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Crime & Risk factors
By Tamburai
Muchinguri
Introduction
As they grow up, children are exposed to a number of factors which may increase their risk for problems such as abusing drugs or engaging in delinquent behavior.
These factors may be referred to as risk factors.
Definition
Risk factors are any circumstances that may increase children’s likelihood of engaging in risky behaviors.
Risk factors function in a cumulative fashion, that is, the greater the number of risk factors, the greater the likelihood that children will engage in delinquent or other risky behavior.
There is evidence that problem behaviors associated with risk factors tend to cluster.
Cont’d
For example, delinquency and violence cluster with other problems, such as drug abuse, teen pregnancy and school misbehavior.
There is however a difference between root cause and risk factors.
A cause-effect mindset makes it too easy to assume that the existence of a risk factor inevitably leads to criminality.
Cont’d
For example, poverty is a factor in criminal behavior. However many poor people do not engage in crime.
It therefore does not mean that if you are poor you can commit crimes but chances of you committing crimes are high.
Categories of risk behaviors
Risk factors are organized into 5 main categories:
o Individualo Familyo Schoolo Peer groupo community
Cont’d
Individual risk factors. Antisocial behavior and alienation/ general
delinquency involvement, drug dealing Gun possession/illegal gun ownership or carrying Favorable attitudes towards drug use, early use of
alcohol/ drug use Early onset of aggression/ violence Victimization and exposure to violence {value
judgment is distorted}
Cont’d
Early sexual involvement Mental disorder/mental health problem
Family risk factors
Family history of problem behavior/parent criminality
Family management problems/poor parent supervision and or monitoring
Poor family attachment/bonding Child victimization and maltreatment Pattern of high family conflict Family violence
Cont’d
Broken home Sibling anti social behavior Parental use of physical punishment/harsh
and or erratic discipline practices Low parent education level /literacy Maternal depression
School Risk Factors
Low academic achievement Negative attitude toward school/low bonding/low
school attachment/ low commitment to school. Truancy/frequent absences Suspension Dropping out of school. Inadequate school climate/poorly organized and
functioning schools/negative labeling by teachers Identified as learning disabled
Peer Risk factors
Gang involvement/gang membership Association with delinquent/ aggressive
peers Peer rejection
Community risk factors
Availability /use of alcohol, tobacco and other drugs in neighborhood
Availability of firearms High crime neighborhood Community instability Low community attachment Economic deprivation/poverty/residence in a disadvantaged
neighborhood Neighborhood youth in trouble Feeling unsafe in the neighborhood Social and physical disorder/disorganized neighborhood