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Urban Revitalization: Rationale and Status Wolverine Caucus February 12, 2010 June Manning Thomas, Ph.D., FAICP Centennial Professor Taubman College of Architecture and Urban Planning The University of Michigan

Creating a Vibrant Future for Michigan\'s Cities: Why Urban Revitalization Matters

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Page 1: Creating a Vibrant Future for Michigan\'s Cities: Why Urban Revitalization Matters

Urban Revitalization:Rationale and Status

Wolverine Caucus

February 12, 2010

June Manning Thomas, Ph.D., FAICPCentennial Professor

Taubman College of Architecture and Urban PlanningThe University of Michigan

Page 2: Creating a Vibrant Future for Michigan\'s Cities: Why Urban Revitalization Matters

Overview

• The importance of cities

• Implications of city underdevelopment

• The status of cities and metropolitan areas in Michigan

• Michigan’s policy response

Page 3: Creating a Vibrant Future for Michigan\'s Cities: Why Urban Revitalization Matters

Why are Cities Important?

• Traditional wisdom (cities are no longer needed) turned out to be wrong

• Recent thinking– Saskia Sassen

– Michael Porter

– Richard Florida

– Terry Clark

– Thomas HuttonVancouver, B. C.

Page 4: Creating a Vibrant Future for Michigan\'s Cities: Why Urban Revitalization Matters

The Importance of Cities • Cities are essential for economic 

functions in the global “new economy,” because of

• The nature of advanced services,• Both social and economic 

agglomeration, and• Resulting attraction of key 

populations and economic activities.• They are also an effective way to 

safeguard public investment in infrastructure, and help ensure

• Both social equity and environmental sustainability.

Vancouver, B.C.

Page 5: Creating a Vibrant Future for Michigan\'s Cities: Why Urban Revitalization Matters

Implications of City Underdevelopment

• Inability to attract recent immigrants, a key factor in economic development.

Page 6: Creating a Vibrant Future for Michigan\'s Cities: Why Urban Revitalization Matters

City of Chicago Population Change1980‐2006; Positive Effects of Hispanics

0

500000

1000000

1500000

2000000

2500000

3000000

3500000

1980 1990 2000 2006

TotalWhiteHispanicBlack

Source:  U. S. Census. White and black population numbers have declined steadily.

3 million

1980                         1990                         2000                        2006

Page 7: Creating a Vibrant Future for Michigan\'s Cities: Why Urban Revitalization Matters

Implications of City Underdevelopment

• Inability to attract recent immigrants, a key factor in economic development.

• Constantly increasing development of urban land and cost of infrastructure improvement on the fringes.

Page 8: Creating a Vibrant Future for Michigan\'s Cities: Why Urban Revitalization Matters

Population Static but Land Use Increases, S.E. Michigan

1990 2000 % Change

Undeveloped Land

2,018,784 1,855,150 ‐8.1

Developed Land

926,486 1,090,120 17.7

% Developed 31.5 37.0 17.7

Population 4,590,468 4,833,493 5.2

Southeast Michigan Council of Governments (SEMCOG), “Land Use in Southeast MI:  Regional Summary,” April 2004

Page 9: Creating a Vibrant Future for Michigan\'s Cities: Why Urban Revitalization Matters

Metro Detroit, 1965‐2020SEMCOG, 1995

Source:  Southeast Michigan Council of Governments, “Land Use and Land Development in Southeast Michigan,” March 1999

Page 10: Creating a Vibrant Future for Michigan\'s Cities: Why Urban Revitalization Matters

Metro Detroit, 1990‐2030SEMCOG 2000

Source:  SEMCOG, at http://www.semcog.org/data.aspx?id=4614&terms=Developed+Land+1990+2030.  Accessed  Feb ‘10 

Page 11: Creating a Vibrant Future for Michigan\'s Cities: Why Urban Revitalization Matters

Selected City Population Decline, MICities vs. Their Counties 2000‐2005

Ann Arbor

Detroit

Kalamazoo

Muskegon

Source:  Michigan Higher Education Land Policy Consortium (MIHELP), “State of Michigan Cities:  An Index of Urban Prosperity,” February 2007.

Page 12: Creating a Vibrant Future for Michigan\'s Cities: Why Urban Revitalization Matters

Implications of City Underdevelopment

• Inability to attract recent immigrants, a key factor in economic development.

• Constantly increasing development of urban land and cost of infrastructure improvement on the fringes.

• Fiscal crisis.  Example:  Roads.

Page 13: Creating a Vibrant Future for Michigan\'s Cities: Why Urban Revitalization Matters

Inability to Match Federal AidMDOT Highway and Maintenance ProgramState Revenue Shortfall and Federal Aid Lost

* Resulting program amount with declining state revenues and inability to match federal aid.

MDOT 2009

Page 14: Creating a Vibrant Future for Michigan\'s Cities: Why Urban Revitalization Matters

2010 Is the Last Year We Will Be Able to Fully Match Federal Funding for Highway and Maintenance 

Program.

MDOT 2009

Page 15: Creating a Vibrant Future for Michigan\'s Cities: Why Urban Revitalization Matters

Implications of City Underdevelopment

• Inability to attract recent immigrants, a key factor in economic development.

• Constantly increasing development of urban land and cost of infrastructure improvement on the fringes.

• Fiscal crisis.  Example:  Roads.  Another ex.:  fiscal crisis for diverse municipalities.

