Molle+ e. al '$4( +epo+.ed .a. 1 U o> ci.oan in7:M) [email protected] >il@ a e>>ec.i?e aain.(. monocytog

inco+po+a.ion o> .ea+ic acid in.o .e >il@->o+@in olu.i

in>luence .e an.i-li.e+ia ac.i?i.* o> .e >il@ 7oe?e+,

e+e c+o-lined i. ci.+ic acid .e an.i-li.e+ia ac.i?i.*

a lo., p+obabl* due .o a ce@ical +eac.ion o> .e a@

ic i e?en.uall* +eponible >o+ .e an.i-li.e+ia a

ano.e+ .ud*, ci.oan-M) >il@ con.ainin 4U :S o+ S

clea+ inibi.o+* Jone in .e aa+ @ediu@ a+ound .e >il@

.e.ed aain.R. rubra and . notatum ')en e. al, 1%%6(

Starch-'ased &dible Films

Di>>e+en. .*pe o> .a+c-baed >il@ con.ainin an.

aen. uc a :S o+ na.u+al co@pound lie le@on+a

eed e.+ac. 'GSE( a?e on an.i@ic+obial ac.i?i

di>>e+en. pa.oen '0able $( Sao .a+c-alina.e >il@

le@on+a oil a. concen.+a.ion o> 1 .o 4U eibi.

inibi.ion Jone a+ound .e >il@ di aain. &. coli. 0

inibi.ion inc+eaed ini>ican.l* a


12/30

A20IMI)RO;IAL EDI;LE )OA0I2GS FOR 7OR0I)9L09RAL :ROD9)E ""1

le@on+a oil con.en. inc+eaed in .e p+eence o> l*ce+ol 0i

+eul. a a..+ibu.ed .o .e inc+eaed olubili.* o> le@on+a oil in

.e @a.+i and .e coneuen. @o+e uni>o+@ dipe+ion o> .e oil in

.e >il@ 5aiJu+a e. al, $1X(

:ea .a+c >il@ con.ainin GSE +ea.l* inibi.ed .e +o. o>

all [email protected]?e bac.e+ia .e.ed, e+ea .e >il@ e+e no.

e>>ec.i?e aain. .e [email protected]?e bac.e+ia S typhimurium and&.

coli 5o++ale e. al, $$Y( ;ac.e+ial +o. inibi.ion a

p+obabl* due .o .e p+eence o> econda+* @e.aboli.e uc a

pol*penol in .e eed e.+ac. 0ee +eea+ce+ au@ed .a.

.ee pol*penol could pene.+a.e .e e@ipe+@eable [email protected]?e

bac.e+ial @e@b+ane +eac.in in .e c*.opla@ i. cellula+ p+o.ein

In con.+a., .e lipidic all o> [email protected]?e bac.e+ia +ep+een.ed an

i@paable ba++ie+ >o+ e.+ac.ed pol*penol .o e. in.o .e

c*.opla@

lginate-'ased &dible Films

Sodiu@ alina.e >il@ con.ainin lac.ope+oidae o+ a+lic oil

p+een.ed ini>ican. an.i@ic+obial ac.i?i.* aain. di>>e+en.

pa.oenic bac.e+ia '0able $H :+ano.o e. al, $bH ene+ e. al,

$%( 7oe?e+, .e inco+po+a.ion o> a+lic oil .o odiu@ alina.e

>il@ +educed .e an.i@ic+obial e>>ec. o> a+lic oil applied alone A.

1 U '??(, a+lic oil in .e nu.+ien. b+o. dec+eaed ?iable cell

coun. o>'. cereus, S aureus, &. coli, and S typhimuriumb* 61,

43, $$", and 1$4 lo c*cle, +epec.i?el* Pen a+lic oil a

inco+po+a.ed .o odiu@ alina.ed >il@, a concen.+a.ion o> $U a

needed in aa+ di>>uion .e. .o obe+?e a clea+ inibi.o+* Jone

aain. S aureus and '. cereus< ile e?en a. a concen.+a.ion o>

4U a+lic oil .e [email protected]?e bac.e+ia S typhimurium and&. coli

e+e no. e>>ec.i?el* inibi.ed 0ee +eul. e+e coni.en. i. an

in ?i.+o .e. in nu.+ien. b+o., in ic &. coli and S typhimurium

e+e @o+e +ei.an. .o a+lic oil .an S aureus and '. cereus

':+ano.o e. al, $b(

Fruit-'ased &dible Films

Di>>e+en. >+ui.-baed >il@ p+epa+ed i. plan. een.ial oil o+

.ei+ @ao+ con.i.uen. a?e been e>>ec.i?e .o con.+ol @ic+obial

+o. '0able $( In +ecen. o+, edible [email protected] >il@ con.ainin

ca+?ac+ol e+e e>>ec.i?e .o inibi. .e @ic+obial +o. o> &. coli.

An.i@ic+obial aa* i. [email protected] >il@ indica.ed .a. ca+?ac+ol

le?el e+e [email protected]* o> #U en added .o [email protected] pu+ee

be>o+e >il@ p+epa+a.ion 7:L) anal*i o> .e >il@ indica.ed .a. .e

ca+?ac+ol concen.+a.ion and bac.e+icidal ac.i?i.* o> .e >il@

+e@ained uncaned o?e+ a .o+ae pe+iod o> up .o %" da* a. o+

$Z) 'Du e. al, $"( In o.e+ +eea+c, .e an.i@ic+obial ac.i?i.ie

o> o+eano een.ial oil in apple pu+ee edible >il@, aain. &. coli

1#!7# e+e ini>ican.l* ie+ .an .a. o> cinna@on o+

le@on+a oil 'Roa-G+au e. al, $6( Si@ila+ +eul. e+e

+epo+.ed b* .i +eea+c +oup i. alina.e-apple pu+ee edible >il@

con.ainin plan. een.ial oil uc a o+eano oil, cinna@on oil, o+

le@on+a oil, o+ oil co@pound uc a ca+?ac+ol, cinna@alde*de,

o+ ci.+al

A@on all o> .e@, ca+?ac+ol and o+eano oil eibi.ed .e

.+one. an.i@ic+obial ac.i?i.* aain.&. coli a. a concen.+a.ion o>

1 U, e+ea a concen.+a.ion a i a U o> .e o.e+

co@pound a +eui+ed .o inibi. .e @ic+obial +o. on aa+

pla.e 'Roa-G+au e. al, $#a(

rotein-'ased &dible Films

A@on >il@ p+epa+ed i. p+o.ein, P:I >il@ a?e been .e.ed

i. a +ea. nu@be+ o> an.i@ic+obial aen. includin o+anic acid

and .ei+ al., pol*pep.ide, een.ial oil, na.u+al e.+ac., and o.e+

an.i@ic+obial co@pound '0able 3( P:I >il@ con.ainin o+bic acid

o+ p-a@inobenJoic acid e+e e>>ec.i?e aain.(. monocytogenes, &.

coli, and S typhimurium ')a+i e. al, $1( In ene+al, a .e

concen.+a.ion o> .e an.i@ic+obial aen. in .e >il@ inc+eaed '+ane

-1U (, .e ac.i?i.* o> .e >il@ in aa+ di>>uion .e. alo

inc+eaed Since .e undiocia.ed >o+@ o> ea acid a. lo p7

inc+eaed .e abili.* .o pene.+a.e .e c*[email protected] @e@b+ane o> .e

bac.e+ia, a p7 adu.@en. .o $ uin lac.ic o+ ace.ic acidini>ican.l* inc+eaed .e an.i@ic+obial e>>ec. o> .ee >il@

