Crisis and Co-Operative Banks

8/3/2019 Crisis and Co-Operative Banks

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B@OC @E_CN - _borbt`re`t6 Sub ab n―Ekaustreb 3:-?8 C-0717 Crussbns

Qbn6 (+?3 3 ) 3?7 00 31 - b-ièn6 sborbt`r e`tGburlollpc`kd.ollp - www.burlollpc`kds.ollp

WRCNEO@QELK_ 3707

BRSLWB@K OL-LWBS@QEZB C@KD_

EK QHB JEK@KOE@N @KA BOLKLIEO QRSILEN

Jerst @ssbssibkts

BRSLWB@K @__LOE@QELK LJ OL-LWBS@QEZB C@KD_



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BRSLWB@K @__LOE@QELK LJ OL-LWBS@QEZB C@KD_ | Burlpb`k Ol-lpbr`t evb C`kds ek thb j ek`koe` n ka bolklieo turile n

@clut B@OC

Qhb Burlpb`k @ssloe`telk lj Ol-lpbr`tevb C`kds (B@OC) h`s cbbk thb vleob lj ol-lpbr`tevb c`kds `t Burlpb`k nbvbn sekob 05=7 `ka

ilrb rbobktny `t ektbrk`telk`n nbvbn. Et rbprbsbkts, prliltbs `ka abjbkas thb oliilk ektbrbsts lj ets 3= ibicbr ekstetutelks `ka lj ol-

lpbr`tevb c`kds ek mbkbr`n. Ol-lpbr`tevb c`kds jlri abobktr`nesba kbtwlrds wheoh rb sucfbot tl c`kdekm s wbnn s ol-lpbr`tevb nbmesn`telk.

]eth 1,377* nlo`nny lpbr`tekm c`kds `ka :2,777 lutnbts, ol-lpbr`tevb c`kds `rb weabny rbprbsbktba thrlumhlut thb bkn`rmba Burlpb`k

Rkelk, pn`yekm ` i`flr rlnb ek thb ffk`koe`n `ka bolklieo systbi c`sba lk ` nlkm-tbri `pprlòh. Ek thber nlkm tràetelk, thby h`vb sbrvba

ilrb th`k 0:7* iennelk oustlibrs, ièkny olksuibrs, _IBs `ka oliiuketebs. Burlpb―s ollpbr`tevb c`kds rbprbsbkt 27 iennelk ibicbrs

`ka =27,777 bipnlybbs `ka h`vb `k `vbr`mb i`rdbt sh`rb lj `clut 37%. Ek slib oluktrebs, suoh `s @ustre`, Mbri`ky, Jekn`ka, Jr`kob,

Et`ny `ka thb Kbthbrn`kas, thb i`rdbt sh`rb es wbnn `clvb thes ffmurb, r`kmekm jrli ?7% tl 27%. Qhber rbsenebkob aurekm thb oreses i`db

ol-lpbr`tevb c`kds dby arevekm jlrob ek thb bolklieo rbolvbry.

Jlr nn ekquerebs pnb`sb olktòt

Burlpb`k @ssloe`telk lj Ol-lpbr`tevb C`kds (B@OC)

B-ièn6 sborbt`re`tGburlollpc`kds.ollp

Qbnbphlkb6 (+?3) 3 ?7 00 31

]bcsetb6 www.burlollpc`kds.ollp

© Olpyremht 37076 Burlpb`k @ssloe telk lj Ol-lpbr`tevb C`kds

Qbris `ka Olkaetelks6

Wnb`sb ibktelk slurob whbk qultekm. @nn remht rbsbrvba.

* 377= ffmurbs



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Burlpb`k Ol-lpbr`t evb C`kds ek thb j ek`koe` n ka bolklieo t urile n | BRSLWB@K @__LOE@QELK LJ OL-LWBS@QEZB C@KD_

Q cnb lj Olktbkts

Ektrlauotelk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

E- Oùsbs `ka aerbot bjjbots lj thb ffk`koe`n oreses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

E.0 Jrli ffk`koe`n tl bolklieo oreses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :

E.3 Wrei`ry ka olnn`tbr`n aì`mb jlr thb c`kdekm systbi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =

E.? Lutnekbs lj kbw ffk`koe`n systbi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =

EE- Ol-lpbr`tevb c`kds `ka thb oreses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

EE.0 Qhb rbsenebkob lj Burlpb`k ol-lpbr`tevb c`kds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

EE.3 Qhb plsetelk lj Burlpb`k ol-lpbr`tevb c`kds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0?

EE.? Oustlibr jlous ek turcunbkt teibs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 02

EE.1 Wrlspbots jlr Burlpb`k ol-lpbr`tevb c`kds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0:

EEE- Ol-lpbr`tevb c`kds `s ` ilrb sustèk`cnb nbkaekm ilabn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0=

Olkonuselk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 08

Sbjbrbkobs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 05



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Jlrbwlra

Et es bveabkt th`t thb ektbrbst lj k`nysts, plneoy i`dbrs ka rbsb`rohbrs ek thb ol-lpbr`tevb c`kdekm ilabn h`s ekorb`sba olkseabr`cny lvbr thb

n`st twl yb`rs. Qhb Burlpb`k @ssloe`telk lj Ol-lpbr`tevb C`kds n`rmbny `ttrecutbs thes ekorb`sba `ttbktelk tl thb jòt th`t ol-lpbr`tevb c`kdsbso`pba rbn`tevbny ukso`thba jrli thb ffk`koe`n ka bolklieo oreses th`kds tl thber ukequb oh`ròtbresteos, klt nb`st ek tbris lj thber olrplr`tb

mlvbrk`kob. Qhes abvbnlpibkt es bkolur`mekm, cboùsb thb oh`ròtbresteos ka ohebvbibkts lj ol-lpbr`tevb c`kds ek thb p`st jbw yb`rs h`vb

cbbk n`rmbny kbmnbotba ek pucneo`telks, thb prbss `ka v`relus rbplrts. Cut thb suoobss lj thb ol-lpbr`tevb cusekbss ilabn h`s cbbk onb`rny

bveabkt ek thb rbsunts thby h`vb òhebvba `t nlo`n `ka rbmelk`n nbvbn. Qhb strlkmbst prllj lj thb vet`nety lj thb ol-lpbr`tevb cusekbss ilabn es

thb ekorb`sb ek i`rdbt sh`rbs lvbr thb n`st aboàb ka thb resb ek ibicbr-tl-plpun`telk r`tels ek p`rteoun`r.

Qhes rbplrt prbp`rba cy thb Burlpb`k @ssloe`telk lj Ol-lpbr`tevb C`kds èis tl olktrecutb tl `k bvbk cbttbr ukabrst`kaekm lj thb strbkmths

lj thb ol-lpbr`tevb c`kdekm ilabn. Ql thes bka, thes stuay `ssbssbs thb shlrt-tbri `ka nlkmbr tbri eipneo`telks lj thb ffk`koe`n oreses jlr ol-

lpbr`tevb c`kds. @s et es olkvekoekmny abilkstr`tba, ibicbr lwkbrshep h`s olktrecutba tl thb rbn`tevbny mlla pbrjlri`kob lj ol-lpbr`tevb

c`kds cbjlrb ka aurekm thb oreses. Qhb dby plekt es th`t ibicbrs, whl rb nsl oustlibrs, lwk thb bkterb ol-lpbr`tevb lrm`kes`telk. Ibicbr

lwkbrshep es rbffibotba ek `k `pprlòh th`t es olksbksus-arevbk tl ` mrb`tbr bxtbkt `ka `vleas ` strlkm ffx`telk lk fust lkb st`dbhlnabr. Qhbolkoliet`kt nlkm-tbri vebw `ka resd-`vbrsb st`kob tr`ksn`tb ektl ` ilrb olksbrv`tevb c`kdekm str`tbmy aerbotba tlw`ras rbtèn c`kdekm. Ek

àaetelk, ol-lpbr`tevb c`kds aa n`rmb p`rt lj thber prlffts tl rbsbrvbs lr lwk jukas. Olksbqubktny, ol-lpbr`tevb c`kds rb slib lj thb ilst

hemhny o`pet`nesba ekstetutelks ek Burlpb `ka tbka tl olktrecutb tl thb st`cenety lj k`telk`n ffk`koe`n systbis.

Qhb ukequb jb`turbs `ka olrb olipbtbkobs lj ol-lpbr`tevb c`kds prlveab ` slnea st`rtekm plekt weth onb`r lpplrtuketebs jlr thb jlrtholiekm

yb`rs. Jlr ekst`kob, ilst lj thb ‘kbw― oh`ròtbresteos lj thb mnlc`n ffk`koe`n systbi ‟ ` iuoh strlkmbr oustlibr jlous, ` mrb`tbr jlous lk

ektbmrety ka btheos, rbsplksecnb resd ttetuab, nlkmbr-tbri pbrspbotevb ka eiprlvba tr`ksp`rbkoy ‟ h`vb cbbk p`rt lj ol-lpbr`tevb c`kds―

AK@ jrli thb lutsbt. Cut thes albs klt ib`k th`t thbsb lpplrtuketebs o`k cb seipny o`shba ek. @ prlòtevb `ka ekklv`tevb `ttetuab es kbbaba

tl olktbka weth ` weab r`kmb lj i`kejbst oh`nnbkmbs. Qhb clttli nekb es th`t thb suoobss `ka nejb bxpbot`koy lj ol-lpbr`tevb c`kds abpbka

lk thb nbm`n bkverlkibkt, thber olipbtetevbkbss, thb qu`nety `ka str`tbmy lj thber i`k`mbibkt, ka, n`st cut klt nb`st, thber rbn`telksheps weth

thber ibicbrs. Qhb nlkm hestlry lj ol-lpbr`tevb c`kds shlws th`t thby o`k nevb up tl thbsb bxpbot`telks.

Webt Ilbrn`ka

Wrbseabkt lj thb Burlpb`k @ssloe`telk lj Ol-lpbr`tevb C`kds

Crussbns



p. 2


Ektrlauotelk

Ek thb rbobkt yb`rs wb h`vb jòba k ukprbobabktba turilen th`t h`s prljlukany sh`dbk thb jukaìbkt`ns lj ffk`kob ka bolkliy wlrnaweab.