Page 16: Creating a Vibrant Future for Michigan\'s Cities: Why Urban Revitalization Matters

Detroit metro tax base vs. change in tax base

Myron Orfield and Thomas Luce, “Michigan Metropatterns:  A Regional Agenda,” 2003. http://www.ameregis.com/maps/region_maps/michigan_1c.pdf

Page 17: Creating a Vibrant Future for Michigan\'s Cities: Why Urban Revitalization Matters

Implications of City Underdevelopment

• Inability to attract recent immigrants, a key factor in economic development.

• Constantly increasing development of urban land and cost of infrastructure improvement on the fringes.

• Fiscal crisis.  Example:  Roads.  Another ex.:  fiscal crisis for diverse municipalities.

• Hindrances in ability to attract “new economy,” increase employment.

• Debilitating inequities, abandonment, decay.

Page 18: Creating a Vibrant Future for Michigan\'s Cities: Why Urban Revitalization Matters
Page 19: Creating a Vibrant Future for Michigan\'s Cities: Why Urban Revitalization Matters

Michigan’s Policy Responses

• 1977:  “Cities in Transition:  Report of the Urban Action group to Michigan Gov. William G. Milliken”

• 1990 catalog of “Working with our Cities”

• 2003 Michigan Land Use Leadership Council (MLULC) and related initiatives

Page 20: Creating a Vibrant Future for Michigan\'s Cities: Why Urban Revitalization Matters

Some Key Theories about the Best State Actions

• The Orfield Approach

• The Vey and Brookings Institute Approach

• The Creative Cities Approach

• The Land Use Approach

Page 21: Creating a Vibrant Future for Michigan\'s Cities: Why Urban Revitalization Matters

Key Theories about Best State Actions:  Strengths, Shortcomings

• The Orfield/ Vey Approach—tax reform, regional land use planning, metropolitan partnerships, and (Vey, Brookings) major central‐city and human investment initiatives

• The Creative‐class Cities Approach—attract creative class, young people, creative activities

• The Land Use Approach—improve land use, in particular via urban containment or “smart growth”

Page 22: Creating a Vibrant Future for Michigan\'s Cities: Why Urban Revitalization Matters

2003 Michigan Land Use Leadership Council

Looked at four major areas; specific recommendations for change:– Urban revitalization

– Land resource‐based industries

– Planning and development legislation

– Infrastructure and community services

Page 23: Creating a Vibrant Future for Michigan\'s Cities: Why Urban Revitalization Matters

Summary of 2003 MLULC Recommendations for Urban Revitalization “Fully addressed”

ORIGINAL MLULC RECOMMENDATIONS Implementation

•Site additional public offices in already‐urbanized areas•Establish a technical assistance capacity in state government for urban revitalization (community assistance)•Reuse of brownfields•Land Bank Fast Track Authority•Promote reuse of historic buildings•Urban blight legislation

Yes

Yes, CAT

P.A. 252, 253, ‘03P.A. 258‐263,  ’03P.A.s 2008P.A. 316‐21, ’03

Page 24: Creating a Vibrant Future for Michigan\'s Cities: Why Urban Revitalization Matters

Summary of 2003 MLULC Recommendations for Urban Revitalization “Fully addressed”

ORIGINAL MLULC RECOMMENDATIONS Implementation

•Site additional public offices in already‐urbanized areas•Establish a technical assistance capacity in state govt for urban revitalization (community assistance)•Reuse of brownfields•Land Bank Fast Track Authority•Promote reuse of historic buildings•Urban blight legislation•Housing and Community Development Trust Fund•Michigan IDA for home ownership•Safe Routes to School•Cool Cities and related actions•Neighborhood Enterprise Zone amended

YesYes, CAT

P.A. 252, 253, ‘03P.A. 258‐263,  ‘03P.A.s 2008P.A. 316‐21, ’03...

Source:  Kellogg “People and Land” tally, MLULC web page, Updated March 3, 2009; accessed Feb. 2010 http://www.peopleandland.org/MLULC_Recommendations/index.cfm

Page 25: Creating a Vibrant Future for Michigan\'s Cities: Why Urban Revitalization Matters

MLULC Land Use Recommendations Overall (Four Categories)

RECOMMENDATIONS ADDRESSED BY MARCH 2009

NUMBER

FULLY 22

PARTIALLY 39

IN PROGRESS 3

NOT ADDRESSED 149Source:  Kellogg Foundation “People and Land” tally, MLULC web page, updated March 2009, accessed February 2010. http://www.peopleandland.org/MLULC_Recommendations/index.cfm

Page 26: Creating a Vibrant Future for Michigan\'s Cities: Why Urban Revitalization Matters

Key Theories about Best State Actions:  Michigan’s Record Reviewed

• The Orfield/ Vey Approach—tax reform, regional land use planning, metropolitan partnerships, and major central‐city and human investment initiatives

• The Creative‐class Cities Approach—attract creative class, young people, creative activities

• The Land Use Approach—improve land use, in particular via urban containment or “smart growth”

More detail:  June M. Thomas, “Michigan’s Urban Policies in an Era of Land Use Reform and Creative‐class Cities,” in Richard Jelier and Gary Sands, editors, Sustaining Michigan:  Metropolitan Policies and Strategies (East Lansing:  Michigan State University Press, 2009), pp. 261‐80.

Page 27: Creating a Vibrant Future for Michigan\'s Cities: Why Urban Revitalization Matters

Conclusions

• Cities are important in the new global economy

• Many of Michigan’s cities are suffering

• Actions thus far are not addressing the problem sufficiently