Acco+din .o di>>e+en. +eea+c 'Min e. al, $a,bH Min and

C+oc.a, $H Se* di@ and Sa+iu, $6(, P:I >il@ p+een.ed

i an.i@ic+obial ac.i?i.* aain. . comune, (. monocytogenes,

Salmonella enterica, and&. coli i++epec.i?e o> .e concen.+a.ion o>

pol*pec.ic an.i@ic+obial lie lac.ope+oidae o+ lac.o>e++in, and .e

@ic+obial .e. ued Fu+.e+@o+e, P:I >il@ con.ainin o+eano o+

a+lic oil e+e e>>ec.i?e aain. &. coli, S aureus, Salmonella

enteriditis, (. monocytogenes, and (actobacillus plantarum, ile

>il@ con.ainin +oe@a+* oil ad no ac.i?i.* aain. .e a@e

pa.oenic bac.e+ia 'Se*di@ and Sa+iu, $6(

Co e. al '$1( .udied .e e>>ec. o> niin inco+po+a.ed .o >il@

p+o.ein @a.+ie uc a P:I, S:I, EA o+ PG A@on .e .e.ed >il@@a.+ie, P:I >il@ con.ainin niin e+e .e @o. e>>ec.i?e in

+educin (. monocytogenes coun., e+ea PG >il@ oed .e

loe. an.i@ic+obial ac.i?i.* 0ee +eul. co++ela.ed i. >il@

u+>ace *d+opobici.*, indica.in .a. niin a @o+e ac.i?e >o+

inibi.ion o>(. monocytogenes in *d+opobic >il@, uc a .oe

@ade i. P:I, .an in le *d+opobic >il@, uc a .oe

p+epa+ed i. PG A niin concen.+a.ion inc+eaed >+o@ 4 .o 16

I9 pe+ >il@ di, .e inibi.o+* ac.i?i.* o> all .e.ed >il@

p+o+ei?el* inc+eaed In addi.ion, edible >il@ con.ainin niin in

an acidic en?i+on@en. ee+.ed a +ea.e+ inibi.o+* e>>ec. aain. .e

pa.oen becaue niin i @o+e ac.i?e a. acidic condi.ion

'Claena@@e+, 1%%3(

0e inco+po+a.ion o> niin and o+anic acid 'ci.+ic, lac.ic, @alic,o+ .a+.a+ic acid( .o S:I >il@ a .e.ed in o+de+ .o i@p+o?e .e >il@

an.i@ic+obial ac.i?i.* aain. (. monocytogenes, Salmonella

gaminara, and &.coli 1#!7# 'Ea+ananda@ e. al, $4( 0e

an.i@ic+obial ac.i?i.* o> .ee >il@ a ep+eed in .e+@ o> .e

inibi.ion Jone in aa+ pla.e and .e lo nu@be+ o> u+?i?o+ Pi.

S:I >il@, onl* L. monocytogenes a inibi.ed b* .e co@bined

e>>ec. o> niin and o+anic acid a. all concen.+a.ion .e.ed '+ane

%-$6U '(( and Sgaminara and&. coli e+e onl* inibi.ed b*

.e


13/30

Table 4 Mecanical and ba++ie+ p+ope+.ie o> pol*acca+ide-baed edible [email protected] >il@ con.ainin an.i@ic+obial aen.

Mecanical p+ope+.ie ;a++ie+

+o e+.iePa.e+ ?apo+ pe+@eabili.*

wvrP ' opd 'c@3

Fil@ @a.+i An.i@ic+obial aen. )oncen.+a.ion Ma'M:a

0Sb'M:a( E)'U( da* :a( i:l R71 1m=m2da* Re>e+ence

7:M)-.ea+ic 2i in 14+uH@L 66 #4 -- 'Seb.i e. al,

7:M) )on.+o.i 1% 34 66 'Seb.i e. al,

2iin 'U c+o-lined 14, 1I9@L $1 3$ $"

7:M)-ci.+ic acid(

2iin '%"U c+o-lined 14I9@L 14 $# $#

7:M)-ci.+ic acid(

7:M) )on.+ol 1% 34 66 'Molle+ e. al,

$4(

)i.oan-7:M) 1" $4 3%

)i.oan-7:M)- 31 3 1".ea+ic

acid

7:M)-lipid :o.aiu@ o+ba.e $U 64$ $ 1 1"% "-- 131 'Valencia-

)a@o++o e.

$"(

Sodiu@ benJoa.e $U 6"4 "$- "$

:o.aiu@ o+ba.e K odiu@ 1 K U 3$1 1 #" 1##1 #"- $%3#

p+opiona.e

Sodiu@ benJoa.e K $ K U 331 $ % "" 6"- 1646

po.aiu@ o+ba.e

Sodiu@ benJoa.e K odiu@ $ K U 3$% 16 % ##" "6- 1#4

p+opiona.e

Sodiu@ al. o> e.*l 1U 13 6 $% $66 %6- #$3#

Sodiu@ al. o> p+op*l 1U 1#1% 11 4" $6 %#- "663

pa+aben

7:M) 0ea .+ee een.ial oil 16%# % 1 #3 1-4 'SanceJ-

GonJaleJ e.

$%(

0ea .+ee een.ial oil $U %6 4$ 11 4"

M)i )on.+ol 313$ 366 #4 "4 --1 '0ii+e e. al,

$%a(

2a.a@*cin $ @1 >il@ 3"# 3#$ 6 "$3

olu.ion

2a.a@*cin K+oe@a+* 1 K 1 @1 4$6" 361 6$$ %31

e.+ac. >il@ olu.ion

)i.oan-M) )on.+ol $" 1%6 ')en e. al,

:o.aiu@ o+ba.e 4U 3" $"

Sodiu@ benJoa.e 3 $$

)i.oan 11 $3 $$ -- 'Seba.ien e.

$6(

4Continued on net page5

&&

&&V

""$ S A VALE2)IA-)7AMORRO E0 AL

[email protected] o> niin i. ci.+ic, @alic o+ .a+.a+ic acid a. con-

cen.+a.ion o> 1" o+ $6U Lac.ic acid, oe?e+, onl* li.l*

inibi.ed Sgaminara and&. coli. On .e o.e+ and, >il@ i. $6U

o+anic acid i.ou. niin i@ila+l* inibi.ed (. monocytogenes and

.ei+ an.i-al@onella ac.i?i.* a loe+ .an .a. o> .e niin-o+anic

acid [email protected] In a +ecen. o+, ni in, GSE,

e.*[email protected].+aace.ic acid 'ED0A( and .ei+ [email protected] e+e

added .o S:I >il@ and .e.ed aain. (. monocytogenes, S

typhimurium, and &. coli 1#!7# 'Si?a+ooban e. al, $"( (.

monocytogenes a @o+e eni.i?e .o ?a+iou [email protected] o>

an.i@ic+obial .an .e o.e+ .o pa.oen 0e au.o+ poin.ed ou.

.a. bo. penolic and niin ac. upon .e c*.opla@ic @e@b+ane o>

.e bac.e+ia, .u .e addi.i?e o+ *ne+i.ic e>>ec. o> [email protected] o>

.ee co@pound could enance .e inibi.o+* ac.i?i.* aain. (.

monocytogenes. 0e loe+ inibi.o+* ac.i?i.* o> co@bined GSE and

niin aain. S typhimurium and&. coli 1#!7# @i. be +ela.ed

i. .e .+uc.u+e o> .e cell @e@b+ane

'arrier and )echanical roperties of ntimicrobial &dible

Films

0e ba++ie+ and @ecanical p+ope+.ie o> >il@ depend baicall*

on in.+inic >ac.o+ uc a >il@ [email protected], .icne, and

p+epa+a.ion .ecniue, bu. alo on o.e+ econda+* >ac.o+ lie .e

.e. condi.ion 0e+e>o+e, .e inco+po+a.ion o> addi.ional in+edien.

includin an.i@ic+obial >ood addi.i?e o+ o.e+ aen. in.o edible

>il@ @a* caue ini>ican. cane on .e @ecanical and ba++ie+p+ope+.ie .a. need .o be ea@ined en ne >il@ a+e de?eloped

'G+eene+-Donoe and Fenne@a, 1%%4( 0able 4 and o .e

@ecanical and ba++ie+ p+ope+.ie o> edible >il@ con.ainin

an.i@ic+obial aen. :+ope+.ie o> con.+ol +e>e+ .o .oe o> .e a@e

>il@ p+epa+ed i.ou. .e addi.ion o> an.i@ic+obial aen.