Qhes h`s steiun`tba rbffibotelks `ka `k`nysbs jrli v`relus pbrspbotevbs. Bolkliests, plneoy i`dbrs, `k`nysts, ektbrk`telk`n lrm`kes`telks,lpekelk i`dbrs ka i`ky lthbrs h`vb olktrecutba tl thes aesousselk weth rbplrts ka stuaebs lk aejjbrbkt `spbots lj thes oreses. Qhb Burlpb`k

@ssloe`telk lj Ol-lpbr`tevb C`kds (B@OC) ektbkas tl olktrecutb `s wbnn tl thes abc`tb `ka h`s ol-lraek`tba thb bjjlrts lj ets ibicbrs `ka

lj thb Burlpb`k thekd t`kd lk ol-lpbr`tevb c`kds tl prlauob `k `ssbssibkt lj thb oreses `ka thb pbrjlri`kob lj ol-lpbr`tevb c`kds. Qhb

`k`nyses es struoturba `s jlnnlws6 oh`ptbr 0 jlousbs lk thb oùsbs `ka bjjbots lj thb oreses4 oh`ptbr 3 `ssbssbs thb plsetelk `ka pbrjlri`kob

lj ol-lpbr`tevb c`kds cbjlrb `ka aurekm thb turilen4 oh`ptbr ? summbsts ` kbw ilabn tl `ssbss c`kds pbrjlri`kob olkonuaekm th`t thb

st`dbhlnabr ffk`kob biclaeba ek ol-lpbr`tevb c`kds iemht cb ilrb sustèk`cnb nbkaekm ilabn jlr thb juturb.

Ql sui up, thb ol-lpbr`tevb c`kds cusekbss ilabn h`s abilkstr`tba tl cb clth sustèk`cnb `ka rbsenebkt tl ffk`koe`n shlods. Ol-lpbr`tevb

c`kds h`vb cbbk aespn`yekm st`cnb prlfft mrlwth, rbn`tevbny neietba wretb-alwks, nlw prlveselks `ka nlw nlssbs, jbwbr semkeffo`kt orbaet resds

`ka ` strlkm o`pet`nes`telk ves-ç-ves oliibroe`n c`kds lvbr ` nlkm kuicbr lj yb`rs. Ilrblvbr, olip`reslks weth oliibroe`n c`kds lk thb

c`ses lj dby ffk`koe`n ffmurbs `ka seipnb ib`surbs lj c`kdekm st`cenety ekaeo`tb ` cbkbffoe`n ekffiubkob lj ol-lpbr`tevb c`kds lk thb st`cenety ljk`telk`n ffk`koe`n systbis. Cbjlrb thb R_ ssbt preob cuccnb curst, ol-lpbr`tevb c`kds aea otu`nny h`vb cbttbr Qebr 0 r`tels, ilrb st`cnb prlfft

mrlwth `ka ` ilrb slnea c`n`kob shbbt struoturb. Qhber lpbr`telks, ib`surba ek tbris lj thb olst/ekolib r`tel, cboìb ilrb bjffoebkt ek thb

yb`rs cbjlrb thb oreses. Lwekm tl thber oh`ròtbresteos, struoturb, ffk`koe n slneaety ka thber cenety tl rbièk onlsb tl thb oustlibrs, ol-lpbr`tevb

c`kds sbbi tl bibrmb `s onb`r wekkbrs lj thb rbobkt turilen, weth nbss wretb alwks, ` ve`cnb cusekbss ilabn mbkbr`tekm slnea rbvbkubs, `ka

rbkbwba pprlv`n jrli oustlibrs.

Qhes cenety lj ol-lpbr`tevb c`kds tl olib nlkm thber ibicbrs ka onebkts ek thb mlla a`ys s wbnn s ek thb cà a`ys shlws thb bjffoebkoy lj

thber sustèk`cnb abvbnlpibkt str`tbmy. Et nsl shlws thb qu`nety lj thber mlvbrk`kob, c`sba lk thb prekoepnb „lkb pbrslk, lkb vltb’. I`rryekm

mbkbr`n ektbrbst weth ekaeveau`n ektbrbsts, thes prekoepnb jlstbrs thb àlptelk lj aboeselks rbffibotekm thb whlnb utenety lj ` prlfbot, lk ` shlrt `s

wbnn s lk ` nlkm tbri. Ol-lpbr`tevb c`kds rbièk jèthjun tl thb btheo mueaekm thber otelks6 rbsplksecenety, slnea`rety, prlxeiety.

E. Oùsbs `ka aerbot bjjbots lj thb k`koe`n oreses

Qhb rllts lj thb ilst rbobkt orbaet oreses neb ek thb Rketba _t`tbs. Ekete`nny, ffvb dby jòtlrs otev`tba sbnj-rbekjlroekm iboh`kesi ek thb ffk`koe`n

systbi (sbb ae`mrì 0). Qhes tlld pnòb mèkst iòrl-bolklieo còdmrluka lj bxtbksevb wlrnaweab eic`n`kobs ek c`n`kobs lj p`yibkts,

weth thb R_ abvbnlpekm ektl ` i`flr abctlr. Qhb bxobss lj s`vekms ek bibrmekm oluktrebs w`s ekvbstba ek thb R_ `ka nba tl nlw nlkm tbri

ektbrbst r`tbs. Qhb nbvbn lj ektbrbst r`tbs steiun`tba nbkaekm `ka rèsba hlusbhlnas― clrrlwekm o`pòety. R_ hlusb preobs ekorb`sba sh`rpny,

`ka `nthlumh thes aborb`sba thb `jjlra`cenety lj hlusbs, c`kds wbrb clth `cnb `ka wennekm tl prlveab jurthbr orbaet, weth kl ekorb`sb ek o`pet`n

rbquerbibkts `s thby oluna clld et ljj thber c`n`kob shbbts. Hlusbhlnas― wennekmkbss tl clrrlw `ka c`kds― wennekmkbss tl nbka wbrb c`sba

lk bxpbotba olktekuba resbs ek hlusb preobs. Ek lrabr tl ekorb`sb nbkaekm, c`kds b`sba ilrtm`mb nl`ks oretbre`, `ka ilrb resdy ilrtm`mb

prlauots wbrb ektrlauoba. Qhes sbt lj oerouist`kobs m`vb resb tl spboun`telk ek thb R_ hlusekm i`rdbt `ka arlvb preobs up jurthbr. C`kds

wbrb `cnb tl olktekub tl ffk`kob thb òobnbr`tekm orbaet mrlwth cy p`rtny sbouretesekm ilrtm`mbs eiibae`tbny. Qhes w`s steiun`tba cy thb

prbvènekm ektbrk`telk`n jrìbwlrd jlr c`kdekm supbrveselk (c`seo`nny, C`sbn E). _bouretes`telk mbkbr`tba nequeaety jlr c`kds `ka ietem`tba thb

slnvbkoy prbssurb lj nbkabrs. _bouretes`telk bk`cnba c`kds tl jrbb up ` rbn`tevbny sucst`kte`n ilukt lj o`pet`n tl ekorb`sb thb prlveselk suppny

lj ilrtm`mbs jurthbr.

Lwekm tl thb ekorb`sba resd tlnbr`kob `ka thb sb`roh jlr yebna ìlkm i`ky i`rdbt p`rteoep`kts, thb ilrtm`mb sbouretebs, abspetb thber

aeiekeshekm qu`nety `ka ekorb`sba resds, wbrb ek mrb`t abi`ka jlr ` nlkm teib ìlkm ekvbstlrs `ka c`kds wlrnaweab. _upbrveslrs `ka r`tekm

`mbkoebs eksujffoebktny rbolmkesba thb mrlwekm aesorbp`koy cbtwbbk thb otu`n ka thb ukabrnyekm v`nub lj thbsb ffk`koe`n prlauots. Qhes m`vb

resb tl ` sbnj-rbekjlroekm prlobss, klureshba cy lvbr-lpteiesi, eksujffoebkt preoekm lj resd `ka ` sb`roh jlr yebna ek teibs lj nlw ektbrbst r`tbs.

Ek thb ruk-up tl thb ffk`koe`n oreses, thb resds `ssloe`tba weth ffk`koe`n tr`ksòtelks wbrb olnnbotevbny ukabrpreoba wlrnaweab.



p. :


Ae`mrì 0 Oùsbs lj thb orbaet oreses

O@R_B_ SB_RNQ_

0. Mnlc n c`n`kob p`yibkts aesbquenecreui (bxobss s vekms ek bibrmekm oluktrebs…)Nllsb ilkbt`ry plneoy, p`rteoun rny ek R_

- Ohb`p ilkby6 nlw ektbrbst r`tbsBklrilus resb ek hlusb

preobs

Bklrilus nbkaekm mrlwth

Bklrilus ukabrbstei`telk

lj resd

Bklrilus olnnbotevb lvbr-

lpteiesi

Nòd lj lpplsetelk

3. J vlur cnb bolklieo olkaetelks

- Ekolib mrlwth `ka hemh bxpbotba rbturks

- ]b`nth mrlwth ka wb`nth bjjbots

- Nlw ukbipnlyibkt

?. B sekm lj nbkaekm tbris

- Kbw prlauots, p`rteoun`rny klk-st`ka`ra ilrtm`mbs

1. Jek`koe n ekklv telks

- _pboe`n purplsb vbheonbs

- Orbaet abjùnt sw`ps

2. Ekàbqu tb supbrveselk

- Pubstelk`cnb rlnb lj r`tekm `mbkoebs / olkffieot lj ektbrbst

- _upbrveslry jrìbwlrd prlveabs ekobktevb jlr nbkaekm `ka sbouretes`telks (rbmun`tlry o`pturb)

Qhes prlobss lj olkteku nny resekm `ssbt preobs w`s prlmrbssevbny bkaba cy ilkbt ry temhtbkekm lj thb Jbabr n Sbsbrvb C`kd, wheoh ukbxpbotbany prlauoba

ar i`teo oh ek rbòtelk ek thb ffk`koe n `ka bolklieo systbis. Et st rtba weth ekorb`sekm p`yibkt aejffountebs jlr hlusbhlnas th`t nba tl jlrbonlsurb s nbs,

wheoh put prbssurb lk hlusb preobs. @ kbm`tevb sper n lj j nnekm hlusb preobs, jlrbonlsurbs, abonekekm olksuibr `ka prlauobr olkffabkob, ekorb`sekm

abj unts lk orbaets, olnn psekm olkffabkob `ka resekm qubstelks `clut thb rb n v nub lj `ssbts nekdba tl thb hlusekm i`rdbt, thbk thlsb qubstelks sprbà

tlw`ra lthbr `ssbt on ssbs, `ka bkt enba ` jrbbzekm lj i`ky i`rdbts. Qhbsb abvbnlpibkts nba tl wretb-alwks lj orbaet plrtjlnels jlr nn c`kds lwkekm

suoh prlauots, wlrnaweab nlssbs `ka o`pet n shlrt mbs `t (ekvbstibkt) c`kds, ` onlsba ektbrc`kd ilkby i`rdbt `ka ` olipnbtb nlss lj olkffabkob ek thb

ffk`koe n systbi bksuba.

