Criminal Case Law Digest

8/8/2019 Criminal Case Law Digest

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LCHT ZTHCI5-Arhfhbci trhci hs fgcbt l`r j`hbn eusthag b`t `biy t` tmg vhathf dut cis` t`tmgcaausgj cbj tmg Qàhgty ct icrng. (Cfdhkc _j. \. Qtctg (Jgimh Cjfhbhstrcth`b)-4???

QAA Ari.744)

Zmg pudiha hbtgrgst jgfcbjs tmct arhfhbci eusthag hs swhlt cbj surg, tmct tmg nuhity hspubhsmgj wmhig gvgbts crg sthii lrgsm hb tmg pudiha fhbj cbj tmct tmg hbbàgbt hs

cdsìvgj cs gcriy cs hs a`bshstcbt whtm c lchr cbj hfpcrthci trhci. (F.Q.Qmgrhl v. Qtctg `l

Fcjrcs- 387: Ari.I.E.3?38).

Zmg M`b'dig Cpgx Aùrt hb Tcbn Dcmcjur Qhbnm \. Qtctg `l W._. rgp`rtgj hbCHT 4???QA 34?8 mcs mgij cs lìi`ws 5 Zmg thfg-tgstgj ruig hs tmct caquhttci `l c nuhity pgrs`bsmùij dg prglgrrgj t` a`bvhath`b `l cb hbbàgbt pgrs`b. Wbigss tmg pr`sgauth`b

gstcdihsmgs tmg nuhit `l tmg caausgj dgy`bj rgcs`bcdig jùdt c a`bvhath`b acbb`t dgpcssgj `b tmg caausgj. C arhfhbci aùrt acbb`t cll`rj t` jgprhvg ihdgrty `l tmg

cppgiicbts, ihlgi`bn ihdgrty, whtmùt mcvhbn ct igcst c rgcs`bcdig igvgi `l agrtchbty tmcttmgcppgiicbts wgrg tmg rgci auiprhts.

Qtctg `l W._. \. Tcf \ggr Qhbnm cbj Cb`tmgr rgp`rtgj hb 4??> (


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Zmg icw smùij b`t dg strgtamgj f`rdhjiy t` gfdrcag gvgry mubam mgshtcbay cbj jgnrgg`l jùdt. @ur eurhsprujgbthci gbtmushcsf l`r prgsufgj hbbàgbag fust dg f`jgrctgj

dy tmg prcnfctha bggj t` fckg arhfhbci eusthag p`tgbt cbj rgcihstha (\hjg Qmhvceh v.Qtctg `l Fcmcrcsmtrc CHT38>1 QA 4


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Cltgr mgcrhbn ubjgr Qga.414 hl tmg caausgj hs b`t caquhttgj tmgrgubjgr, tmg caausgj smciidg aciigj up`b t` gbtgr `b mhs jglgbag cbj t` cjjuag cby gvhjgbag wmham mg fhnmt mcvg

hb supp`rt tmgrg`l. Cltgr tmg a`baiush`b `l tmg jglgbag gvhjgbag, hl cby, tmg acsg mcs t`dg tckgb up l`r crnufgbts. Cltgr mgcrhbn tmg crnufgbts, tmg aùrt mcs t` pcss tmg

eujnfgbt hb caa`rjcbag whtm Qgas.171 cbj 17: Ar._.A.

Hl tmg eujnfgbt hs `bg `l a`bvhath`b cbj tmg eujng j`gs b`t pràggj t` hbv`kg tmg

dgbgvìgbt pr`vhsh`b `l tmg _r`dcth`b `l @llgbjgrs Cat, 387=, mg smcii mgcr tmg caausgj

`b tmg qugsth`b `l sgbtgbag cbj tmgb pcss c sgbtgbag hb caa`rjcbag whtm icw. Zmhs hbsm`rt hs tmg pràgjurg t` dg lìi`wgj hb tmg `rjhbcry furjgr trhcis dgl`rg c Aùrt `l

Qgssh`b.

Qgssh`bs Eujngs smùij rgfgfdgr tmct tmg p`wgr `l tmg eujng t` put qugsth`bs t` cby `l

tmg whtbgssgs `r pcrthgs ubjgr Qga. 3


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4) @rjhbcrhiy ht s` mcppgbs tmct c whtbgss hs `vgrtckgb dy gvgbts. Zmg whtbgss aùij b`t

mcvg cbthahpctgj tmg àaurrgbag wmham s` `ltgb mcs cb gigfgbt `l surprhsg. Zmg fgbtcilcauithgs, tmgrgl`rg, acbb`t dg gxpgatgj t` dg cttubgj t` cds`rd tmg jgtchis.

1) Zmg p`wgrs `l `dsgrvcth`b jhllgr lr`f pgrs`b t` pgrs`b. ^mct `bg fcy b`thag,cb`tmgr fcy b`t. Cb `degat, `r f`vgfgbt fhnmt gfd`ss hts hfcng `b `bg pgrs`b's fhbj

wmgrgcs ht fhnmt n` ubb`thagj `b tmg pcrt `l cb`tmgr.

:) Dy cbj icrng pg`pig acbb`t caaurctgiy rgacii c a`bvgrscth`b cbj rgpr`juag tmg vgryw`rjs usgj dy tmgf `r mgcrj dy tmgf. Zmgy acb `biy rgacii tmg fchb purp`rt `l tmg

a`bvgrscth`b. Ht hs ubrgcihstha t` gxpgat c whtbgss t` dg c mufcb tcpg rga`rjgr.

7) Hb rgncrj t` tmg gxcat thfg `l cb hbahjgbt `r tmg thfg jurcth`b `l cb àaurrgbag,usuciiy pg`pig fckg tmghr gsthfctgs dy nugss w`rk `b spur `l tmg f`fgbt ct tmg thfg `l

hbtgrr`ncth`b cbj `bg acbb`t gxpgat pg`pig t` fckg vgry prgahsg `r rgihcdig gsthfctgshb suam fcttgrs. Cnchb ht jgpgbjs `b tmg thfg sgbsg `l hbjhvhjucis wmham vcrhgs lr`f

pgrs`b t` pgrs`b.

) C whtbgss tmùnm wmìiy trutmlui, hs ihcdig t` dg `vgrcwgj dy tmg aùrt ctf`spmgrg

cbj phgrahbn ar`ss-gxcfhbcth`b fcjg dy aùbsgi cbj ùt `l bgrvùsbgss fhxgs up lcats,

ngts a`blusgj rgncrjhbn sgqugbag `l gvgbts, `r lhiis up jgtchis lr`f hfcnhbcth`b `b tmg

spur `l f`fgbt. Zmg suda`bsahùs fhbj `l tmg whtbgss s`fgthfgs s` `pgrctgs `b

caaùbt `l tmg lgcr `l i``khbn l`ìhsm `r dghbn jhsdgihgvgj tmùnm tmg whtbgss hs nhvhbn c

trutmlui cbj m`bgst caaùbt `l tmg àaurrgbag whtbgssgj dy mhf. _grmcps ht hs c s`rt `lpsyamì`nhaci jglgbag fgamcbhsf cathvctgj `b tmg spur `l tmg f`fgbt.

Gvgry pgrs`b wm` whtbgssgs c furjgr rgcats hb mhs `wb wcy. Q`fg crg stubbgj, s`fg

dga`fg spggamigss cbj s`fg stcbj r``tgj t` tmg sp`t. Q`fg dga`fg mystgrha cbj stcrt

wchihbn, s`fg stcrt smùthbn l`r mgip. Zm`sg `tmgrs wm` rub cwcy t` kggp tmgfsgivgs cs

lcr rgf`vgj lr`f tmg sp`t cs p`sshdig crg b`t bgagsscrhiy hbargjhdig ygt `tmgrs rusm t`

tmg rgsaug `l tmg vhathf gvgb n`hbn t` tmg gxtgbt `l aùbtgr cttcakhbn tmg csschicbts.Gvgry `bg rgcats hb mhs `wb spgahci wcy. Zmgrg hs b` sgt ruig `l bcturci rgcath`b. Z`jhsacrj tmg gvhjgbag `l whtbgssgs `b tmg nrùbj tmct tmgy jhj b`t rgcat hb c pcrthauicr

fcbbgr hs t` cpprgahctg tmg gvhjgbag hb c wmìiy ubrgcihstha ubhfcnhbcthvg wcy. (Tcbc_rctcp v. Qtctg `l Mcrycbc - CHT 38=1 Q.A.


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Hb Qmyigbjrc Kufcr v. Qtctg `l Dhmcr - 4??4 QAA Ari. 41? 6 CHT 4??4 QA 4>? tmg

cpgx Aùrt mcs jhrgatgj tmct tmg hbvgsthncthbn `llhagr fust dgprgsgbt ct tmg thfg `l trhci`l furjgr acsgs cbj hl mg lchis t` dg prgsgbt, tmg Qgssh`bs Eujng fust hssug suff`bs t`

mhf.

Aùrts smùij fckg jgprgact`ry rgfcrks cdùt sgrhùs icaubc `r hrrgnuicrhty hb tmg

hbvgsthncth`b dy cb hbvgsthncthbn `llhagr `biy wmgb ht hs cdsìutgiy bgagsscry. Aùrtssmùij dgcr hb fhbj tmg thfg a`bstrchbts `l tmg pìhag `llhagr hb tmg prgsgbt systgf, tmg

hii-gquhppgj fcamhbgry tmgy mcvg t` a`pg whtm, tmg trcjhth`bci cpctmy `l rgspgatcdig

pgrs`bs t` a`fg l`rwcrj l`r nhvhbn gvhjgbag hb arhfhbci acsgs gta. wmham crg rgcihthgswmham tmg pìhag l`rag mcs t` gbaùbtgr whtm wmhig a`bjuathbn hbvgsthncth`b. Qtctg `l

^gstDgbnci v. Fhr Fumcffgj @fcr - CHT 4??? QA 48==).

Arhfhbci eusthag smùij b`t dg cii`wgj t` dga`fg c acuscihty l`r tmg wr`bns a`ffhttgj

dy tmg hbvgsthncthbn `llhagrs. Zmg a`baiush`b `l tmg aùrt hb c arhfhbci trhci acbb`t dgcii`wgj t` jgpgbj sìgiy `b tmg pr`dhty `l hbvgsthncth`b. Gvgb hl tmg hbvgsthncth`b hs

hiignci `r gvgb susphahùs, tmg aùrt acb hbjgpgbjgbtiy saruthbhzg tmg rgst `l tmg

gvhjgbag ubhbliugbagj dy hii f`thvctgj hbvgsthncth`b. @tmgrwhsg, arhfhbci trhci whii

piuffgt t` tmg igvgi `l hbvgsthncthbn `llhagrs ruihbn t` r``st. Qtctg `l Kcrbctckc v.XcrcppcTgjjy -CHT 4??? QA 3=7

Zmg gvhjgbag `l whtbgssgs smcii `rjhbcrhiy dg tckgb j`wb hb tmg l`rf `l c bcrrcthvg.

(Qgath`b 4>< (4) Ar._.A.) Cltgr rga`rjhbn tmg gvhjgbag `l gcam whtbgss ht mcs t` dg rgcj`vgr t` tmg whtbgss hb tmg prgsgbag `l tmg caausgj cs gbe`hbgj dy Qga. 4>= (3) Ar._.A. Hl

tmg whtbgss jgbhgs tmg a`rrgatbgss `l cby pcrt `l tmg gvhjgbag tmgb tmg a`rrgath`bsmùij b`t dg acrrhgj ùt hb tmg jgp`shth`b dut hbstgcj tmg eujng mcs t` fckg c

fgf`rcbjuf hba`rp`rcthbn tmg `degath`b rchsgj dy tmg whtbgss cbj tmg rgfcrks `l tmg

eujng. (Qgg Qga. 4>= (4) Ar._.A.). Zmg rga`rj `l gvhjgbag smùij dg shnbgj d`tm dy tmg

whtbgss cs wgii cs dy tmg eujng.

G]CFHBCZH@B @L AMHIJ HZBGQQQga. 33= `l tmg Gvhjgbag Catstctgs tmct cii pgrs`bs crg a`fpgtgbt t` tgsthly ubigss tmg

aùrt a`bshjgrs tmct tmgy crg prgvgbtgj lr`f ubjgrstcbjhbn tmg qugsth`bs put t` tmgf`r nhvhbn rcth`bci cbswgrs t` tm`sg qugsth`bs dy rgcs`b `l tgbjgr cng, gxtrgfg ìj cng

`r jhsgcsg wmgtmgr `l d`jy `r fhbj, `r cby `tmgr acusg `l tmg scfg khbj.

Cs pgr tmg pr`vhsh`bs `l tmg @ctms Cat, 38


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aùrt mcs t` a`bjuat c v`hrg jhrg gxcfhbcth`b `l tmg amhij whtbgss. Zmg rga`rj `l suam

gxcfhbcth`b cis` smùij dg pcrt `l tmg jgp`shth`b `l suam amhij whtbgss.

Zmg Qgssh`bs Eujng acb tckg a`nbhzcbag `l tmg `llgbag `biy cnchbst tm`sg caausgjpgrs`bs wm` crg a`ffhttgj t` mhf dy tmg Fcnhstrctg a`bagrbgj. Hl mg mcs t` cjj c bgw

caausgj pgrs`b wm`sg a`fpihahty hs jhsagrbhdig lr`f tmg pr`sgauth`b rga`rjs, tmgb tmg

Qgssh`bs Eujng whii mcvg t` cjjrgss tmg Mhnm Aùrt l`r a`rrgath`b `l tmg a`ffhttci `rjgr`r whii mcvg t` wcht ubthi tmg stcng l`r gxgrahsg `l mhs p`wgr ubjgr Qga. 138 Ar._.A. hs

rgcamgj.(\hjg CHT 388=QA 13:=).

Gvgb wmgb cb caausgj pgrs`b hs caquhttgj `b tmg nrùbj `l ubsùbjbgss `l fhbj, tmg

eujnfgbt smùij, cs gbe`hbgj dy Qga. 11: Ar._.A., rga`rj c lhbjhbn wmgtmgr suam caausgja`ffhttgj tmg cats (suam cs acushbn tmg jgctm dy stcddhbn `r `tmgr fgcbs) cttrhdutgj t`

mhf. Hb suam c acsg tmg aùrt smcii b`t l`rtmwhtm sgt mhf ct ihdgrty `r rgigcsg mhf lr`f

aust`jy. Mg whii mcvg t` dg jhrgatgj t` dg jgtchbgj hb c N`vgrbfgbt fgbtci mgcitmagbtrg `r `rjgrgj t` dg jgihvgrgj t` cby rgicthvg `r lrhgbj up`b cb cppihacth`b dy suam

rgicthvg `r lrhgbj cbj `b mhs lurbhsmhbn sgaurhty t` tmg scthslcath`b `l tmg aùrt cs

pr`vhjgj ubjgr Qga. 117 Ar._.A. Zmhs hs dgacusg `l tmg m`fhahjci `r jcbngrùs

pr`pgbshthgs cirgcjy gxmhdhtgj dy tmg caausgj. Quam caausgj `rjgrgj t` dg jgtchbgj hb

tmg fgbtci mgcitm agbtgr whii dg sudegat t` lurtmgr `rjgrs `l tmg Qtctg N`vgrbfgbt ubjgr

Qga. 118 Ar._.A.

Hfprhs`bfgbt `l ihlg fgcbs hfprhs`bfgbt l`r tmg rgfchbjgr `l tmg dhì`nhaci ihlg `l tmg

a`bvhat ubigss tmg sgbtgbag hs a`ffutgj `r rgfhttgj dy tmg cppr`prhctg cutm`rhty.Mgbag tmg ihlg hfprhs`bfgbt j`gs b`t gxphrg ct tmg gbj `l 3: ygcrs `r 4? ygcrs. (CHT

38


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a`ffhttgj dy tmg hbvgsthncthbn `llhagrs hb tmg acsg. Hb `tmgr w`rjs, hl tmg aùrt hs

a`bvhbagj tmct tmg tgsthf`by `l c whtbgss t` tmg àaurrgbag hs trug tmg aùrt hs lrgg t`cat `b ht cidght tmg hbvgsthncthbn `llhagr's susphahùs rìg hb tmg acsg."

J@WDZQ @B LHT

Hb Bhrfci Qhbnm v. Qtctg `l Dhmcr (4??7) 8 QAA >47, tmg jglgbag rchsgj jùdts cdùt tmg

L.H.T cbj tmg bcturg `l tmg pr`sgauth`b acsg. Cltgr cb gicd`rctg jhsaussh`b `l tmggvhjgbag, tmg Quprgfg Aùrt mgij, ct pcrc 38, pcng >145 "... wg j` b`t lggi pgrsucjgj t`

jhsacrj tmg acsg `l tmg pr`sgauth`b `biy `b caaùbt `l s`fg hblhrfhthgs wmham wg mcvg

b`thagj gcrihgr. Zmgrg cppgcrs t` dg b` rgcs`b wmy s` fcby gyg whtbgssgs smùijlcisgiy hfpihactg tmg cppgiicbts, cbj tmgrg hs hb lcat, b`tmhbn `b rga`rj t` sunngst tmct

tmg whtbgssgs mcj cby rgcs`b t` lcisgiy hfpihactg tmgf."

M@QZHIG HZBGQQ

Zmg M`b'dig Quprgfg Aùrt mcs mgij hb vcrhùs acsgs tmct fgrgiy dgacusg c whtbgss hsjgaicrgj m`sthig, mhs gbthrg gvhjgbag j`gs b`t ngt gxaiujgj `r rgbjgrgj ubw`rtmy `l

a`bshjgrcth`b. @bg suam hs tmg acsg rgp`rtgj hb 38=8 QAA (Ari) 1== (Qtctg `l W._. v. Amgt

Tcf). Zmg Aùrt smùij sgg tmg rgcihty `l tmg shtucth`b cbj a`fg t` rgsaug t` j` eusthag.

