CPO Focus on Physical ScienceFirst Edition

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CreditsWriters

Thomas C. Hsu, Ph.D. – Author Nationally recognized innovator in science and matheducation and the founder of CPO Science. He holds adoctorate in applied plasma physics from theMassachusetts Institute of Technology, and has taughtstudents across the nation at the elementary, secondary,and college level. Tom has worked with more than 12,000teachers and administrators at grades K-12, and he is wellknown as a consultant, workshop leader, and developer ofcurriculum and equipment for inquiry-based learning inscience and math.

Stacy KisselB.S., Civil and Environmental Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University; M.Ed., Physics Education, Boston College.Has nine years' experience teaching physics, math, andintegrated science at Brookline (Mass.) High School.Stacy has been a curriculum developer with CPO for thefive years.

Patsy EldridgeB.S., Biology, Grove City College; M.Ed., Tufts University.Experienced high school Physical Science teacher andnational hands-on science trainer and presenter. As anadjunct professor for Endicott College in Beverly, MA,and the College of Charleston, developed content-intensive Physical Science courses for pre- and in-serviceeducators. Technical background in the medical devicefield. Patsy has developed curriculum and trainingmaterials with CPO for six years.Sylvia Gutman – Content reviewB.S., Science Education, University of New Orleans; M.S., Curriculum and Instruction, University of San Diego.Teacher of the Year Award from the Lake Elsinore (Calif.)Unified School District and the 2001 California ScienceTeachers Association Distinguished Science Award forMiddle School. Jodye Selco, Ph.D. – Content review Professor, Center for Education and Equity in Math,Science, and Technology, California State PolytechnicUniversity, Pomona, Calif.Kelly McAlister - content reviewB.S., Biology, M.Ed., Science EducationEighth-grade team leader and mentor teacher at GageMiddle School in Riverside, Calif. Kelly has taught lifeand physical science and served as department chair.

Michael Vela – content reviewPh.D., Inorganic chemistry, Brandeis UniversityTeaches 10th- and 11th-grade chemistry at Concord-Carlisle High School in Concord, Mass. Taught 11th-grade chemistry at Lexington (Mass.) High School.Melissa Vela – content review M.S., Secondary Education, Boston College; M.S.,Agricultural and Biological Engineering, CornellUniversity.Taught physical science and algebra at Weston, MAMiddle School. Taught earth and space science for sixyears at Lexington, MA High School.

Senior Editor

Lynda Pennell – Executive Vice President B.A., English; M.Ed., Administration, Reading Disabilities, Northeastern University; CAGS Media, University of Massachusetts, Boston.Nationally known for high school restructuring andintegrating academic and career education. Served asdirector at an urban school for five years and has 17 yearsteaching/administrative experience in Boston publicschools. Lynda has led development at CPO Science forsix years.

Editorial Consultants

Julie DaltonB.A., English; M.S. English education; taught English in middle and high school.Has worked with the CPO staff as our primary copy editor.Reviews all text material and informs us of properconventions and helps in maintaining the consistency ofour text. Julie is a copy editor for The Boston Globe andhas been a journalist for over 25 years.

Art and Illustration

Polly Crisman – Designer, illustratorB.F.A., University of New Hampshire. Graphic artist with expertise in advertising and marketingdesign, freelance illustrating, and caricature art. Polly isthe CPO primary book illustrator and manages all files. Bruce Holloway – Cover designs Pratt Institute, N.Y.; Boston Museum School of Fine Arts.Created all CPO Science book covers and many of theCPO specific designs. Expertise in product design,advertising, and three-dimensional exhibit design.Commissioned for the New Hampshire Duck Stamp for1999 and 2003.

Jesse Van ValkenburghB.F.A., Illustration, Rochester Institute of Technology. Has worked in prepress film production and design. Jessehas worked at PC Connection in Merrimack, N.H., as agraphic designer doing catalog and direct mailing design,logo design, and illustration.

James TraversA.A.S., Business and Commercial Art, Akron University.Has held positions as a graphic designer and artdevelopment manager. He remains a commissioned artist.

Connections

Catherine C. ReedB.S., Secondary Education, Akron University; M.Ed., Administration and Curriculum, Baldwin-Wallace College.Middle school science curriculum specialist. Catherinehas worked as a freelance curriculum developer and writerfor years. Sharon O. Faulkner is an educational freelance writerwho lives in Andover, Mass.John K. Manos is an educational freelance writer wholives in Evanston, Ill.Laura J. Tierney is a freelance writer living inChelmsford, Mass.