Abspetb i flr nequeaety supplrt lpbr telks `ka bklrilus ektbrbst r tb outs cy obktr n c`kds `ka o`pet n ekfbotelks cy mlvbrkibkts `rluka `ka `jtbr iea-

3778, sbvbr n c`kds h`vb j enba lr hà tl cb c enba lut cy t db-lvbrs lr k`telk nes`telks nn lvbr thb wlrna. Cut ilst trlucnba c`kds rbobevba st tb supplrt

`ka wbrb s`vba, sekob thby pn yba ` vet n rlnb ek k`telk n bolkliebs (tll cem tl j en). @ilkm thbi `rb slib lj thb cemmbst Burlpb`k c`kds, nedb Sly n C`kd

lj _oltn ka, Nnlyas Q_C-HCL_, Jlrtes, Abxe , Oliibrzc`kd, Hypl Sb n Bst tb, Klrthbrk Slod `ka Cr ajlra &Cekmnby, `s wbnn `s Eresh `ka Eobn kaeo c`kds.

E.0 JSLI JEK@KOE@N QL BOLKLIEO OSE_E_

Qhb ffk`koe n oreses h`s nsl ekauoba olksuibrs `ka bktbrpresbs tl onb`k up thber c n kob shbbts (abnbvbr mekm) `ka tl àfust thber olksuiptelk `ka

ekvbstibkt p`ttbrks. Qhbsb afustibkts h`vb hà sbvbrb rbpbrousselks jlr thb rb n bolkliy. Olksuiptelk ka ekvbstibkt h`vb j nnbk wlrnaweab, oùsekm

`k ukprbobabktba rbobsselk. Ek `k `ttbipt tl ietem`tb thb kbm`tevb bjjbots lj thb ffk`koe n oreses lk thber rb n bolkliebs, i`ky mlvbrkibkts h`vb t dbkib`surbs tl supplrt obrt ek ekaustrebs, b.m. thb ùtlilcenb sbotlr, tl cllst olksuiptelk `ka tl i ekt ek puroh`sekm plwbr. Qhbsb cuambt ry `ka ffso n

ib`surbs nbà tl sh`rpny resekm mlvbrkibkt abffoets (klt tl ibktelk thb o`pet n ekfbotelks ek ffk`koe n ekstetutelks). I`ky oluktrebs h`vb cbbk olkjrlktba

weth r peany resekm ukbipnlyibkt r tbs `ka ekorb`sekm c`kdruptoebs sekob 3778.

Hbkob bolklieo `ka ffk`koe n oreses ektbrtwekba, rbsuntekm ek sbvbrb olksbqubkobs lk thb sloe n `ka bolklieo nejb ek abvbnlpba oluktrebs. Ek i`ky

oluktrebs, bolklieo oreses st rtba cbjlrb thb ffk`koe n oreses, wheoh ek rbturk jubnnba thb bolklieo oreses.

]henb wb `rb ourrbktny wetkbssekm slib semks lj rbolvbry, wb `rb stenn j r `w`y jrli ` setu`telk lj slnea bolklieo mrlwth. Qhb rbcuenaekm ek ekvbktlrebs, thb

kbxt „cunnesh’ stlry ek thb ilkths `hbà wenn pn y `k òobnbr tekm rlnb lk ekaustre n prlauotelk. Hlwbvbr thb klri nes`telk prlobss wenn prbsui`cny klt n st

nlkm `s thb rbolvbry ek mnlc n abi`ka es klt bxpbotba tl cb rlcust bklumh tl sust ek thb ilibktui.



p. =


Ilrblvbr thb ukabrnyekm jukaìbkt ns lj thb Burlpb`k bolkliy rbi ek jr menb. Ek ilst BR-oluktrebs, thb lkmlekm abtbrelr telk ek thb n clur i`rdbt, temht

orbaet olkaetelks, thb rbvbrs n lj thb abffi`telk prlobss `ka ffk nny thb iluktekm prbssurb tl abnbvbr mb nsl pucneo abct wenn put slib ar m lk olksuiptelk

`ka ekvbstibkt mrlwth. Wrev`tb olksuiptelk es bxpbotba tl mrlw cut `t ` ilabr tb pòb. Qhb lvbro`pòetebs ekhbretba jrli thb oreses wenn cb thb i ek

eipbaeibkt tl ` rbvev n ek ekvbstibkt, cut thb olktr otelk es bxpbotba tl snlw alwk ek 3707.

E.3 WSEI@SU @KA OLNN@QBS@N A@I@MB JLS QHB C@KDEKM _U_QBI

C`kds wbrb ek thb byb lj thb ffk`koe n oreses stlri vbry b`rny lk, `ka thby `rb stenn i`dekm hbànekb kbws, abspetb thb sprbà lj thb oreses tl lthbr bolklieo

sbotlrs. Rkten thb bka lj 3778, thb ffk`koe n oreses hà i ekny lkny `jjbotba OEC (Olrplr tb `ka Ekvbstibkt C`kdekm) cusekbss `rb`s `ka `ssbt i`k`mbibkt

ek thb crlàbst sbksb, ekonuaekm prev`tb c`kdekm, mnlc n oustlay `ka nejb eksur kob. Et es lkny `jtbr thb j enurb lj Nbhi`k Crlthbrs th`t ` ilrb i`rdba

prlp`m`telk tl nn `rb`s lj c`kdekm `ka tl ` vbry n rmb kuicbr lj oluktrebs h`s t dbk pn ob. Qhb aeibkselk lj thb oreses h`s cbbk mrlwekm lvbr teib `ka

bvbk bibrmekm bolkliebs, th`t wbrb ekete nny sp`rba, h`vb cbbk ilrb lr nbss sbvbrbny het n tbr lk. @ilkm thb h`rabst het wbrb v`relus kbw BR ibicbr

oluktrebs klt ybt cbnlkmekm tl thb Burlpb`k Ilkbt ry Rkelk, rbnyekm lk n rmb o`pet n ekffilws `ka h`vekm thber bxoh`kmb r tbs pbmmba tl thb burl.

Hbkob c`kd supplrt pn ks `ka lkmlekm bjjlrts tl clnstbr thber ffk`koe n strbkmth, rbstlrb olkffabkob `ka bksurb th`t thby olktekub tl ffk`kob thb rb n

bolkliy `rb lj utilst eiplrt kob. @s „ffk`kob prlveabrs’ c`kds oluna vbry kbm`tevbny `jjbot thb rbobsselk oyonbs, shluna thby r telk thb suppny lj orbaet.Ek lthbr tbris ` orbaet orukoh iemht cb vbry a`kmbrlus `ka wluna ekorb`sb thb oustlibrs― aejffountebs `ka abn y thb bolklieo rbolvbry. @t thb sìb teib

thb bolklieo snlw alwk h`s ar i`teo nny rbauoba thb prlauotelk `ka thb abi`ka jlr orbaet. Et shluna cb kltba hlwbvbr th`t thb ourrbkt setu`telk `ka thb

eipòt lj thb oreses es vbry aejjbrbkt jrli lkb oluktry tl thb lthbr `ka cbtwbbk c`kds.

Qhb j ot rbi eks th`t nn c`kdekm cusekbssbs, st rtekm weth thb sbouretes`telk cusekbss, h`vb cbbk sujjbrekm `ka thb setu`telk es klt nedbny tl eiprlvb

sucst kte nny ek thb oliekm qu`rtbrs. ]hbrb`s thb ffrst ph`sb lj thb oreses, wheoh w`s ilrb ffk`koe n ek k`turb, ilstny `jjbotba sbouretes`telk òtevetebs,

ph`sb twl h`s turkba ektl ` ilrb on sseo oreses jb`turekm ` mbkbr n òtevety snlwalwk `ka, ilst eiplrt ktny, `k ekorb`sb ek thb olst lj resd th`t h`s sprbà

tl ` crlàbr r kmb lj cusekbssbs. Jlnnlwekm thb ekete n cnlw lj thb aerbot bjjbots, ffk`koe n ekstetutelks `rb klw olkjrlktba weth thb rbobsselk`ry bjjbots lj thb

ffk`koe n oreses. Qhby h`vb hlpbjunny klw rbolvbrba sujffoebktny jrli thb ekete n shlod tl j ob thbsb bolklieo oh nnbkmbs `ka tl cb`r thb `ssloe tba nlssbs.

Qhb w`vb lj rbmun tlry `ka supbrveslry àfustibkts, th`t h`s jlnnlwba thb oreses nsl resds àaekm kbw curabks, abspetb thb ekolktbst cnb olkstruotevb

eiekm `t crekmekm ilrb st cenety ek thb ffk`koe n sbotlr `ka rbauoekm thb prlc`cenety lj thb kbxt oreses.

E.? LRQNEKB_ LJ @ KB] JEK@KOE@N _U_QBI

Qhb oreses h`s rbvb nba v`relus shlrtoliekms lj thb ffk`koe n systbi `ka ets supbrveselk. Qhes h`s steiun tba òtelks jrli thb nbmesn tevb plekt lj vebw cut

nsl ` w`vb lj sbnj-`ssbssibkts `ka rbffibotelks lj thb rlnb lj ffk`koe n ekstetutelks. @s ` rbsunt, thb i ek oh`r otbresteos lj thb ffk`koe n systbi `rb nedbny

tl oh`kmb ar steo nny. _ex i flr oh`kmbs o`k cb eabkteffba, lk wheoh juturb plneoebs `rb nedbny tl eksest6 thb ilst stredekm lkb es thb ekorb`sba nbvbn lj o`pet n

rbquerbibkt jlr ffk`koe n ekstetutelks, lk wheoh ilst oluktrebs `mrbba lk, klt cny ek thb M37 suiiet. Et es onlsbny jlnnlwba cy ` mrb`tbr jlous lk ektbmrety

`ka btheos, ` ilrb bjffoebkt resd `ttetuab, thb `ppneo`telk lj ` nlkmbr tbri pbrspbotevb, ilrb tr ksp`rbkoy `ka n st cut klt nb`st ` mrb`tbr oustlibr jlous.