Ht hs usglui t` rglgr tmg prhbahpigs ichj j`wb dy tmg Quprgfg Aùrt hb cssgsshbn tmg

gvhjgbag tgbjgrgj dy whtbgssgs, wm` ictgr dga`fg m`sthig. Hb Kmueeh v. Qtctg `l F._.,

3883 (1) QAA , tmg Quprgfg Aùrt jgaicrgj tmus5 " < (3) QAA1=8), Tcdhbjrc Kufcr Jgy v. Qtctg `l @rhssc (CHT 38>> QA 3>?) cbj Qycj Ckdcr v. Qtctg

`l Kcrbctckc ((38=?) 3 QAA 1?) -- tmct tmg gvhjgbag `l c pr`sgauth`b whtbgss acbb`t dgrgegatgj hb t`t` fgrgiy dgacusg tmg pr`sgauth`b am`sg t` trgct mhf cs m`sthig cbj ar`ss-

gxcfhbgj mhf. Zmg gvhjgbag `l suam whtbgssgs acbb`t dg trgctgj cs gllcagj `r wcsmgj

`ll tmg rga`rj cit`ngtmgr dut tmg scfg acb dg caagptgj t` tmg gxtgbt tmghr vgrsh`b hs

lùbj t` dg jgpgbjcdig `b c acrglui saruthby tmgrg`l."

Ct wmct stcng acb c pr`sgauth`b whtbgss dg jgaicrgj m`sthig 0 Ht hs gbùnm hl tmg whtbgssjgvhctgs lr`f mhs prgvhùs stctgfgbts fcjg t` tmg pìhag `r wmgb tmg Aùrt a`bshjgrs ht

bgagsscry t` nrcbt tmg pgrfhssh`b ubjgr Qga. 37: `l tmg Gvhjgbag Cat lr`f tmgwhtbgssg's jgfgcbùr, tgfpgr, ctthtujg, dgcrhbn, tgb`r `r tgbjgbay `l mhs cbswgrs `r

`tmgrwhsg. Zmg jhsargth`b a`blgrrgj dy tmg cd`vg pr`vhsh`b smùij dg ihdgrciiy

gxgrahsgj. (\hjg Qct_cui v. Jgimh Cjfhbhstrcth`b - CHT 38>< QA 48:)

Ht hs `pgb t` tmg pcrty wm` aciis tmg whtbgss t` sggk pgrfhssh`b `l tmg aùrt ubjgr Qga.

37: `l tmg Gvhjgbag Cat ct cby stcng `l tmg gxcfhbcth`b. (Jcmycdmch Ammcncbdmch

Zmckkgr v. Qtctg `l Nuecrct - CHT 38


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fhnmt dg put hb ar`ss-gxcfhbcth`b dy tmg cjvgrsg pcrty. Zmg sga`bj pgrfhssh`b wmham hs

nrcbtgj hs `bg ubjgr tmg pr`vhs` t` Qga. 3 `l tmg Gvhjgbag Cat, wmham

hs gxtrcatgj dgi`w5

"Gxcfhbcth`b-hb-amhgl.--Zmg gxcfhbcth`b `l c whtbgss dy tmg pcrty wm` aciis mhf smcii

dg aciigj mhs gxcfhbcth`b-hb-amhgl.Ar`ss-gxcfhbcth`b.--Zmg gxcfhbcth`b `l c whtbgss dy tmg cjvgrsg pcrty smcii dg aciigj

mhs ar`ss-gxcfhbcth`b.

Tg-gxcfhbcth`b.--Zmg gxcfhbcth`b `l c whtbgss, sudsgqugbt t` tmg ar`ss-gxcfhbcth`b dytmg pcrty wm` aciigj mhf, smcii dg aciigj mhs rg-gxcfhbcth`b".

Ht hs t` dg b`tgj tmct tmhs jhsargth`b `l tmg A`urt t` pgrfht tmg putthbn `l igcjhbn

qugsth`bs, `r hb `tmgr w`rjs pgrfht t` ar`ss- gxcfhbcth`b, hs cds`iutg cbj hs

hbjgpgbjgbt `l cby qugsth`b `l m`sthihty `r cjvgrsgbgss. Aufhbn, E., hb Dhkrcf v T, mcs


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_cng | 3:

a`bshjgrgj tmct Qgath`b 37? rgcj whtm Qgath`b 3:1 pr`vhjgj tmct tmg Aùrt fcy cii`w

tmg pcrty t` put igcjhbn qugsth`bs t` mhs `wb whtbgss. Dut tmct H j` b`t tmhbk bgagsscrhiyfgcb tmct mg fust jgaicrg tmg whtbgss m`sthig cbj ar`ss-gxcfhbg mhf. Ht hs `biy wmgb mg

jgaicrgs tmg whtbgss m`sthig cbj ar`ss-gxcfhbg mhf tmct mg acbb`t rgiy `b mhs gvhjgbag._utthbn igcjhbn qugsth`bs t` `bg's `wb whtbgss `r rctmgr ar`ss-gxcfhbhbn mhf hs

jhllgrgbt lr`f jhsargpcbay `r a`btrcjhathbn whtbgss. Hb Qct _cui v Jgimh Cjfhbhstrcth`b ,

tmg Quprgfg Aùrt ichj j`wb tmct tmg jhsargth`b hs ubqucihlhgj cbj ubtrcffgiigj cbj hsquhtg cpcrt lr`f cby qugsth`b `l tmg m`sthihty `r `tmgrwhsg `l tmg whtbgss. M`wgvgr, ht hs

ihdgrciiy gxgrahsgj. Zmg jhsargth`b fust dg eujhahùsiy cbj pr`pgriy gxgrahsgj hb tmg

hbtgrgst `l eusthag. Zmg hblgrgbag tmct tmg whtbgss mcs turbgj m`sthig hs t` dg hblgrrgjlr`f tmg cbswgrs nhvgb dy tmg whtbgss.

C jhsthbath`b fust dg jrcwb dgtwggb c trug whtbgss cbj c m`sthig whtbgss. Hl gxmhdhth`b

`l m`sthig cbhfus wgrg tmg sìg tgst `l jgaicrhbn c whtbgss cjvgrsg, tmg `degat wùij dg

lrustrctgj hb fcby hbstcbags. C smrgwj cbj a`fp`sgj whtbgss fhnmt, dy a`bagcihbn mhsrgci sgbthfgbts `r m`sthig ctthtujg, nhvg ublcvùrcdig gvhjgbag cbj fckg stctgfgbts

a`btrcry t` tmg lcats, kb`wb t` mhf. Fgrgiy nhvhbn ublcvùrcdig tgsthf`by acbb`t cis`

dg gbùnm t` jgaicrg c whtbgss cjvgrsg, l`r mg fhnmt dg tgiihbn tmg tr`tm wmham n`gs

cnchbst tmg pcrty aciihbn mhf. Mg hs m`sthig hl mg trhgs t` hbeurg tmg pcrty's acsg dy

prgvcrhacthbn `r supprgsshbn tmg trutm. Zmg Aùrt mcs dy tmhs sgath`b dggb nhvgb c vgry

whjg jhsargth`b cbj hs ct ihdgrty t` cii`w c pcrty t` ar`ss-gxcfhbg mhs whtbgss. ^mgb mhs

tgfpgr, ctthtujg cbj jgfgcbùr hb tmg whtbgss-d`x sm`w c jhsthbatiy cbtcn`bhstha

lggihbn `r c fhbj m`sthig t` tmg pcrty aciihbn mhf.

Hb tmg acsg `l Dchkubtmc Bctm Amctt`rce v _rcscbbcf`yh Jgdyc, ht mcs dggb mgij cslìi`ws5 "^mgrg tmg purp`sg `l tmg pr`juath`b `l tmg jàufgbt ct tmg thfg `l ar`ss-

gxcfhbcth`b `l c whtbgss sggfgj t` mcvg dggb wgii ubjgrst``j dy mhf cbj lr`f tmg

rga`rj `l mhs jgp`shth`b ht wcs fcbhlgst tmct cltgr dghbn sm`wb tmg jàufgbt, mg wcs

jhrgatiy cskgj wmgtmgr ht wcs b`t c lcat tmct mg wcs b`t ct c pcrthauicr picag `b tmg

ciigngj jctg cs wcs aigcr lr`f tmg jàufgbt cbj wmgrg `b rg-gxcfhbcth`b b` cttgfptwcs fcjg t` gihaht cby gxpicbcth`b. Mgij, tmg whtbgss wcs pr`pgriy a`btrcjhatgj".

Zmg jhatuf hb Qtctg `l Fys`rg v Tceu Qmgtty, hs t` tmg lìi`whbn gllgat5 "@rjhbcrhiywmgb c pcrty puts c whtbgss hb tmg d`x, mg acb dg tckgb t` rgprgsgbt t` tmg Aùrt tmct

tmg schj whtbgss hs gxpgatgj t` stctg tmg trutm. @b tmg nrùbj `l pìhay c pcrty smùij

b`t dg pgrfhttgj t` trgct c whtbgss cs m`sthig tmg f`fgbt mg nhvgs cby cbswgrs

cjvgrsg t` mhs acsg. Ht hs gbthrgiy l`r tmg Aùrt t` jgahjg wmgtmgr hb nhvgb ahraufstcbags

c whtbgss mcs turbgj m`sthig cbj wmgtmgr pgrfhssh`b smùij dg nrcbtgj t` tmg pcrty

aciihbn mhf t` ar`ss-gxcfhbg mhf. Mgbag, gvgb hl c pcrty aciihbn c whtbgss wcbts t` trgct

mhf cs m`sthig, mhs `phbh`b cs t` tmg m`sthihty `r `tmgrwhsg `l tmg whtbgss `r tmg trutm `r

`tmgrwhsg `l mhs gvhjgbag, hs b`t lhbci cbj b`t dhbjhbn `b tmg Aùrt. Zmg vgry `degat `ltckhbn gvhjgbag hs t` jhsa`vgr tmg trutm cs lcr cs ht hs mufcbiy p`sshdig l`r tmg prgshjhbn

eujhahci `llhagr t` j`. Zmg lcat, tmgrgl`rg, tmct sùbj pudiha pìhay rgquhrgs tmct c pcrty

smùij b`t dg pgrfhttgj t` fcihnb mhs `wb whtbgss, acbb`t cbj j`gs b`t cdsìvg tmgAùrt `l hts `wb mhnm juty `l cttgfpthbn t` jhsa`vgr tmg trutm. Gvgb wmgb c whtbgss

jgp`sgs hb lcvùr `l tmg acsg `l tmg pcrty aciihbn mhf, tmg Aùrt `b c a`bshjgrcth`b `lmhs gvhjgbag hs gbthtigj t` ghtmgr dgihgvg `r jhsdgihgvg mhf. Zmg ruig j`gs b`t amcbng hl

tmg gvhjgbag nhvgb dy suam c whtbgss hs cjvgrsg t` tmg acsg `l tmg pcrty aciihbn mhf.

Gvgb hb suam c acsg, tmg Aùrt mcs p`wgr cbj juty `l jgahjhbn wmgtmgr `r b`t t` dgihgvg


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mhf. Ht hs, tmgrgl`rg, b`t ihnmt t` pràggj `b tmg dcshs tmct wmctgvgr hs stctgj dy c

whtbgss wmham hs b`t hb lcvùr `l tmg acsg `l tmg pcrty aciihbn mhf smùij bgagsscrhiy dgdgihgvgj cs hl ht wgrg cb cjfhssh`b fcjg cbj dhbjhbn up`b tmg pcrty aciihbn mhf".

Hb Qcrcswctmcffc v Dmcjrcffc , tmg lìi`whbn pr`p`shth`b hs rgihgj up`b5 "C

whtbgss acbb`t dg trgctgj cs m`sthig fgrgiy dgacusg mhs gvhjgbag hs lcvùrcdig t` tmg

`tmgr shjg, cbj tmg lcat tmct tmg whtbgss mcs dga`fg m`sthig mcs t` dg gstcdihsmgj dygihahthbn hbl`rfcth`b suam cs aùij nhvg cb hbjhacth`b `l m`sthihty. Ht hs b`t p`sshdig l`r

Aùrt t` scy whtmùt nhvhbn rgcs`b tmct mg whii b`t dgihgvg c whtbgss cltgr pgrfhssh`b

l`r trgcthbn tmg whtbgss cs m`sthig mcs dggb rglusgj dy tmg Aùrt ubigss tmg Ahvhi Eujngmhfsgil a`fgs t` tmg a`baiush`b tmct mg mcs turbgj m`sthig".

Zmg jhatuf hb Qct _cui's acsg, suprc, hs t` tmg lìi`whbn gllgat5 "Zmg jhsargth`b a`blgrrgj

dy Qgath`b 37: `b tmg Aùrt hs ubqucihlhgj cbj ubtrcffgiigj cbj hs cpcrt lr`f cby

qugsth`b `l m`sthihty. Ht hs t` dg ihdgrciiy gxgrahsgj wmgbgvgr tmg Aùrt lr f tmgwhtbgss's jgfgcbùr, tgfpgr, ctthtujg, dgcrhbn, `r tmg tgb`r cbj tgbjgbay mhs cbswgrs,

`r lr`f c pgrusci `l mhs prgvhùs hba`bshstgbt stctgfgbt, `r `tmgrwhsg, tmhbks tmct tmg

nrcbt `l suam pgrfhssh`b hs gxpgjhgbt t` gxtrcat tmg trutm cbj t` j` eusthag. Zmg nrcbt `l

suam pgrfhssh`b j`gs b`t cfùbt t` cb cjeujhacth`b dy tmg Aùrt cs t` tmg vgrcahty `l

tmg whtbgss. Zmgrgl`rg, hb tmg `rjgr nrcbthbn suam pgrfhssh`b, ht hs prglgrcdig t` cv`hj

tmg usg `l suam gxprgssh`b, suam cs "jgaicrgj m`sthig", "jgaicrgj ublcvùrcdig", tmg

shnbhlhacbag `l wmham hs sthii b`t lrgg lr`f tmg mhst`rhaci a`dwgds wmham, hb tmghr wckg

drhbn c fhsigcjhbn igncay `l a`blush`b, cbj a`blihat tmct mcj s` i`bn vgxgj tmg GbnihsmAùrts. Gvgb hb c arhfhbci pr`sgauth`b wmgb c whtbgss hs ar`ss-gxcfhbgj cbj

a`btrcjhatgj whtm tmg igcvg `l tmg Aùrt dy tmg pcrty aciihbn mhf, mhs gvhjgbag acbb`t, csc fcttgr `l icw, dg trgctgj cs wcsmgj `ll tmg rga`rj cit`ngtmgr. Ht hs l`r tmg Eujng `l lcat

t` a`bshjgr hb gcam acsg wmgtmgr cs c rgsuit `l suam ar`ss-gxcfhbcth`b cbj

a`btrcjhath`b, tmg whtbgss stcbjs tm`rùnmiy jhsargjhtgj `r acb sthii dg dgihgvgj hb

rgncrj t` c pcrt `l mhs tgsthf`by. Hl tmg Eujng lhbjs tmct hb pràgss, tmg argjht `l tmg

whtbgss mcs b`t dggb a`fpigtgiy smckgb, mg fcy, cltgr rgcjhbn cbj a`bshjgrhbn tmggvhjgbag `l tmg whtbgss, cs c wmìg, whtm jug acuth`b cbj acrg, caagpt, hb tmg ihnmt `l tmg`tmgr gvhjgbag `b tmg rga`rj, tmct pcrt `l mhs tgsthf`by wmham mg lhbjs t` dg

argjhtw`rtmy cbj cat up`b ht. Hl hb c nhvgb acsg, tmg wmìg `l tmg tgsthf`by `l tmg whtbgsshs hfpunbgj, cbj hb tmg pràgss, tmg whtbgss stcbjs squcrgiy cbj t`tciiy jhsargjhtgj, tmg

Eujng smùij, cs c fcttgr `l prujgbag, jhsacrj mhs gvhjgbag hb t`t`".

JGICX HB TGA@TJHBN QZCZGFGBZ @L HZBGQQQuprgfg Aùrt hb Ncbgsmici v. Qtctg `l Fcmcrcsmtrc, (3884) 1 QAA 3?


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Hb \hjycjmcrcb v. Qtctg `l Kgrcic, 4??1 (4) CIJ (Ari) 3?38 (QA), tmg Quprgfg Aùrt

wmhig rglgrrhbn t` Qgath`b 1(3) (xh) `l Q.A.& Q.Z. ([email protected]) Cat cbj Qgath`b 381 `l tmgArhfhbci _ràgjurg A`jg mgij tmct c Qpgahci Aùrt ubjgr tmg QA cbj QZ (_@C) Cat hs

gssgbthciiy c Aùrt `l Qgssh`b cbj ht acb tckg a`nbhzcbag `l tmg `llgbag wmgb tmg acsg hsa`ffhttgj t` ht dy tmg Fcnhstrctg hb caa`rjcbag whtm tmg pr`vhsh`bs `l tmg A`jg. Hb

`tmgr w`rjs, c a`fpichbt `r c amcrng-smggt acbb`t strchnmt cwcy dg ichj j`wb dgl`rg

tmg Qpgahci Aùrt ubjgr tmg Cat. Zmg Qgssh`bs Aùrt hb tmg acsg ct mcbj, ubjhsputgjiymcs catgj cs `bg `l `rhnhbci eurhsjhath`b cbj tmg rgquhrgfgbts `l Qgath`b 381 `l tmg A`jg

wgrg b`t fgt.

