Laval University

From the SelectedWorks of Fathi Habashi

January, 2020

Critical and Rare Earth Elements edited byAbhilash & AkcilFathi Habashi

Available at: https://works.bepress.com/fathi_habashi/586/

Critical and Rare Earth Elements

Recovery from Secondary Resources

Edited by

Abhilash and Ata Akcil

CRC PressTaylor & Francis Group52 Vanderbilt AvenueNew York, NY 10017

© 2020 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLCCRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business

No claim to original U.S. Government works

International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-367-08647-3 (Hardback)

This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged, please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint.

Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any informa-tion storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers.

For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged.

Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site athttp://www.taylorandfrancis.com

and the CRC Press Web site athttp://www.crcpress.com

v

Contents

Foreword ....................................................................................................................viiPreface ........................................................................................................................ixEditors .........................................................................................................................xiContributors ............................................................................................................. xiii

1. An Overview of the Recent Status of Critical and Strategic Metal Production and Development in India .............................................................1B.D. Pandey, Abhilash, and Pratima Meshram

2. Global Outlook on the Availability of Critical Metals and Recycling Prospects from Rechargeable Batteries ......................................................... 37Pratima Meshram, B.D. Pandey, and Abhilash

3. Effect of Metal Complexation on the Solubility of Rare Earth Compounds ....................................................................................................... 59Kenneth N. Han

4. Processing Technology for Extraction of Scandium(III) from Secondary Sources – A Comprehensive Approach ....................................... 85Pankaj Kumar Parhi, Saroj Sekhar Behera, Debadutta Das, and Pramila Kumari Misra

5. Review of the Recovery of Cobalt from Secondary Resources .................. 115Ugur Ulusoy

6. An Overview of Extraction Schemes for the Recovery of Erbium ............ 155Shivendra Sinha, Abhilash, and Pratima Meshram

7. Comprehensive Outlook for Liquid–Liquid Separation of Rare Earth Elements ............................................................................................... 165Sujata Mishra

8. Selective Recovery of Heavy Rare Earth Elements from Underutilized Resources Using an Adsorbent Modified with Diglycolamic Acid ..............193Takeshi Ogata, Hirokazu Narita, and Mikiya Tanaka

9. Selective Separation and Purification of Platinum Group Metals, Rare Earth Elements, and Cobalt from Primary and Secondary Sources Using a Green Chemistry SuperLig® Molecular Recognition Technology (MRT) Approach .......................................................................203Steven R. Izatt, Reed M. Izatt, Ronald L. Bruening, Krzysztof E. Krakowiak, and Neil E. Izatt

vi Contents

10. Design of a Solid-Phase Extraction Plant to Purify Rare Earth Elements by High-Performance Chelation Chromatography (HPCC) .... 233Richard F. Hammen, John P. Hammen, and Christopher R. Hammen

11. Designing a Process for RE Recycling from Motors through Green Chemistry ........................................................................................................ 253Kathleen D. Field, Remya P. Narayanan, and Marion H. Emmert

12. Recovery of Ce and La from Spent Automotive Catalytic Converters ..... 267J.H.L. Voncken

13. A Successful Case Study of Critical and Rare Earth Elements Recovery from Secondary Resources: The HydroWEEE Technology ..... 275A. Amato, F. Beolchini, I. Birloaga, I. De Michelis, V. Innocenzi, and F. Vegliò

14. Recovery of Precious and Critical Raw Materials from End-of-Life Photovoltaic Panels......................................................................................... 281Flavia C. S. M. Padoan, Pier Giorgio Schiavi, Ludovica Baldassari, Emanuela Moscardini, Luigi Toro, Pietro Altimari, and Francesca Pagnanelli

15. Environmentally and Economically Sustainable Recovery of Precious Metals and Rare Earth Elements from Waste Printed Circuit Boards ................................................................................................299R. Khanna, M. Park, P.S. Mukherjee, S. K. Mishra, S. K. Biswal, and R. Cayumil