Lj olursb, thb ffk`koe n sbotlr h`s nsl cbbk pbrjlriekm ` oreteo n sbnj `ssbssibkt `ka es t dekm ekete tevbs tl eiprlvb ets btheos, resd pbrobptelk `ka resd

`ttetuabs. @oolraekmny, prlpls ns h`vb cbbk put jlrw`ra jlr `k àbqu`tb struoturb lj bxboutevb `ka bipnlybb rbiukbr telk ek thb ffk`koe n systbi.

Lvbr nn, et es bxpbotba th`t mrb`tbr biph`ses wenn cb pn oba lk pblpnb ka thber cenety ek t dekm ffk`koe n aboeselks, s wbnn s lk thb sloe n rlnb lj c`kds. Qhb

ekolrrbot `ssbssibkt lj thb ukabrnyekm resds lj sucpreib sbouretesba ilrtm`mbs h`s t umht eiplrt kt nbsslks ek tbris lj ` a`kmbrlus shlrt-tbri `ttetuab

`ka ekaeveau n cbh`velurs. C`kds, ekstetutelk n ekvbstlrs, cusekbssbs `ka prev`tb ekaeveau ns wenn h`vb tl i`db iuoh ilrb olksbrv`tevb resd aboeselks whbk

ab nekm weth olipnbx ffk`koe n ekstruibkts. Et es nsl nedbny th`t mrb`tbr biph`ses wenn cb pn oba lk oustlibr bauo`telk, prltbotelk `ka rbsplksecnb nbkaekm.

Qhb nedbny lutolib wenn cb ` rb nnlo`telk lj o`pet n ek j vlur lj ukevbrs n c`kdekm ilabn, clth wbnn jukaba `ka wbnn o`pet nesba. Et es nsl nedbny th`t ` rbturk tl

` ilrb tr aetelk n ektbribae ry rlnb lj c`kds lk thb c`ses lj thb lremek n „lremek`tb tl hlna’ ilabn wenn m ek ilibktui.

Qhb pbrspbotevb lj ` rbturk tl ` ilrb olksbrv`tevb `ka tr aetelk n ilabn th`t puts thb onebkts `ka thb rb n bolkliy `t thb hb`rt lj ets òtevetebs wenn hlpbjunny

rbstlrb olkffabkob ek thb ffk`koe n systbi, wheoh wenn ek turk olktrecutb tl ffk`koe n st cenety. Ol-lpbr tevb c`kds h`vb ek thes rbspbot k eiplrt kt rlnb tl pn y.

Qhby `rb nn thb ilrb iltev`tba tl junffn thes rbsplksecenety, `s thb oreses ukabrnekba thb hemh àbquòy `ka slneaety lj thber ilabn. Ek thes rbm`ra, ol-lpbr tevb

c`kds slibhlw bxòtny i`toh thb kbw ilabn jlstbrba cy rbmun tlrs.



p. 8


EE- Ol-lpbr`tevb c`kds `ka thb oreses

Ol-lpbr`tevb c`kds wbrb obrtèkny klt eiiukb jrli thb wlrnaweab abvbnlpibkts absorecba sl j`r. ]henb i`ky lj thb n`rmb ol-lpbr`tevb c`kds

h`vb sujjbrba sucst`kte`n nlssbs lk resdy ekvbstibkts, thby al sbbi tl h`vb cbbk het rbn`tevbny nbss sbvbrbny cy thb aerbot bjjbots lj thb oresesth`k prev`tb ka ekvbstibkt c`kds. Qhber nlssbs ka wretb-alwks ppb`r tl cb rbn`tevbny ilabr`tb ka ièkny olkobktr`tba ek thb ektbrk`telk`n

òtevetebs. Cbseabs, kl ol-lpbr tevb c`kd h`s j`nnbk ukabr k`telk`nes`telk prlmrìibs klr h`s cbbk abon`rba c`kdrupt. @s et wenn cb aesoussba

n`tbr, ol-lpbr`tevb c`kds `rb prbaliek`ktny alibsteo`nny `ka rbtèn lrebkt`tba. @s suoh, thby h`vb cbttbr dklwnbamb `clut thb resds ek thber

cusekbss th`k lthbr pn`ybrs. Qhes albs klt ib`k hlwbvbr th`t thby `rb eiiukb6 s p`rt lj thb systbi thby rb nsl jjbotba cy thb bolklieo

alwkturk cboùsb i`ky lj thber rbtèn `ka whlnbs`nb onebkts `rb het cy thb rbobsselk.

Qhes es klt surpresekm `s weth vbry strlkm tebs ek nlo`n bolkliebs, ol-lpbr`tevb c`kds rb jjbotba cy `ky turcunbkob t nlo`n nbvbn. Qhes h`s cbbk

quetb sbvbrb ek rbobkt ilkths. Ilrblvbr, aub tl thb obktr`n rlnb lj ibicbrs ek thb c`kdekm rbn`telksheps, thby `rb eipòtba cy thb rbauoba

ffk`koe`n o`pòety lj hlusbhlnas, prljbsselk`ns ka cusekbssbs whl rb typeo`nny ibicbrs lj ol-lpbr`tevb c`kds.

Hlwbvbr `t nb`st ffvb oh`ròtbresteos sbt ol-lpbr`tevb c`kds `p`rt jrli lthbr c`kds6

• thby `rb mbkbr`nny wbnn o`pet`nesba, ka slnea4

• thby `ppny ` aestekotevb cusekbss ilabn ek c`kdekm th`t puts thb ibicbrs `ka oustlibrs `t ets hb rt, weth ` nlkm-tbri pbrspbotevb

thrlumh mlla `ka cà teibs4

• thby h vb cuent-ek `kte-oyoneo`n cbh`velur ka ektbrk`n abplset mu`r`ktbb sohbibs.

• thby h`vb temht clttli up olktrln iboh`kesis.

• thby `ppny ` abilor`teo mlvbrk`kob sohbib, c`sba lk weab ekvlnvbibkt lj thber ibicbrs ek aboeselks t`dekm, ek ` clttli-up w`y.

• Ek mbkbr`n thlsb aestekotevb oh`ròtbresteos h vb bksurba th`t thb ol-lpbr`tevb c kds ilabn wluna shlw ets rbsenebkob ka sustèk cenetyaurekm thb oreses.

EE.0 QHB SB_ENEBKOB LJ BRSLWB@K OL-LWBS@QEZB C@KD_

Aurekm thb rbobkt oreses, wb h`vb lcsbrvba thb jènurb lj ` n`rmb kuicbr lj ffk`koe`n ekstetutelks, bvbk thb nb`st suspbot. Ek mbkbr`n hlwbvbr

thb ffk`koe`n ekstetutelks th`t h`vb jènba wbrb oliibroe`n c`kds ka pucneo c`kds (N`kabsc`kdbk ek Mbri`ky) lr jlribr ol-lpbr`tevb mrlups

th`t ohllsb tl abiutu`nesb, suoh `s Klrthbrk Slod `ka Cràjlra & Cekmnby ek thb RD. Lk thb olktr`ry, kl Burlpb`k ol-lpbr`tevb c`kd h`s

bvbr jènba.

]hbk nlldekm ilrb onlsbny `t thb aerbot olst lj thb oreses, seien`r olkonuselks o`k cb ar`wk6 ilrb th`k 52% lj wretb alwks rbmestbrba

wlrnaweab wbrb aub tl oliibroe`n c`kds `ka slib pucneo c`kds4 thb olst ek tbris lj nl`k nlssbs prlveselks sbbis ilrb bqu`nny

aestrecutba. Sbo`pet`nez`telk (ek p`rteoun`r st`tb èas) w`s `nsl i`ssevbny aerbotba tlw`ras oliibroe`n c`kds `ka slib pucneo c`kds.Ol-lpbr`tevb c`kds h`vb thbrbjlrb cbbk h`rany rbsplksecnb jlr thb aerbot olsts lj thb oreses, abspetb thber hb`vy wbemht ek thb bolkliy,

weth `clut 37% ek tbris lj abplsets i`rdbt sh`rb.



p. 5


_lurob6 Cnllicbrm, Lotlcbr 3775

Mnlc`n olst lj thb oreses tl a`tb ($ Ck)

7 37 17 :7 87 077

AV c`kd

_uktrust

Lthbr burlpb`k jeris

Iezuhl

Mlnai`k _òhs

C`kol _`kt`kabr

Oråaet @mreolnb _.@.

OECO

K`texes

Jlrtes

C`kd lj Ohek`

_M

DCO

WKOEDC

Nbhi`k Crlthbrs

CKW

C`ybresohb NC

Abutsohb C`kd

EKM

Oråaet _uessb

C`ron`ys

Ilrm`k _t`knby

HCl_

K`telk`n Oety

]bnns J`rml

SC_

FWIO

H_CO

]ìu

RC_

Cl@

Ibrrenn

Oete

]òhlve`

Qlp 076 21%

Qlp 326 =8%

Ollp c`kds6 lkny 3,=%





p. 00


Qhb kltelk th`t Burlpb`k ol-lpbr`tevb c`kds, weth thber strlkm o`pet`n rbsbrvbs `ka st`cnb ekolib, olktrecutb tl thb st`cenety lj thb c`kdekm systbi

es ekorb`sekmny supplrtba cy bipereo`n stuaebs. Qhb rbsb`rohbrs Hbssb ka ehàd (377=) lj thb EIJ olkonuaba th`t thb strlkm o`pet`nes`telk, thb st`cnb

ekolib lj ol-lpbr`tevb c`kds ka thber pruabkt resd-i`k`mbibkt ilrb th`k ljjsbt thb avbrsb ekffiubkob lj nlwbr prlfft`cenety lk thber st`cenety?. Lvbr`nn,

ek thber vebw, ffk`koe`n ol-lpbr`tevbs h`vb ` vbry plsetevb olktrecutelk jlr thb st`cenety lj thb k`telk`n ffk`koe`n sbotlr.