Zmg Quprgfg Aùrt hb tmg cd`vg jgahsh`b lurtmgr `dsgrvgj5 "Zmg hbgvhtcdig a`baiush`bhs tmct tmg igcrbgj Qgssh`bs Eujng, cs tmg ubjhsputgj lcatuci p`shth`b n`gs t` sm`w, aùij

b`t mcvg a`bvhatgj tmg cppgiicbt l`r tmg `llgbag rgictcdig t` Qgath`b 1(3) (xh) `l tmg Cathb tmg dcaknrùbj `l ignci p`shth`b b`tgj suprc. Zmct hs caa`rjhbniy sgt cshjg. M`wgvgr,

l`r tmg `llgbag ubjgr Qgath`bs 17: cbj ::= H._.A., aust`jhci sgbtgbag l`r tmg pgrh`j

cirgcjy ubjgrn`bg wmham cs tmg rga`rjs rgvgci hs cdùt tmrgg f`btms, wùij fggt tmggbjs `l eusthag a`bshjgrhbn tmg dcaknrùbj lcats cbj tmg spgahci lgcturgs `l tmg acsg.

Hb F.C. Kuttcppcb v. G. Krhsmbcb Bcycbcr cbj cb`tmgr, 4??: Arh.I.E. 3>>?, tmg Quprgfg

Aùrt wmhig a`bshjgrhbn tmg sa`pg `l Qgath`b 1(3) (x) cbj Qgath`b 3: `l QA/QZ Cat cbj

Qgath`b 381 `l tmg A`jg `l Arhfhbci _ràgjurg A`jg mgij5 "Zmg Qpgahci Eujng mcs b`

eurhsjhath`b t` gbtgrtchb tmg a`fpichbt jhrgatiy cbj t` hssug pràgss cltgr tckhbn

a`nbhzcbag whtmùt tmg acsg dghbn a`ffhttgj t` ht dy c a`fpgtgbt Fcnhstrctg. Zmg

qugsth`b hs b` i`bngr rgs hbtgrnrc cbj, tmgrgl`rg, ht fust dg mgij tmct tmg Qpgahci Eujnghb tmg hbstcbt acsg grrgj hb gbtgrtchbhbn c a`fpichbt lhigj dgl`rg ht ciignhbn `llgbag

ubjgr tmg Cat cbj hb hssuhbn pràgss cltgr tckhbn a`nbhzcbag whtmùt tmg acsg dghbna`ffhttgj t` ht l`r trhci dy c a`fpgtgbt Fcnhstrctg."

Hb Fìy cbj cb`tmgr \. Qtctg `l Kgrcic, 4??: Arh.i.E. 3=34 QA (Kgrcic), tmg Quprgfg Aùrt,

wmhig a`bshjgrhbn tmg sa`pg `l Qgath`b 3: `l tmg QA/QZ Cat cbj lìi`whbn \hjyjmcrcb (>

suprc) cbjNcbnuic Csm`k v. Qtctg `l C._., , 4??? QAA (Arh) :==, mgij5 "Zmg Cata`btgfpictgs `biy tmg trhci t` dg a`bjuatgj dy tmg Qpgahci Aùrt. Zmg cjjgj rgcs`b l`rspgahlyhbn c Aùrt `l Qgssh`b cs c Qpgahci Aùrt hs t` gbsurg spggj l`r suam trhci. 'Qpgahci

Aùrt' hs jglhbgj hb tmg Cat cs 'c Aùrt `l Qgssh`b spgahlhgj cs c Qpgahci Aùrt hb Qgath`b3:'. Zmus tmg Aùrt `l Qgssh`b hs spgahlhgj t` a`bjuat c trhci cbj b` `tmgr Aùrt acb

a`bjuat tmg trhci `l `llgbags ubjgr tmg Cat. Hb vhgw `l Q.381 `l tmg A`jg `l Arhfhbci

_ràgjurg, ubigss ht hs p`shthvgiy cbj spgahlhaciiy pr`vhjgj jhllgrgbtiy, b` Aùrt `l

Qgssh`b acb tckg a`nbhzcbag `l cby `llgbag jhrgatiy, whtmùt tmg acsg dghbn a`ffhttgj t`

ht dy c Fcnhstrctg. Bghtmgr hb tmg A`jg b`r hb tmg Cat hs tmgrg cby pr`vhsh`b wmcts`gvgr,

b`r nhvgb dy hfpihacth`b, tmct tmg spgahlhgj Aùrt `l Qgssh`b (Qpgahci Aùrt) acb tckg

a`nbhzcbag `l tmg `llgbag ubjgr tmg Cat cs aùrt `l `rhnhbci eurhsjhath`b whtmùt tmg acsg

dghbn a`ffhttgj t` ht dy c Fcnhstrctg. Hl tmct dg s`, tmgrg hs b` rgcs`b t` tmhbk tmct tmgamcrng-smggt `r c a`fpichbt acb strchnmtwcy dg lhigj dgl`rg suam Qpgahci Aùrt l`r

`llgbags ubjgr tmg Cat."

^MGB CBX CJ\GTQG TGFCTKQ Z@ DG FCJG CNCHBQZ C _GTQ@B

Qtctg `l Wttcr _rcjgsm v. F`mcffcj Bchgf (CHT 38?1), Ht mcs dggb eujhahciiyrga`nbhsgj tmct hb tmg fcttgr `l fckhbn jhspcrcnhbn rgfcrks cnchbst pgrs`bs `r

cutm`rhthgs wm`sg a`bjuat a`fgs hbt` a`bshjgrcth`b dgl`rg aùrts `l icw hb acsgs t` dg

jgahjgj dy tmgf, ht hs rgigvcbt t` a`bshjgr (c) wmgtmgr tmg pcrty wm`sg a`bjuat hs hb


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qugsth`b hs dgl`rg tmg aùrt `r mcs cb `pp`rtubhty `l gxpichbhbn `r jglgbjhbn mhfsgil ;

(d) wmgtmgr tmgrg hs gvhjgbag `b rga`rj dgcrhbn `b tmct a`bjuat eusthlyhbn tmg rgfcrks ;cbj (a) wmgtmgr ht hs bgagsscry l`r tmg jgahsh`b `l tmg acsg, cs cb hbtgnrci pcrt tmgrg`l, t`

cbhfcjvgrt `b tmct a`bjuat. Ht mcs cis` dggb rga`nbhsgj tmct eujhahci pr`bùbagfgbtsfust dg eujhahci hb bcturg, cbj smùij b`t b`rfciiy jgpcrt lr`f s`drhgty, f`jgrcth`b

cbj rgsgrvg.

Zmg Arhfhbci Aùrts mcvg luii p`wgr cbj cutm`rhty t` pcss cjvgrsg rgfcrks cnchbst tmg

Hbvgsthncthbn Cngbay cbj whtbgssgs cbj cis` mcs p`wgr l`r hssuhbn jhrgath`b t` tmg

a`bagrbgj cutm`rhty t` tckg bgagsscry cath`b hb caa`rjcbag whtm icw, dut wmhig j`hbns`, tmg Arhfhbci Aùrts crg rgquhrgj t` lìi`w tmg tmrgg b`rfs cs ichj j`wb dy tmg

Quprgfg Aùrt hb tmg acsg `l F`mcffcj Bchgf (suprc). Zmg cjvgrsg rgfcrks smùijdg pcssgj cnchbst tmg Hbvgsthncthbn Cngbay whtm c vhgw t` p`hbt ùt tmghr hbmgrgbt

hiigncihty cbj icpsgs hb hbvgsthncth`b wmham nhvg dgbglht t` tmg nuhity pgrs`b, s` tmct tmgy

fcy hfpr`vg hb luturg cbj tmghr supgrh`r cutm`rhty fcy cis` kb`w cdùt tmg wcy cbjw`rkhbn `l sud`rjhbctgs cbj tmgy fcy cis` pr`vhjg tmgf pr`pgr lcahihty cbj nuhjcbag

l`r pr`pgr cbj gllgathvg hbvgsthncth`b hb caa`rjcbag whtm icw s` tmct tmg nuhity pgrs`b

fcy b`t gsacpg lr`f tmg gyg `l icw.

Hb tmg Qtctg `l Wttcr _rcjgsm v. F`mcffcj Bchf, CHT 38?1 ht mcs dggb mgij cs

lìi`ws (ct pcng 771) 5 "Hl tmgrg hs `bg prhbahpigs `l acrjhbci hfp`rtcbag hb tmgcjfhbhstrcth`b `l eusthag, ht hs tmhs 5 tmg pr`pgr lrggj`f cbj hbjgpgbjgbag `l Eujngs cbj

Fcnhstrctgs fust dg fchbtchbgj cbj tmgy fust dg cii`wgj t` pgrl`rf tmghr lubath`bslrggiy cbj lgcrigssiy cbj whtmùt ubjug hbtgrlgrgbag dy cby d`jy, gvgb dy tmg Aùrt. Ct

tmg scfg thfg ht hs gquciiy bgagsscry tmct hb gxprgsshbn tmghr `phbh`bs Eujngs cbj

Fcnhstrctg fust dg nuhjgj dy a`bshjgrcth`bs `l eusthag, lchrpicy cbj rgstrchbt. Ht hs b`t

hblrgqugbt tmct swggphbn ngbgrcihscth`bs jglgct tmg vgry purp`sg l`r wmham tmgy crg

fcjg. Ht mcs dggb eujhahciiy rga`nbhsgj tmct hb tmg fcttgr `l fckhbn jhspcrnhbn rgfcrkscnchbst pgrs`bs `r cutm`rhthgs wm`sg a`bjuat a`fgs hbt` a`bshjgrcth`b dgl`rg aùrts `licw hb acsgs t` dg jgahjgj dy tmgf, ht hs rgigvcbt t` a`bshjgr (c) wmgtmgr tmg pcrty

wm`sg a`bjuat hs hb qugsth`b hs dgl`rg tmg aùrt `r mcs cb `pp`rtubhty `l gxpichbhbn `rjglgbjhbn mhfsgil; (d) wmgtmgr tmgrg hs gvhjgbag `b rga`rj dgcrhbn `b tmct a`bjuat

eusthlyhbn tmg rgfcrks; cbj (a) wmgtmgr ht hs bgagsscry l`r tmg jgahsh`b `l tmg acsg, cs cb

hbtgnrci pcrt tmgrg`l, t` cbhfcjvgrt `b tmct a`bjuat. Ht mcs cis` dggb rga`nbhsgj tmct

eujhahci pr`bùbagfgbts fust dg eujhahci hb bcturg, cbj smùij b`t b`rfciiy jgpcrt

lr`f s`drhgty, f`jgrcth`b cbj rgsgrvg".

Hb Bcrcbecb _ctbchk v. Qcsmhduscb Kcr, (38= 5 (38=< Arh IE 833) tmg

Quprgfg Aùrt mcs mgij cs lìi`ws 5- "Ht hs, tmgrgl`rg, sgttigj icw tmct mcrsm `rjhspcrnhbn rgfcrks crg b`t t` dg fcjg cnchbst pgrs`bs cbj cutm`rhthgs wm`sg a`bjuat

a`fgs hbt` a`bshjgrcth`b dgl`rg aùrts `l icw ubigss ht hs rgciiy bgagsscry l`r tmg

jgahsh`b `l tmg acsg, cs cb hbtgnrci pcrt tmgrg`l t` cbhfcjvgrt `b tmct a`bjuat. ^g mìjtmct tmg cjvgrsg rgfcrks fcjg cnchbst tmg cppgiicbt wgrg bghtmgr eusthlhgj b`r aciigj

l`r".Hb Fujkcppc v. Qtctg `l Kcrbctckc, HIT 38=7 Kcbt 14>7 tmhs Aùrt mcs mgij cs lìi`ws 5

"_gthth`bgr-a`fpichbcbt sùnmt gxpubath`b `l pcsscng hb eujnfgbt `b nrùbjs ht wcs


19/211

_cng | 38

wmìiy hrrgigvcbt cbj ubeusthlhcdig cbj tmct tmg rgtgbth`b `l tmg pcsscng a`btchbhbn

cjvgrsg rgfcrks `b rga`rj whii acusg sgrhùs mcrf t` a`fpichbcbt c pìhag a`bstcdig."

LCIQG ACQZG AGTZHLHACZGQ

Hb KWFCTH FCJMWTH _CZHI v. CJJI. A@FFHQQH@BGT, cbj JHTGAZ@T @L ZTHDCI

^GILCTG v. IC\GZH NHTH, CHT 3887 QA 37?


20/211

_cng | 4?

Qtctg @l Kcrbctckc vs Krhsmbcppc HIT 388: KCT =8 Ht hs `dsgrvgj Zmg Quprgfg Aùrthb tmg acsg `l \HECXGG QHBNM CBJ @TQ. v. QZCZG @L W._. 388? QA (Ari) 1>=, aigcriy

p`hbtgj ùt wmct c jùdt hb c arhfhbci acsg fgcbs. Ht hs b`t `l c wgck `r ubjuiyvcahiicthbn, acprhahùs, hbjìgbt, jr`wsy `r a`blusgj fhbj. Ht hs tmct `l cb cigrt fhbj

crrhvgj ct cltgr jug cppihacth`b `l fhbj. Zmg trhci Aùrt cppgcrs t` mcvg dga`fg `vgr

a`bsahùs `l durjgb `l pr``l, tmus hb tmct pràgss l`rngtthbn l`r c f`fgbt tmct tmgahraufstcbags crg str`bn gbùnm t` lhbj tmct ht wcs tmg caausgj cbj tmg caausgj ci`bg

wm` wcs nuhity `l tmhs jhcdìhaci cat.

Wbeust caquhttci hs cs dcj cs ubeust a`bvhath`b cs mgij dy tmg Quprgfg Aùrt hb tmg acsg

`l QCZMH _TCQCJ v. ZMG QZCZG @L W._ 38>1 Ari .I.E. 1::. Ht mcs dggb str`bniy urngjtmct dgacusg tmg tw` amhijrgb wgrg b`t gxcfhbgj cbj tmg di``j stchbgj crthaigs wgrg

b`t sgbt l`r Amgfhaci Cbciyshs tmct dgbglht smùij n` t` tmg caausgj. Ht acbb`t dg s`, tmg

trutm `l c acsg smùij b`t jgpgbj `b tmg wmhfs cbj lcbahgs `l cb Hbvgsthncthbn @llhagr. Hlmg mcs lchigj hb mhs juty t` sudegat tmg di``j stchbgj crthaigs cltgr gxcfhbhbn s`fg

fctgrhci whtbgssgs, mhs wcy `l mcbjihbn tmg hbvgsthncth`b fcy a`fg l`r sgvgrg arhthahsf

dut b`t ct tmg a`st `l trutm, hl tmg gvhjgbag `l _^.3 cbj `tmgr ahraufstcbags aùij dg

mgij sullhahgbt t` drhbn m`fg tmg nuhit t` tmg caausgj tmgb fgrg b`b-gxcfhbcth`b `l tmg

tw` sfcii amhijrgb prgsgbt hb tmg mùsg whii b`t dg `l fuam a`bsgqugbag. Ht hs

wgii sgttigj tmct hl tmg pìhag rga`rjs dga`fg suspgat cbj hbvgsthncth`b pgrlubat`ry ht

dga`fgs tmg juty `l tmg Aùrt t` sgg hl tmg gvhjgbag nhvgb hb Aùrt smùij dg rgihgj

up`b cbj suam icpsgs hnb`rgj.

CBNGT @L CAAWQGJ @\GT JGAGCQGJZmg Tgnhstrcr Ngbgrci, Mhnm Aùrt @l Kcrbctckc vs Zcicwcrc \gbkctcppc HIT 4??1 KCT

:811 JD Zmus tmg gvhjgbag `b rga`rj wùij sm`w tmct tmg caausgj mcj s`fg hrg

t`wcrjs tmg jgagcsgj. ^mgb tmg pr`sgauth`b mcs suaaggjgj hb sm`whbn tmg p`sshdhihty

`l s`fg hrg `r cbngr `l tmg caausgj t`wcrjs tmg jgagcsgj, tmg hbcdhihty t` lurtmgr put `b

rga`rj tmg fcbbgr hb wmham suam hrg `r cbngr wùij mcvg swgiigj up hb tmg fhbj `l tmgcaausgj t` suam c jgnrgg cs t` hfpgi mhf t` a`ffht tmg furjgr `l tmg jgagcsgj acbb`tdg a`bshjgrgj cs c lctci wgckbgss `l tmg pr`sgauth`b. Ht hs cif`st cb hfp`sshdhihty l`r tmg

pr`sgauth`b t` ubrcvci tmg luii jhfgbsh`b `l tmg fgbtci jhsp`shth`b `l tmg caausgjt`wcrjs tmg jgagcsgj. Zmhs hs c acsg wmgrg m`wgvgr tmg pr`sgauth`b mcs suaaggjgj hb

sm`whbn tmct caausgj mcj s`fg rgcs`b l`r cbngr `r jhsihkg t`wcrjs tmg jgagcsgj. ^g

acbb`t lctm`f tmg fgbtci jhsp`shth`b `l tmg caausgj t`wcrjs tmg jgagcsgj ct tmg thfg `l

tmg a`ffhssh`b `l tmg `llgbag, b`r aùij wg ruig ùt tmg p`sshdhihty `l s`fg acusg `l

hffgjhctg pr`vàcth`b l`r tmg caausgj. Mcvhbn rgncrj t` tmg ahraufstcbags ubjgr

wmham tmg hbahjgbt hb qugsth`b mcj àaurrgj, ht aùij dg kb`wb `biy t` tmg jgagcsgj cbj

tmg caausgj. Zmg jgagcsgj hs b`t cihvg t` tgii us wmct wcs tmg pr`vàcth`b. Zmg caausgj

jhj b`t jhsai`sg ht t` us. Q` wg crg ubcdig t` cpprgahctg tmg a`btgbth`b tmct tmgpr`vàcth`b wcs b`t sullhahgbt gbùnm l`r tmg nmcstiy cat pgrpgtrctgj dy tmg caausgj.

