CRITICAL

• Involving careful judgement or observation (Shorter Oxford English Dictionary)

CRITIQUE

• [ORIGIN French, ult. from Greek kritikē (sc. tekhnē) the critical art, criticism.]

• 1 Criticism; esp. the art of criticism. • R. Bentley “I do not expect from our Editors much sagacity in way of Critic.”

• 2 A criticism; esp. a critical analysis, article, or essay. M17.

• G. Steiner The student and the person interested in the current of literature reads reviews and critiques of books rather than the books themselves.

• E. Fromm “Marx's whole critique of capitalism and his vision of socialism.”

Novel

• Any of a number of tales or fictional narratives making up a larger short work, as in the Decameron of Boccaccio, the Heptameron of Marguerite of Valois, etc.; a short narrative of this type. Usu. in pl..

• A fictitious prose narrative or tale of considerable length (now usu. one long enough to fill one or more volumes),

ECJ

An area of freedom, security and justice

4 Charter of Fundamental Rights

4 Joint fight against terrorism

4 Police and law-enforcers from different countries cooperate

4 Coordinated asylum and immigration policies

4 Civil law cooperation

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The Court of J ustice – upholding the law

28 independent judges,one from each EU country

4 Rules on how to interpret EU law4 Ensures EU countries apply EU laws in the same way

The European Court of Auditors: getting value for your money

28 independent members

4 Checks that EU funds are used properly 4 Can audit any person or organisationdealing with EU funds

ECJ (what it does)

• ensures that EU legislation is interpreted and applied in the same way in each Member State. (The Legislation always is to be identical for all parties and in all circumstance)

• checks the legality of the actions of the EU institutions, • ensures that the Member States comply with their obligations, and• interprets EU law at the request of national courts

• It has the power to settle legal disputes between Member States, EU institutions, businesses and individuals.

• To cope with the many thousands of cases it receives, it is divided into two main bodies:

• the Court of Justice, which deals with requests for preliminary rulings from national courts, certain actions for annulment and appeals

• and the General Court, which rules on all actions for annulment, brought by private individuals and companies and some such actions brought by Member States.

• A specialised tribunal, the Civil Service Tribunal, also adjudicates in disputes between the EU and its civil servants.

ECJ STRUCTURE

• Court of Justice: One Judge from each EU Member State; eight Advocates General

• General Court: One Judge from each EU Member State• Civil Service Tribunal: Seven Judges• Location: Luxembourg• http://curia.europa.eu

• 204 Members since 1952:• 131 Members, Court of Justice • 61 Members, General Court (since 1989) • 12 Members, Civil Service Tribunal (since 2005) • Court of Justice: • 28 Judges • 8 Advocates General • 1 Registrar

• General Court: • - 28 Judges • - 1 Registrar

• Civil Service Tribunal: • - 7 Judges • - 1 Registrar

• 26 800 judgments and orders delivered since 1952:- Court of Justice, roughly 17 200 - General Court, roughly 8 700 (since 1989) - Civil Service Tribunal, roughly 900 (since 2005)

Linguistic Services

• 1 004 posts: 924 (Translation) + 80 (Interpretation) = 48 % of the Institution's staff:- 610 lawyer linguists - 24 official languages of the Union - 552 language combinations - 1 000 000 pages translated annually

Budget

• EUR 354,88 Million for 2013

Library

• 230 000 volumes :- 10 km of volumes on the shelves - 24 official languages of the Union and certain third country languages

• Books on:• - European Union law

- international law- comparative law- national laws- general theory of law

• economics- politics- social and administrative sciences- library science

EUR-lex

• provides direct free access to European Union law. • And the Official Journal of the European Union AND • the treaties, legislation, case-law and legislative proposals. • extensive search facilities available on EUR-Lex.