Creating IPv4 Address Spaces in Windows Server 2008

7/31/2019 Creating IPv4 Address Spaces in Windows Server 2008

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Creating IPv4 Address

Spaces


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IPv4 IP Addressing

You can configure networks to use unicast, broadcast, or multicast

data packet delivery methods to transmit content between

computers running Windows Server 2008. You can assign IP

addresses to computers on a network to ensure that the

appropriate content is delivered to the appropriate location.

IP addresses are organized into classes, such as A, B, C, and

internal IP address, to accommodate networks of varying sizes.

You can perform subnetting to divide the IP address space of a

large network into smaller networks that are controlled byrouters. The process of subnetting makes IP communication easy.


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Overview of Content Delivery

On a network, content is delivered in data packets. In a unicast delivery, the datapackets are delivered on a one-to-one basis between two hosts. In a broadcast

delivery, data packets are sent from one host to all other hosts on a network. In a

multicast delivery, data packets are sent from one host to a group of hosts.

The destination IP address that receives the data packet is recognized by all hosts. In

a direct delivery, data packets are sent to the destination by addressing the packet tothe destinations physical address.

The different types of network content are static content, such as Basic Hypertext

Markup Language (HTML) Web pages; dynamic content, such as Web pages that

display the IP address of a user accessing the content; and streaming content, such as

online video.


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How Does Unicast Delivery Work

Unicast delivery is a one-to-one data packet delivery method in which a networkenables the transfer of a data packet to one receiver, such as from a server to a local

area network (LAN) workstation. Unicast delivery is the most common mode of

communication on a network. The destination IP address of a unicast data packet is

the IP address of the host to which the content or data is being delivered.

In a unicast environment, multiple users might want to access the same content, suchas a video clip, from the same server at the same time. However, duplicate data

streams are sent from the server to the user. Therefore, each user receives a separate

data stream, leading to increased network traffic.

You can use the unicast data packet delivery method for Domain Name System (DNS)

lookups, for accessing Web sites, for transferring files, and for validating networkcredentials upon logon.


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Types of Network ContentContent type Description

Static Static content is data that is the same for all users who access it. Static content does not change

based on where the users access the content from, or which user accesses the content. This is the

most common type of data on all networks.Some examples of static content are:

Basic HTML Web pages

Microsoft Office Word documents

Microsoft Office PowerPoint slides

Dynamic Dynamic content is data that can change each time a user accesses it. This content type depends

on variables such as the user and the users location. This content type is most commonly found

in Web sites and Web-based applications. You can create dynamic content by using ASP andASP.NET. These methods use scripts in Web pages. The scripts are processed by the server to

generate the Web pages that are delivered to users.

Some examples of dynamic content are:

A Web page that displays a users name when the user accesses the Web site.

A Web page that displays the IP address of a user who accesses the content.

A Web page that changes content depending on the location of the user.

Streaming Streaming content is data that is delivered to users at the speed required for playback.

Nonstreaming content is data that is delivered to users at the fastest possible speed that the

client, servers, and network can support. This can increase network traffic and cause network

congestion. Windows Server 2008 and Windows Media Services support streaming content.

Some examples of streaming content are:

Online radio stations

Online video


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How Does Multicast Packet Delivery WorkMulticast delivery is a one-to-many data packet delivery method in which a network

enables the transfer of a data packet to multiple receivers on the network, at the

same time. Multicast delivery is similar to broadcast delivery. However, in a multicastenvironment, content or data is sent to a specific group. In a broadcast environment,

content is sent to all devices on a network.

A multicast data packet is addressed to an IP address in the range from 224.0.0.0

through 239.255.255.255. The multicast addresses that are used, are selected by the

application that sends and receives content. All application clients and servers mustuse the same multicast address to communicate with each other.

In a multicast data packet delivery method, you can forward multicast data packets

by using routers. However, many routers do not forward multicast data packets by

default. Routers on the Internet do not forward multicast data packets at all.

A multicast data packet delivery method saves network bandwidth because bulk

content is sent only once. For example, a host can deliver streaming audio and video

to Windows Media Player clients without causing network traffic. The data packets

travel from the source, for example, a server, and are then multiplied, or distributed,

at switching points closer to the receivers, for example, multiple workstations


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Overview of IP Communication

The IP addresses that you obtain from your Internet service provider (ISP) are organized

into classes, which help you to determine the size of a network. You can use Address

Resolution Protocol (ARP) to resolve IP addresses to media access control (MAC)

addresses when data packets are created. You can also use the ARP tool to manage the

ARP cache that is used by ARP.