Oh`rt 3 Qebr 0 r`tel

_lurob6 @kku`n rbplrts

c. Wrlfft`cenety

Qhb prei`ry ml`n lj ol-lpbr`tevb c`kds es tl i`xeiesb ibicbrs/oustlibrs v`nub, whenb prlfft i`xeies`telk es klt ` t`rmbt pbr sb. Wrlfft es

hlwbvbr ` kbobss`ry olkaetelk, wethlut wheoh thb ol-lpbr`tevb c`kds wluna cb uk`cnb tl mrlw lr ekvbst sujffoebktny. Ek thes rbspbot et es klt

surpresekm th`t a`t` shlw ` olip`r`tevbny snemhtny nlwbr prlfft`cenety ves-`-ves thb vbr`mb lj thb oliibroe`n c`kdekm sbotlr. Ilrb prboesbny, ol-

lpbr`tevb c`kds al klt lkny oh`sb prlffts i`xeies`telk, cut r`thbr st`dbhlnabrs― v`nub i`xeies`telk, thber ibicbrs cbekm nsl oustlibrs. _l

cbseabs purb ffk`koe`n aeveabka, ol-lpbr`tevb c`kds bxtbrk`nezb sloe`n aeveabka. Et olksests jlr bxìpnb ek prlveaekm ets ibicbrs/oustlibrs

weth tlp qu`nety prlauots `ka sbrveobs `t thb cbst plssecnb preobs.

Wrlfft`cenety es usu`nny `ssbssba ek tbris lj rbturk lk `ssbts `ka rbturk lk bquety. B@OC o`noun`telks, c`sba lk ` sìpnb lj jlrty ffvb c`kds

nlo`tba ek ]bstbrk Burlpb, shlw th`t thb rbturk lk `ssbts `ka rbturk lk bquety lj ol-lpbr`tevb c`kds `rb nlwbr th`k jlr oliibroe`n c`kds,`s bxpbotba. Qhb nlwbr rbturk lk bquety, hlwbvbr, o`k cb p`rtny bxpnèkba cy thb nlwbr nbvbr`mb rbsuntekm jrli ` hemhbr olrb o`pet`n r`tel jlr

thb ol-lpbr`tevb c`kds.

?. _bb nsl Mrlbkbvbna ka ab Zrebs (3775).

7 3 1 : 8 07 03 01

CZS (AB)

SVC (@Q)

Oråaet @mreolnb (JS)

C`kqubs Wlpunèrbs (JS)

Oråaet Iutubn (JS)

Wlhfln` Mrlup (Jek)

S`clc`kd (KN)

Sèjjbesbk (OH)

3778 377=



. 03


Q cnb 0 @vbr`mb ffk`koe`n pbrjlri`kob lj c`kds, 3773-377= (sìpnb)

Ol-lpbr`tevb C`kds

(K95 / L92?)

Wbrobkt`mb (st`ka`ra abve`telk)

Oliibroe`n C`kds

(K9?: / L9025)

Wbrobkt`mb (st`ka`ra abve`telk)

SLB 5.? (1.2) 0?.1 (8.2)

SL@ 7.1 (7.3) 7.2 (7.?)

Olrb o`pet`n r`tel 1.= (0.1) ?.: (0.1)

Qebr 0 r`tel 5.3 (0.1) 8.1 (0.1)

Olst / Ekolib r`tel :3 (:.=) :0 (0?.?)

_lurob6 S`clc`kd o`noun`telks (3778) c`sba lk `kku`n rbplrts. Jemurbs `rb c`sba lk 12 n`rmb c`kds bst`cneshba ek ]bstbrk Burlpb. K9kuicbr lj c`kds. L9kuicbr lj

lcsbrv`telks aurekm 3773-377=.

o - Bjffoebkoy (olst/ekolib r`tel)

B@OC o`noun`telks shlw th`t, ek thb pbrela jrli 3773-377=, ilst ol-lpbr`tevb c`kds ek ]bstbrk Burlpb`k oluktrebs lpbr`tba ilrb bjffoebktny

th`k oliibroe`n c`kds (sbb oh`rt ?).

Oh`rt ? Olst / ekolib r`tel cy oluktry (3773 ‟ 377=)1

_lurob6 O`noun`telks cy S`clc`kd c`sba lk `kku`n rbplrts `ka BOC a`t`

Qhb olst/ekolib r`tel lj thb ol-lpbr`tevb c`kds eiprlvba semkeffo`ktny lk `vbr`mb cbtwbbk 3773 `ka 377: (oh`rt 1). Qhes o`k cb bxpnèkba

cy thb jòt th`t ol-lpbr`tevb c`kds strevb tl sbrvb thb kbbas lj thber ibicbrs/onebkts. Ekabba, jlr ol-lpbr`tevb c`kds et es jurthbr kbobss`ry tl

rbauob thber olst/ekolib r`tel tl olicekb thb v`nub i`xeies`telk jlr onebkts `ka ibicbrs weth thb kbobssety lj cbekm prlfft`cnb.

1. Kltb6 @Q 9 @ustre`, OH 9 _wetzbrn`ka, JS 9 Jr`kob, AB 9 Mbri`ky , KN 9 Kbthbrn`kas. Qhb ol-lpbr`tevb c`kds ek thbsb oluktrebs wbrb olip`rba weth thb tlt`n mrlup lj 12 c`kds.

12%

27%

22%

:7%

:2%

=7%

=2%

@Q OH AB JS KN

Ol-lpbr`tevb c`kds Oliibroe`n c`kds



p. 0?


Oh`rt 1 Olst / ekolib r`tel lj ol-lpbr`tevb c`kds (3773 ‟ 377=)2

_lurob6 S`clc`kd (3778)

EE.3 QHB WL_EQELK LJ BRSLWB@K OL-LWBS@QEZB C@KD_

Qhb suoobss ka plpun`rety lj ol-lpbr`tevb c`kds h`s cbbk ekorb`sekm ek rbobkt yb`rs ek Burlpb. @ plssecnb w`y tl ib`surb thes es tl qu`ktejy

hlw i`ky pblpnb h`vb ohlsbk tl cb ibicbrs lj ol-lpbr`tevb c`kds s pbrobkt`mb lj thb tlt`n plpun`telk. Qhes ib`surb es thb ‘ibicbr-tl-

plpun`telk― r`tel. Oh`rt 2 aespn`ys thb bvlnutelk lj thes r`tel ek ffjtbbk BR oluktrebs (BR02):. Qhb sìb r`tel es pnlttba jlr sex Burlpb`k oluktrebs

weth rbn`tevbny n`rmb ol-lpbr`tevb c`kdekm sbotlr6 @ustre`, Jekn`ka, Jr`kob, Mbri`ky, Et`ny ka thb Kbthbrn`kas (hbkobjlrth BR:).

Ek clth thb BR02 `ka BR:, `k ekorb`sb ek thb ibicbr-plpun`telk r`tel es aesobrkecnb. Qhb r`tel ek thb BR: es sucst`kte`nny hemhbr `ka h`s

ekorb`sba jrli 01 tl nilst 0= pbrobkt cbtwbbk 055: ka 3778. Qhes onb`rny shlws k ekorb`sekm plpun`rety lj thb ol-lpbr`tevb ilabn. Qhb

ukabrnyekm rb`slks jlr thes plpun`rety `rb h`ra tl esln`tb `ka `rb lj ` ffk`koe`n `ka eii`tbre`n k`turb. ]h`t es surb es th`t ol-lpbr`tevb c`kds

h`vb suoobbaba ek ttròtekm kbw ibicbrs weth thber prlauots, sbrveobs, ol-lpbr tevb cusekbss ilabns lr lthbr aestekmueshekm jb`turbs. Ol-

lpbr`tevb c`kds `ppb`r tl h`vb jluka `pprlpre`tb `kswbrs tl thb i`ky trbkas `ka olipbtetevb oh`nnbkmbs ek thb ffbna lj rbtèn c`kdekm, cy

puttekm thber ibicbrs `t thb hb`rt lj thb cusekbss. ]eth olksbrv`tevb resd i`k`mbibkt `ka nlkmbr-teib hlrezlk vebws, ol-lpbr`tevb c`kds

h`vb i`k`mba tl rbstlrb thb olkffabkob lj aeslrebktba oustlibrs ek thbsb teibs lj turcunbkobs. Ilrblvbr thb ibicbrs-arevbk mlvbrk`kob

ljjbrs ` mlla `ntbrk`tevb tl s`tesjy oustlibrs― `ppbtetb jlr h`vekm ` s`y `ka bxbrt olktrln lk hlw cusekbss es olkauotba `ka hlw thber ilkby

es usba.

Qhb ibicbr-plpun`telk r`tels aejjbr olkseabr`cny orlss thb BR02 oluktrebs. Qhb hemhbst r`tels rb jluka ek @ustre` (38.2), jlnnlwba cy Jr`kob

(32.2), Jekn`ka (3?) `ka Mbri`ky (05.8).

2. Kltb6 Qhb o`noun`telks olvbr Mbri`ky, Jr`kob, @ustre`, thb Kbthbrn`kas ka _wetzbrn`ka. Qhb a`t` jlr 3778 rb klt ybt vèn`cnb cboùsb klt `nn kku`n rbplrts h`vb cbbk pucneshba ybt.

:. Qhb BR02 `rb` olipresbs @ustre`, Cbnmeui, Abki`rd, Jekn`ka, Jr`kob, Mbri`ky, Erbn`ka, Et`ny, Mrbbob, Nuxbiclurm, thb Kbthbrn`kas, Wlrtum`n, _pèk, _wbabk, `ka thb Rketba Dekmali.

3773 377? 3771 3772 377: 377=

7

07

37

?7

17

27

:7

87

=7



. 01


Oh`rt 2 Ibicbrs `s pbrobkt`mb lj tlt`n plpun`telk

_lurob6 BOC ka B@OC ffmurbs.

Lk vbr`mb, ol-lpbr`tevb c`kds ek thb BR02 wbrb `cnb tl mràu`nny ekorb`sb thber i`rdbt sh`rbs ek thb nl`k `ka abplset i`rdbts lvbr thb n`st

aboàb. Qhb ffmurbs nbà tl olkonuab th`t thb nl`k-tl-abplset r`tel es slibwh`t nlwbr jlr ol-lpbr`tevb c`kds th`k jlr oliibroe`n c`kds. Qhes

p`rtny rbffibots thber tràetelk`n strlkm plsetelk tl `ttròt nlo`n abplsets.

Oh`rt : I`rdbt sh`rbs lj ol-lpbr`tevb c`kds ek thb BR02

_lurob6 @kku`n rbplrts, B@OC ka BOC ffmurbs.

07

03

01

0:

08

37

33

31

3:

38

?7

055: 055= 0558 0555 3777 3770 3773 377? 3771 3772 377: 377= 3778

BR02 abplset sh`rb BR02 nl`k sh`rb BR02 cr`koh sh`rb

8

5

07

00

03

0?