^HZMJTCÎ LT@F _T@QGAWZH@B


21/211

_cng | 43

QMG@BCBJCB _CQ^CB \Q QZCZG @L DHMCT CHT 38=1 QA 38: 5-Lr`f tmg Quprgfg

Aùrt's gbubahcth`b `l tmg ignci p`shth`b n`vgrbhbn tmg pr`pgr gxgrahsg `l tmg p`wgra`btchbgj hb Qgath`b 143,(^HZMJTCÎ LT@F _T@QGAWZH@B) tmrgg `r lùr tmhbns

dgacfg aigcr 5(h) Zmùnm whtmjrcwci lr`f pr`sgauth`b hs cb gxgauthvg lubath`b `l tmg _udiha

_r`sgaut`r l`r wmham stctut`ry jhsargth`b hs vgstgj hb mhf, tmg jhsargth`b hs bghtmgr

cdsìutg b`r ubrgvhgwcdig dut ht hs sudegat t` tmg aùrt's supgrvhs`ry lubath`b. Hb lcatdghbn cb gxgauthvg lubath`b ht wùij dg sudegat t` c eujhahci rgvhgw `b agrtchb ihfhtgj

nrùbjs ihkg cby `tmgr gxgauthvg cath`b; tmg cutm`rhty whtm wm`f tmg jhsargth`b hs

vgstgj 'fust ngbuhbgiy cjjrgss htsgil t` tmg fcttgr dgl`rg ht, fust b`t cat ubjgr tmgjhatctgs `l cb`tmgr d`jy, fust b`t j` wmct ht mcs dggb l`rdhjjgb t` j`, fust cat hb n``j

lchtm, fust mcvg rgncrj t` cii rgigvcbt a`bshjgrcth`bs cbj fust b`t dg swcygj dyhrrgigvcbt a`bshjgrcth`bs, fust b`t sggk t` pr`f`tg purp`sgs cihgb t` tmg igttgr `r tmg

sphrht `l tmg ignhsicth`b tmct nhvgs ht p`wgr t` cat crdhtrcrhiy `r acprhahùsiy."

(hh) Qhbag tmg trhci aùrt's supgrvhs`ry lubath`b `l ghtmgr nrcbthbn `r rglushbn t` nrcbt tmg

pgrfhssh`b hs c eujhahci lubath`b tmg scfg hs ihcdig t` a`rrgath`b dy tmg Mhnm Aùrt ubjgr

hts rgvhsh`bci p`wgrs d`tm ubjgr tmg ìj cbj prgsgbt A`jg `l Arhfhbci _ràgjurg, cbj

bcturciiy tmg Quprgfg Aùrt wùij mcvg ct igcst a`gxtgbshvg eurhsjhath`b whtm tmg Mhnm

Aùrt hb cb cppgci prglgrrgj t` ht dy spgahci igcvg `r up`b c agrthlhactg dy tmg Mhnm

Aùrt.

(hhh) B` jham`t`fy cs suam dgtwggb pìhthaci `llgbags `r tmg ihkg `b tmg `bg mcbj cbja`ff`b icw arhfgs `b tmg `tmgr aùij dg schj t` mcvg dggb fcjg dy tmg Quprgfg Aùrt

l`r purp`sgs `l Qgath`b 143, l`r, gvgb hb wmct crg aciigj pìhthaci `llgbags `r tmg ihkg,a`ffhtthbn a`ff`b icw arhfgs, hs hfpihaht, l`r tmg whtmjrcwci lr`f tmg pr`sgauth`b `l

wmham tmg p`wgr ubjgr Qgath`b 143 mcs t` dg rgs`rtgj t`. Dut tmg jgahsh`bs j` icy j`wb

tmct wmgb a`ff`b icw arhfgs crg f`thvctgj dy pìhthaci cfdhth`bs `r a`bshjgrcth`bs `r

tmgy crg a`ffhttgj jurhbn `r crg lìi`wgj dy fcss cnhtcth`bs, a`ffubci lrgbzhgs,

rgnh`bci jhsputgs, hbjustrhci a`blihats, stujgbt ubrgst `r ihkg shtucth`bs hbvìvhbngf`thvg hssugs nhvhbn rhsg t` cb ctf`spmgrg suramcrngj whtm vhìgbag, tmg dr`cjgracusg `l pudiha eusthag, pudiha `rjgr cbj pgcag fcy ùtwghnm tmg pudiha hbtgrgst `l

cjfhbhstgrhbn arhfhbci eusthag hb c pcrthauicr ihthncth`b cbj whtmjrcwci lr`f tmgpr`sgauth`b `l tmct ihthncth`b wùij dga`fg bgagsscry, c agrtchbty `l a`bvhath`b

b`twhtmstcbjhbn, cbj pgrshstgbag hb tmg pr`sgauth`b hb tmg bcfg `l vhbjhacthbn tmg icw

fcy pr`vg aùbtgr-pr`juathvg.

Hb `tmgr w`rjs, hb acsg `l suam a`blihat dgtwggb tmg tw` typgs `l pudiha hbtgrgsts, tmg

bcrr`wgr pudiha hbtgrgst smùij yhgij t` tmg dr`cjgr pudiha hbtgrgst, cbj, tmgrgl`rg, cb

`bgrùs juty hs acst up`b tmg aùrt t` wghnm cbj jgahjg wmham pudiha hbtgrgst smùij

prgvchi hb gcam acsg wmhig nrcbthbn `r rglushbn t` nrcbt hts a`bsgbt t` tmg whtmjrcwcilr`f tmg pr`sgauth`b. L`r, ht hs b`t hbvcrhcdiy tmct wmgbgvgr arhfg hs pìhthaciiy

f`thvctgj `r hs a`ffhttgj hb `r hs lìi`wgj dy cby gxpi`shvg shtucth`b hbvìvhbn gf`thvg

hssug tmct tmg pr`sgauth`b fust dg whtmjrcwb. Hb `tmgr w`rjs, hb gcam acsg `l suama`blihat tmg aùrt mcs t` wghnm cbj jgahjg eujhahùsiy. Dut ht hs `dvhùs tmct ubigss tmg

arhfgs hb qugsth`b crg pgr sg pìhthaci `llgbags ihkg sgjhth`b `r crg f`thvctgj dy pìhthacia`bshjgrcth`bs `r crg a`ffhttgj jurhbn `r crg lìi`wgj dy fcss cnhtcth`bs, a`ffubci

lrgbzhgs, rgnh`bci jhsputgs, hbjustrhci a`blihats, stujgbt ubrgst `r tmg ihkg shtucth`bs

hbvìvhbn gf`thvg hssugs nhvhbn rhsg t` cb ctf`spmgrg suramcrngj whtm vhìgbag, b`


22/211

_cng | 44

qugsth`b `l sgrvhbn cby dr`cjgr acusg `l pudiha eusthag, pudiha `rjgr `r pgcag wùij

crhsg cbj hb tmg cdsgbag tmgrg`l tmg pudiha hbtgrgst `l cjfhbhstgrhbn arhfhbci eusthag hb cnhvgb acsg acbb`t dg pgrfhttgj t` dg scarhlhagj, pcrthauicriy wmgb c mhnmiy picagj

pgrs`b hs ciigngjiy hbvìvgj hb tmg arhfg, cs `tmgrwhsg tmg a`ff`b fcb's lchtm hb tmgruig `l icw cbj jgfàrctha vciugs wùij dg smgitgrgj.

(hv) ^mgb pcuahty `l gvhjgbag `r icak `l pr`spgat `l suaagsslui pr`sgauth`b hs tmgnrùbj l`r whtmjrcwci tmg aùrt mcs b`t fgrgiy tmg p`wgr dut c juty t` gxcfhbg tmg

fctgrhci `b rga`rj whtmùt wmham tmg vcihjhty cbj pr`prhgty `l suam nrùbj acbb`t dg

jgtgrfhbgj.

QMG@BCBJCB _CQ^CB \Q QZCZG @L DHMCT CHT 38=1 QA 38: Hb tmhs aùbtry, tmgsamgfg `l arhfhbci eusthag picags tmg prhfg rgsp`bshdhihty `l pr`sgauthbn sgrhùs

`llgbags `b tmg gxgauthvg cutm`rhty. Zmg hbvgsthncth`b, aìigath`b `l rgquhshtg gvhjgbag

cbj tmg pr`sgauth`b l`r tmg `llgbags whtm rglgrgbag t` suam gvhjgbag crg tmg lubath`bs `ltmg gxgauthvg. Zmg lubath`b `l tmg aùrt hb tmhs rgspgat hs c ihfhtgj `bg cbj hbtgbjgj `biy

t` prgvgbt tmg cdusg. Zmg lubath`b `l tmg aùrt hb caa`rjhbn hts a`bsgbt t` whtmjrcwci hs,

m`wgvgr, c eujhahci lubath`b. Ht, tmgrgl`rg, dga`fgs bgagsscry l`r tmg aùrt dgl`rg wm`f

tmg cppihacth`b l`r whtmjrcwci hs lhigj dy tmg pudiha pr`sgaut`r t` cppiy hts fhbj s` tmct

tmg cppgiictg aùrt fcy gxcfhbg cbj dg scthslhgj tmct tmg aùrt mcs b`t caa`rjgj hts

a`bsgbt cs c fcttgr `l aùrsg dut mcs cppihgj hts fhbj t` tmg nrùbjs tckgb hb tmg

cppihacth`b l`r whtmjrcwci dy _udiha _r`sgaut`r.

IC_QGQ HB HB\GQZHNCZH@B CBJ _T@QGAWZH@B

Zmg Qtctg @l Kcrbctckc vs D. Tcfgsm 4??< (:) KcrIE ygcrs dcak cbj b` gll`rt dghbn fcjg dytmg pr`sgauthbn cngbay ct cby stcng `l tmg Zrhci pràggjhbns t` sgaurg tmg hfp`rtcbtwhtbgssgs vhz., CQH Tcamchcm cbj tmg fgjhaci `llhagr, wm` wgrg prgsgbt jurhbn tmg jyhbn

jgaicrcth`b fcjg dy tmg jgagcsgj, wg crg iglt whtm b` `tmgr `pth`b tmcb t` gxprgss ùrjhspigcsurg `vgr tmg fcbbgr hb wmham tmg gbthrg acsg mcs dggb mcbjigj rhnmt lr`f tmg

hbagpth`b. ^g j` m`pg tmct tmg `dsgrvcth`bs fcjg cd`vg wùij `pgb gygs `l tmg

a`bagrbgj cutm`rhthgs, pcrthauicriy tmg A`ffhssh`bgr `l _ìhag cbj wg crg `l tmg

a`bshjgrgj `phbh`b tmct tmg A`ffhssh`bgr `l _ìhag whii mcvg t` `rjgr cb gbquhry t`

lhbj ùt tmg rgcs`bs l`r tmg icpsgs hb tmg hbvgsthncth`b cbj wg cis` jhrgat tmg Jhrgat`r `l

_udiha _r`sgauth`bs t` gxcfhbg tmg rga`rjs `l tmhs acsg hb tmg ihnmt `l ùr `dsgrvcth`bs

cbj hbhthctg bgagsscry gbquhry cnchbst tmg a`bagrbgj _udiha _r`sgaut`r l`r b`t

jhsamcrnhbn mhs juthgs hb pr`pgr fcbbgr.^g pcrt whtm tmhs acsg whtm tmg m`pg tmct hb luturg cii tmg a`bagrbgj cngbahgs whii tckg

bgagsscry acrg cbj jhsamcrng tmghr juty whtm cb utf`st rgsp`bshdhihty t` gbsurg tmct

fhsacrrhcng `l eusthag bgvgr tckgs picag cbj gbsurg tmct chf `l arhfhbci eusthag systgft` sgg tmct tmg rgciiy nuhity pgrs`bs j` b`t gsacpg lr`f pubhsmfgbt, dga`fgs, c rgcihty.

ZGBJGBAX @L C__IXHBN _TGQQWTG ZMT@WNM ATHFHBCI _T@QGAWZH@B


23/211

_cng | 41

Hbjhcb @hi A`rp`rcth`b \. BG_A Hbjhc Itj. (4??1


24/211

_cng | 4:

"(3) ^mgb tmg furjgr hs a`ffhttgj hb cb gxtrgfgiy drutci, nr`tgsqug, jhcdìhaci,

rgvìthbn `r jcstcrjiy fcbbgr s` cs t` crùsg hbtgbsg cbj gxtrgfg hbjhnbcth`b `l tmga`ffubhty.

(4) ^mgb tmg furjgr hs a`ffhttgj l`r c f`thvg wmham gvhbags t`tci jgprcvhty cbjfgcbbgss; g.n. furjgr dy mhrgj csscsshb l`r f`bgy `r rgwcrj; `r aìj- di``jgj furjgr

l`r nchbs `l c pgrs`bs vhs-c vhs wm`f tmg furjgrgr hs hb j`fhbcthbn p`shth`b `r hb c

p`shth`b `l trust; `r furjgr hs a`ffhttgj hb tmg aùrsg `l dgtrcyci `l tmg f`tmgricbj.(1) ^mgb furjgr `l c fgfdgr `l c Qamgjuigj Acstg `r fhb`rhty a`ffubhty gta. hs

a`ffhttgj b`t l`r pgrs`bci rgcs`bs dut hb ahraufstcbags wmham crùsg sàhci wrctm; `r

hb acsgs `l odrhjg durbhbn' `r oj`wry jgctms' `r wmgb furjgr hs a`ffhttgj hb `rjgr t`rgfcrry l`r tmg sckg `l gxtrcathbn j`wry `bag cnchb `r t` fcrry cb`tmgr w`fcb `b

caaùbt `l hblcatucth`b.(:) ^mgb tmg arhfg hs gb`rfùs hb pr`p`rth`b. L`r hbstcbag, wmgb fuithpig furjgrs,

scy `l cii `r cif`st cii tmg fgfdgrs `l c lcfhiy `r c icrng bufdgr `l pgrs`bs `l c

pcrthauicr acstg, a`ffubhty `r iàcihty crg a`ffhttgj.(7) ^mgb tmg vhathf `l furjgr hs cb hbbàgbt amhij, `r c mgipigss w`fcb `r ìj `r hblhrf

pgrs`b `r c pgrs`b vhs-c-vhs wm`f tmg furjgrgr hs hb c j`fhbcthbn p`shth`b, `r c pudiha

lhnurg ngbgrciiy i`vgj cbj rgspgatgj dy tmg a`ffubhty."

Zmg lhbjhbns `l tmg rcrgst `l rcrg acsg wùij mcvg t` dg eujngj hb tmg ihnmt `l tmg

ahraufstcbags drùnmt cdùt cbj pr`vgj dy tmg pr`sgauth`b. Quprgfg Aùrt hb @f_rckcsm v. Qtctg `l Mcrycbc rgp`rtgj hb 3888 (1) QAA 38, wmhig jgcihbn whtm tmg

caausgj wm` mcj a`ffhttgj sgvgb furjgrs, `dsgrvgj cs ubjgr5 "3>. A`bshjgrhbn tmgcl`rgschj dcaknrùbj `l tmg fcttgr, tmg qugsth`b wùij dg wmgtmgr tmg acsg `l tmg

cppgiicbt aùij dg `bg `l tmg "rcrgst `l tmg rcrg" acsgs s` tmct jgctm sgbtgbag hsrgquhrgj t` dg hfp`sgj. Hb ùr vhgw, gvgb tmùnm tmhs hs c nrugs`fg cat `b tmg pcrt `l

tmg cppgiicbt, ygt ht hs c rgsuit `l mufcb fhbj n`hbn cstrcy dgacusg `l a`bstcbt

mcrcssfgbt `l tmg lcfhiy fgfdgrs `l tmg cppgiicbt cs bcrrctgj cd`vg. Ht aùij dg

tgrfgj cs c acsg `l rgtrhduth`b `r cat l`r tckhbn rgvgbng. B` jùdt, ht wùij b`t dg c

eusthlhcdig cat ct cii, dut tmg caausgj wcs lggihbn f`rciiy eusthlhcdig `b mhs pcrt. Mgbag, htwùij dg jhllhauit t` tgrf ht cs tmg "rcrgst `l tmg rcrg" acsgs. Lurtmgr tmhs hs b`t c arhfga`ffhttgj dgacusg `l iust l`r wgcitm `r w`fgb, tmct hs t` scy, furjgrs crg bghtmgr l`r

f`bgy suam cs gxt`rth`b, jca`hty `r r`ddgry; b`r gvgb l`r iust cbj rcpg; ht hs b`t cb cat`l cbth-sàhci gigfgbt khjbcpphbn cbj trcllhakhbn hb fhb`r nhris `r `l cb cbth-sàhci

gigfgbt jgcihbn hb jcbngrùs jruns wmham cllgats tmg gbthrg f`rci lhdrg `l tmg sàhgty

cbj khiis bufdgr `l pgrs`bs; b`r hs ht arhfg a`ffhttgj l`r p`wgr `r pìhthaci cfdhth`bs

`r pcrt `l `rncbhzgj arhfhbci cathvhthgs. Ht hs c arhfg a`ffhttgj dy tmg caausgj wm` mcj

c acusg t` lggi cnnrhgvgj l`r hbeusthag fgtgj ùt t` mhs lcfhiy fgfdgrs ct tmg mcbjs `l

tmg lcfhiy `l tmg `tmgr pcrty wm` caa`rjhbn t` mhf wgrg str`bn gbùnm pmyshaciiy cs

wgii cs ga`b`fhaciiy cbj mcvhbn hbliugbag whtm tmg cutm`rhty wmham wcs rgquhrgj t`

pr`tgat mhf cbj mhs lcfhiy. Zmg dhttgrbgss hbargcsgj t` c d`hihbn p`hbt cbj dgacusg `ltmg cn`by sullgrgj dy mhf cbj mhs lcfhiy fgfdgrs ct tmg mcbjs `l tmg `tmgr pcrty cbj

l`r b`t ngtthbn pr`tgath`b lr`f tmg pìhag `llhagrs a`bagrbgj `r t`tci hbcath`b jgsphtg

rgpgctgj wrhttgb prcygrs n`cjgj `r a`fpgiigj tmg caausgj t` tckg icw hb mhs `wb mcbjswmham auifhbctgj hb nrugs`fg furjgrs; fcy dg tmct mhs fhbj n`t jgrchigj `l tmg trcak

cbj wgbt cstrcy `r dgy`bj a`btrì dgacusg `l gxtrgfg fgbtci jhsturdcbags l`r tmga`bstcbt mcrcssfgbt cbj jhsputgs. Lurtmgr a`bshjgrhbn tmg lcats cbj ahraufstcbags, ht

acbb`t dg schj tmct mg wùij dg fgbcag t` tmg sàhgty; tmgrg hs b` rgcs`b t` dgihgvg tmct

mg acbb`t dg rgl`rfgj `r rgmcdhihtctg cbj tmct mg hs ihkgiy t` a`bthbug arhfhbci cats `l


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vhìgbag cs wùij a`bsthtutg cs a`bthbuhbn tmrgct t` tmg sàhgty. Mg wcs w`rkhbn hb DQL

cs c jhsahpihbgj fgfdgr `l tmg crfgj l`rags cngj cdùt 41 ct tmg rgigvcbt thfg, mcvhbnb` arhfhbci cbtgagjgbts."