)onide+in all .e di>>e+en. >ac.o+ .a. a>>ec. >il@ p+ope+.ie, i. i

?e+* di>>icul. .o co@pa+e .e pe+>o+@ance o> di>>e+en. >il@ in

di>>e+en. +eea+c .udie 7oe?e+, becaue uc co@pa+ion i

i@po+.an., i. ill be @ade en poible in .i +e?ie

In .e li.e+a.u+e, pol*acca+ide-baed edible >il@ con.ainin

an.i@ic+obial aen. p+een.ed a ide +ane o> PV: ?alue '1-1##

@@@$ da* :a( dependin on >il@ [email protected] and R7 +adien.

So@e 7:M), ci.oan, alina.e, o+ ao .a+c >il@ p+een.ed PV:

?alue loe+ .an 3 @@@$da* :a a. a ,6R7 a+ound --U o+

-1U PV: ?alue e+e ie+ in o@e 7:M)-lipid, M), pea

.a+c o+ [email protected] pu+ee >il@ '-% @@@ $ da* :a(, and .e

ie. PV: ?alue e+e .oe o> 7:M)-lipid >il@ con.ain :S,alina.e-apple pu+ee, and apple pu+ee >il@'[ 1$ @@@ $da* :a(

'0able 4( 0e i PV: ?alue >o+ M) >il@ could be +ela.ed .o

i R7 du+in .e PV: @eau+e@en. '-1U(, ince .e PV:

o> *d+opilic >il@ i il* in>luenced b* R7 7oe?e+, alina.e-

apple pu+ee >il@ p+een.ed a i PV:, e?en a. ,6R7 i@ila+ .o

o.e+ pol*acca+ide >il@ Di>>e+ence a@on 7:M)-lipid >il@

@a* be due .o ei.e+ in.e+ac.ion be.een .e an.i@ic+obial aen. and

.e

>il@ @a.+i o+ @all di>>e+ence in >il@ [email protected] Si@ila+l* .o

PV:, .e @ecanical p+ope+.ie M, 0S, and E o> an* >il@ clea+l*

depend on .e .*pe o> >il@ @a.+i and >il@ [email protected] I. i uual .o

>ind in .e li.e+a.u+e .a. edible >il@ con.ainin an.i@ic+obial aen.

ad M, 0S, and E ?alue loe+ .an 3 M:a, 6 M:a, and #4U,

+epec.i?el* Ecep.ion a+e [email protected] pu+ee-, M)-, o+ o@e 7:M)-

lipid baed >il@ .a. ad M ?alue ie+ .an 13 M:a, o+ pea

.a+c >il@ i. 0S ?alue ie+ .an M:a

Cellulose-'ased &dible Films

Seb.i e. al '$$H $3( .udied .e e>>ec. o> .ea+ic acid and .e

de+ee o> c+o-linin le?el o> 7:M)-niin >il@ on .e >il@

@ecanical p+ope+.ie and PV: )i.+ic acid a ued a .e c+o-

linin aen. .o p+oduce >il@ i. -%"U c+olinin le?el 0e

addi.ion o> 1U '( o> .ea+ic acid i@p+o?ed .e >il@ @oi.u+e

ba++ie+, bu. +educed .e @ecanical +ei.ance i. a dec+eae in >il@

ela.ici.* and e.enibili.* 0e nea.i?e e>>ec. o> lipid addi.ion .o

di>>e+en. pol*@e+ @a.+ie a been +epea.edl* obe+?ed in @an*

+eea+c o+ and i. i uuall* a..+ibu.ed .o .e pa+.ial +eplace@en.

o> .e pol*@e+ b* .e lipid in .e >il@ @a.+i, ic >la?o+ .e

di+up.ion o> .e >il@ )on.+a+* .o a. a epec.ed, an inc+eae in

c+olinin dec+eaed M, ic @i. be eplained b* a ie+

e.e+oenei.* o> .e pace be.een c+o-lin +ela.ed .o .e e.e+

bond +a.e .a. induced .e >[email protected] o> c+ac and .e o+.

@ecanical p+ope+.ie o> c+o-lined >il@

Valencia-)a@o++o e. al '$"( oed .a. .e ba++ie+ and

@ecanical p+ope+.ie o> an.i@ic+obial 7:M)-lipid [email protected] >il@depended on lipid [email protected] ';P and ellac p+opo+.ion( and .e

p+ope+.ie o> .e >ood p+ee+?a.i?e 7:M)-lipid >il@ con.ainin :S

alone o+ co@bined i. odiu@ p+opiona.e 'S:( eibi.ed ie+

PV: .an i@ila+ >il@ con.ainin o.e+ al. o> o+anic acid,

concludin .an :S @odi>ied .e 7:M)lipid >il@ .+uc.u+e in a

+ea.e+ e.end .an .e o.e+ al. .e.ed On .e o.e+ and, >il@

con.ainin pa+aben ad .e loe. PV:, ic a a..+ibu.ed .o

in.e+ac.ion o> pa+aben i. .e pol*@e+ @a.+i 0e di>>e+ence in

>il@ @ecanical p+ope+.ie e+e @ainl* +ela.ed .o .e di>>e+en.

ce@ical .+uc.u+e o> .e >ood p+ee+?a.i?e ued a an.i@ic+obial

in+edien. Fil@ con.ainin :S and .e @i.u+e :S K S: oedloe+ M and 0S and ie+ E ?alue .an .e +e. o> >il@, ic

indica.ed a ie+ de+ee o> >il@ >leibili.* In con.+a., .e addi.ion

o> pa+aben +eul.ed in an i@po+.an. inc+eae o> M and 0S ?alue

and a +educ.ion o> E, +educin >leibili.* and con>e++in .i>>ne .o

.e >il@ 0e ie+ >leibili.* o> >il@ con.ainin :S a a..+ibu.ed

.o .e .+ai. cain @olecula+ .+uc.u+e o> .i co@pound, icallo i. .o pene.+a.e @o+e eail* in.o .e >il@ @a.+i .an pa+aben

'benJene +in(, con>e++in @o+e @obili.* be.een .e 7:M)

cain

0e een.ial oil o>)elaleuca alternifolia, alo non a .ea .+ee

een.ial oil '00O(, a been in?e.ia.ed a a poible an.i@ic+obial

aen., oin a ide pec.+u@ o> ac.ion aain. >uni, *ea.,

?i+ue, and bac.e+ia SanceJ-GonJaleJ e. al



14/30

&&&&

KKGK

Table 4 Mecanical and ba++ie+ p+ope+.ie o> pol*acca+ide-baed edible [email protected] >il@ con.ainin an.i@ic+obial aen. 4Continued5

Mecanical p+ope+.ie;a++ie+

+o e+.ie

Pa.e+ ?apo+ pe+@eabili.*

wvrP ' opd 'c@3

Fil@ @a.+i An.i@ic+obial aen. )oncen.+a.ion Ma'M:a( 0Sb'M:a( E)'U( da* :a( i:l R71 1m=m2da* Re>e+ence

)i.oan )on.+ol 3# 3 $ ':+ano.o e. al,

$a(

Ga+lic oil 1 L 334 3 $

41(lg $% $ 3

:o.aiu@ o+ba.e 1 @ $64 31 $

$ @ 13 4% 42i in 1, I9 $3# 141 $

$4, I9 136 3# 3

:ea .a+c )on.+ol 13 36% 6$6 1--1 11 ')o++ale e. al,

$%(

G+ape eed e.+ac. 1U $4% 61 #6 31

0apioca-.a+c )on.+ol 'lon ela.inaJ.ion $% $4 44 43- 'Fa@a e. al,

.i@e, lo d+*in +a.e( $(

al, $#a(

:o.aiu@ o+ba.e 'lon 3U #6 # $# 44-

ela.inaJ.ion .i@e, lo

d+*in +a.e(

)on.+ol 'lon ela.inaJ.ion 13 $ # 41-

.i@e, >a. d+*in +a.e(

:o.aiu@ o+ba.e 'lon 3U 43 6 # 4$-

ela.inaJ.ion .i@e, >a.