16. Recovery of Critical and Rare Earth Elements from Spent Batteries ...... 313Chunwei Liu, Hongbin Cao, Yi Zhang, and Zhi Sun

17. Phosphatic Resources: A Valuable Wealth of Rare Earths ....................... 331Dhruva Kumar Singh and Vivekanand Kain

18. Recovery of Rare Earth Elements from Coal Fly Ash: A Review ............. 343K. Anand Rao and T. Sreenivas

19. Methodologies and Developments in the Analysis of REEs ....................... 365Nagaphani Kumar Batchu and Mercedes Regadío

Index ........................................................................................................................ 375

vii

Foreword

Critical and Rare Earth Elements: Recovery from Secondary Resources is a welcome addition to the library of metallurgists, chemists, and others inter-ested in rare earth elements. Although many books have been written on the recovery of rare earths from ores, I think this is the first that discusses their recovery from secondary sources. As is well known, rare earths are neither rare nor earth – they are abun-dant in many minerals, and are metals, not earth, of nearly the same ionic radius. Another characteristic of rare earths is their unique electronic structure in which the number of outer electrons remains the same, rendering them nearly the same properties.

By glancing at the Table of Contents of this book, it is clear that it covers a wide range of technologies.

Of special interest to the writer is the recovery of rare earth elements from phosphate rock. It is evident that treating phosphate rock with sulfuric acid renders rare earths mainly in the phosphogypsum form. However, treatment with nitric acid, as practiced in a few countries, renders rare earths in a solution form, aiding their recovery.

The editors of this book are well-qualified metallurgists. Dr. Abhilash, 38, is a senior scientist at CSIR-National Metallurgical Laboratory, Jamshedpur, India. Dr.  Ata Akcil, 52, is professor at the Faculty of Engineering, Suleiman Demirel University, in Isparta, Turkey. I wish success to all the authors and editors.

Fathi HabashiProfessor Emeritus, Laval University

Quebec City, CanadaFathi.Habashi@arul.ulaval.ca

ix

Preface

Rare earth elements (REEs) are a group of 17 metallic elements found in mineral deposits and other secondary resources widespread throughout the world. China accounts for the maximum contribution to REE supply in the world, followed by the United States and Australia. The rarity associated with REEs arises from two factors: availability and separation from elements. Commercially, REEs are extracted from primary minerals such as bastnasite and monazite by multi-step operations generating a high quantum of toxic waste. The recovery of REEs from secondary sources can serve as a promising alternative. Furthermore, the extraction of REEs from second-ary sources will diminish the imbalance in the supply and demand and decrease the environmental load from wastes. The effective urban mining of e-waste is important to establish an effective recycling ecosystem.

The aim of this book is to present the distribution of REEs from various resources, processing of secondary resources, and discuss the processes developed for the extraction of REEs from raw materials such as e-wastes, tailings, process wastes, and residues. A major part of this book and almost all chapters attempt to emphasize the importance of processing of secondary resources for assisting the environmental remediation of untreated wastes and obtain finished products. The book covers all aspects of rare metals and rare earth metals in one volume. The book is a complete reference manual for all workers and students in the field of extraction and separation of rare metals and rare earth metals.

This book has been organized into 19 contributed chapters by researchers and academicians from premier research organizations around the world. These chapters include REE resources in minerals as well as secondary resources, global forecast of REE supply and demand, environmental impacts of REEs, and a comparison of the merits/demerits of REE processing from primary resources. Owing to the difficulties encountered in the separation of REEs from any mixture or media, purification of REEs has been discussed in few chapters. This shall follow case studies on commer-cial REE recycling and associated issues on mine wastes, urban wastes, and process residues. Finally, the book presents a rare earth chemical analysis guide for beginners and practitioners. Recycled metal supply is advantageous for its impact on econom-ics, environment, reliability, energy, as well as accessibility of recyclable material and maximum value retention.

EditorsDr. Abhilash

Prof. Ata Akcil