Hb tmg acsg `l Amcfcb \s. Qtcg `l BAZ- (4??3) 4 QAA 4= , tmg Aùrt cltgr lhbjhbn tmg

a`ffhssh`b `l arhfg mgij tmct c nhri `l 3 cbj 6 ygcrs wcs rcpgj cbj khiigj dut jhj b`t

cppr`vg `l tmg jgctm sgbtgbag hfp`sgj `b mhf dy tmg Aùrts dgi`w cbj hfp`sgj `b mhfc ihlg sgbtgbag cs tmhs Aùrt lùbj tmct tmg cppgiicbt hs b`t c jcbngrùs pgrs`b t`

gbjcbngr tmg sàhgty cbj tmg acsg hs b`t a`fhbn whtmhb tmg pcrcfgtgrs `l tmg orcrgst `l

rcrg acsg'.

Hb tmg acsg `l Dcbtu O Bcrgsm Nhrh \s. Qtctg `l Wttcr _rcjgsm- CHT 4??4 Q.A. >?,tmgcaausgj wcs sgbtgbagj t` jgctm l`r tmg rcpg cbj furjgr `l c < ygcr ìj amhij. Hb _crc =

`l tmg schj eujnfgbt, tmg Igcrbgj eujngs cltgr a`bshjgrhbn tmg cng `l tmg caausgj cbj

cis` tmg lcat tmct mg jhj b`t mcvg cby pcst arhfhbci rga`rj mgij tmct tmg caausgj whii b`tdg c nrcvg jcbngr t` sàhgty cbj lurtmgr mgij tmct tmg acsg j`gs b`t lcii ubjgr tmg rcrgst

`l rcrg acsgs cbj jgctm sgbtgbag wcs a`ffutgj t` ihlg sgbtgbag.

Hb Qurgbjrc _ci Qhbnm \s. Qtctg `l Nuecrct- (4??7) 1 QAA 34>,c fhb`r nhri wcs rcpgjcbj khiigj cbj tmg Qgssh`bs Aùrt hfp`sgj jgctm pgbcity cbj tmg Mhnm Aùrt `l Nuecrct

cis` cllhrfgj tmg scfg. Dut tmhs Aùrt lùbj tmct tmg acsg j`gs b`t lcii ubjgr tmg rcrgst

`l rcrg acsgs cbj a`bshjgrhbn tmct tmg cppgiicbt wcs 1< ygcrs ìj cbj mcs b` prgvhùs

arhfhbci rga`rj, mgij tmct mg wcs b`t c fgbcag t` sàhgty. Zmhs Aùrt mgij tmct ht wcs b`tc rcrgst `l rcrg acsgs cbj a`blhrfgj tmg a`bvhath`b dut a`ffutgj tmg sgbtgbag lr`f

jgctm sgbtgbag t` ihlg hfprhs`bfgbt.

Hb Cfrht Qhbnm \s. Qtctg `l _ubecd- CHT 4??4 QA 314, tmg caausgj wcs lùbj nuhity `lrcpg `l c fhb`r nhri cbj cis` `l mgr jgctm. Jgctm àaurrgj b`t cs c rgsuit `l strcbnuicth`b

dut jug t` gxagsshvg diggjhbn lr`f mgr prhvctg pcrts. Hb tmct acsg, tmg Zrhci Aùrt

sgbtgbagj tmg caausgj t` jgctm sgbtgbag wmham wcs a`blhrfgj dy tmg Mhnm Aùrt `l_ubecd cbj Mcrycbc hb c rglgrgbag pràggjhbn dgl`rg ht. Hb pcrc 43 `l pcng 31< `l tmgeujnfgbt, tmhs Aùrt mgij tmct tmg hfp`shth`b `l jgctm sgbtgbag hb suam acsgs wcs

hfpr`pgr cbj ht acbb`t dg put hb tmg actgn`ry `l rcrgst `l rcrg acsgs cbj tmg Aùrthfp`sgj c sgbtgbag `l rhn`rùs hfprhs`bfgbt l`r ihlg `b tmct nrùbj.

Hb tmg acsg `l Kuiwhbjgr Qhbnm \s. Qtctg `l _ubecd- CHT 4??> QA 4=


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_cng | 4 (1) QAA =?.(HH) QG\CKC _GTWFCI & @TQ. \Q. QZCZG @L ZCFHI BCJW TG_@TZGJ HB 3883 (1) QAA

:>3.(HHH) ECH KWFCT \Q. QZCZG @L FCJMXC _TCJGQM TG_@TZGJ HB 3888 (7) QAA 3.

(H\) TCFJG@ AMCWMCB CIHCQ TCEBCZM AMCWMCB \Q. QZCZG @L CQQCF TG_@TZGJ

HB 4??> (>) QAA :77(\) QWTGQM & CBT. \Q. QZCZG @L WZZCT _TCJGQM GZA. TG_@TZGJ HB 4??3 (1) QAA

1.

(\H) KTHQMBC F@AMH & @TQ. \Q. QZCZG @L DHMCT GZA. TG_@TZGJ HB 4??3 (81.

(]H) WBH@B @L HBJHC & @TQ. \Q. JG\GBJTC BCZM TCH TG_@TZGJ HB 4??< (4) QAA

4:1.

(]HH) DCDW O FWDCTHK MWQQCHB \Q. QZCZG @L TCECQZMCB TG_@TZGJ HB 4??< (31)

QAA 33 (1) QAA 3.

(]H\) QMH\W & CBT. \Q. TGNHQZTCT NGBGTCI, M.A. @L KCT & CBT. TG_@TZGJ HB 4??>

(:) QAA >31.(]\) _TCEGGZ KWFCT QHBNM \Q. QZCZG @L DHMCT TG_@TZGJ HB 4??= (:) QAA :1:.

(]\H) F@MCB CBBC AMC\CB \Q. QZCZG @L FCMCTCQMZTC TG_@TZGJ HB 4??= (>)QAA 7


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_cng | 4>

Acphtci pubhsmfgbt fcy b`t cssurg t` st`p nrhgvùs `llgbags dut ht acb surgiy rglrchb

`bg lr`f a`btgfpicthbn tmgf cbj f`rg s` fckg ht tùnm l`r tmg `llgbjgrs t` ngt cwcywhtm mhs arhfg.

Ht hs schj tmct eust cs `bg acbb`t pgrfht tmct wmham hs pr`mhdhtgj, shfhicriy, `bg acbb`t

pr`mhdht tmct wmham smùij dg pgrfhttgj cbj acphtci pubhsmfgbt acbb`t dg pr`mhdhtgj

cs ht hs rhnmtiy pgrfhttgj

A`fhbn t` tmg lcats `l tmhs acsg, wmham hs bcrrctgj mgrghbcd`vg hb gxtgbsh`, ht hs aigcr

tmct tmg caausgj dy mhs pgrvgrt, nmùihsm cbj jgprcvgj cat mcs drùnmt cb cdrupt cbjgcriy gbj `l cb hbbàgbt amhij wm` mcj mcrjiy sggb sgvgb suffgrs `l mgr ihlg, hb tmg

f`st nmcstiy cbj jcstcrjiy fcbbgr cbj iglt dgmhbj nrhsiy s`vgrghnb `l mhs arhfg. Zmgvhathf wcs cb hbbàgbt amhij wmgrgcs tmg caausgj wcs tmg mufcb f`bstgr cbj tmhs

mghbùs cbj `jhùs arhfg a`ffhttgj dy mhf hs cb ubpcrj`bcdig phiicng `l mufcb

vhrtugs, vciugs cbj tgbgts `l mufcbhty. Quam nrugs`fg piubjgrhbn `l cb hbbàgbt mufcbihlg b`t `biy wcrrcbts tmg mhnmgst pubhsmfgbt pr`vhjgj ubjgr tmg icw, dut ht cis`

pr`fpts rgpunbcbag lr`f ùr sgbsg `l mufcbhty cbj surgty. ^g fust mcvg mgcrj cbj

jgahjgj mubjrgjs `l m`rrgbjùs acsgs `l cnnrcvctgj csscuit hb ihlg, dut tmhs `bg mcs sgbt

c amhiihbn smàk tmrùnm ùr sphbg. Ht hs b` jùdt trug tmct tmg mufcb ihlg fust dg

vciugj, dut b`t `l c mufcb f`bstgr, wm` mcs n`t cb gbj `l mufcb ihlg `l cb hbbàgbt nhri

amhij mcrjiy cngj > ygcrs hb c f`st dcrdcrha fcbbgr cltgr a`ffhtthbn rcpg `b mgr hb tmg

f`st drutci fcbbgr. Zmgrgl`rg, `b lcats `l tmhs acsg, hl igcrbgj Eujng mcs cwcrjgj jgctm

sgbtgbag t` tmg caausgj tmgb ht acbb`t dg schj gvgb dy strgtam `l hfcnhbcth`b tmct tmgigcrbgj Eujng wcs di``j tmhrsty.

ACQGQ JHQAWQQGJ DX M@BDIG EWQZHAGQ

Hb tmg fcttgr `l Kcftc Zhwcrh vs. Qtctg `l F._., rgp`rtgj hb CHT 388< QA 4=??, tmg

caausgj wcs amcrngj l`r tmg `llgbag ubjgr sga. 1>< cs wgii cs 1?4 `l H_A `l a`ffhtthbn

rcpg `b mhs bhgag cngj > ygcrs cbj tmgb a`ffhttgj mgr furjgr. Zmg gbthrg acsg wcsdcsgj `b ahraufstcbthci gvhjgbag dut tmg tgii-tcig ahraufstcbags lhrfiy gstcdihsmgj wgrgb`t a`fpcthdig whtm cby `tmgr rgcs`bcdig myp`tmgshs gxagpt tmct tmg caausgj cltgr

khjbcpphbn "_hbky" a`ffhttgj rcpg `b mgr cbj tmgb strcbnuictgj mgr cbj a`ffhttgjmgr furjgr. Zmg M`b'dig Quprgfg Aùrt mgij tmct 5 "^mgb cb hbbàgbt mgipigss nhri `l >

ygcrs wcs sudegatgj t` suam dcrdcrha trgctfgbt dy c pgrs`b wm` wcs hb c p`shth`b `l mgr

trust mhs auipcdhihty cssufgs tmg pr`p`rth`b `l gxtrgfg jgprcvhty cbj crùsgs c sgbsg `l

rgvuish`b hb tmg fhbj `l tmg a`ff`b fcb. Hb lhbg, tmg f`thvcth`b `l tmg pgrpgtrct`r, tmg

vuibgrcdhihty `l tmg vhathf, tmg gb`rfhty `l tmg arhfg, tmg gxgauth`b tmgrg`l pgrsucjg us

t` mìj tmct tmhs hs c "rcrgst `l rcrg" acsgs wmgrg tmg sgbtgbag `l jgctm hs gfhbgbtiy

jgshrcdig b`t `biy t` jgtgr `tmgrs lr`f a`ffhtthbn suam ctràhùs arhfgs dut cis` t`

nhvg gfpmctha gxprgssh`b t` sàhgty's cdm`rrgbag `l suam arhfgs". ^mhig a`blhrfhbn tmgjgctm sgbtgbag hb Kcftc Zhwcrh's acsg (suprc), tmg M`b'dig Quprgfg Aùrt cis`

a`bshjgrgj hts gcrihgr icbj fcrk eujnfgbts (3) hb tmg acsg `l Dcamcb Qhbnm vs. Qtctg `l

_ubecd rgp`rtgj hb CHT 38=? QA =8= cbj (4) hb tmg acsg `l Fcammh Qhbnm vs. Qtctg `l_ubecd rgp`rtgj hb CHT 38=1 QA 87>.

Hb acsg `l Icxfcb Bchk vs. Qtctg `l @rhssc, rgp`rtgj hb CHT 3887 QA 31=>, tmgM`b'dig Quprgfg aùrt a`blhrfgj tmg jgctm sgbtgbag `l tmg caausgj, wm`, lhrst


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_cng | 4=

a`ffhttgj rcpg `b tmg fhb`r jcunmtgr cngj > `l mhs dr`tmgr. Zmg acsg wcs dcsgj purgiy

`b ahraufstcbthci gvhjgbag cbj tmgb khiigj mgr. Cltgr a`bshjgrhbn tmg tmg eujnfgbt `lDcamcb Qhbnm's acsg (suprc), tmg Cpgxt Aùrt `dsgrvgj hb pcrc-4< tmct 5 ".......^mhig

jhsausshbn tmg sgbtgbahbn pìhay, cis` ichj j`wb b`rfs hbjhacthbn tmg crgc `l hfp`shth`b`l jgctm pgbcity tckhbn hbt` a`bshjgrcth`b tmg cnnrcvcthbn cbj fhthncthbn ahraufstcbags

`l tmg acsg cbj cllhrfgj tmg vhgw tmct tmg sgbtgbahbn jhsargth`b hs t` dg gxgrahsgj

eujhahciiy `b wgii-rga`nbhsgj prhbahpigs, cltgr dcicbahbn cii tmg cnnrcvcthbn cbjfhthncthbn ahraufstcbags `l tmg arhfg nuhjgj dy tmg Ignhsicthvg _ìhay hbagrbhdig l`rf

tmg pr`vhsh`bs a`btchbgj hb Qgath`bs 471(4) cbj 17:(1) `l tmg A`jg `l Arhfhbci

_ràgjurg. Hb `tmgr w`rjs, tmg gxtrgfg pgbcity acb dg hblihatgj `biy hb nrcvgst acsgs `ltmg gxtrgfg auipcdhihty cbj hb fckhbn am`hag `l tmg sgbtgbag, hb cjjhth`b t` tmg

ahraufstcbags `l tmg `llgbjgr cis`. Mcvhbn rgncrj t` tmgsg prhbahpigs whtm rgncrj t` tmghfp`shth`b `l tmg gxtrgfg pgbcity ht fcy dg b`thagj tmct tmgrg crg cdsìutgiy b`

fhthncthbn ahraufstcbags hb tmg prgsgbt acsg........." Ht mcs lurtmgr `dsgrvgj hb pcrc 4>

tmct5 "........tmg vhathf wcs t`tciiy c mgipigss amhij tmgrg dghbn b` `bg t` pr`tgat mgr hb tmgjgsgrt wmgrg smg wcs tckgb dy tmg cppgiicbt fhsushbn mhs a`blhjgbag t` luilhi mhs iust. Ht

cppgcrs tmct tmg cppgiicbt mcj prg-picbbgj t` a`ffht tmg arhfg dy rgs`rthbn t`

jhcdìhaci fgtm`js cbj ht wcs whtm tmct `degat tmct mg t``k tmg nhri t` c i`bgiy picag t`

gxgautg mhs jcstcrjiy cat." Withfctgiy, tmg M`b'dig Quprgfg aùrt mgij tmct5 "Zmg

gvhjgbag `b rga`rj hs hbjhacthvg `l tmg lcat cs t` m`w jhcdìhaciiy tmg cppgiicbt mcj

a`baghvgj `l mhs picb cbj drutciiy gxgautgj ht cbj suam c aciauictgj aìj di``jgj cbj

drutci furjgr `l c nhri `l c vgry tgbjgr cng cltgr a`ffhtthbn rcpg `b mgr wùij

ubjùdtgjiy lcii hb tmg actgn`ry `l rcrgst `l tmg rcrg acsg cttrcathbn b` pubhsmfgbt`tmgr tmcb tmg acphtci pubhsmfgbt cbj a`bsgqugbtiy, wg a`blhrf tmg sgbtgbag `l jgctm

hfp`sgj up`b tmg cppgiicbt l`r tmg `llgbag ubjgr Qgath`b 1?4 `l tmg _gbci A`jg."