d+*in +a.e(

)on.+ol 'lon ela.inaJ.ion 3$ 1 1$44 4%-

.i@e, >a. d+*in +a.e(

:o.aiu@ o+ba.e 'lon 3U 13 $ 13%1 --

ela.inaJ.ion .i@e, >a.d+*in +a.e(

Sao .a+c-

)on.+ol 16 3# $# 'MaiJu+a e. al,

$#(

Le@on+a oil 4U 1$% 13$ 34 $-

Sodiu@ alina.e )on.+ol 661 41 $3 --1 ':+ano.o e. al,

$b(

Ga+lic oil 1U 64# 41 1"#

$U $ 44 $1"

3U 4%1 4" $34

4U 3"# $# 3%



15/30

Alina.e-apple pu+ee )on.+ol #1 $% 11 11"" --6 1$ 'Roa-G+ail e.

$#a(

O+eano oil 1U " $ # 1$6 --64 11

)a+?ac+ol 6 $6 "3 1$ --64 1%

Le@on+a oil U 6 $6 6 11#" --66 %4

)i.+al 6 $ #4 1$$% --64 %%

)inna@on oil 6% $" #% 11#6 --6 1

)inna@alde*de 6" $" 14% --6# 11

Apple pu+ee )on.+ol 1 6 $4 16% --63 $$6 'Roa-G+ail e.

$6(

O+eano oil 1U 4# 6 $6 14"1 --63 3"1

Le@on+a oil U 4 6 $4" 1"% --64 33

)inna@on oil U 4 6 $$6 163# --63 3$3

[email protected] pu+ee )on.+ol 'ba.c-ca. @e.od( $4"1 114 11$ "6 -"$ 'Du e. al,

)a+?ac+ol 'ba.c-ca. 1U 1"#$ "% 116 6$# -"$

@e.od(

)on.+ol 'con.inuou- ca. 316% 13# %6 $" -"@e.od(

)a+?ac+ol 'con.inuou-ca. 1U $%1 14 "6 4# -"3

@e.od(

a*M T oun=

@odulub0S T .enile

cE T elona.ion a.

dop T o*en pe+@eabili.*

eD*p T a.e+ ?apo+ pe+@eabili.*1L\. R7 T +ela.i?e u@idi.* +adien.7:M) T *d+o*p+op*l @e.*lcelluloe

ro Tin.e+na.ional uni.H 1 g co++epond .o 4 I9icon.+ol a+e >il@ i.ou. an.i@ic+obial aen.

iM) T @e.*lcelluloe



16/30

Table Mecanical and ba++ie+ p+ope+.ie o> p+o.ein-baed edible [email protected] >il@ con.ainin an.i@ic+obial aen.

Mecanical p+ope+.ie ;a++ie+ p+ope+.ie

Pa.e+ ?apo+ pe+@eabili.*

PV:'@@@2 O: 'c@31mlm2

Fil@ @a.+i An.i@ic+obial aen. )oncen.+a.ion M'M:

0S E'U

da* :a( L=4l R7'U( da*:a( Re>e+ence

P:I )on.+ol % 64 $#$ --" ')a+i e. al,

So+bic acid 1U 36 #3 43" --"

p-a@i@obenJoic acid 1U 3 3 61 --"

P:I )on.+ol $ 34" -1 'Co e. al, $1(

2iin $@@L 3 3"$ -1

P:I )on.+ol "4 33 $#6 %6 -- 'OJde@i+ and

Flo+o, $"a,b(

:o.aiu@ o+ba.e 1U 444 36 #$ $3%3

P:I )on.+ol $441 34" -1 'Co e. al, $1(

2iin $@@L $444 3"$

S:I )on.+ol "6 413

2iin $@@L 14 4$

EA )on.+ol 1" #"

2iin $@@L 14 $"

PG )on.+ol 1" 634

2iin $@@L $ 16

P:I )on.+ol $1% $3 14#

$$"" 'Min and

$(

Lac.ope+oidae % '@ >il@( $3$ $3 14

$31#

P:I )on.+ol $" 11 11%

$#1 'Min e. al,

Lac.ope+oidae 1 '@ >il@( 1#$ $1 1$%

141

PG )on.+ol $"" $1 $$4

1644 -1 '0u+e e. al,

Sodiu@ )on.+ol $4 63 3 14 3-#% 'C+i.o e. al,

$"((

Sodiu@ lac.a.e 1U 14 3" 3 $" 3-#$

:o.aiu@ o+ba.e 4U $ " $ %4 3-6

1U $3 # $3 3-#

Sodiu@ 2iin $U % $" $" 33 3-#1 'C+i.o e. al,

#U $$ 63 4 14 3-#"

#U 16 3-#6

)on.+ol a+e >il@ i.ou. an.i@ic+obial

a en. Abb+e?ia.ion a+e .oe dec+ibed in 0able 3 and 4

&&

&&Vl


&&&&

'


17/30


18/30

A20IMI)RO;IAL EDI;LE )OA0I2GS FOR 7OR0I)9L09RAL :ROD9)E 88

7

'$%( .udied .e e>>ec. o> .i een.ial oil on 7:M)-baed edible

>il@ Reul. oed .a. .e ie+ .e 0IO con.en., .e loe+ .e

PV: and .e @oi.u+e o+p.ion capaci.* In ene+al, .e addi.ion o>

0IO in.o .e 7:M) @a.+i led .o a ini>ican. dec+eae in lo and

.+anpa+enc* and a dec+eae in .e .enile .+en. and ela.ic

@odulu o> .e [email protected] >il@ 0e p+ope+.ie o> .e >il@ e+e

+ela.ed .o .ei+ @ic+o.+uc.u+e, ic oed .a. .e p+eence o>

0IO caued dicon.inui.ie aocia.ed i. .e >[email protected] o> .o

pae in .e @a.+i, e+ea a con.inuou .+uc.u+e a obe+?ed

>o+ .e 7:M) >il@

0e addi.ion o> lo concen.+a.ion o> na.a@*cin .o M) >il@

li.l* inc+eaed M and dec+eaed E ?alue, ile i. did no.

@odi>* 0S ?alue Si@ila+l*, 0S a no. a>>ec.ed b* .e addi.ion o>

lo concen.+a.ion o> na.a@*cin plu +oe@a+* e.+ac. 7oe?e+, .e

inco+po+a.ion o> i concen.+a.ion o> na.a@*cin '1 o+ $ @ pe+

1 o> >il@ olu.ion( +eul.ed in a ini>ican. dec+eae o> >il@ 0S

'0.i+e e. al, $%a( 0ee cane e+e a..+ibu.ed .o .e eaenin

o> o@e o> .e ce@ical bond in .e pol*@e+ .+uc.u+e In ano.e+

.ud*, .e @ecanical p+ope+.ie o> M)-ci.oan >il@ did no.

ini>ican.l* cane b* .e addi.ion o> :S o+ S; ')en e. al, 1%%6(

Chitosan-'ased &dible Films

In ci.oan >il@ '0able 4 (, PV: ?alue inc+eaed a .e con-

cen.+a.ion o> .e an.i>unal in+edien. :S o+ niin inc+eaed, ile

an inc+eae o> a+lic oil 'up .o 4 1(lg o> ci.oan( did no. a>>ec.