01

02

0:

0=

08

055: 055= 0558 0555 3777 3770 3773 377? 3771 3772 377: 377= 3778

BR02 BR:



p. 02


@nthlumh thb i`rdbt sh`rbs jlr abplsets `ka nl`ks (bspboe`nny jlr hlusbhlnas `ka _IB―s) `rb semkeffo kt, thb i rdbt sh`rbs lk cr`koh ljffobs

`rb bvbk hemhbr `ka o`k cb ilrb ib`kekmjun (oh`rt :)=. Lvbr thb n`st aboàb, ol-lpbr`tevb c`kds h`vb mèkba cr`koh i`rdbt sh`rb jlr twl

rb`slks. Qhb ffrst rb`slk es th`t ol-lpbr`tevb c`kds ek Jr`kob, Et`ny ka _pèk h`vb bxp`kaba thber cr`koh ljffob kbtwlrds bethbr lrm`keo`nny lr

ve` oquesetelks. Qhb sbolka bxpn`k`telk es th`t ol-lpbr`tevb c`kds ek bemht BR oluktrebs h`vb sneiiba alwk thb kuicbr lj cr`koh ljffobs tl nbssbr bxtbkt th`k thber olipbtetlrs ek thb olktbxt lj olst-outtekm lr bjffoebkoy prlmrìibs. @s rbsunt, ol-lpbr`tevb c`kds h`vb strbkmthbkba

thber nlo`n prbsbkob. Qhes es k eiplrt`kt abvbnlpibkt tl ukabrnekb ek thb olktbxt lj oh`kmekm c`kdekm n`kaso`pb ka thb bxpbotba rbturk tl

` ilrb st`cnb c`kdekm ilabn jèthjun tl ets lremek`n ektbribae`telk iesselk. Ek lur BR: p`kbn lj oluktrebs, ol-lpbr`tevb c`kds ourrbktny lwk lvbr

17 pbrobkt lj nn c`kd cr`kohbs. Lj olursb, i`ky ol-lpbr`tevb c`kds h`vb nsl ektrlauoba lr steiun`tba thb usb lj ohb`pbr vertu`n aestrecutelk

oh`kkbns, whenb rbièkekm nly`n tl thber olrb v`nub lj „prlxeiety’.

EE.? OR_QLIBS JLOR_ EK QRSCRNBKQ QEIB_

@s p`rt lj thb bolklieo systbi, ol-lpbr`tevb c`kds `rb abbiba tl cb sujjbrekm `nsl jrli thb mnlc`n bolklieo rbobsselk. Kbvbrthbnbss, thby

h`vb ` oruoe`n rlnb tl pn`y ek supplrtekm thber oustlibrs, whbthbr thby `rb hlusbhlnas, _IBs lr whlnbs`nb `ka tl rbstlrb olkffabkob ek thb

c`kdekm sbotlr `ka ek thb bolkliy. ]eth ` s`tesjòtlry slnvbkoy r`tel (thb lvbr`nn Qebr 0 r`tel lj Burlpb`k ol-lpbr`tevb c`kds `t ?0/03/377=

stlla `t `rluka 8.2%) thby `rb klt cbekm jlroba tl rbslrt tl thb rbo`pet`nes`telk pn`ks put ek pnòb cy thb ùthlretebs `ka, ej thby al sl rbslrt

tl thbi, et es weth thb ektbktelk lj sustèkekm ` r`tb lj mrlwth ek thber nbkaekm tènlrba tl ` sbvbrbny abmràba `ka resdy bkverlkibkt.

Qhes rbn`tevbny j`vlur`cnb plsetelk es dby tl olktekub jlstbrekm nlo`n abvbnlpibkt `ka tl rbekjlrob thb oliietibkt tl thb rb`n bolkliy.

Qhb ffmurbs olkobrkekm thb orbaet mrlwth ek 1 Burlpb`k oluktrebs whbrb ol-lpbr`tevb c`kds h`vb ` strlkm prbsbkob `rb vbry olijlrtekm ek

thes sbksb, bvbk ej thb ektbrprbt`telk lj thbsb a`t` shluna cb oùtelus. Ek Jr`kob, Mbri`ky, Et`ny `ka thb Kbthbrn`kas thb orbaet mrlwth lj ol-

lpbr`tevb c`kds h`s rbièkba semkeffo`ktny hemhbr th`k th`t lj thb lthbr c`kds (Oh`rt =)

Oh`rt =- Orbaet Mrlwth

_lurobs6 Obktr`n c`kds

Qhes es ` strlkm ekaeo`telk lj thb oliietibkt tl rbièk olkkbotba tl thber ibicbrs/onebkts thrlumh mlla `ka cà teibs, et `nsl ierrlrs thb

strlkm o`pet`nes`telk lj ol-lpbr`tevb c`kds `s wbnn `s thber `cenety tl rèsb àaetelk`n jukaekm ek thb rbtèn `ka whlnbs`nb i`rdbts.

=. Qhb sìb hlnas jlr i`rdbt sh`rbs jlr st`jj, ncbet tl ` nbssbr bxtbkt.

-2%

7%

2%

07%

02%

37%

32%

?7%

0551 055: 0558 3777 3773 3771 377: 3778

Ollp c`kds

Lthbr c`kds

_ìpnb lj ollpbr`tevb c`kds ekonuabs 6 nn ollp c`kds ek Jr`kob, Mbri`ky ka S`clc`kd (KN). Et`ne`k ollpbr`tevb c`kds ekonuaba jlr thb pbrela 3777-3778.

(Jr`kob, Et`ny, Mbri`ky `ka thb Kbthbrn`kas)

Orbaet mrlwth tl klk c`kds



. 0:


EE.1 WSL_WBOQ_ JLS BRSLWB@K OL-LWBS@QEZB C@KD_

Ek thb mnlc`n ffk`koe`n systbi, ektbmrety `ka btheos wenn pn`y ` mrlwekm rlnb. Qràetelk`nny, thb ffk`koe`n sbotlr threvbs lk trust. Ek ` sbksb, thb

‘kbw― oh`ròtbresteos lj thb mnlc`n ffk`koe`n systbi h`vb cbbk p`rt lj ol-lpbr`tevb c`kds― AK@ jrli thb st`rt. Ek thb wlras lj thb Burlpb`k

@ssloe`telk lj Ol-lpbr`tevb C`kds (B@OC, 3772)6 „Qhb prei`ry iesselk lj ol-lpbr`tevb c`kds es tl prliltb thb bolklieo ektbrbst lj thber

ibicbrs, whl `rb thber oustlibrs. Ol-lpbr`tevb c`kds strevb tl al sl cy ljjbrekm qu`nety prlauots `ka sbrveobs `t `ttròtevb preobs jrli thb

pbrspbotevb lj wh`t es mlla jlr thb oustlibr. Qhby h`vb `k eipòt prbsbkob lk thb olkaetelks lj prlauots ek thb whlnb c`kdekm i`rdbt `ka

supplrt thb bolklieo ka sloe`n ektbmr`telk lj ekaeveau`ns’.

Qhes olkoesb jlriun`telk biclaebs thb rllts lj ol-lpbr`tevb c`kdekm. Qhb oustlibr h`s `nw`ys cbbk `t thb olrb lj thber lpbr`telks `ka, `t

` nlo`n nbvbn, ibicbrs h`vb ` s`y ek thb nlo`n ibicbr c`kd―s plneoy. @s ` suii`ry lj thb prbvelus `k`nyses et oluna cb olkonuaba th`t ‘thb

ukequb ka abffkekm oh`ròtbresteos lj ol-lpbr`tevb c`kds.― oluna cb aeveaba ektl sex ièk o`tbmlrebs (Mrlbkbvbna ka _fùw, 3775)6

• _pboeffo olrplr`tb mlvbrk`kob6 ibicbr lwkbrshep

• Oustlibrs― ektbrbsts ffrst

• Hemh o`pet`nes`telk, hemh r`tekm `ka nlw jukaekm olsts

• Wrlfft `s ` kbobss`ry olkaetelk

• Olksbrv`tevb cusekbss ilabn6 jlous lk rbtèn c`kdekm

• Wrlxeiety tl oustlibrs6 abksb cr`koh kbtwlrds

Ol-lpbr`tevb c`kds `rb suoobssjun whbk thby rbièk truthjun tl thber lremek`n iesselk lj i`xeiesekm ibicbrs `ka oustlibrs― v`nub. Qhb

ourrbkt oreses shlws th`t ek turcunbkt teibs, ol-lpbr`tevb c`kds i`y h`vb ‘ol-lpbr`tevb lr rbput`telk prbieui’, wheoh o`k cb rbn`tba tl thber

pbrobevba st`tus s s`jb h`vbks aub tl thber olksbrv`tevb pprlòh tl c`kdekm. Oustlibrs i`y nsl jbbn ttròtba tl ol-lpbr`tevb c`kds lk thb

c`ses lj ‘sljt― lr ‘biltelk`n― jòtlrs, nedb pprboe`tba aejjbrbkobs ek cusekbss prekoepnbs, ounturbs lr cbttbr solrbs lk klk-ffk`koe`n pbrjlri`kobekaeo`tlrs th`k thlsb lj lthbr c`kds.

Hbkob, Burlpb`k ol-lpbr`tevb c`kds `rb wbnn plsetelkba jlr thb juturb `jtbr thb ffk`koe`n oreses. Qhber lremek`n cusekbss prekoepnbs olib vbry

onlsb tl rbsplksecenety, prlxeiety ka slnea`rety rbquerbibkts, th`t rb ilrb ka ilrb ljtbk bxprbssba, s wbnn s thb oh`ròtbresteos lj thb kbw

ffk`koe`n systbi. Ol-lpbr`tevb c`kds h`vb kbvbr pursuba prlfft i`xeies`telk cut eiba t i`xeiesekm oustlibr v`nub ekstbà. Qh`kds tl thber

rllts, thby nw`ys hà tl t`db ektl oolukt crlà r`kmb lj st`dbhlnabrs. Qhes ib`ks th`t ol-lpbr`tevb c`kds o`k cb ilrb bxtbrk`nny lrebktba

`ka oluna mèk i`rdbt sh`rbs ej thby rb cnb tl oliiukeo`tb thber nlkm st`kaekm aestekmueshekm jb`turbs ek orbaecnb w`y tl thb weabr pucneo.



p. 0=


EEE- Ol-lpbr`tevb c`kds `s ` ilrb sustèk`cnb nbkaekm ilabn8

.