Hb tmg acsg `l Fìch cbj cb`tmgr vs. Qtctg `l Fcjmyc _rcjgsm, rgp`rtgj hb CHT 4???QA 3>>, tggbcng nhri cngj 3< ygcrs wcs cii ci`bg hb tmg mùsg prgpcrhbn l`r mgr gxcfs.D`tm tmg caausgj t``k jhscjvcbtcng `l tmg schj lcat cbj a`ffhttgj rcpg `b mgr cbj

strcbnuictgj mgr dy ushbn mgr ubjgrncrfgbts cbj acusgj hbeurhgs `b mgr pgrs`b whtmsmcrp gjngj wgcp`b cbj cltgr a`ffhtthbn mgr furjgr tmrgw mgr jgcj d`jy hbt` sgpthatcbk ct tmg dcakshjg `l tmg mùsg. Hb cdsgbag `l fhthncthbn ahraufstcbags, tmg M`b'dig

Quprgfg aùrt mgij tmct hb c acsg `l tmhs bcturg, acphtci pubhsmfgbt t` d`tm tmg caausgjwcs tmg `biy pr`pgr pubhsmfgbt cbj caa`rjhbniy tmg jgctm sgbtgbag wcs a`blhrfgj.

Hb tmg acsg `l Ecvgj Cmfgj Cdjuimcfhj _cwcic vs. Qtctg `l Fcmcrcsmtrc rgp`rtgjhb CHT 38=1 QA 78:,tmg caausgj wcs a`bvhatgj l`r tmg `llgbag ubjgr sga. 1?4 `l H_A. Mg

wcs `biy 44 ygcrs ìj cbj acsg rgstgj up`b ahraufstcbthci gvhjgbag, m`wgvgr, furjgr

wcs pgrpgtrctgj hb c arugi, aciiùs cbj lhgbjhsm lcsmh`b. Zmgrgl`rg, M`b'dig Quprgfg

Aùrt a`blhrfgj tmg jgctm sgbtgbag cbj mgij tmct ht wcs c "rcrgst `l tmg rcrg acsgs".

Hb tmg acsg `l Ecvgj Cmfgj Cdjuimcfhj _cwcic vs. Qtctg `l Fcmcrcsmtrc rgp`rtgj

hb CHT 38=1 QA 78:,tmg caausgj wcs a`bvhatgj l`r tmg `llgbag ubjgr sga. 1?4 `l H_A. Mg

wcs `biy 44 ygcrs ìj cbj acsg rgstgj up`b ahraufstcbthci gvhjgbag, m`wgvgr, furjgrwcs pgrpgtrctgj hb c arugi, aciiùs cbj lhgbjhsm lcsmh`b. Zmgrgl`rg, M`b'dig Quprgfg

Aùrt a`blhrfgj tmg jgctm sgbtgbag cbj mgij tmct ht wcs c "rcrgst `l tmg rcrg acsgs".

Hb tmg acsg `l N`vhbjcscfh vs. Qtctg `l Zcfhi Bcju, rgp`rtgj hb CHT 388= QA 4==8 ,tmg caausgj wcs a`bvhatgj l`r tmg `llgbag ubjgr sga. 1?4 l`r nrcddhbn pr`pgrthgs. B`


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fhthncthbn ahraufstcbag wcs p`hbtgj ùt. A`bshjgrhbn tmg eujnfgbt `l tmg M`b'dig

Quprgfg Aùrt hb Dcamcb Qhbnm's acsg (suprc) mgij tmct5 "B`bgtmgigss wg i``kgj hbt`tmg rga`rj t` lhbj ùt wmgtmgr tmgrg wcs (wgrg) cby gxtgbucthbn `r fhthncthbn

ahraufstcbags hb lcvùr `l tmg cppgiicbt dut lùbj b`bg. Hl, hb sphtg tmgrg`l, wga`ffutg tmg jgctm sgbtgbag t` ihlg hfprhs`bfgbt wg whii dg yhgijhbn t` spcsf`jha

sgbthfgbt, ubrgnuictgj dgbgvìgbag cbj fhspicagj syfpctmy."

Hb tmg acsg `l Qft. Qmcsmh Bcycr vs. Wbh`b `l Hbjhc cbj `tmgrs rgp`rtgj hb CHT 3884QA 187, tmg M`b'dig Quprgfg Aùrt mcs cirgcjy sgt ct rgst tmg amciigbng t` tmg jgctm

sgbtgbag t` dg cwcrjgj l`r tmg `llgbag ubjgr sga. 1?4 `l H_A dy mìjhbn tmct ht j`gs b`tvhìctg fcbjctg `l Crthaig 43, tmgrgl`rg, hl ht hs c rcrgst `l rcrg acsgs tmcb tmg jgctm

sgbtgbag acb ciwcys dg cwcrjgj.

Hb acsg `l Dcbtu cihcs Bcrgsm Nhrh vs. Qtctg `l F._. rgp`rtgj hb CHT 4??4 QA >? , `b

tmg lcats `l tmct acsg, tmg M`b'dig Quprgfg Aùrt mgij tmct ht wcs b`t tmg rcrgst `l tmgrcrg acsgs wmgrg tmg caausgj wcs rgquhrgj t` sgbtgbag t` jgctm. Ht wcs tmg acsg hb

wmham tmg caausgj lhrst a`ffhttgj rcpg `b tmg fhb`r nhri cngj < ygcrs cbj tmgb

a`ffhttgj mgr furjgr. Zmg `biy cspgat `l tmg acsg wmham sggfs t` mcvg wghnmgj whtm

tmg M`b'dig Quprgfg Aùrt l`r b`t cwcrjhbn tmg jgctm sgbtgbag t` tmg caausgj l`r suam

mghbùs `llgbag wcs tmct mg mcj b` pcst arhfhbci rga`rj.

Hb tmg acsg `l Tceu vs. Qtctg `l Mcrycbc rgp`rtgj hb CHT 4??3 QA 4?:1,tmg caausgj

lhrst a`ffhttgj rcpg `b fhb`r nhri 33 ygcrs cbj tmgb a`ffhttgj mgr furjgr. Caausgjmcj acusgj tw` hbeurhgs `b mgcj cbj fùtm whtm drhaks cs smg tmrgctgbgj tmg caausgj

tmct smg wùij rgp`rt cdùt tmg hbahjgbt ct m`fg cbj tmg caausgj hblihatgj hbeurhgs `bspur `l f`fgbt. Mg mcj b` arhfhbci pcst rga`rj. A`bshjgrhbn tmg lcats `l tmct acsg, tmg

M`b'dig Quprgfg aùrt mgij tmct ht wcs b`t tmg rcrgst `l tmg rcrg acsgs. Zmgrgl`rg,

a`ffutgj tmg jgctm sgbtgbag t` ihlg hfprhs`bfgbt.

Hb tmg acsg `l F`mj. Amcfcb vs. Qtctg (BZA `l Jgimh) rgp`rtgj hb (4??3)4 QAA 4=,tmg caausgj lhrst a`ffhttgj rcpg `b fhb`r amhij 3 cbj 3/4 ygcrs cbj hb tmct pràgss `la`ffhtthbn rcpg, hblihatgj hbeurhgs `b mgr ihvgr, cpcrt lr`f `tmgr hbeurhgs wmham rgsuitgj

hb jgctm `l tmg amhij. M`wgvgr, a`bshjgrhbn tmg nuhjgihbgs ichj j`wb dy tmg Cpgx Aùrthb hts gcrihgr eujnfgbt rgp`rtgj hb Dcamcb Qhbnm's acsg (suprc) cbj Fcammh Qhbnm's acsg

(suprc) cbj dcicbahbn tmg cnnrcvcthbn cbj fhthncthbn ahraufstcbags gfgrnhbn lr`f tmg

gvhjgbag `b rga`rj, tmg Quprgfg Aùrt mgij tmct ht wcs b`t tmg acsg wmham acb dg schj t`

dg "rcrgst `l tmg rcrg acsgs". Caa`rjhbniy, tmg jgctm sgbtgbag wcs a`ffutgj t` ihlg

hfprhs`bfgbt.

Hb tmg acsg `l Kufujh Ici vs. Qtctg `l W._. rgp`rtgj hb CHT 3888 QA 3


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_cng | 1?

JGCZM HB _@IHAG AWQZ@JX

Qtctg @l F._. vs Qmycfsubjgr Zrhvgjh Cbj @r (3887) : QAA 4


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_cng | 13

mg whsmgs t` ar`ss-gxcfhbg tmg whtbgssgs cirgcjy gxcfhbgj dy tmg pr`sgauth`b dgl`rg

lrcfhbn `l tmg amcrng. @dvh`usiy, suam cb `pp`rtubhty hs t` dg nhvgb t` tmg caausgjdgacusg hb icrng bufdgr `l acsgs tmgy crg hnb`rcbt `l tmg icw cbj fust bggj cjvhag

dgl`rg mg acb fckg up mhs fhbj wmgtmgr t` lurtmgr ar`ss-gxcfhbg tmg whtbgssgs cirgcjygxcfhbgj dy tmg pr`sgauth`b. Zmg gxprgss w`rjs gfpi`ygj hb Q. 4:) 3 QAA :3


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_cng | 14

ATHFHBCI C__GCI B@. 3>: @L 4??8 (Crhshbn ùt `l QI_ [ArhfhbciV B`.13>1 `l

4??> H_A. Zmg Aìigat`r hs bghtmgr c Eujng cs jglhbgj ubjgr Qgath`b 38 b`rj`gs mg cat eujhahciiy, wmgb jhsamcrnhbn cby `l tmg lubath`bs ubjgr tmg Cat. Zmgrgl`rg mg

hs b`t gbthtigj t` tmg pr`tgath`b ubjgr Qgath`b >> H_A.

Zmg qugsth`b wmgtmgr tmg Aìigat`r/Icbj Caquhshth`b @llhagr wmhig fckhbn cb gbquhry

cbj cwcrj ubjgr tmg Cat, cats hb c eujhahci acpcahty `r b`t, mcs dggb a`bshjgrgj hb csgrhgs `l eujnfgbts. (Tcec Mcrhsm Amcbjrc Tce Qhbnm vs. Zmg Jy. Icbj Caquhshth`b @llhagr

- 38


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_cng | 11

Zmg qugsth`b cs t` wmgtmgr cb caausgj aùij dg lùbj nuhity cbj a`bvhatgj sìgiy `b tmgdcshs `l mhs stctgfgbt ubjgr Qgath`b 131 `l tmg Arhfhbci _ràgjurg A`jg acfg up l`r

a`bshjgrcth`b dgl`rg tmg Cpgx Aùrt hb tmg eujnfgbt hb Qcfpct Qhbnm v. Qtctg `lTcecstmcb (38 QA^ 7 Arh IE

33:7 mgij tmct Ht hs wgii sgttigj tmct stctgfgbts ubjgr Qgath`b 131 `l tmg A`jg `lArhfhbci _ràgjurg, acbb`t l`rf tmg sìg dcshs `l a`bvhath`b; dut tmg gllgat tmgrg`l fcy

dg a`bshjgrgj hb tmg ihnmt `l `tmgr gvhjgbags drùnmt `b rga`rj.

AMHIJ HZBGQQ

Qgath`b 33= `l Gvhjgbag Cat (H `l 3=>4)pr`vhjgs tmct cii pgrs`bs smcii dg a`fpgtgbtt` tgsthly ubigss tmg Aùrt a`bshjgrs tmct tmgy crg prgvgbtgj lr`f ubjgrstcbjhbn tmg

qugsth`bs put t` tmgf, `r lr`f nhvhbn rcth`bci cbswgrs t` tm`sg qugsth`bs, dy tgbjgr

ygcrs, gxtrgfg ìj cng, jhsgcsg, wmgtmgr `l d`jy `r fhbj, `r cby `tmgr acusg `l tmg scfg

fhbj. Zmg a`fpgtgbay `l c whtbgss hs c ruig cbj tmghr hba`fpgtgbag hs tmg gxagpth`b.

Zmg sìg tgst hs wmgtmgr whtbgss mcs sullhahgbt hbtgiihngbag t` jgp`sg `r wmgtmgr mg acbcpprgahctg tmg juty `l spgckhbn trutm. Wbjgr Qgath`b 33= `l tmg Gvhjgbag Cat c amhij hsa`fpgtgbt t` tgsthly, pr`vhjgj mg acb ubjgrstcbj tmg qugsth`bs put t` mhf cbj nhvhbn

rcth`bci cbswgrs tmgrgt`.

Cpgx Aùrt hb acsg thtigj cs Dcdy Kcbjcycbctmhi v. Qtctg `l Kgrcic rgp`rtgj hb CHT3881 QA 44>7 5 3881 Arh IE 4


34/211

_cng | 1:

Jcttu Tcfrc` Qckmcrg cbj @tmgrs \s. Qtctg `l Fcmcrcsmtrc - (388>) 7 QAA 1:3 ,mcj mgij tmct tmgrg hs b` ruig `l prcathag tmct tmg gvhjgbag `l c amhij whtbgss bggjs

a`rr`d`rcth`b hb `rjgr t` dcsg a`bvhath`b `b ht. M`wgvgr, cs c ruig `l prujgbag, tmgAùrt hbshsts ht hs jgshrcdig t` mcvg a`rr`d`rcth`b lr`f `tmgr jgpgbjcdig gvhjgbag.

Hb Qurycbcrcycbc \s. Qtctg `l Kcrbctckc - (4??3) 8 QAA 348, tmhs Aùrt mgij tmcta`rr`d`rcth`b `l tmg tgsthf`by `l c amhij whtbgss hs b`t c ruig dut hs c fgcsurg `l

acuth`b cbj prujgbag.

B@B G]CFHBCZH@B @L H.@

Cpgx Aùrt hb acsg thtigj cs Dcmcjur Bchk v. Qtctg `l Dhmcr rgp`rtgj cs CHT 4???QA 37=45 4??? Arh IE 4:,ht wcs b`tgj tmct b`b-gxcfhbcth`b

`l tmg Hbvgsthncthbn @llhagr j`gs b`t hb cby wcy argctg cby jgbt hb tmg pr`sgauth`b acsg

fuam igss cllgat tmg argjhdhihty `l `tmgrwhsg trustw`rtmy tgsthf`by `l tmg gyg-whtbgssgs.Ht wcs, m`wgvgr, hbjhactgj tmct ht hs ciwcys jgshrcdig l`r tmg pr`sgauth`b t` gxcfhbg tmg

Hbvgsthncthbn @llhagr. Hb tmg prgsgbt acsg cltgr gxcfhbcth`b-hb-amhgl cbj pcrthci ar`ss-gxcfhbcth`b, tmg Hbvgsthncthbn @llhagr mcj jhgj. Zmgrgl`rg, tmhs acbb`t dg c acsg wmham

acb dg stctgj t` mcvg acusgj cby prgeujhag t` tmg caausgj `b caaùbt `l Hbvgsthncthbn

@llhagr's b`b-gxcfhbcth`b. Zmg pr`sgauth`b acbb`t dg cttrhdutgj whtm cby icpsg `r

uitgrh`r f`thvgs hb suam ahraufstcbags.

Hb Dgmcrh _crscj v. Qtctg `l Dhmcr 388< (4) QAA 13< 5 388< Arh IE 3


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_cng | 17

Hb Tcfrgjjy Tcegsmkmcbbc Tgjjy v. Qtctg `l C._. [4??< (3?) QAA 3>4Vht wcs b`tgj

cs lìi`ws5 "Zmg icst-sggb tmg`ry, lurtmgrf`rg, a`fgs hbt` picy wmgrg tmg thfg ncpdgtwggb tmg p`hbt `l thfg wmgb tmg caausgj cbj tmg jgagcsgj wgrg icst sggb cihvg cbj

tmg jgagcsgj hs lùbj jgcj hs s` sfcii tmct p`sshdhihty `l cby pgrs`b `tmgr tmcb tmgcaausgj dghbn tmg cutm`r `l tmg arhfg dga`fgs hfp`sshdig. Gvgb hb suam c acsg tmg

aùrts smùij i``k l`r s`fg a`rr`d`rcth`b".

