CRIME AND JUSTICE CRIME AND JUSTICE IN THE UNITED IN THE UNITED

STATESSTATES

CRIME AND THE MEDIACRIME AND THE MEDIA

New ReportsNew Reports 30% relate to crime stories30% relate to crime stories

Entertainment IndustryEntertainment Industry Does the media give an accurate Does the media give an accurate

representation of crime in the representation of crime in the United States?United States?

Crime ClockCrime Clock

DEFINING CRIMEDEFINING CRIME

Social Definitions – NormsSocial Definitions – Norms Legal DefinitionLegal Definition Why is punishment a necessary part Why is punishment a necessary part

of the law?of the law? Unusual LawsUnusual Laws

LEGAL DEFENCES TO A LEGAL DEFENCES TO A CRIMECRIME

EXCUSES FROM CRIMINAL EXCUSES FROM CRIMINAL RESPONSIBILITYRESPONSIBILITY

Acted under duressActed under duress Acted under ageActed under age InsanityInsanity Acted in self-defenseActed in self-defense EntrapmentEntrapment

MEASURING CRIMEMEASURING CRIME

DO WE KNOW THE TRUE AMOUNT OF DO WE KNOW THE TRUE AMOUNT OF CRIME IN THE UNITED STATES?CRIME IN THE UNITED STATES?

Probably the best index of crime is Probably the best index of crime is OFFENSES KNOWN TO THE POLICEOFFENSES KNOWN TO THE POLICE

Are all crime reported to the police?Are all crime reported to the police? Reasons for not reporting crimes to Reasons for not reporting crimes to

the policethe police Things that may affect the crime ratesThings that may affect the crime rates

I.I. UNIFORM CRIME UNIFORM CRIME REPORTS (UCR)REPORTS (UCR)

Annual Report prepared by the FBI based on Annual Report prepared by the FBI based on CRIMES KNOW TO THE POLICECRIMES KNOW TO THE POLICE

Data collected on eight index offensesData collected on eight index offenses1.1. Murder and non-negligent manslaughterMurder and non-negligent manslaughter2.2. Forcible RapeForcible Rape3.3. RobberyRobbery4.4. Aggravated AssaultAggravated Assault5.5. BurglaryBurglary6.6. Larceny TheftLarceny Theft7.7. Motor Vehicle TheftMotor Vehicle Theft8.8. ArsonArson

FEAR OF CRIMEFEAR OF CRIME

What do people fear?What do people fear? Fear is greatest at night when a Fear is greatest at night when a

person is alone and away from homeperson is alone and away from home Who has the greatest fear of crime?Who has the greatest fear of crime?

GenderGender RaceRace Age Age CommunityCommunity

VICTIMS OF CRIMEVICTIMS OF CRIME Most frequent type of crime – personal or Most frequent type of crime – personal or

property crimes?property crimes? By age, who are the most likely crime By age, who are the most likely crime

victims?victims? 16-19 years of age have the highest rate16-19 years of age have the highest rate

Considering age, gender, race, and Considering age, gender, race, and location who is the most likely crime location who is the most likely crime victim?victim? Young black males in the inner citiesYoung black males in the inner cities

Most likely rape victim – girls younger Most likely rape victim – girls younger than 18than 18

POLICING IN AMERICAPOLICING IN AMERICA

PUBLIC ATTITUEDES PUBLIC ATTITUEDES TOWARD THE POLICETOWARD THE POLICE

ACCORDING TO RECENT SURVEYSACCORDING TO RECENT SURVEYS How much confidence do you, How much confidence do you,

personally, have in the police?personally, have in the police? ““A great deal” – 59%A great deal” – 59% ““Some” confidence – 31%Some” confidence – 31% ““Very little” confidence – 10%Very little” confidence – 10%

However, among blacks only 31% had However, among blacks only 31% had “a great deal” of confidence in the “a great deal” of confidence in the police. police.

THE ROLES OF THE THE ROLES OF THE POLICEPOLICE

Role ExpectationRole Expectation What do we expect of our police?What do we expect of our police?

Role ConflictRole Conflict

POLICE POLICE QUALIFICATIONSQUALIFICATIONS

CHARACTERISTICS OF POLICE WORKCHARACTERISTICS OF POLICE WORK Be DecisiveBe Decisive IntegrityIntegrity Self-motivatedSelf-motivated Willing to handle the “Dirty Work”Willing to handle the “Dirty Work” Willing to face DangerWilling to face Danger

What is some of the most dangerous work for What is some of the most dangerous work for police officers?police officers?

Domestic Disturbance callsDomestic Disturbance calls

POLICE FUNCTIONSPOLICE FUNCTIONS

WHAT IS IT THAT POLICE DO?WHAT IS IT THAT POLICE DO? Patrol – the most time –consuming workPatrol – the most time –consuming work

Preventive PatrolPreventive Patrol Directed PatrolDirected Patrol Foot Patrol – What are the benefits?Foot Patrol – What are the benefits? Bicycle PatrolBicycle Patrol

InvestigationInvestigation Purpose of the investigation Purpose of the investigation Role of the Detective – Any advantages?Role of the Detective – Any advantages?