.e >il@ PV: ':+ano.o e. al, $a( 0e addi.ion o> :S and niin

con.+ibu.ed .o e.end .e in.e+@olecula+ in.e+ac.ion and loe .e

[email protected] o> .e .+uc.u+e, ic enanced @oi.u+e di>>uion

.+ou .e >il@ 2e?e+.ele, .i bea?io+ a no. obe+?ed en

a+lic oil a added .o .e ci.oan >il@, p+obabl* due .o i.*d+opobic ca+ac.e+ In .e a@e epe+i@en., .e addi.ion o> :S

o+ niin p+oduced ie+ +educ.ion o> 0S .an .e inco+po+a.ion o>

a+lic oil 0e au.o+ con>i+@ed .a. .e inco+po+a.ion o> addi.i?e

o.e+ .an c+o-linin aen. ene+all* +educed 0S ?alue In

con.+a., E ?alue inc+eaed i. addi.ion o> :S o+ niin .o ci.oan

>il@, uc inc+eae bein ie+ i. niin .an i. :S Si@ila+l*

.o 0S, a+lic oil did no. ini>ican.l* a>>ec. E ?alue

Starch-'ased &dible Films

A@on .e +eea+c conduc.ed i. an.i@ic+obial .a+cbaed

edible >il@ '0able 4(, a +ecen. o+ b* )o++ale e. al '$%( oed

.a. GSE added .o pea .a+c >il@ ini>ican.l* inc+eaed >il@ E and

dec+eaed >il@ 0S b* U 0i a a..+ibu.ed .o .e ce@ical

dipoi.ion o> >la?onoid and penolic acid >+o@ GSE i. a@*lae

cain .a. loe in.e+@olecula+ in.e+ac.ion o> .a+c becaue o>

+epuli?e ca+e o> .e GSE acid Fil@ PV: did no. ini>ican.l*

cane i> co@pa+ed .o .e con.+ol >il@ 7oe?e+, .e +educed

pola+i.* o> .ee >il@, due .o .e @ino+ pola+i.* o> .e GSE

co@pound, accele+a.ed .e abo+p.ion o> o*en .o .e >il@ u+>ace,

+eul.in in an inc+eae in O: i> co@pa+ed .o con.+ol >il@

Flo+e e. al '$#a( obe+?ed no e>>ec. on PV: a :S a

inco+po+a.ed .o .apioca-.a+c-l*ce+ol edible >il@, e+ea >il@

M and E dec+eaed 0ee o+e+ +epo+.ed .a. .e ela-

.iniJa.iond+*in @e.od ued .o p+epa+e .e >il@ ini>ican.l*

a>>ec.ed .e ba++ie+ and .e @ecanical and an.i@ic+obial .abili.* o>

.e >il@ I. a concluded .a. o+. ela.iniJa.ion and d+*in .i@e

e+e op.i@al >o+ p+oducin >il@ o> be..e+ an.i@ic+obial .abili.*

7oe?e+, .ee >il@ oed poo+ @ecanical and @oi.u+e ba++ie+

p+ope+.ie

lginate-'ased &dible Films

0e addi.ion o> inc+eain a@oun. o> a+lic oil .o alina.ebaed

edible >il@ +ea.l* @odi>ied .e >il@ @ecanical and ba++ie+

p+ope+.ie 0S and E ?alue e+e +educed b* inco+po+a.ion o> a+lic

oil a. 3 and 4U '??(, +epec.i?el* '0able 4( )onide+in .a.

unpeeled >il@ e+e dipped in a calciu@ clo+ide olu.ion .o elp .o

>o+@ a ne.o+ be.een pol*@e+ cain, .e p+eence o> a+lic oil in

.e alina.e >il@ p+obabl* in.e+>e+ed i. ionic in.e+ac.ion >acili.a.edb* calciu@ ion, cauin an i@po+.an. +educ.ion o> 0S a. .e ie+

a+lic oil concen.+a.ion PV: ?alue o> .e >il@ e+e no. a>>ec.ed

b* a+lic oil inco+po+a.ion a. a concen.+a.ion +ane o> 1--3U

7oe?e+, >il@ PV: a ini>ican.l* ie+ i. a a+lic oil

concen.+a.ion o> 4U In pi.e o> .e *d+opobic ca+ac.e+ o> a+lic

oil, .e inc+eae in >il@ PV: a a..+ibu.ed .o an e.enion o> .e

in.e+@olecula+ in.e+ac.ion in .e .+uc.u+al @a.+i, ic enanced

@oi.u+e di>>uion .+ou .e >il@ ':+ano.o e. al, $b (

In alina.e-apple pu+ee >il@, .e p+eence o> plan. een.ial oil

o+ oil co@pound did no. ini>ican.l* a>>ec. PV: and O: o> .e

>il@, bu. @odi>ied .enile p+ope+.ie Onl* a li. dec+eae in PV:

a +epo+.ed i. .e addi.ion o> U '??( cinna@alde*de 'Roa-

G+au e. al, $#a( Since a.e+ ?apo+ .+an>e+ ene+all* occu+.+ou .e *d+opilic po+.ion o> .e >il@ and depend on .e

*d+opilic-*d+opobic +a.io o> .e >il@ co@ponen., .ee au.o+

ue.ed .a. .e a@oun. o> een.ial oil o+ oil co@pound e+e no.

enou .o +educe >il@ PV: In ene+al, .e addi.ion o> an.i@ic+obial

aen. .o >il@ ini>ican.l* +educed 0S and inc+eae E ?alue In .i

+eea+c, >il@ con.ainin o+eano oil and ca+?ac+ol p+een.ed loe+

0S ?alue, and >il@ i. ca+?ac+ol ad .e ie. E ?alue M a

+educed in all >il@ con.ainin een.ial oil o+ oil co@pound, bu. no

ini>ican. di>>e+ence e+e +epo+.ed a@on >il@ In o.e+ o+ b*

.i +oup i. apple pu+ee edible >il@ 'no alina.e(, .e* +epo+.ed

.a. .e addi.ion o> een.ial oil dec+eaed PV: and inc+eaed O:,

bu. did no. ini>ican.l* al.e+ .e .enile p+ope+.ie o> .e >il@ e?en

.ou .e concen.+a.ion e+e i@ila+ .o .oe +epo+.ed in p+e?iou

.+ial 'Roa-G+au e. al, $6( Pile .e e>>ec. o> een.ial oil on

PV: a i@po+.an. >o+ o+eano oil, ic a. a concen.+a.ion o> 1

U '( induced a ini>ican. dec+eae in >il@ PV:, i. a no. >o+

le@on+a and cinna@on oil, i. ic a concen.+a.ion o> U

'( a +eui+ed .o +educe PV: 0e e>>ec. o> .e inco+po+a.ion o>

een.ial oil on >il@ O: can be


19/30

An.i@ic+obiAn.i@ic+obial aen. )oncen.+a.ion 0a+e. pa.oen :a.oen inocula.ion ac.i?i.* Re>e+ence

E.anol 1$&U &scherichia coli, 1&6)F9c@$ K 'McGui+e

and

&nterobacter aero genes 7aen@ai

$&&1(

E.anol $U &. coli, &. aerogenes 1&6)F9c@$ K

:a+aben &1U &. coli, &. aerogenes 1&6)F9c@$ K

:o.aiu@ o+ba.e $&U enicillium 1&po+e@L K 'Valencia-

digitatum,enicillium )a@o++o

italic um e. al

Sodiu@ benJoa.e $U K

)alciu@ p+opiona.e, 1&U . digitatum, . italicum 1&po+e@L

>[email protected]