The IP communication process takes place on a single network or between networks. On a

single network, IP addresses are resolved over the same subnet and no routing is

required. In IP communication between networks, IP addresses are resolved through

routing.


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Types of IP Addresses

IP address

class

Description

Class A Class A supports up to 126 networks and up to 16,777,214 hosts for

each network. The range of the first octet is from 1 through 127. 127 is

used for diagnosis. The default subnet mask is 255.0.0.0.

Class B Class B supports up to 16,384 networks and up to 65,534 hosts for each

network. The range of the first octet is from 128 through 191. The

default subnet mask is 255.255.0.0.Class C Class C supports up to 2,097,152 networks and up to 254 hosts for each

network. The range of the first octet is from 192 through 223. The

default subnet mask is 255.255.255.0

Internal IP

Address

Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) manages and creates

internal IP addresses. IANA Reserved Private Network Ranges areallocated in blocks.

The characteristics of a 24-bit block are:

Belongs to class A

Starts at 10.0.0.0

Ends at 10.255.255.255


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What is ARP?ARP refers to a protocol and a tool. ARP is used to resolve IP addresses to MAC addresses

during the creation of a data packet. The ARP tool is used to manage the ARP cache that is

used by the protocol.

The destination MAC address, in an IP frame, is critical for the delivery of IP frames on a

network. A MAC address is a 6-byte or 48-bit number that is used to uniquely identify

network devices. The manufacturer of a network device or network adapter configures

the MAC address for the network device. When IP frames are created, computers convert

IP addresses to MAC addresses.

You should use the ARP tool to view the ARP cache and remove entries from the ARP

cache. By using the ARP tool, you can also store static entries directly in the ARP cache.

You can also use the ARP tool to isolate connection issues. For example, if two computers

on the same subnet cannot communicate with each other, you can use ARP to determine

whether the correct MAC addresses are listed.

To verify that the MAC addresses are correctly listed in the ARP cache, run the arp -a

command on each computer. In addition, by using ipconfig.exe, you can verify that the

MAC address listed in the ARP cache is the same as the actual MAC address for the

destination computer.


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Creating Subnets

You can subdivide a large IP network into subnets. When you divide a network

into subnets, you should create a unique ID for each subnet. Subnetting is the

process of taking one TCP/IP network address range and splitting it into two or

more ranges that can be used on various network cards.

When you assign IP addresses, you can use dotted decimal notation. However,

computers use IP addresses in a binary format. A subnet mask, which is also

referred to as an address mask, is a 32-bit value that is used to distinguish the

network ID from the host ID in an arbitrary IP address. To use the suitable

number of bits for the subnet mask, you must estimate the required number of

segments and hosts per segment.


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Converting Dotted Decimal IP Addresses to BinaryFormat

When you assign IP addresses to computers on a network, you use

the dotted decimal notation, which is based on the decimal system.

However, computers read IP addresses and subnet mask values as

binary numeric strings. Therefore, you also need to determine the

binary format of assigned IP addresses.

In a dotted decimal notation, every 32-bit address number is read

as four separate groups of 8 bits. Each group of 8 successive bits is

known as an octet. For example, in an IP address, 129.194.68.32,

the numbers 129, 194, 68, and 32 are called octets. In binaryformat, this address will be represented as 10000001 11000010

01000100 00100000.


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Within an octet, each bit position has an assigned decimal value. A

bit that is set to 0 always has zero value. However, a bit that is set to

1 can be converted to a decimal value. The following table shows

the decimal notation for each place in an individual octet:

Octet Decimal value

First bit 128

Second bit 64

Third bit 32

Fourth bit 16

Fifth bit 8

Sixth bit 4

Seventh bit 2


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What is Subnet?A subnet is a physical segment of a network that is separated from the rest of the network

by one or more routers. For example, if your organization has a class A, B, or C network, itis subdivided into subnets to match the physical layout of your network or design

specifications. If you do not subnet, you can only use one network from your Class A, B, or

C network. A subnet divides network traffic and decreases network congestion. A subnet

also reduces the number of broadcasts that are sent on each segment.

You can derive the IP address for each subnet from the main network ID. You need tocreate a unique ID for each subnet. While creating subnets, you can allocate some of the

bits in the host ID to the network ID. This will help you to create more networks. The

process of creating subnets is called subnetting.

By dividing a large network into subnets, you can overcome the limitations of current

technologies, such as exceeding the maximum number of hosts allowed per segment. For

example, Ethernet is limited to 1024 hosts on a network. Dividing the segment into

further segments increases the total number of hosts allowed on a network

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Creating IPv4 Address Spaces in Windows Server 2008