Laine IvesB.A., Gordon College; graduate coursework at Cornell University's Shoals Marine Laboratory and Wheelock College.Taught high school English overseas and environmentaleducation at a middle school in New England.

Assessment

Mary Ann EricksonB.S, Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyRan a technical writing consulting business, writingprocess control manuals for water treatment plants,software design documentation for simulation software,and operator manuals for mining equipment.

David H. BlissB.S., science, Cornell University; M.Ed., zoologyHas taught for 39 years in the science field: biology,chemistry, earth science, and physics. David has beenscience department chairman of Mohawk Central SchoolDistrict in Mohawk, N.Y.

Kelly A. Story B.S., Chemistry, Gordon College; M.S., Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Lowell. Taught chemistry and maintains a position as labinstructor at Gordon College, Wenham, Mass.Erik Benton - Principal investigations editorB.F.A., University of Massachusetts, physics minor.Taught for eight years in public and private schools,focusing on inquiry and experiential learning.

Equipment Design

Thomas Narro – Senior Vice PresidentB.S., Mechanical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute.Accomplished design and manufacturing engineer;experienced consultant in corporate reengineering andindustrial-environmental acoustics.

Danielle DzurikBachelor of Industrial Design, Auburn University. Focused on product development, new product design,and improving on older designs.

Material Support

Michael Grady – Tech services coordinatorA.A., Arranging and Performing, Berklee College of Music; Medical Technician Diploma, Middlesex Community College.Professional musician for more than 20 years, with 10years experience in customer service fields.

Kathryn Gavin – Quality Control and PurchasingManagerResponsible for quality control and purchasing andworks with product engineering on all newdevelopment. Kerry has been assuring total quality ofCPO Science equipment for ten years.Lisa LaChance – Senior materials specialistA.S., Accounting Lisa evaluates samples to ensure that materials meetproject requirements, developing and managing therelease of specifications. She also evaluates changes tocurrent products to enhance them and/or reducemanufacturing costs.

Reviewers

Nancy JoplinEnglish-language arts department chairwomanRay Wiltsey Middle School, Ontario, Calif.

Jodye Selco, Ph.D.Professor, Center for Education and Equity in Math,Science, and TechnologyCalifornia State Polytechnic University, Pomona, Calif.

Brian E. GoodrowPhysical science teacherApple Valley Middle School, Apple Valley, Calif.

Philip L. HunterScience department chairmanJohnson Middle School, Westminster, Calif.

Bianca N. McRaeScience teacher, department chairwomanMenifee Valley Middle School, Menifee, Calif.

Tia L. ShieldsLife science/health and English language learning teacherNicolas Junior High School, Fullerton, Calif.

Kelly McAllisterScience teacherGage Middle School, Riverside, Calif.

Brad JoplinScience teacherRay Wiltsey Middle School, Ontario, Calif.

Tony HeinzmanScience teacherApple Valley, Calif.

Sylvia GutmanScience teacher, department chairwomanDavid A. Brown Middle SchoolWildomar, Calif. Lake Elsinore Unified School District

Technical Support

Tracy Morrow – Framemaker specialist, technical editorand trainerB.A., English, Texas A&M University; M.A., English, Sam Houston State University.Taught middle school in Klein, Texas, a suburban regionoutside Houston, for nine years; at Tomball College inTomball, Texas, for five years; and worked as a technicalwriter in the oil and gas, airlines, and real estateindustries. Tracy offers consulting services and technicaltraining; her expertise is in the editing programFramemaker.

Special Thanks for Photos

Dr. Geerat Vermeij Professor of Marine Ecology and Paleoecology, Universityof California, Davis

Mary Doval GrazioseUniversity of California, Davis

Curtis EbbesmeyerBeachcombers’ and Oceanographers’ InternationalAssociation

Jim WhiteBeachcombers’ and Oceanographers’ International Association

Dr. Adam DziewonskiHarvard University

Sarah HerveJohn Day Fossil Beds National Monument

Joan BuhrmanAmerican Society of Civil Engineers

John M. WatsonUSGS

David A. AbelFreelance photographer

Table of C

onten

tsUnit One: Physical Science and You

Chapter 1: Studying Physics and Chemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31.1 The Physical Science in Your Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41.2 Time and Length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .91.3 Inquiry and the Scientific Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15Connection: The Art and Sole of Scientific Thinking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22Activity: Make a Water Clock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24Chapter 1 Assessment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25