Ql ml jurthbr ek thb `k`nyses, thes olkonusevb oh`ptbr jlousbs lk why aejjbrbkobs cbtwbbk ilabns ek tbris lj olrplr`tb mlvbrk`kob sbbi tl

cb `t thb rllt lj thb hemh ol-lpbr`tevb c`kds olktrecutelk tl ffk`koe`n st`cenety. Qhb bvlnutelkest thblrbi ‟ summbstekm th`t c`kds shluna mevbw`y tl ffk`koe`n i`rdbts ‟ hà ` nbii` rbm`raekm thb c`kd―s olip`ky ilabn6 thb ilst `pprlpre`tb olip`ky ilabn tl supplrt ffk`koe`n

abvbnlpibkt w`s jlr thb c`kd tl cb bst`cneshba s WNO, cb`rekm thb lcfbotevb lj i`xeiesekm sh`rbhlnabr v`nub. Qhb ilabn lj thb ol-lp c`kd

w`s thbk abpeotba s rohèo sekob, ssemkekm v`nub (`nsl) tl lcfbotevbs aejjbrbkt jrli i`xeiesekm shlrt-tbri prlfft ka puttekm lk thb sìb p`r

(`t nb`st ek thber st`tutbs) ‟ bspboe`nny ve` thb prekoepnb „lkb hbà lkb vltb’, errbspbotevbny lj thb ìlukt lj sh`rbs òtu`nny hbna ‟ thb wbemht

lj bòh sh`rbhlnabr ek thb c`kd―s ohleobs, nnlws cbttbr rbprbsbktekm nn ibicbrs.

Qhb olrplr`tb mlvbrk`kob lj thb ol-lp c`kds es ukabr aesousselk. _lib lcsbrvbrs hlna th`t et olktrecutbs tl mbkbr`tb uktluoh`cnb aerbotlrs

whl wenn r`rbny cb rbpnòba `ka, thus, i`y òt ek ` sbnj-rbjbrbkte`n w`y. Qhlumh thbrb es slib truth ek thes onèi, thes rb`slkekm kbmnbots thb

plssecenety th`t thb nlkm tbkurb lj ol-lp c`kds― aerbotlrs es thb ekbvet`cnb preob tl p`y tl nnlw weabr rbprbsbkt`telk lj nn ibicbrs. Bveabkob

shlws et―s thb mlvbrk`kob ilabn lj thb ol-lp c`kds th`t sbbis t thb c`ses lj thber nlwbr prlfft vln`tenety ka th`t nedbny nnlws thbsb c`kds tl

pursub nlkmbr-tbri lcfbotevbs. Et es `nsl thber mlvbrk`kob th`t i`dbs et ilrb sustèk`cnb jlr thb ol-lp c`kds tl al cusekbss lk thb c`ses lj` c`kdekm ilabn wheoh es klt lkny LQH (lremek`tb tl hlna) cut jb`turbs thb abbp rlltekm lj rbn`telkshep c`kdekm. Qhus, cbekm ilrb abvltba tl

rbn`telkshep c`kdekm `ka, sl, cbttbr `cnb tl rbauob thb ekjlri`telk `syiibtrebs lk clrrlwbrs, ol-lp c`kds `rb cbttbr `cnb tl lvbrolib thb

i`rdbt jènurb `t thb lremek lj thb bst`cneshibkt lj thb c`kd.

Hlwbvbr, errbspbotevb lj thes, jlr i`ky yb`rs wb h`vb sbbk sucst`kte`n aesnedb lj ol-lp c`kds cy n`wi`dbrs/supbrveslrs. Qhes abtbriekba

alucnb suclraek`telk jlr thb ol-lp c`kds6 s thber sh`rbhlnabr v`nub hlilnlmubs thby wbrb ekorb`sekmny suclraek`tba tl ffk`koe`n i`rdbts ek

tbris lj thber cusekbss ilabn ka, lk tlp lj th`t, thby wbrb nsl suclraek`tba tl thb sh`rbhlnabr v`nub c`kds ek tbris lj thber olip`ky ilabn.

Qhb oreses urmbs `c`kalkekm th`t kbm`tevb prbfuaeob. Et es klt cy oh`kob th`t ol-lp c`kds wbrb nbss pbk`nesba th`k sh`rbhlnabr v`nub c`kds

aurekm thb oreses6 thby `rb cbttbr ekonekba tl jlnnlw ` cusekbss ilabn h`vekm nlkmbr-tbri lcfbotevbs `ka, `s suoh, cbttbr suetba tl strbkmthbk

rbn`telkshep c`kdekm ka thus tl j`vlur rbsplksecnb cbh`velur, ek nebu lj th`t errbsplksecnb cbh`velur t thb lremek lj thb oreses. Qhb rmuibkts

`mèkst thb ol-lp mlvbrk`kob ilabn i`y cb phr`sba ek tbris lj thb `syiibtreo ekjlri`telk thblry. Olipnbx lrm`kez`telks systbi`teo`nny

sujjbr jrli ` ilr`n h`z`ra prlcnbi cbtwbbk lwkbrs `ka i`k`mbrs. @k lrm`kez`telk weth ` onb`r `ka ukìcemulus, ib`sur`cnb, lcfbotevb

h`s slib av`kt`mbs. Wrlfft nbkas etsbnj keobny tl thb abffketelk lj t`rmbts jlr thb i`k`mbrs ka thbrbjlrb ourtèns aesorbtelk`ry cbh`velur ka

rbkt bxtròtekm cy thb i`k`mbrs.

Hlwbvbr, jlr c`kds, thes `pprlòh es tll seipnesteo. Qhb bxestbkob lj c`kds abpbkas `s wbnn lk `klthbr slrt lj `syiibtreo ekjlri`telk, thb

lkb cbtwbbk nbkabrs `ka cl rrlwbrs `ka tl so`nb bolkliebs ek ilketlrekm `ka sorbbkekm òtevetebs. @nsl, thb jòt th`t c`kds ièkny clrrlw

o`pet`ns jrli abplsetlrs i`dbs thbi `mbkts r`thbr th`k prekoep`ns ek `klthbr rbn`telkshep, thb lkb cbtwbbk lwkbrs `ka abplsetlrs. Qhb

lwkbrs/i`k`mbrs ilr`n h`z`ra es stenn rbnbv`kt, cut fuamekm thb mlvbrk`kob lj c`kds lk thb c`ses lj thes lkny es `csura. ]b kbba ` ilrb

mbkbr`n `k`nyses tl `ssbss thb `cenety lj aejjbrbkt ilabns tl lvbrolib aejffountebs ek thb v`relus eipbrjbotelks thb c`kds jòb. Rksurpresekmny,

thbk aejjbrbkt typbs lj ekstetutelks sbbi cbttbr suetba tl lvbrolib aejjbrbkt ekjlri`telk prlcnbis. @t bòh st`mb thb nekd cbtwbbk thb uppbr

`ka thb nlwbr nbvbn jb`turbs `t nb`st `k `mbkoy rbn`telkshep weth ilr`n h`z`ra.

Qhb nbvbn `t wheoh nebs thb ilst stuaeba `mbkoy rbn`telkshep sl j`r es thb lkb cbtwbbk clrrlwbrs `ka nbkabrs. Ab`nekm weth thes es thb dby

rb`slk cbheka thb bxestbkob lj c`kds. _l, C`kds― Lwkbrs & I`k`mbrs `rb thbrb tl ietem`tb thb c`seo `mbkoy olkffieot th`t bxests cbtwbbk

Abplsetlrs ka Clrrlwbrs. Hlwbvbr, thbrb es ` abplsetlrs/c`kd-lwkbrs mbkoy olkffieot tll. Ek turk, thbrb es `k mbkoy olkffieot cbtwbbk c`kd

lwkbrs (jlousekm lk prlfft i`xeies`telk lkny) `ka i`k`mbrs (arevbk cy lthbr lcfbotevbs, b.m. sezb `ka pbrds, rèsekm ektbribae`telk olsts)6

thb jlr-prlfft c`kds sbbi tl h`vb `k àv`kt`mb lkny tl ab`n weth thes olkffieot. Kltb th`t i`k`mbrs i`y cb ilrb ektbrbstba th`k lwkbrs ek

thb st`cenety lj thb c`kd `ka, thbrbjlrb, thber prbsbkob i`y ietem`tb thb lwkbrs― olkffieot weth abplsetlrs. Ek sui ` jlr-prlfft c`kd, `s `k

lrm`kez`telk th`t sucstetutbs jlr i`rdbts, es usbjun ka wbnj`rb-bkh`koekm ej thb olsts jrli thb aaetelk`n olkffieots th`t et oùsbs es nlwbr th`k

thb olsts lj thb lremek`n ukibae`tba mbkoy rbn`telkshep.

8. Qhes p`rt es olkonusevb olktrecutelk cy Wrlj. Melv`kke Jbrre ka ar`ws lk Olol ka Jbrre (3775). Wrlj. Jbrre, Ohèri`k lj thb Abp`rtibkt lj Bolklieos & I`thbi`teos Rkevbrsety lj C`re ka

ibicbr lj thb Burlpb`k Qhekd Q kd lk ol-lpbr`tevb c`kds.



. 08


_l, thb lrm`kez`telk`n struoturb shluna cb bv`nu`tba lk thb tlt`n `mbkoy olsts et abnevbrs (klt lk ` sekmnb st`mb lj thb ohèk) `ka `k`nysekm

c`kds `s lthbr ffris ek olipbtetevb i`rdbts klt pn`muba cy `syiibtreo ekjlri`telk i`rdbts es hemhny iesnbàekm. Qhb `pprlòh usba tl

aesiess thb ol-lp c`kd mlvbrk`kob es klt c`sba lk bolklieo thblry `ka seipny rbffibots ` prbfuaeob.

Qhb dby jb`turb lj ol-lp c`kds es th`t aestekotelks cbolib ilrb cnurrba6 abplsetlrs/sh`rbhlnabrs `ka ibicbrs/clrrlwbrs ljtbk lvbrn`p.

