RUNNING ORDER

Patterns of Crime & Deviance

Patterns of Victimisation

Social Class / Gender / Ethnicity / Age

Social Class / Gender / Ethnicity / Age

Police Statistics

British Crime Survey (BCS) now Crime Survey of England & Wales (CSEW)

Victim Studies Measuring crime

Self Report Studies

Examples of recent policy decisions

Impact on crime rate. Contemporary Government

Policy on Crime

Concept of them as a social construct, and variation through time and place.

Impact of the media Definitions of crime & deviance

Left Realism

Right Realism

Influence of theories &

explanations on social policy

Functionalism

Marxism

Neo-Marxism

Interactionist

Left / Right Realism

Postmodernism

Feminist

Sub-cultural

Theories and explanations of

crime & deviance.

CRIME & DEVIANCE: KNOWLEDGE ORGANISER

Crime Prevention

Types; Street Crime, State Crime, White Collar Crime, Human Rights

Infringements, Green Crime

Definitions:.

Anomie: Where modern social systems encourage excessive individualism – as a consequence there is a general lack of

agreement around norms and values – some commentators describe anomie as a state of normlessness.

Chivalry Hypothesis: The idea that the CJS is biased in favour of women

Corporate Crime: Crimes committed by a corporation or by an individual acting on the behalf of the corporation.

Crime: Any act which breaks the law of the country.

CSEW: Crime Survey of England and Wales. A door to door survey of 46,000 homes asking if they have been the victim

of crime in the last 12 months.

Dark Figure of Crime: The amount of unreported or undiscovered crime.

Deviance : Any act which goes against the socially accepted norm.

Deviance amplification spiral: The process whereby attempts to control deviance actually produce more deviance.

Delinquent: One who reoffends.

Environmental crime prevention: Reducing crime by both improving the character of the area as well as zero

tolerance.

Folk devil: A person or group of people who are portrayed in folklore or the media as outsiders and deviant, and who

are blamed for crimes or other sorts of social problems; a scapegoat.

Green Crime: Crimes committed against the environment.

Hegemonic masculinity: The process of legitimising male dominance in relation to women.

Judiciary: The court system.

Moral entrepreneur: An individual or group that seeks to influence a group to adopt or maintain a norm, usually

taking the lead in applying labels.

News values: News criteria which determine how much prominence a news story is given by a media outlet, and the

attention it is given by the audience.

Recorded Crime: Crime that is recorded by the police using the “counting rules” set out by the home Office. These

include violence against the person, sexual offences, robber, burglary, theft, handling stolen goods, fraud and forgery,

criminal damage, drug offences and ‘other offences’.

Reported Crime: Crime that is reported to the police. Not all reported crime is recorded.

Self Report Study; Surveys in which a scross section of the population is asked what offences they have committed.

Situational crime prevention: Reducing crime by reducing the opportunity for crime to occur. E.g. better lighting and

target hardening.

State apparatus: Marxist concept that describes 2 types of apparatus the ruling classes use to reinforce control:

Repressive State Apparatus are “Armed bodies of men” such as the army or police. Ideological State apparatus are

institutions (Religion, Schools and the media that teach the preferred behaviours

State Crime: crimes committed by governments. "Illegal or deviant activities perpetrated by, or with, the complicity of

state agencies”.

Street Crime: A criminal offence in a public place.

Target hardening: Crime reduction by making it harder for crimes to occur. E,g, bars on windows or better locks.

Victimology: The study of victims.

Victim Survey: A survey asking people what crimes they have been the victim of in the last year.

Zero tolerance: Police dealing extremely harshly with all crime, especially minor activity such as littering and graffiti.

CRIME CHARACTERISTIC EVIDENCE (2017)

Prison Population (2017) 123,000

Increase in prison population 82% in last 30 yrs

Ethnic Mix in prison 26% are Black or Minority Ethnic (BME)

14% of the general population are BME

Black Prisoners 11% of prisoners are black

3% of the UK are black

Gender split in prison 90% male, 10% female

UK reoffending rates 44% of adults are reconvicted within 1 year of release

Short Prison Sentence reconviction Versus Community Service. Prison release reoffending is 7% higher than those serving

Community Service.

Success of ROTL (Release on Temporary Licence) 99.92% successful.

Victims by class If you are poor & Unemployed, you are twice as likely to be

the victim of crime.

G

en

der

Cla

ss

E

thn

icity

A

ge

Theory

Ch

ivalry

Th

esis

—A

rgu

es m

ost c

rimin

al a

gen

ts—

such a

s p

olic

e o

fficers

—are

men, a

nd m

en a

re

socia

lised to

act in

a

chiv

alro

us w

ay to

ward

s w

om

en.

Sex R

ole

Th

eo

ry—

Base

d o

n h

ow

the

diffe

rent g

en

ders

are

socia

lised.

Patria

rch

al c

on

trol—

Heid

ensohn

arg

ued th

at

wom

en's

behavio

ur is

dic

tate

d b

y

patria

rch

al c

ontro

l in th

e h

om

e, p

ublic

and w

ork

.

Ma

scu

linity

& c

rime

—M

essers

chm

idt s

ee c

rime

and d

evia

nce a

s re

so

urc

es th

at

diffe

rent m

en m

ay u

se fo

r accom

plis

hin

g

masculin

ity.