:o.aiu@ o+ba.e K odiu@ 1 K &U . digitatum, . italicum 1&po+e@L K

p+opiona.e

Sodiu@ benJoa.e K $& K &U . digitatum, . italicum 1&po+e@L K

o+ba.eSodiu@ benJoa.e K odiu@ $ K &U . digitatum, . italicum 1&po+e@L K

p+opiona.e

Sodiu@ @e.*l pa+aben 1&U . digitatum, . italicum 1&po+e@L K

$-deo*-D-lucoe &U . digitatum, . italicum 1&po+e@L

Sodiu@ bica+bona.e 1&U . digitatum, . italicum 1&po+e@L

:o.aiu@ o+ba.e $&U . digitatum, . italicum 1&po+e@L K


Sodiu@ ace.a.e, odiu@ 1&U . digitatum, . italicum 1&po+e@L

diace.a.eSodiu@ p+opiona.e, Sodiu@ $&, 1&U . digitatum, . italicum 1&po+e@L

>[email protected]:o.aiu@ o+ba.e K odiu@ 1 K &U . digitatum, . italicum 1&po+e@L K

p+opiona.e

Sodiu@ benJoa.e K $& K &U . digitatum, . italicum 1&po+e@L K

o+ba.eSodiu@ benJoa.e K odiu@ $ K &U . digitatum, . italicum 1&po+e@L K

p+opiona.e

Sodiu@ al. o> @e.*l 1&U . digitatum, . italicum 1&po+e@L K

Sodiu@ al. o> @e.*l 1&U . digitatum 1&po+e@L K

K odiu@ al. o> p+op*l

pa+aben

ED0A 1U . digitatum, . italicum 1&po+e@L

$-deo*-D-lucoe &3U . digitatum 1&po+e@L K


""" S A VALE2)IA-)7AMORRO E0 AL

eplained b* .ei+ nonpola+ ca+ac.e+, ic @ae .e@ lee>>ec.i?e o*en ba++ie+

Fruit-'ased &dible Films

Du e. al '$"( +epo+.ed .o di>>e+en. >il@ ca.in @e.od

'ba.c- and con.inuou-ca.( .o de?elop [email protected] pu+ee edible >il@

i. .e addi.ion o> ca+?ac+ol a an.i@ic+obial aen. '0able .=6 M

and 0S dec+eaed i. .e addi.ion o> ca+?ac+ol ;a.c-ca. >il@

p+een.ed loe+ M and 0S and ie+ E ?alue .an con.inuou-ca.

[email protected] >il@ 0o eplain .i bea?io+ in .e ba.c-ca. >il@, .e

au.o+ poin.ed ou. .a. .e con.inuou-ca. >il@ ad a ie+

deni.* PV: a ini>ican.l* ie+ >o+ ba.c-ca. >il@ .an >o+

con.inuou-ca. >il@ 0e addi.ion o> ca+?ac+ol inc+eaed PV: o>

ba.c-ca. >il@ 0e di>>e+ence e+e a..+ibu.ed .o .e ie+ ca.in

.e@pe+a.u+e >o+ con.inuou-ca. >il@ .a. inc+eaed .e e?apo+a.ion

o> bo. ca+?ac+ol and a.e+, +educin .e a@oun. o> in.e+.i.ial pace

>o+ @olecula+ di>>uion

rotein-'ased &dible Films

Mecanical and ba++ie+ p+ope+.ie o> edible >il@ baed on .e

addi.ion o> an.i@ic+obial aen. .o p+o.ein P:I, S:I, EA, o+ PG

a?e been +epo+.ed '0able ( A@on .e@, P:I a been @o+e

e.eni?el* .udied a a .+uc.u+al @a.+i >o+ an.i@ic+obial edible

>il@ )a+i e. al '$1( in?e.ia.ed .e e>>ec. o> inco+po+a.in p-

a@inobenJoic acid o+ o+bic acid on @ecanical and ba++ie+

p+ope+.ie o> P:I >il@ 0e addi.ion o> p-a@inobenJoic acid o+o+bic acid inc+eaed E and dec+eaed 0S Fil@ con.ainin o+bic

acid p+een.ed loe+ 0S and ie+ E .an .oe con.ainin p-

a@inobenJoic acid I. a ue.ed .a. .e .+ai. cain o> o+bic

acid could @o+e eail* pene.+a.e in.o P:I >i l@ .an p-a@inobenJoic

acid, ic a a benJene +in )oneuen.l*, o+bic acid @a* allo

ie+ @obili.* be.een P:I cain +eul.in in loe+ M and 0S

and +ea.e+ >leibili.* o> .e >il@ Fil@ PV: inc+eaed i. .e

addi.ion o> p-a@inobenJoic acid o+ o+bic acid, p+obabl* due .o .e

*d+opilic ca+ac.e+ o> bo. an.i@ic+obial aen. Mo+eo?e+, .ee

co@pound eaened cain pacin in .e >il@ .o p+oduce a looe+

.+uc.u+e, ic inc+eaed a.e+ @obili.*

0e addi.ion o> % @ o> d+* bai lac.ope+oidae *.e@ pe+

o> P:I >il@, ic eibi.ed .e @o. e>>icien. inibi.ion e>>ec. in a

@ic+obial .e., did no. ini>ican.l* @odi>* .e >il@ @ecanical

p+ope+.ie and O:, ue.in .a. .e lac.ope+oidae *.e@ did no.

cane .e .+uc.u+e o> P:I >il@ 'Min and C+oc.a, $(

2e?e+.ele, an inc+eae o> lac.ope+oidae *.e@ ie+ .an 1gig >il@ 'd+* bai( in P:I >il@ o+ened .e .enile p+ope+.ie and

i@p+o?ed .e o*en ba++ie+ p+ope+.ie, ue.in .e >[email protected] o>

p+o.ein a+ea.e in lac.ope+oidae *.e@-P: >il@ due .o .e

p+eence o> luconolac.one 'Min e. al, $a( OJde@i+ and Flo+o

'$"aH $"b( .udied .e e>>ec. o> pla.iciJe+ 'o+bi.ol(, lipid ';P(,

and an.i@ic+obial aen. ':S( concen.+a.ion on .e @ecanical,

ba++ie+, op.ical, and eno+* p+ope+.ie o> P:I >il@ Fil@ PV:

dec+eaed a p+o.ein and ;P concen.+a.ion inc+eaed, bu. i.

inc+eaed a o+bi.ol and :S concen.+a.ion alo inc+eaed On .e

o.e+ and, M, 0S, and E e+e ini>ican.l* in>luenced b* p+o.ein,

o+bi.ol, and :S concen.+a.ion A in o.e+ edible >il@, .e addi.ion

o> :S dec+eaed M and 0S and inc+eaed E 0e cu+?ilinea+

inc+eain o> E i. inc+eain :S a conide+ed a an indica.o+ o>

.e >ac. .a. :S in.e+ac.ed i. o@e co@ponen. in .e @i.u+e

Co e. al '$1( .udied .e e>>ec. o> niin on @ecanical and

ba++ie+ p+ope+.ie o> di>>e+en. p+o.ein >il@ @a.+ie 'P:I, S:I, EA, o+

PG( 0eo+e.icall*, a dec+eae in .e PV: o> .e p+o.ein >il@ a

epec.ed due .o .e *d+opobic ca+ac.e+ o> niin 7oe?e+, >il@

PV: a no. a>>ec.ed b* niin addi.ion, ic @i. be due .o .e

lo concen.+a.ion o> niin inco+po+a.ed in.o .e >il@ >[email protected] 0e addi.ion o> niin onl* a>>ec.ed .e 0S o> P:I >il@,

e+ea no e>>ec. on S:I, EA, o+ PG a obe+?ed 0e inc+eae in

0S o> P:I >il@ a a..+ibu.ed .o poible +ea++ane@en. o>

diul>ide and *d+opobic bond, @o+e p+o.ein-p+o.ein in.e+ac.ion,

o+ .e elec.+o.a.ic in.e+ac.ion be.een @olecule o> niin and

p+o.ein 0e loe+ *d+opobici.* o> .e o.e+ p+o.ein >il@

co@pa+ed .o .a. o> P:I >il@ @a* a?e +eul.ed in a loe+ nu@be+

o> po.en.ial *d+opobic bond be.een niin and p+o.ein @olecule,

ic @a* eplain .e di>>e+ence in @ecanical p+ope+.ie be.een

P:I and .e o.e+ p+o.ein >il@ 0e inco+po+a.ion o> na.a@*cin in.o

PG >il@ a .udied b* 0u+e e. al '$%a( 0e* concluded .a.