Hb E`sgpm cbj _ùi` v. Qtctg `l Kgrcic [4???(7) QAA 38>V ht wcs, hbtgr cihc, mgij cs

lìi`ws5 "Zmg l`rfhjcdig hbarhfhbcthbn ahraufstcbags cnchbst tmg cppgiicbt, cs lcr cs wgaùij sgg, crg tmct tmg jgagcsgj wcs tckgb cwcy lr`f tmg a`bvgbt dy tmg cppgiicbt

ubjgr c lcisg prgtgxt cbj smg wcs icst sggb cihvg `biy hb mhs a`fpcby cbj tmct ht hs `b tmghbl`rfcth`b lurbhsmgj dy tmg cppgiicbt hb tmg aùrsg `l hbvgsthncth`b tmct egwgis `l tmg

jgagcsgj wmham wgrg sìj t` _^ 33 dy tmg cppgiicbt, wgrg sghzgj." "Zmg hbarhfhbcthbn

ahraufstcbags gbufgrctgj cd`vg ubfhstckcdiy cbj hbgvhtcdiy igcj t` tmg nuhit `l tmgcppgiicbt cbj b`tmhbn mcs dggb mhnmihnmtgj `r drùnmt `b rga`rj t` fckg tmg lcats

pr`vgj `r tmg ahraufstcbags gstcdihsmgj t` dg hb cby fcbbgr hb a`bs`bcbag whtm tmg

hbbàgbag ct cby rctg `l tmg cppgiicbt. Jurhbn tmg thfg `l qugsth`bhbn ubjgr Qgath`b 131

Ar._.A. tmg cppgiicbt hbstgcj `l fckhbn ct igcst cb cttgfpt t` gxpichb `r aicrhty tmg

hbarhfhbcthbn ahraufstcbags hbauipcthbn mhf, cbj a`bbgathbn mhf whtm tmg arhfg dy mhs

cjcfcbt ctthtujg `l t`tci jgbhci `l gvgrytmhbn wmgb tm`sg ahraufstcbags wgrg drùnmt

t` mhs b`thag dy tmg Aùrt b`t `biy i`st tmg `pp`rtubhty dut st``j sgil-a`bjgfbgj. Quam

hbarhfhbcthbn ihbks `l lcats aùij, hl ct cii, mcvg dggb `biy gxpichbgj dy tmg cppgiicbt, cbjdy b`d`jy gisg, tmgy dghbn pgrs`bciiy cbj gxaiushvgiy whtmhb mhs kb`wigjng. @l ictg,

aùrts mcvg, lr`f tmg lcishty `l tmg jglgbag pigc cbj lcisg cbswgrs nhvgb t` aùrt, wmgbqugsth`bgj, lùbj tmg fhsshbn ihbks t` dg suppihgj dy suam cbswgrs l`r a`fpigthbn tmg

amchb `l hbarhfhbcthbn ahraufstcbags bgagsscry t` a`bbgat tmg pgrs`b a`bagrbgj whtm

tmg arhfg a`ffhttgj.(Qgg5 Qtctg `l Fcmcrcsmtrc v. Qurgsm). Zmct fhsshbn ihbk t` a`bbgat

tmg caausgj cppgiicbt, wg lhbj hb tmhs acsg pr`vhjgj dy tmg diubt cbj ùtrhnmt jgbhci `l

gvgry `bg cbj cii tmct hbarhfhbcthbn ahraufstcbags p`hbtgj ùt wmham, hb ùr vhgw, whtmsullhahgbt cbj rgcs`bcdig agrtchbty `b tmg lcats pr`vgj, a`bbgat tmg caausgj whtm tmgjgctm cbj tmg acusg `l tmg jgctm `l Nrcay cbj l`r r`ddhbn mgr `l mgr egwgiigry w`rb dy

mgr -- F@s 3 t` 1, ubjgr Qgath`b 184. Zmg jgagcsgj fggkiy wgbt whtm tmg caausgj lr`ftmg A`bvgbt `b caaùbt `l tmg fhsrgprgsgbtcth`b fcjg tmct mgr f`tmgr wcs sgrhùsiy hii

cbj m`sphtcihsgj cppcrgbtiy rgp`shbn lchtm cbj a`blhjgbag hb mhf hb vhgw `l mhs ai`sg

rgicth`bsmhp -- dghbn tmg musdcbj `l mgr `wb shstgr, dut tmg cppgiicbt sggfs t` mcvg b`t

`biy dgtrcygj tmg a`blhjgbag rgp`sgj hb mhf dut cis` t``k cjvcbtcng `l tmg i`bgihbgss `l

tmg mcpigss w`fcb. Zmg qucbtuf `l pubhsmfgbt hfp`sgj hs a`ffgbsurctg whtm tmg

nrcvhty `l tmg amcrngs mgij pr`vgj cbj aciis l`r b` hbtgrlgrgbag hb ùr mcbjs, jgsphtg tmg

lcat tmct wg crg b`t cnrgghbn whtm tmg Mhnm Aùrt hb rgspgat `l tmg lhbjhbns rgicthbn t`

tmg amcrng ubjgr Qgath`b 1>


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HB\GQZHNCZH@B

Hb Bcrgsm Kcvcramcbj Kmctrh vs. Qtctg `l Nuecrct & Cbr. [(4??=) = QAA 1??V, tmhs

Aùrt mgij5 ") QACIG

43:V, tmhs Aùrt mgij5 3? "8. Hbtgrlgrgbag hb tmg gxgrahsg `l tmg stctut`ry p`wgr `lhbvgsthncth`b dy tmg _ìhag dy tmg Fcnhstrctg lcr igss jhrgath`b l`r whtmjrcwci `l cby

hbvgsthncth`b wmham hs sùnmt t` dg acrrhgj ùt hs b`t gbvhscngj ubjgr tmg A`jg `l

Arhfhbci _ràgjurg. Zmg Fcnhstrctg's p`wgr hb tmhs rgncrj hs ihfhtgj. Gvgb `tmgrwhsg, mg

j`gs b`t mcvg cby hbmgrgbt p`wgr. @rjhbcrhiy, mg mcs b` p`wgr t` rgacii mhs `rjgr. Zmhs

cspgat `l tmg fcttgr mcs dggb a`bshjgrgj dy tmhs Aùrt hb Q.B. Qmcrfc v. Dhpgb Kufcr

Zhwcrh & @rs. [(38>?) 3 QAA


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_cng | 1=

up`b tmg pr`agjurg gfd`jhgj hb Amcptgr ]\, mg hs b`t a`fpgtgbt t` swhtam dcak t` tmg

prg- a`nbhzcbag stcng cbj cvchi `l Qgath`b 37


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_cng | 18

a`baiush`b 38 rga`rjgj dy tmg aùrt dgi`w hs suam wmham aùij b`t mcvg dggb p`sshdiy

crrhvgj ct dy cby aùrt cathbn rgcs`bcdiy cbj eujhahùsiy cbj hs, tmgrgl`rg, ihcdig t` dgamcrcatgrhsgj cs pgrvgrsg. ^mgrg tw` vhgws crg p`sshdig `b cb cpprchsci `l tmg gvhjgbag

cjjuagj hb tmg acsg cbj tmg aùrt dgi`w mcs tckgb c vhgw wmham hs c picushdig `bg, tmgcppgiictg aùrt acbb`t ignciiy hbtgrlgrg whtm cb `rjgr `l caquhttci gvgb hl ht hs `l tmg

`phbh`b tmct tmg vhgw tckgb dy tmg aùrt dgi`w `b hts a`bshjgrcth`b `l tmg gvhjgbag hs

grr`bgùs."

Hb Qcfdcshvcb & @tmgrs v. Qtctg `l Kgrcic (388=) 7 QAA :34, tmg Aùrt `dsgrvgj

tmus5"Zmg prhbahpigs whtm rgncrj t` tmg sa`pg `l tmg p`wgrs `l tmg cppgiictg aùrt hb cbcppgci cnchbst caquhttci, crg wgii sgttigj. Zmg p`wgrs `l tmg cppgiictg aùrt hb cb cppgci

cnchbst caquhttci crg b` igss tmcb hb cb cppgci cnchbst a`bvhath`b. Dut wmgrg `b tmg dcshs`l gvhjgbag `b rga`rj tw` vhgws crg rgcs`bcdiy p`sshdig tmg cppgiictg aùrt acbb`t

sudsthtutg hts vhgw hb tmg picag `l tmct `l tmg trhci aùrt. Ht hs `biy wmgb tmg cppr`cam `l

tmg trhci aùrt hb caquhtthbn cb caausgj hs lùbj t` dg aigcriy grr`bgùs hb htsa`bshjgrcth`b `l gvhjgbag `b rga`rj cbj hb jgjuahbn a`baiush`bs tmgrglr`f tmct tmg

cppgiictg aùrt acb hbtgrlgrg whtm tmg `rjgr `l caquhttci."

Hb Dmcnwcb Qhbnm & @tmgrs v. Qtctg `l F._. (4??4) : QAA =7, tmg Aùrt rgpgctgj `bg`l tmg lubjcfgbtci prhbahpigs `l arhfhbci eurhsprujgbag tmct hl tw` vhgws crg p`sshdig `b

tmg gvhjgbag cjjuagj hb tmg acsg, `bg p`hbthbn t` tmg nuhit `l tmg caausgj cbj tmg `tmgr

t` mhs hbbàgbag, tmg vhgw wmham hs lcvùrcdig t` tmg caausgj smùij dg cj`ptgj. Zmg

Aùrt `dsgrvgj cs ubjgr5- "Zmg nìjgb tmrgcj wmham rubs tmrùnm tmg wgd `lcjfhbhstrcth`b `l eusthag hb arhfhbci acsg hs tmct hl tw` vhgws crg p`sshdig `b tmg

gvhjgbag cjjuagj hb tmg acsg, `bg p`hbthbn t` tmg nuhit `l tmg caausgj cbj tmg `tmgr t`mhs hbbàgbag, tmg vhgw wmham hs lcvùrcdig t` tmg caausgj smùij dg cj`ptgj. Quam hs

b`t c eurhsjhath`b ihfhtcth`b `b tmg cppgiictg aùrt dut c Eujng fcjg nuhjgihbgs l`r

ahraufspgath`b. Zmg pcrcfùbt a`bshjgrcth`b `l tmg aùrt hs t` gbsurg tmct fhsacrrhcng

`l eusthag hs cv`hjgj...."

Hb Mcrhecbc Zmhrupcic & @tmgrs v. _udiha _r`sgaut`r, Mhnm Aùrt `l C._.,Myjgrcdcj (4??4) < QAA :>?,tmhs Aùrt cnchb mcj cb àacsh`b t` jgci whtm tmg sgttigj

prhbahpigs `l icw rgstctgj dy sgvgrci jgahsh`bs `l tmhs Aùrt. Jgsphtg c bufdgr `leujnfgbts, Mhnm Aùrts a`bthbug t` lchi t` kggp tmgf hb fhbj dgl`rg rgcamhbn c

a`baiush`b. Zmg Aùrt `dsgrvgj tmus5 "Zmg prhbahpigs t` dg kgpt hb fhbj hb ùr systgf `l

cjfhbhstrcth`b `l arhfhbci eusthag crg stctgj cbj rgstctgj hb sgvgrci jgahsh`bs `l tmhs

Aùrt. Xgt, s`fgthfgs Mhnm Aùrts lchi t` kggp tmgf hb fhbj dgl`rg rgcamhbn c

a`baiush`b cs t` tmg nuhit `r `tmgrwhsg `l tmg caausgj hb c nhvgb acsg. Zmg acsg `b mcbj

hs `bg suam acsg. Mgbag ht hs lgit bgagsscry t` rgfhbj cdùt tmg wgii-sgttigj prhbahpigs

cnchb. Ht hs jgshrcdig cbj usglui t` rgfhbj cbj kggp hb fhbj tmgsg prhbahpigs hb jgahjhbn

c acsg. Hb ùr cjfhbhstrcth`b `l arhfhbci eusthag cb caausgj hs prgsufgj t` dg hbbàgbtubigss suam c prgsufpth`b hs rgduttgj dy tmg pr`sgauth`b dy pr`juahbn tmg gvhjgbag t`

sm`w mhf t` dg nuhity `l tmg `llgbag whtm wmham mg hs amcrngj. Lurtmgr hl tw` vhgws crg

p`sshdig `b tmg gvhjgbag pr`juagj hb tmg acsg, `bg hbjhacthbn t` tmg nuhit `l tmg caausgjcbj tmg `tmgr t` mhs hbbàgbag, tmg vhgw lcvùrcdig t` tmg caausgj hs t` dg caagptgj. Hb

acsgs wmgrg tmg aùrt gbtgrtchbs rgcs`bcdig jùdt rgncrjhbn tmg nuhit `l tmg caausgj tmgdgbglht `l suam jùdt smùij n` hb lcvùr `l tmg caausgj. Ct tmg scfg thfg, tmg aùrt

fust b`t rgegat tmg gvhjgbag `l tmg pr`sgauth`b tckhbn ht cs lcisg, ubtrustw`rtmy `r

ubrgihcdig `b lcbahlui nrùbjs `r `b tmg dcshs `l a`begaturgs cbj surfhsgs. Zmg acsg `l


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_cng | :?

tmg pr`sgauth`b fust dg eujngj cs c wmìg mcvhbn rgncrj t` tmg t`tcihty `l tmg gvhjgbag.

Hb cpprgahcthbn tmg gvhjgbag tmg cppr`cam `l tmg aùrt fust dg hbtgnrctgj b`t trubactgj`r hsìctgj. Hb `tmgr w`rjs, tmg hfpcat `l tmg gvhjgbag hb t`tcihty `b tmg pr`sgauth`b

acsg `r hbbàgbag `l tmg caausgj mcs t` dg kgpt hb fhbj hb a`fhbn t` tmg a`baiush`b cst` tmg nuhit `r `tmgrwhsg `l tmg caausgj. Hb rgcamhbn c a`baiush`b cdùt tmg nuhit `l tmg

caausgj, tmg aùrt mcs t` cpprgahctg, cbciysg cbj cssgss tmg gvhjgbag picagj dgl`rg ht dy

tmg ycrjsthak `l pr`dcdhihthgs, hts hbtrhbsha vciug cbj tmg cbhfus `l whtbgssgs. Ht fust dgcjjgj tmct uithfctgiy cbj lhbciiy tmg jgahsh`b hb gvgry acsg jgpgbjs up`b tmg lcats `l

gcam acsg. Jùdtigss tmg Mhnm Aùrt hb cppgci ghtmgr cnchbst cb `rjgr `l caquhttci `r

a`bvhath`b cs c aùrt `l lhrst cppgci mcs luii p`wgr t` rgvhgw tmg gvhjgbag t` rgcam hts`wb hbjgpgbjgbt a`baiush`b. M`wgvgr, ht whii b`t hbtgrlgrg whtm cb `rjgr `l caquhttci

ihnmtiy `r fgrgiy dgacusg `bg `tmgr vhgw hs p`sshdig, dgacusg whtm tmg pcsshbn `l cb`rjgr `l caquhttci prgsufpth`b `l hbbàgbag hb lcvùr `l tmg caausgj ngts rghbl`ragj cbj

strgbntmgbgj. Zmg Mhnm Aùrt wùij b`t dg eusthlhgj t` hbtgrlgrg whtm tmg `rjgr `l

caquhttci fgrgiy dgacusg ht lggis tmct shtthbn cs c trhci aùrt ht wùij mcvg pràggjgj t`rga`rj c a`bvhath`b; c juty hs acst `b tmg Mhnm Aùrt wmhig rgvgrshbn cb `rjgr `l

caquhttci t` gxcfhbg cbj jhsauss tmg rgcs`bs nhvgb dy tmg trhci aùrt t` caquht tmg

caausgj cbj tmgb t` jhspgi tm`sg rgcs`bs. Hl tmg Mhnm Aùrt lchis t` fckg suam cb

gxgrahsg tmg eujnfgbt whii sullgr lr`f sgrhùs hblhrfhty. Ht hs ubl`rtubctg tmct dy tmg

hfpunbgj `rjgr, tmg Mhnm Aùrt mcs upsgt tmg wgii-rgcs`bgj `rjgr `l caquhttci pcssgj

dy tmg trhci aùrt. Ht cppgcrs t` us tmct tmg Mhnm Aùrt wmhig j`hbn s`, jhj b`t dgcr hb

fhbj tmg wgii-sgttigj prhbahpigs stctgj cd`vg cs t` wmct smùij dg tmg cppr`cam hb

rgvgrshbn cb `rjgr `l caquhttci cbj ubjgr tmct ahraufstcbags ht smùij dg rgvgrsgj.

Hb Qtctg `l Tcecstmcb v. Tcec Tcf (4??1) = QAA 3=?, tmhs Aùrt `dsgrvgj cs ubjgr5"Ngbgrciiy, tmg `rjgr `l caquhttci smcii b`t dg hbtgrlgrgj whtm dgacusg tmg prgsufpth`b

`l hbbàgbag `l tmg caausgj hs lurtmgr strgbntmgbgj dy caquhttci. Zmg nìjgb tmrgcj

wmham rubs tmrùnm tmg wgd `l cjfhbhstrcth`b `l eusthag hb arhfhbci acsgs hs tmct hl tw`

vhgws crg p`sshdig `b tmg gvhjgbag cjjuagj hb tmg acsg, `bg p`hbthbn t` tmg nuhit `l tmg

caausgj cbj tmg `tmgr t` mhs hbbàgbag, tmg vhgw wmham hs lcvùrcdig t` tmg caausgjsmùij dg cj`ptgj. ... Zmg prhbahpig t` dg lìi`wgj dy cppgiictg aùrt a`bshjgrhbn tmgcppgci cnchbst tmg eujnfgbt `l caquhttci hs t` hbtgrlgrg `biy wmgb tmgrg crg a`fpgiihbn

cbj sudstcbthci rgcs`bs l r j`hbn s`. Hl tmg hfpunbgj eujnfgbt hs aigcriy ubrgcs`bcdig,ht hs c a`fpgiihbn rgcs`b l`r hbtgrlgrgbag."

Hb Qtctg `l N`c v. Qcbecy Zmckrcb & Cb`tmgr, (4??>) 1 QAA >77, tmhs Aùrt `dsgrvgjcs ubjgr5 "wmhig gxgrahshbn tmg p`wgrs hb cppgci cnchbst tmg `rjgr `l caquhttci tmg aùrt

`l cppgci wùij b`t `rjhbcrhiy hbtgrlgrg whtm tmg `rjgr `l caquhttci ubigss tmg cppr`cam

`l tmg i`wgr aùrt hs vhthctgj dy s`fg fcbhlgst hiigncihty cbj tmg a`baiush`b crrhvgj ct

wùij b`t dg crrhvgj ct dy cby rgcs`bcdig pgrs`b cbj, tmgrgl`rg, tmg jgahsh`b hs t` dg

amcrcatgrhzgj cs pgrvgrsg. Fgrgiy dgacusg tw` vhgws crg p`sshdig, tmg aùrt `l cppgciwùij b`t tckg tmg vhgw wmham wùij upsgt tmg eujnfgbt jgihvgrgj dy tmg aùrt

dgi`w....."