TrafficTraffic

COMMUNITY POLICINGCOMMUNITY POLICING

A PartnershipA Partnership Examples of Community Policing:Examples of Community Policing:

Neighborhood WatchNeighborhood Watch DAREDARE Foot PatrolFoot Patrol Bicycle PatrolBicycle Patrol

SENTENCING, APPEALS, SENTENCING, APPEALS, AND THE DEATH PENALTYAND THE DEATH PENALTY

FIVE TYPES OF FIVE TYPES OF PUNISHMENTS USED IN PUNISHMENTS USED IN

THE UNITED STATESTHE UNITED STATES Fines Fines ProbationProbation Intermediate PunishmentsIntermediate Punishments ImprisonmentImprisonment DeathDeath

PRISON SENTENCINGPRISON SENTENCING

TWO TYPESTWO TYPES Indeterminate SentencingIndeterminate Sentencing

Who determines release date?Who determines release date? Parole BoardsParole Boards Emphasis in on REHABILITATIONEmphasis in on REHABILITATION

Determinate SentencingDeterminate Sentencing Get Tough ApproachGet Tough Approach One negative resultOne negative result

Overcrowding problemsOvercrowding problems

PUNISHMENT PUNISHMENT PHILOSOPHIESPHILOSOPHIES

RATIONALES FOR IMPOSING RATIONALES FOR IMPOSING PUNISHMENTSPUNISHMENTS

1.1. RetributionRetribution Society’s RevengeSociety’s Revenge Eye for an eye and tooth for a toothEye for an eye and tooth for a tooth

THE DEATH PENALTYTHE DEATH PENALTY

FIVE METHODS OF EXECUTIONFIVE METHODS OF EXECUTION

1.1. Lethal InjectionLethal Injection

2.2. ElectrocutionElectrocution

3.3. Gas ChamberGas Chamber

4.4. HangingHanging

5.5. Firing SquadFiring Squad

CONSTITUTIONALITY OF CONSTITUTIONALITY OF THE DEATH PENALTYTHE DEATH PENALTY

Has it ever been declared Has it ever been declared unconstitutional?unconstitutional?

United States Supreme Court CasesUnited States Supreme Court Cases Furman v. Georgia (1972)Furman v. Georgia (1972) Gregg v. Georgia (1976)Gregg v. Georgia (1976)

STATES WITH HIGHEST STATES WITH HIGHEST RATES OF EXECUTIONSRATES OF EXECUTIONSOVER 850 EXECUTIONS SINCE 1977OVER 850 EXECUTIONS SINCE 1977

MORE THAN HALF OCCURRED IN MORE THAN HALF OCCURRED IN THREE STATES:THREE STATES: TEXAS (304)TEXAS (304) VIRGINIA (99)VIRGINIA (99) OKLAHOMA (64)OKLAHOMA (64)

Florida, Georgia, Louisiana also rank high.Florida, Georgia, Louisiana also rank high. 38 states have capital punishment statutes38 states have capital punishment statutes

PUBLIC OPINION ON THE PUBLIC OPINION ON THE DEATH PENALTYDEATH PENALTY

Recent public opinion polls”Recent public opinion polls” A Gallup Poll in 2003 revealed that 74% A Gallup Poll in 2003 revealed that 74%

of the American public favored the of the American public favored the death penalty in First Degree Murder death penalty in First Degree Murder cases.cases.

What is your opinion?What is your opinion?

INMATE POPULATION IN INMATE POPULATION IN THE UNITED STATESTHE UNITED STATES

Today approximately 2 million Today approximately 2 million inmates in our prisons and jailsinmates in our prisons and jails

United States has one of the highest United States has one of the highest incarceration rates of any nation in incarceration rates of any nation in the world.the world.

COSTS OF COSTS OF INCARCERATIONINCARCERATION

TOTAL ANNUAL COST ABOUT $36 TOTAL ANNUAL COST ABOUT $36 BILLIONBILLION

Approximate annual cost per inmate is Approximate annual cost per inmate is $22,000$22,000

Costs Estimates for New Prison Costs Estimates for New Prison Construction:Construction: Minimum Security Facility - $31,000 per bedMinimum Security Facility - $31,000 per bed Medium Security Facility - $50,000 per bedMedium Security Facility - $50,000 per bed Maximum Security Facility - $80,000 per bedMaximum Security Facility - $80,000 per bed

PRISON INMATE PRISON INMATE CHARACTERISTICSCHARACTERISTICS

DESCRIBING THE TYPICAL INMATEDESCRIBING THE TYPICAL INMATE Gender – MaleGender – Male Race – BlackRace – Black Age Group – Under 35Age Group – Under 35 Marital Status – SingleMarital Status – Single Educational Level – Low, many are Educational Level – Low, many are

high school drop-outshigh school drop-outs Gang AffiliationGang Affiliation

INMATE RIGHTS (cont.)INMATE RIGHTS (cont.)

First Amendment RightsFirst Amendment Rights Free speech and censorship of mailFree speech and censorship of mail Religious FreedomReligious Freedom

Cooper v. Pate (1964) - Black Muslim Case Cooper v. Pate (1964) - Black Muslim Case Eighth Amendment RightsEighth Amendment Rights

Prohibits cruel and unusual punishmentProhibits cruel and unusual punishment Staff brutalityStaff brutality Medical CareMedical Care What about hard labor and solitary What about hard labor and solitary

confinement?confinement? Totality of ConditionsTotality of Conditions

THE PROBATION PROCESS THE PROBATION PROCESS

THE PROBATION ORDERTHE PROBATION ORDER Standard for Misdemeanors and FeloniesStandard for Misdemeanors and Felonies Probation Conditions:Probation Conditions:

1.1. Maintain EmploymentMaintain Employment2.2. Obey all LawsObey all Laws3.3. No association with criminalsNo association with criminals4.4. Felons cannot possess a firearmFelons cannot possess a firearm5.5. Agree to consent searchesAgree to consent searches6.6. Random drug testingRandom drug testing7.7. RestitutionRestitution8.8. Regular contacts with PO and restricted travelRegular contacts with PO and restricted travel