.e an.i@ic+obial did no. caue @ao+ cane on .e @ecanical

p+ope+.ie o> .e >il@ 7oe?e+, .e inco+po+a.ion o> a @i.u+e o >

na.a@*cin and +oe@a+* e.+ac. in.o .e >il@ dec+eaed 0S and E,

e+ea PV: a no. a>>ec.ed b* .e addi.ion o> .ee an.i@ic+obial

aen. alone o+ in [email protected]

C+i.o e. al '$"( in?e.ia.ed .e e>>ec. o> .e addi.ion o> aninc+eain concen.+a.ion o> odiu@ lac.a.e, :S, and niin on .e

@ecanical and ba++ie+ p+ope+.ie o> o+bi.ol-pla.iciJed odiu@

caeina.e >il@ 0e addi.ion o> odiu@ lac.a.e '-4U d+* bai( and

:S '-$U d+* bai( .o .e >il@ inc+eaed >il@ PV: Fil@

con.ainin :S p+een.ed loe+ PV: .an >il@ i. odiu@ lac.a.e

0e addi.ion o> an inc+eain concen.+a.ion o> bo. an.i@ic+obial .o

odiu@ caeina.e >il@ +eul.ed in a +educ.ion o> M and 0S, and an

inc+eae o> E, ue.in .a. bo. an.i@ic+obial ac.ed a a

pla.iciJe+ >o+ .oe >il@ In con.+a., .e addi.ion o> niin did no.

caue ini>ican. cane in PV: o+ .e .enile p+ope+.ie o> odiu@

caeina.e >il@, p+obabl* due .o .e lo concen.+a.ion o> niin in .e

>il@

ANTIMICROBIAL EDIBLE COMPOSITE COATINGS

APPLIED TO FRUITS AND VEGETABLES

2oada*, @an* co@@e+cial edible coa.in >o+ ue on >+e and

>+e-cu. >+ui. and ?ee.able a+e a?ailable on .e @a+e. .o +educe

ei. lo, p*ioloical dio+de+, and @ain.ain p+oduce uali.*

Mo. o> .e@ a+e ained .o @ain.ain .e uali.* o> ci.+u and apple

and, .o a lee+ e.en., @anoe, papa*a, po@e+ana.e, a?ocado,

o+ [email protected] 'Oli?a e. al,


Table 6 An.i@ic+obial edible [email protected] coa.in applied .o >+e o+ @ini@all* p+oceed >+ui. and ?ee.able

An.i@ic+obial

7o+.icul.u+al p+oduc. )oa.in An.i@ic+obial aen. )oncen.+a.ion 0a+e. pa.oen :a.oen inocula.ion ac.i?i.* Re>e+ence

)I0R9S FR9I0S

QValenciaQ o+ane Sellac E.anol 1$&U &scherichia coli, 1&6)F9c@$ K 'McGui+e and

'p7T #3( &nterobacter aero genes 7aen@aie+,

$&&1(

Sellac E.anol $U &. coli, &. aerogenes 1&6)F9c@$ K

'p7T %&(Sellac :a+aben &1 U &.coli, &. aerogenes 1&6)F9c@$ K

'p7T %&(

QValenciaQ o+ane 7:M)-lipid :o.aiu@ o+ba.e $&U enicillium 1&po+e@L K 'Valencia-

digitatum,enicillium )a@o++o

italicum e. al $&&%a,b(


)alciu@ p+opiona.e, calciu@ 1&U . digitatum, . italicum 1&po+e@L

>[email protected]

:o.aiu@ o+ba.e Kodiu@ 1 K &U . digitatum, . italicum 1&po+e@L K

p+opiona.e

Sodiu@ benJoa.e Kpo.aiu@ $& K &U . digitatum, . italicum 1&po+e@L K

o+ba.e

Sodiu@ benJoa.e Kodiu@ $ K &U . digitatum, . italicum 1&po+e@L K

p+opiona.e

Sodiu@ @e.*l pa+aben 1&U . digitatum, . italicum 1&po+e@L K

$-deo*-D-lucoe &U . digitatum, . italicum 1&po+e@L

QO+.aniueQ 7:M)-lipid Sodiu@ bica+bona.e 1&U . digitatum, . italicum 1&po+e@L

*b+id @anda+in :o.aiu@ o+ba.e $&U . digitatum, . italicum 1&po+e@L K


Sodiu@ ace.a.e, odiu@ 1&U . digitatum, . italicum 1&[email protected]

Sodiu@ p+opiona.e, Sodiu@ $&, 1&U . digitatum, . italicum 1&po+e@L

>[email protected]

:o.aiu@ o+ba.e Kodiu@ 1 K &U . digitatum, . italicum 1&po+e@L K

p+opiona.e

Sodiu@ benJoa.e Kpo.aiu@ $& K &U . digitatum, . italicum 1&po+e@L K

o+ba.e

Sodiu@ benJoa.e Kodiu@ $ K &U . digitatum, . italicum 1&po+e@L K

p+opiona.e

Sodiu@ al. o> @e.*l pa+aben 1&U . digitatum, . italicum 1&po+e@L K

Sodiu@ al. o> @e.*l pa+aben 1&U . digitatum 1&po+e@L K

K odiu@ al. o> p+op*l

pa+aben

ED0A 1U . digitatum, . italicum 1&po+e@L

$-deo*-D-lucoe &3U . digitatum 1&po+e@L K



20/30

&&

&

Table 6 An.i@ic+obial edible [email protected] coa.in applied .o >+e o+ @ini@all* p+oceed >+ui. and ?ee.able 4continued5

An.i@ic+obi

7o+.icul.u+al p+oduc. )oa.in An.i@ic+obial aen. )oncen.+a.ion 0a+e. pa.oen :a.oen inocula.ion ac.i?i.* Re>e+enc

Q)le+nenuleQ 7:M)-lipid Sodiu@ bica+bona.e 1&U . digitatum, . italicum 1&po+e@L

[email protected] A@@o@iu@ bica+bona.e 1&U . digitatum, . italicum 1&po+e@L

:o.aiu@ o+ba.e $&U . digitatum, . italicum 1&po+e@L Sodiu@ benJoa.e $U Sodiu@ al. o> @e.*l 1&U . digitatum 1&po+e@L

Sodiu@ al. o> e.*l 1&U . digitatum, . italicum 1&po+e@L

Sodiu@ al. o> p+op*l 1&U . digitatum, . italicum 1&po+e@L

Sodiu@ al. o> @e.*l 1& &U . digitatum, . italicum 1&po+e@L

odiu@ al. o> +o lpa+aben

QMu+co..Q .ano+ )i.oan &$U . italicum, 'otrydiplodia 1&po+e@L ')ien e.lecanidion, 'otrytis cinerea $&(

Le@on )i.oan 1 @@L . digitatum 3-@@ @*celiu@ ;ena@ou,plu $&&4

:OMEFR9I0SQRed DeliciouQ )i.oan &$, &, 1&, enicillium epansum 1&4po+e@L 'De

$&U e. al,

QGalaQ apple )i.oan $&U '. cinerea, . epansum 1&4po+e@L 'Pu e. al,$&&(

QFuiQ apple piece Apple O+eano oil, le@on+a, &U (. innocua 1&)F9@L 'Roa-pu+ee-alina.e ?anillin G+ail

$&b(

QFuiQ apple piece Alina.e )inna@on, clo?e, &3, U &.coli &1#!7# 1&")F9@L 'Ra*baudi-een.ial oil, Ma ilia

cinna@alde*de, e. al,

and ci.+al

0RO:I)AL A2D

S9;0RO:I)AL

FR9I0S

Mano, banana )i.oan-

2a.u+al in>ec.ion 'Ci..u+ e.