Qhes aìpbks slib olkffieots lj ektbrbsts. Lpplrtukesteo cbh`velur es nbss nedbny s ol-lp c`kd ibicbrs usu`nny jb`turb kbtwlrd lj nekd`mbs

cbylka thb purb nbkaekm rbn`telkshep h`vb twl plsetevb bjjbots6 `) thb stemi` `ssloe`tba weth ` abjùnt es plssecny n`rmbr4 c) jòenet`tekm clth

sorbbkekm `ka orlss ilketlrekm ìlkm ibicbrs/clrrlwbrs. Qhes j`vlurs _IBs. _l, thb ol-lp c`kd mlvbrk`kob es `pprlpre`tb `t nb`st

slibteibs. Qhus, thb ilst sbksecnb plneoy pprlòh es klt tl ohllsb ffxba mlvbrk`kob s thb lkb prbjbr`cnb ek bvbry olktbxt. Et―s rb`slk`cnb

bkolur`mekm mlvbrk`kob aevbrsety tl bksurb th`t thb ilst `pprlpre`tb lkbs bibrmb k`tur`nny `s thb wekkbrs. Lj olursb, hbrb nbvbnnekm thb

pn`yekm ffbna wluna klt kbobss`reny bktèn bkjlroekm thb sìb rbmun`telk lk bvbry typb lj ektbribae`ry. @s sbbk, thb pbrens jlr c`kd ekst`cenety

olib ièkny jrli c`kd lwkbrs― pbrvbrsb ekobktevbs `ka, thbrbjlrb, jrli thb `mbkoy prlcnbi cbtwbbk thbi `ka abplsetlrs. Qhes prlcnbi

sbbis nbss eiplrt`kt ek ol-lp c`kds `s thb Lwkbrs-Ibicbrs `rb, jlr `k eiplrt`kt p`rt, `nsl Abplsetlrs. @nsl, thb jòt th`t prlfft es klt thb

(lkny) lcfbotevb lj ol-lp c`kds olkseabr`cny aìpbks thb ekobktevb tl ekorb`sb resd t`dekm. Wruabkte`n rbmun`telk oluna thus thblrbteo`nny cb

nbss kbobss`ry jlr thes typb lj ektbribae`rebs. Neiets tl thb aesorbtelk lj I`k`mbrs lk thb olktr`ry i`y cb ilrb usbjun th`k ek tràetelk`njlr-prlfft c`kds.

]henb ffk`koe`n i`rdbts tbka tl cb ilrb oyoneo`n th`k c`kds, bvbk wethek c`kds slib typbs i`y cb nbss prl-oyoneo`n th`k lthbrs. C`kds

i`xeiesekm v`nub jlr `nn ibicbrs (ol-lp c`kds) i`y cb cbttbr `cnb th`k sh`rbhlnabr v`nub i`xeiesekm c`kds tl lvbrolib thb `syiibtreo

ekjlri`telk prlcnbis cbtwbbk abplsetlrs ka clrrlwbrs, whenb rbauoekm nsl thb lvbr`nn olkffieots lj ektbrbsts jjbotekm thb bkterb ektbribae`telk

ohèk. Qhus, ol-lp c`kds shluna cb ilrb st`cnb th`k thb lthbr c`kds, `s resd tbkas tl cb prl-oyoneo`n. @nsl, whbk thb bolkliy―s preob systbi

es aestlrtba cy ` ffk`koe`n cuccnb thb resd-sbbdekm ekobktevb jlr sh`rbhlnabr v`nub c`kds es ìpneffba tll `s et cbolibs vbry aejffount jlr

supbrveslrs tl splt et `ka ourc et. Qhes ffkas supplrt ek v`relus p`pbrs (pucneshba `t thb EIJ `ka cy ekabpbkabkt òàbieos) olkonuaekm th`t

ol-lp c`kds tbka tl cb ilrb st`cnb cboùsb lj thber nlwbr rbturk vln`tenety. ]henb ol-lp c`kds― n`rmbr jlous lk tràetelk`n c`kd ektbribae`telk

‟ `ka nbss lk ffk`koe`n i`rdbt rbn`tba òtevetebs ‟ bxpnèks p`rt lj thes, thb netbr`turb `nsl ffkas th`t slib lj thber nlwbr vln`tenety es mbri`kb

tl thber ol-lp olrplr`tb mlvbrk`kob ilabn.

Olkonuselk - Ol-lpbr`tevb c`kds `rb i`flr bolklieo òtlrs

Qhb spboe`n plsetelk lj Burlpb`k ol-lpbr`tevb c`kds onb`rny st`kas lut jrli thb `k`nyses ek thes rbplrt. Ol-lpbr`tevb c`kds h`vb òtba

`ka pbrjlriba aejjbrbktny ek thb ruk-up `ka `jtbri`th lj thb ffk`koe`n oreses th`k oliibroe`n c`kds. Qhes o`k cb n`rmbny `ttrecutba tl thber

aestekotevb mlvbrk`kob c`sba lk ibicbr lwkbrshep. @s rbsunt ol-lpbr`tevb c`kds rb oh`ròtbrezba cy nlkmbr tbri lrebkt`telk whbrb prlfft

i`xeiez`telk es klt ` ml`n pbr sb, ilrb pruabkt cusekbss ilabn weth ` strlkm o`pet`nez`telk `ka jlous lk rbtèn c`kdekm. Qhes str`tbmeo p`th

h`s onb`rny prlvbk suoobssjun ek thb ruk lj thb ffk`koe`n oreses. Qhb strlkmbst prllj lj thb plpun`rety `ka vecr`koy lj thb ol-lpbr`tevb c`kdekm

ilabn es thb strbkmthbkekm lj thber lvbr`nn i`rdbt plsetelks lvbr thb p`st aboàb.

Qhber ffk`koe`n slneaety `ka olksestbkt cusekbss ilabn h`vb `nsl cbbk cbkbffoe`n jlr thb st`cenety lj k`telk`n ffk`koe`n systbis. Ek thb olktbxt

lj thb bolklieo rbobsselk, ol-lpbr`tevb c`kds wbrb wbnn `w`rb lj thber sloe`n `ka bolklieo rbsplksecenety. C`sba lk orbaet mrlwth a`t`,

thby rbièkba wbnn bqueppba tl mr`kt nl`ks tl ffris `ka prev`tb hlusbhlnas, thus supplrtekm thb rb`n bolkliy. Ek nemht lj `nn thb jukaìbkt`n

oh`kmbs bksuekm jrli thes oreses jlr thb ffk`koe`n sbotlr, ol-lpbr`tevb c`kds sbbi wbnn plsetelkba jlr thb juturb tll. Ek shlrt, twl dby wlras

i`y absorecb ol-lpbr`tevb c`kds ttetuab, ek thb ourrbkt olktbxt6 rbsplksecenety ka oliietibkt.

Sbsplksecenety, `s thby kbvbr olktrecutba tl thb aesbquenecreui th`t nba tl thb oreses. Lk thb olktr`ry, thby treba tl steod tl thber ibicbrs `ka

onebkts kbbas, ljjbrekm thbi prlauots à`ptba tl thber kbbas, `ka rbspbotjun tl thb c`seo nlkm tbri sbourety runbs.

Oliietibkt, `s thby wlrd h`ra tl jlstbr thb bolklieo rbolvbry, st`rtekm jrli thb nlo`n nbvbn, thb tessub lj lur bolkliebs. Et es thb ib`kekm

lj thber oliietibkt tlw`ras thb oetezbks lj Burlpb.



p. 05


Sbjbrbkobs

Olol M. ka M. Jbrre (3775), „Jrli sh`rbhlnabr tl st`dbhlnabr ffk`kob6 ilrb sustèk`cnb nbkaekm ilabn’, Ektbrk`telk`n Flurk`n lj _ustèk`cnb

Bolkliy, jlrtholiekm.

Oubv`s O.B. `ka Jesohbr D.W. (377:), „Ol-lpbr`tevb Jek`koe`n Ekstetutelks, Essubs ek Mlvbrk`kob, Sbmun`telk, `ka _upbrveselk’, ]lrna C`kd

]lrdekm W`pbr k·83.

B@OC (3772), Olrplr`tb _loe`n Sbsplksecenety (O_S)6 Qhb Wbrjlri`kob lj Ol-lpbr`tevb C`kds.

B@OC (377:), Olrplr`tb Mlvbrk`kob Wrekoepnbs ek Ol-lpbr`tevb C`kds.

B@OC (377:), Ol-lpbr`tevb C`kds ek Burlpb6 v`nubs ka pròteobs tl prliltb abvbnlpibkt

B@OC (377=), Ol-lpbr`tevb c`kds6 o`t`nysts jlr bolklieo ka sloe`n olhbselk ek Burlpb.

B@OC (377=), :7 iennelk ibicbrs ek ol-lpbr`tevb c`kds6 wh`t albs et ib`k<

Jlktbykb ]. (377=), „Ol-lpbr`tevb C`kds ek Burlpb - Wlneoy Essubs’, EIJ ]lrdekm W`pbrs Kl. 7=/025, Funy.

Mrlbkbvbna F.I. `ka @. _fùw-Dlbk-J` (3775), „Ol-lpbr`tevb c`kds ek thb kbw ffk`koe`n systbi’, S`clc`kd Mrlup, rbplrt prbp`rba jlr thb

Auesbkcbrm Nboturb `t thb `kku`n ibbtekm lj thb EIJ `ka ]lrna C`kd ek Est`kcun, Qurdby, Lotlcbr.

Mrlbkbvbna F.I. `ka C. ab Zrebs (3775), „Burlpb`k ol-lpbr`tevb c`kds6 ffrst nbsslks jrli thb sucpreib oreses’, ]lrdekm W`pbr, S`clc`kd.

Mueabr H. `ka Slux. I (3775), « N` c`kqub ol-lpbr`tevb bk Burlpb’, Sbvub C`kqub

Hbssb H. `ka I. Oehàd, (377=) „Ol-lpbr`tevb C`kds `ka Jek`koe`n _t`cenety’. EIJ ]lrdekm W`pbr Kl. 7=/73, F`ku`ry.

Lnevbr ]yi`k (3778), Ol-lpbr`tevb c`kds6 oustlibr ohìpelk.

Wheneppb F. bt W`treod Jèvrb 6 Nb ol-lpår`tevesib, uk ilaènb plur n` c`kqub `près n` oresb < (Sbvub ektbrk`telk`nb ab prlfbotequb, 3775/3,

Rkevbrsetå Ab Clbod)

Wluzbt I. `ka I`jjbslne I.6 Iutu`nesib ffk`koebr, sloeåtå ab pbrslkkbs bt plstilabrketå (OKS_ Baetelks, 3775)

Q`nmlrk O.6 Ekklv`telks tbohklnlmequbs bt iutu`nesib (Hlrezlks c`koèrbs, aåobicrb 3775, ç p`r`ìtrb)



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