The v

ast m

ajo

rity o

f peo

ple

in U

K p

risons a

re

male

(90%

) where

as th

e a

ctu

al p

rop

ortio

n in

socie

ty is

49%

Sto

p &

Searc

hes

— M

em

bers

of th

e

low

er s

ocio

eco

nom

ic g

roup

s a

re m

ore

likely

to b

e s

top

ped

an

d s

earc

hed b

y th

e

polic

e.

Arre

sts

& C

au

tion

s—

The p

atte

rn

contin

ues w

ith a

rrests

, with

the w

ork

ing

cla

sses b

ein

g p

roportio

nally

more

likely

to b

e a

rreste

d th

an w

ould

be e

xpecte

d

from

the p

roportio

n o

f the p

opu

latio

n a

s

a w

ho

le.

Pro

secu

tion

& T

rial—

CP

S h

as

pro

portio

nally

more

case p

end

ing

aga

inst w

ork

ing c

lass p

eo

ple

tha

n w

ould

be e

xp

ecte

d fro

m th

e p

ropo

rtion o

f the

popu

latio

n a

s a

who

le.

Sen

ten

cin

g &

Pris

on

—41

% o

f the

pris

on p

op

ula

tion is

work

ing c

lass,

alth

oug

h th

ey o

nly

make u

p 1

8%

of th

e

popu

latio

n.

Sto

p &

Searc

hes

— M

em

bers

of

min

ority

gro

ups a

re m

ore

likely

to b

e

sto

ppe

d a

nd s

earc

he

d b

y th

e p

olic

e.

Arre

sts

& C

au

tion

s—

The a

rrest ra

te

for b

lack in

div

idua

ls w

as 3

.6x th

e ra

te

for w

hite

peo

ple

.

Pro

secu

tion

& T

rial—

The c

row

n

pro

secutio

n s

erv

ice is

more

likely

to

dro

p c

ases a

gain

st e

thnic

min

oritie

s. M

em

bers

of e

thnic

gro

ups

are

more

likely

to e

lect tria

l in fro

nt o

f a

jury

Sen

ten

cin

g &

Pris

on

—C

usto

dia

l

sente

nces w

ere

giv

en to

a g

reat

pro

portio

n o

f bla

ck o

ffenders

. In p

riso

n

a 1

/4 o

f the p

op

ula

tion w

ere

from

min

ority

gro

ups

Sto

p &

Searc

hes

—

The v

ast m

ajo

rity o

f S&

S a

re

made a

gain

st p

eople

aged u

nder

30.

Arre

sts

& C

au

tion

s—

Sim

ilarly

,

the p

olic

e a

rrest a

nd c

autio

n th

e

work

ing c

lasses m

ore

ofte

n th

an

would

be e

xpecte

d fro

m th

e

pro

portio

n o

f the p

opu

latio

n th

at

the

y m

ake u

p. 4

1%

were

under 2

1

Pro

secu

tion

& T

rial—

Those

aged

un

der 3

0 s

till make u

p th

e

majo

rity o

f those

facin

g

pro

secutio

n a

nd a

wa

iting tria

l.

Sen

ten

cin

g &

Pris

on

—62

% o

f

inm

ate

s a

re <

30.

Research

The g

end

er im

bala

nce in

pris

ons is

backed u

p b

y

all s

tats

(Re

co

rde

d &

Re

po

rted) a

ltho

ugh s

elf

report s

tud

ies m

ove th

e a

vera

ge a

ge

hig

her, in

to

the u

pper 3

0’s

.

80%

of p

eop

le c

on

vic

ted o

r cautio

ne

d a

re m

ale

.

Reco

rded

Crim

e—

The m

ajo

rity o

f

polic

ing h

app

ens in

the in

ner c

ities a

nd

focuses o

n s

treet c

rime. C

onseque

ntly

,

the w

ork

ing c

lass a

re o

ver re

pre

sente

d

in te

rms o

f the c

rime fig

ure

s. T

hese

figure

s o

ften m

iss th

e m

iddle

ag

ed

crim

inals

wh

o te

nd to

dom

inate

the w

hite

colla

r crim

e fig

ure

s.

Vic

tim S

urv

ey

s—

show

tha

t a g

reat

dea

l of c

rime is

intra

-eth

nic

meanin

g it ta

kes p

lace w

ithin

eth

nic

gro

ups ra

ther th

an b

etw

een

them

.

Self-re

po

rt Stu

die

s—

These a

sk

ind

ivid

uals

to d

isclo

se th

eir o

wn

crim

inal b

eh

avio

ur—

the fin

din

gs o

f

these c

ha

lleng

e th

e s

tere

oty

pe

of b

lack

peop

le b

ein

g m

ore

likely

to o

ffend.

Record

ed

crim

e—

This

show

s th

e

avera

ge a

ge

of c

rimin

als

to b

elo

w

30, a

lthoug

h th

is m

isses th

e w

hite

colla

r crim

e o

ffenders

, wh

o te

nd to

be m

iddle

ag

ed.

Med

ia re

pre

senta

tion fro

m C

CT

V,

ho

we

ver, p

ortra

ys a

pic

ture

of

offe

nders

that a

re o

lder th

an

record

ed.

Names

Heid

ensoh

n M

essers

chm

idt G

raham

& B

ow

ling

(95)

Lea &

You

ng, G

ilroy, H

all C

ole

man &

Mo

yn

ihan

(96)

Lea &

You

ng, G

ilroy, H

all

Cole

man &

Mo

yn

iha

n (9

6)