Hb Amcbjrcppc & @tmgrs v. Qtctg `l Kcrbctckc (4??>) : QAA :37, tmhs Aùrt mgij5

"(3) Cb cppgiictg aùrt mcs luii p`wgr t` rgvhgw, rgcpprgahctg cbj rga`bshjgr tmggvhjgbag up`b wmham tmg `rjgr `l caquhttci hs lùbjgj. (4) Zmg A`jg `l Arhfhbci

_ràgjurg, 38>1 puts b` ihfhtcth`b, rgstrhath`b `r a`bjhth`b `b gxgrahsg `l suam p`wgr

cbj cb cppgiictg aùrt `b tmg gvhjgbag dgl`rg ht fcy rgcam hts `wb a`baiush`b, d`tm `b


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qugsth`bs `l lcat cbj `l icw. (1) \crhùs gxprgssh`bs, suam cs, "sudstcbthci cbj

a`fpgiihbn rgcs`bs", "n``j cbj sullhahgbt nrùbjs", "vgry str`bn ahraufstcbags","jhst`rtgj a`baiush`bs", "nicrhbn fhstckgs", gta. crg b`t hbtgbjgj t` aurtchi gxtgbshvg

p`wgrs `l cb cppgiictg aùrt hb cb cppgci cnchbst caquhttci. Quam pmrcsgì`nhgs crg f`rghb tmg bcturg `l "liùrhsmgs `l icbnucng" t` gfpmcshsg tmg rgiuatcbag `l cb 4: cppgiictg

aùrt t` hbtgrlgrg whtm caquhttci tmcb t` aurtchi tmg p`wgr `l tmg aùrt t` rgvhgw tmg

gvhjgbag cbj t` a`fg t` hts `wb a`baiush`b. (:) Cb cppgiictg aùrt, m`wgvgr, fust dgcrhb fhbj tmct hb acsg `l caquhttci, tmgrg hs jùdig prgsufpth`b hb lcvùr `l tmg caausgj.

Lhrstiy, tmg prgsufpth`b `l hbbàgbag hs cvchicdig t` mhf ubjgr tmg lubjcfgbtci

prhbahpig `l arhfhbci eurhsprujgbag tmct gvgry pgrs`b smcii dg prgsufgj t` dg hbbàgbtubigss mg hs pr`vgj nuhity dy c a`fpgtgbt aùrt `l icw. Qga`bjiy, tmg caausgj mcvhbn

sgaurgj mhs caquhttci, tmg prgsufpth`b `l mhs hbbàgbag hs lurtmgr rghbl`ragj, rgcllhrfgjcbj strgbntmgbgj dy tmg trhci aùrt. (7) Hl tw` rgcs`bcdig a`baiush`bs crg p`sshdig `b

tmg dcshs `l tmg gvhjgbag `b rga`rj, tmg cppgiictg aùrt smùij b`t jhsturd tmg lhbjhbn `l

caquhttci rga`rjgj dy tmg trhci aùrt."

Hb Nmurgy Ici v. Qtctg `l Wttcr _rcjgsm (4??=) 3? QAA :7?,c tw` Eujng Dgbam `l tmhs

Aùrt `l wmham `bg `l us (Dmcbjcrh, E.) wcs c fgfdgr mcj cb àacsh`b t` jgci whtm f`st

`l tmg acsgs rglgrrgj hb tmhs eujnfgbt. Zmg gxgrahsg `l survgyhbn rgigvcbt eujnfgbts mcs

cnchb dggb tckgb whtm tmg m`pg tmct tmg Cppgiictg Aùrts wùij kggp hb vhgw tmg sgttigj

ignci p`shth`b wmhig jgcihbn whtm tmg trhci aùrts' eujnfgbts `l caquhttcis. Zmg lìi`whbn

prhbahpigs gfgrng lr`f tmg acsgs cd`vg5

3. Zmg caausgj hs prgsufgj t` dg hbbàgbt ubthi pr`vgb nuhity. Zmg caausgj p`ssgssgjtmhs prgsufpth`b wmgb mg wcs dgl`rg tmg trhci aùrt. Zmg trhci aùrt's caquhttci dìstgrs

tmg prgsufpth`b tmct mg hs hbbàgbt.4. Zmg p`wgr `l rgvhgwhbn gvhjgbag hs whjg cbj tmg cppgiictg aùrt acb rg-cpprgahctg

tmg gbthrg gvhjgbag `b rga`rj. Ht acb rgvhgw tmg trhci aùrt's a`baiush`b whtm rgspgat t`

d`tm lcats cbj icw, dut tmg Cppgiictg Aùrt fust nhvg jug wghnmt cbj a`bshjgrcth`b t`

tmg jgahsh`b `l tmg trhci aùrt.

1. Zmg cppgiictg aùrt smùij ciwcys kggp hb fhbj tmct tmg trhci aùrt mcj tmg jhsthbatcjvcbtcng `l wctamhbn tmg jgfgcbùr `l tmg whtbgssgs. Zmg trhci aùrt hs hb c dgttgrp`shth`b t` gvciuctg tmg argjhdhihty `l tmg whtbgssgs.

:. Zmg cppgiictg aùrt fcy `biy `vgrruig `r `tmgrwhsg jhsturd tmg trhci aùrt's caquhttcihl ht mcs "vgry sudstcbthci cbj a`fpgiihbn rgcs`bs" l`r j`hbn s`.

7. Hl tw` rgcs`bcdig `r p`sshdig vhgws acb dg rgcamgj - `bg tmct igcjs t` caquhttci, tmg

`tmgr t` a`bvhath`b - tmg Mhnm Aùrts/cppgiictg aùrts fust ruig hb lcvùr `l tmg

caausgj.

QCBAZH@B Z@ _T@QGAWZG _WDIHA QGT\CBZ

4??8 (3) QACIG 1>: , ATHFHBCI C__GCI B@. = @L 4??8 O Q.I._. (Ari.) [email protected]= Amùjmury _crvggb Quitcbc . \s. Qtctg `l ^gst Dgbnci cbj Cb`tmgr

?>.?3.4??8

Cii cats j`bg dy c pudiha sgrvcbt hb tmg purp`rtgj jhsamcrng `l mhs `llhahci juthgs acbb`t

cs c fcttgr `l aùrsg dg drùnmt ubjgr tmg pr`tgathvg ufdrgiic `l Qgath`b 38> Ar._.A.Zmg ubjgriyhbn `degat `l Qgath`b 38> Ar._.A hs t` gbcdig tmg cutm`rhthgs t` saruthbhzg tmg

ciigncth`bs fcjg cnchbst c pudiha sgrvcbt t` smhgij mhf/mgr cnchbst lrhvìùs, vgxcthùs

`r lcisg pr`sgauth`b hbhthctgj whtm tmg fchb `degat `l acushbn gfdcrrcssfgbt cbj


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mcrcssfgbt t` tmg schj `llhahci. Hl tmg cutm`rhty vgstgj hb c pudiha sgrvcbt hs fhsusgj l`r

j`hbn tmhbns wmham crg b`t `tmgrwhsg pgrfhttgj ubjgr tmg icw, suam cats acbb`t aichftmg pr`tgath`b `l Qgath`b 38> Ar._.A. cbj mcvg t` dg a`bshjgrgj jg m`rs tmg juthgs wmham

c pudiha sgrvcbt hs rgquhrgj t` jhsamcrng `r pgrl`rf. Mgbag, hb rgspgat `l pr`sgauth`bl`r suam gxagssgs `r fhsusg `l cutm`rhty, b` pr`tgath`b acb dg jgfcbjgj dy tmg pudiha

sgrvcbt a`bagrbgj.

_ukmrce v. Qtctg `l Tcecstmcb [CHT 38>1 QA 4783Vwmgrg tmg scfg qugsth`b wcs jgcit

whtm cbj ht wcs mgij tmct csscuithbn tmg a`fpichbcbt cbj cdushbn mhf wmgb tmga`fpichbcbt acfg t` sudfht mhs rgprgsgbtcth`b l`r acbagiicth`b `l mhs trcbslgr aùij b`t

dy = cby stcbjcrj dg schj t` dg pcrt `l tmg `llhahci juthgs t` dg gxgrahsgj dy tmgcutm`rhty a`bagrbgj.

Dmcnwcb _rcscj Qrhvcstcvc v. B._. Fhsrc [(38>3) 3 QAT 13>Vwmgrg c a`fpichbt mcj

dggb lhigj tmct tmg caausgj, wm` wcs c ahvhi surng`b, usgj jglcfct`ry cbj cdushvg

w`rjs cbj n`t tmg a`fpichbcbt pusmgj ùt dy tmg a``k `l tmg m`sphtci. Zmg qugsth`b

p`sgj wcs wmgtmgr tmg acsg wcs a`vgrgj dy Qgath`b 38> Ar._.A. cbj wmgtmgr prgvhùs

scbath`b `l tmg supgrh`r cutm`rhty wcs bgagsscry dgl`rg tmg trhci Aùrt aùij tckg

a`nbhzcbag `l tmg acsg. Hb tmg lcats `l tmg acsg, tmhs Aùrt wcs `l tmg vhgw tmct tmg acsg

wcs b`t a`vgrgj dy Qgath`b 38> Ar._.A. cbj tmct tmg `degat cbj purp`sg ubjgriyhbn

Qgath`b 38> Ar._.A. t` cll`rj pr`tgath`b t` pudiha sgrvcbt cnchbst lrhvìùs, vgxcthùs `rlcisg pr`sgauth`b l`r `llgbags ciigngj t` mcvg dggb a`ffhttgj dy 8 tmgf wmhig cathbn `r

purp`rthbn t` cat hb tmg jhsamcrng `l tmghr `llhahci juty. Ht wcs cis` `dsgrvgj tmct tmgQgath`b 38> mcs dggb jgshnbgj t` lcahihtctg gllgathvg cbj ubmcfpgrgj pgrl`rfcbag `l

tmghr `llhahci juty dy pudiha sgrvcbts dy pr`vhjhbn l`r saruthby hbt` tmg ciigncth`bs `l

a`ffhssh`b `l `llgbag dy tmgf dy tmghr supgrh`r cutm`rhthgs cbj prh`r scbath`b l`r tmghr

pr`sgauth`b wcs c a`bjhth`b prgagjgbt t` tmg tckhbn `l a`nbhzcbag `l tmg acsgs cnchbst

tmgf dy tmg Aùrts. Ht wcs lhbciiy `dsgrvgj tmct tmg qugsth`b wmgtmgr c pcrthauicr cat hsj`bg dy c pudiha sgrvcbt hb tmg jhsamcrng `l mhs `llhahci juthgs hs sudstcbthciiy `bg `l lcatt` dg jgtgrfhbgj hb tmg ahraufstcbags `l gcam acsg.

Cs fgbth`bgj hb Dmcnwcb _rcscj Qrhvcstcvc's acsg (suprc), tmg ubjgriyhbn `degat `l

Qgath`b 38> Ar._.A hs t` gbcdig tmg cutm`rhthgs t` saruthbhzg tmg ciigncth`bs fcjg cnchbst

c pudiha sgrvcbt t` smhgij mhf/mgr cnchbst lrhvìùs, vgxcthùs `r lcisg pr`sgauth`b

hbhthctgj whtm tmg fchb `degat `l acushbn gfdcrrcssfgbt cbj mcrcssfgbt t` tmg schj

`llhahci. M`wgvgr, cs hbjhactgj mgrghbcd`vg, hl tmg cutm`rhty vgstgj hb c pudiha sgrvcbt hs

fhsusgj l`r j`hbn tmhbns wmham crg b`t `tmgrwhsg pgrfhttgj ubjgr tmg icw, suam cats

acbb`t aichf tmg pr`tgath`b `l Qgath`b 38> Ar._.A. cbj mcvg t` dg a`bshjgrgj jg m`rs tmg

juthgs wmham c pudiha sgrvcbt hs rgquhrgj t` jhsamcrng r pgrl`rf. Mgbag, hb 3 1 rgspgat`l pr`sgauth`b l`r suam gxagssgs `r fhsusg `l cutm`rhty, b` pr`tgath`b acb dg jgfcbjgj

dy tmg pudiha sgrvcbt a`bagrbgj.

Zmg Quprgfg Aùrt mgij hb Mcrhmcr _rcscj v. Qtctg `l Dhmcr, (38>4) 1 QAA =8, tmct htwcs b` pcrt `l juty `l c pudiha sgrvcbt wmhig jhsamcrnhbn mhs `llhahci juthgs t` gbtgr hbt`

c arhfhbci a`bsphrcay `r hbjuing hb arhfhbci fhsa`bjuat. Zmhs p`shth`b `l icw mcs dggb

rghtgrctgj dy tmg Quprgfg Aùrt hb Qtctg `l Dhmcr v. _._. Qmcrfc (3883 Arh IE 3:1=) cbj


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Qmcfdm`` Bctm Fhsrc v. Qtctg `l W. _. (388> Arh IE 4:83), cbj ht mcs dggb mgij tmgrghb

tmct ht hs b`t tmg `llhahci juty `l c pudiha sgrvcbt t` lcdrhactg lcisg rga`rj cbjfhscppr`prhctg pudiha sgrvcbt t` lcdrhactg lcisg rga`rj cbj fhscppr`prhctg pudiha

lubjs, gta. cbj, tmgrgl`rg, b` scbath`b wcs rgquhrgj ubjgr Qgath`b 38>(3) `l tmg Ar. _.A.l`r pr`sgauthbn c pudiha sgrvcbt l`r `llgbags `l lcdrhacth`b `l lcisg rga`rjs `r

fhscppr`prhcth`b `l pudiha lubjs.

Amùjmury _crvggb Quitcbc v. ^gst Dgbnci cbj Cb`tmgr. Arhfhbci Cppgci B`. = `l 4??8.

Jctg `l Eujnfgbt ?>-?3-?83. Cii cats j`bg dy c pudiha sgrvcbt hb tmg purp`rtgj jhsamcrng `l mhs `llhahci juthgs

acbb`t cs c fcttgr `l aùrsg dg drùnmt ubjgr tmg pr`tgathvg ufdrgiic `l Qgath`b 38>Ar._.A. @b tmg `tmgr mcbj

4. tmgrg acb dg acsgs `l fhsusg cbj/`r cdusg `l p`wgrs vgstgj hb c pudiha sgrvcbt wmham

acb bgvgr dg schj t` dg c pcrt `l tmg `llhahci juthgs rgquhrgj t` dg pgrl`rfgj dy mhf.1. tmg ubjgriyhbn `degat `l Qgath`b 38> Ar._.A hs t` gbcdig tmg cutm`rhthgs t` saruthbhzg

tmg ciigncth`bs fcjg cnchbst c pudiha sgrvcbt t` smhgij mhf/mgr cnchbst lrhvìùs,

vgxcthùs `r lcisg pr`sgauth`b hbhthctgj whtm tmg fchb `degat `l acushbn gfdcrrcssfgbt

cbj mcrcssfgbt ` tmg schj `llhahci.

:. M`wgvgr, hl tmg cutm`rhty vgstgj hb c pudiha sgrvcbt hs fhsusgj l`r j`hbn tmhbns wmham

crg b`t `tmgrwhsg pgrfhttgj ubjgr tmg icw, suam cats acbb`t aichf tmg pr`tgath`b `l

Qgath`b 38> Ar._.A. cbj mcvg t` dg a`bshjgrgj jg m`rs tmg juthgs wmham c pudiha sgrvcbt

hs rgquhrgj t` jhsamcrng `r pgrl`rf.7. ^mgtmgr tmgrg hs c fhsusg `l cutm`rhty hs c qugsth`b `l lcat

_WDIHA _T@QGAWZ@T

Hb tmg acsg `l _.N. Bcrcycbckutty v. Qtctg `l Kgrcic cbj @rs., 38=4 Arh.I.E. 4?=7 (Kgr.) c

igcrbgj Eujng `l tmg Kgrcic Mhnm Aùrt mcs mgij tmct, Qpgahci _udiha _r`sgaut`r acbb`tdg cpp`hbtgj whtm c vhgw t` sgaurg a`bvhath`b ct cii a`st. Qpgahci _udiha _r`sgaut`raùij dg cpp`hbtgj `biy wmgb pudiha hbtgrgst jgfcbjs ht cbj b`t t` vhbjhactg tmg

nrhgvcbags `l c prhvctg pgrs`b, suam cs ai`sg rgicth`b `l tmg jgagcsgj. Hb `rjgr tmct mgjhsamcrngs mhs juthgs pr`pgriy, mg smùij i``k t` tmg Qtctg l`r rgfubgrcth`b l`r mhs

sgrvhags hl mg i``ks t` c prhvctg pcrty l`r mhs rgfubgrcth`b, mhs acpcahty cbj cdhihty t`

pgrl`rf mhs rìg cs _udiha _r`sgaut`r pr`pgriy whii dg gbjcbngrgj. N`vgrbfgbt acbb`t

cpp`hbt Qpgahci _udiha _r`sgaut`r `b suam tgrfs, cdjhacthbn tmghr lhbcbahci

rgsp`bshdhihty `r jhrgathbn mhf t` rgaghvg mhs rgfubgrcth`b lr`f cby prhvctg hbjhvhjuci

`r gxpgathbn mhf t` w`rk whtmùt rgfubgrcth`b.

@b tmg rìg `l tmg _r`sgaut`r ht wcs mgij tmct, mg hs cb `llhagr `l tmg Aùrt gxpgatgj t`csshst tmg Aùrt hb crrhvhbn ct tmg trutm hb c nhvgb acsg. Zmg _r`sgaut`r b` jùdt, mcs t`

vhn`rùsiy cbj a`bsahgbthùsiy pr`sgautg tmg acsg s` cs t` sgrvg tmg mhnm pudiha hbtgrgst

`l lhbjhbn ùt tmg trutm cbj hb gbsurhbn cjgquctg pubhsmfgbt t` tmg `llgbjgr. Ct tmgscfg thfg, ht hs b` pcrt `l mhs juty t` sgaurg dy lchr fgc

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