Chapter 2: Experiments and Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .272.1 Variables and Relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .282.2 Experiments and Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37Connection: Testing the Power of Suggestion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44Activity: Guess the Gram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46Chapter 2 Assessment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47

Chapter 3: Key Concepts in Physical Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . .493.1 Mass and the Atomic Theory of Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .503.2 Temperature and Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56Connection: A Mighty Energizing Wind . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66Activity: Your Own Science Experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68Chapter 3 Assessment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69

Unit Two: Properties of MatterChapter 4: Density and Buoyancy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73

4.1 Density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .744.2 Buoyancy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82Connection: Airships in the Sky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .88Activity: Will it Float or Will it Sink? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .90Chapter 4 Assessment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .91

Chapter 5: States of Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .935.1 Liquids and Gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .945.2 Solid Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103Connection: Silly Putty®: Solid or liquid? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .110Activity: Make your own viscoelastic liquid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .112Chapter 5 Assessment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .113

Unit Three: Atoms and the Periodic TableChapter 6: The Atom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .117

6.1 Fundamental Particles and Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1186.2 Electrons in the Atom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .127Connection: Bioluminescence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .132Activity: Atoms and Radioactivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .134Chapter 6 Assessment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .135

Chapter 7: Elements and the Periodic Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1377.1 The Periodic Table of the Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1387.2 Properties of the elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .145Connection: Naming the Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .152Activity: Name That Element . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .154Chapter 7 Assessment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .155

Table of C

onten

tsChapter 8: Molecules and Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .157

8.1 Compounds and Chemical Bonds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1588.2 Electrons and Chemical Bonds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .165Connection: Salt: Common, But Uncommonly Important . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .172Activity: Molecular Gumdrop Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .174Chapter 8 Assessment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .175

Unit Four: Matter and ChangeChapter 9: Acids, Bases, and Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .179

9.1 Water and solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1809.2 Acids, Bases, and pH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .188Connection: Keeping Your (pH) Balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .196Activity: Acid Rain and Stone Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .198Chapter 9 Assessment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .199

Chapter 10: Chemical Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20110.1 Understanding Chemical Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20210.2 Energy and chemical reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .208Connection: The Science of Hot and Cold Packs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .216Activity: Explore Hot and Cold Packs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .218Chapter 10 Assessment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .219

Chapter 11: The Chemistry of Living Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . .22111.1 The Chemistry of Carbon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22211.2 Proteins, Fats, and Nucleic Acids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .229Connection: Good Fats vs. Bad Fats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .236Activity: The Scoop on Nutrition Labels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .238Chapter 11 Assessment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .239

Unit Five: Motion and ForceChapter 12: Distance, Time, and Speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .243

12.1 Distance, Direction, and Position . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24412.2 Speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24812.3 Graphs of Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .253Connection: Roller Coasters: The Physics Behind the Thrills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .258Activity: How fast are you? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .260Chapter 12 Assessment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .261

Chapter 13: Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26313.1 Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26413.2 Addition of Forces and Equilibrium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .274Connection: Defy Gravity? It Can Be Done . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .282Activity: Kilograms to Newtons: Make Your Own Measurements! . . . . . . . . . . . . .284Chapter 13 Assessment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .285

Chapter 14: Force and Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28714.1 Newton’s First and Third Laws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28814.2 Newton’s Second Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .296Connection: Skateboarding with Sir Isaac Newton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .304Activity: Making a Spool Car . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .306Chapter 14 Assessment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .307

Unit Six: AstronomyChapter 15: The Solar System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .311

15.1 The Solar System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31215.2 The Planets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .321Connection: Jupiter’s Volcanic Moon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .330Activity: Alien Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .332Chapter 15 Assessment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .333

Table of C

onten

tsChapter 16: The Sun and Stars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .335

16.1 The Sun and the Stars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33616.2 The Life Cycles of Stars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .344Connection: Big Bear Solar Observatory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .350Activity: Sunspots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .352Chapter 16 Assessment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .353

Chapter 17: Galaxies and the Universe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35517.1 Galaxies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .356Connection: A Spectacular Show of Lights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .364Chapter 17 Assessment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .366

Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375

California Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384