$&&1(

;anana )i.oan )inna@on e.+ac. 1U Colletotrichum musae, 1&3po+e @L 'Pin e. al,)i.oan 1U-L Fusarium p,(asiodiplodia '@i.u+e 3 pa.oen( $&(

theobromae

:ineapple )i.oan-M) Vanillin &% &. coli, Saccharomyces 1&)F9@L 'Sanuancerevisiae e. al,

:apa*a )i.oan 1U Colletotrichum 1&6po+e@L ';au.i.a-gloeosporioides e. al,

&&&&

'



21/30

F+e-cu. papa*a )i.oan &&$@@L Meopilic .o.al coun., *ea. 2a.u+al in>ec.ion 'GonJaleJ-and @old coun. Auila+ e.

$&&"(

Q7a@iQ @elon )i.oan 2a.a@*cin $& lternaria alternata, Fusarium 2a.u+al in>ec.ion ')on e.al,semitectum $&(

F+e-cu. @elon Alina.e Malic acid, cinna@on, &3, U S enteritidis 1&")F9@L 'Ra*baudi-pal@a+oa and le@on+a Mailia e.

een.ial oil, and .ei+ $&&"b(

ac.i?e co@pound

0A;LE GRA:ES

QI.aliaQ )i.oan &1, &, 1&U '. cinerea 1&po+e@L 'Ro@anaJJi'diol?ed in e. al, $&&$,

ace.ic acid( $&,

=0o@po@ SeedleQ )i.oan 'in ace.ic E.anol &1, &U '. cinerea 1&po+e@L QAu.u@n SeedleQ acid( 1&&, $&&U

=0o@po@ SeedleQ )i.oan 'in 1&U '. cinerea 1&po+e@L QAu.u@n SeedleQ di>>e+en.

Q)+i@on SeedleQ

QRedlobeQ )i.oan G+ape>+ui. eed e.+ac. 1 '. cinerea 1&po+e@L 'u e. al,&

)i.oan 1&, $U Colletotrichum p 4-@@ @*celiu@ plu 'Mu>ioJ e. al,$&&%(

Q)+i@on SeedleQ loe vera el 1&&U 'dilu.ed Meopilic .o.al coun., *ea. 2a.u+al in>ec.ion 'Val?e+de e.in di.illed and @old coun. $&&(

;ERRIES

S.+abe++* S.a+c '@i.u+e :o.aiu@ o+ba.e &$ L 2a.u+al in>ec.ion 'Ga+cia e. al,o> co+n and 1%%"(

po.a.o(

S.+abe++* 7:M) :o.aiu@ o+ba.e &3U Cladosporium p,Rhi3opus 11 1&4po+e @L ':a+ e. al,p $&&(

S.+abe++* )i.oan Cladosporium p,Rhi3opus 11 1&4po+e @L ':a+ e. al,p $&&(

:o.aiu@ o+ba.e &3U Cladosporium p,Rhi3opus

p

S.+abe++* )i.oan 1&, 1 @@L '. cinerea, Rhi3opus stolonifer $& 1&po+e @L 'El-Gaou.e. al,


Table 6 An.i@ic+obial edible [email protected] coa.in applied .o >+e o+ @ini@all* p+oceed >+ui. and ?ee.able 4continued5

An.i@ic+obial


Q)le+nenuleQ 7:M)-lipid Sodiu@ bica+bona.e 1&U . digitatum, . italicum 1& po+e@L

[email protected] @anda+in A@@o@iu@ bica+bona.e 1&U . digitatum, . italicum 1& po+e@L

:o.aiu@ o+ba.e $&U . digitatum, . italicum 1& po+e@L Sodiu@ benJoa.e $U Sodiu@ al. o> @e.*l pa+aben 1&U . digitatum 1& po+e@L

Sodiu@ al. o> e.*l pa+aben 1&U . digitatum, . italicum 1& po+e@L

Sodiu@ al. o> p+op*l pa+aben 1&U . digitatum, . italicum 1& po+e@L

Sodiu@ al. o> @e.*l pa+aben 1& &U . digitatum, . italicum 1& po+e@L odiu@ al. o> p+op*l

pa+aben

QMu+co..Q .ano+ )i.oan &$U . italicum, 'otrydiplodia 1&po+e@L ')ien e. al,lecanidion, 'otrytis cinerea $&(

Le@on )i.oan 1 @@L . digitatum 3-@@ @*celiu@ ;ena@ou,plu $&&4

:OMEFR9I0S

QRed DeliciouQ apple )i.oan &$, &, 1&, enicillium epansum 1&4 po+e@L 'De )apde?ille$&U e. al, $&&$(

QGalaQ apple )i.oan $&U '. cinerea, . epansum 1&4 po+e@L 'Pu e. al,$&&(

QFuiQ apple piece Apple O+eano oil, le@on+a, &U (. innocua 1&)F9@L 'Roa-pu+ee-alina.e ?anillin G+ail e. al,

$&b(

QFuiQ apple piece Alina.e )inna@on, clo?e, le@on+a &3, U &.coli &1#!7# 1&")F9@L 'Ra*baudi-een.ial oil, Mailia

cinna@alde*de, euenol, e. al, $&&"a(

and ci.+al

0RO:I)AL A2DS9;0RO:I)A

L FR9I0S

Mano, banana )i.oan-l*ce+ol 2a.u+al in>ec.ion 'Ci..u+ e. al,$&&1(

;anana )i.oan )inna@on e.+ac. 1 U Colletotrichum musae, 1&3po+e @L 'Pin e. al,)i.oan 1 U - L Fusarium p,(asiodiplodia '@i.u+e 3 pa.oen( $&(

theobromae

:ineapple )i.oan-M) Vanillin &% &. coli, Saccharomyces 1&)F9@L 'Sanuancerevisiae e. al, $&&"(

:apa*a )i.oan 1U Colletotrichum 1&6 po+e@L ';au.i.a-;anogloeosporioides e. al, $&&3(



22/30

Table An.i@ic+obial edible [email protected] coa.in applied .o >+e o+ @ini@all* p+oceed >+ui. and ?ee.able 4continued5

An.i@ic+obia


S.+abe++* )i.oan 2a.u+al in>ec.ion 'Va+a e.

$&&6(

S.+abe++*, )i.oan-

2a.u+al in>ec.ion '7an e. al,E o+ $&&4(

calciu@

and calciu@

lucona.e

F+e-cu. .+abe++* )i.oan 'in 1U 2a.u+al in>ec.ion ')a@paniellacid( e. al,

$&&"O07ER FR9I0SA2DVEGE0A;LES

:eac )i.oan , 1& @@L )onilinia fructicola 1&

po+e@L 'Li and u,$&&&(

See. ce++* loe vera el 1&&U 'dilu.ed Meopilic .o.al coun., *ea. 2a.u+al in>ec.ion 'Ma+.ineJ-in di.illed and @old coun. Ro@e+o

e. al,

[email protected] )i.oan '. cinerea 2a.u+al in>ec.ion 'El-Gaou.e. al, l

)i.oan 1& L . alternata $ 1&po+e @L 'Redd* e.$&&&(

)i.oan &, 1&U '. cinerea, . epansum 1&3po+e @L 'Liu e. al,$&(

)i.oan '. cinerea 1&po+e@L ';ada*Rabea,

)i.oan 1&, $U Colletotrichum p 4-@@ @*celiu@ plu 'Mu>ioJ e.$&&%(

7:M) So+bic acid &4U Salmonella montevideo 'ec.ion ':once e.$&&"(

Roe@a+*

)apicu@

Abb+e?ia.ion a+e .oe dec+ibed in 0able $, 3, and 4

&&

'

F+e-cu. papa*a )i.oan &&$ @@L Meopilic .o.al coun., *ea. 2a.u+al in>ec.ion 'GonJaleJ-and @old coun. Auila+ e. al,

$&&"(

Q7a@iQ @elon )i.oan 2a.a@*cin $& @L lternaria alternata, Fusarium 2a.u+al in>ec.ion ')on e. al,semitectum $&(

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Documents

Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutritio