CREATED BY BASHLAK I.A.

►THE FOUNDERS OF THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD BELIEVED IN GOD .

►   Galileo, Bacon and Descartes were the founders of the Scientific Method

GALILEO

►“To me the works of nature and of God are miraculous.”

►” Yet the potential of the human mind “. . . is separated from the Divine knowledge by an infinite interval.”

BACON

►   “They that deny a God destroy man's nobility; for certainly man is of kin to the beasts in his body; and, if he be not of kin to God by his spirit, he is a base and ignoble creature.”

► (Bacon, 67)

DESCARTES

►"The existence of God is the first and the most eternal of all truths that exist and the only one from which proceed all others."(Descartes, 1963, 265)

Science can prove anything.

►Science attempts to disprove hypotheses by testing them with data from carefully designed experiments. If the idea survived testing, then it is a stronger explanation. Science is a process which can only produce “possible” or “highly probable” explanations for natural phenomena; these are never certainties. With new information or approaches, earlier findings can be replaced by new findings.

Science can solve any problem or answer any question.

►The scope of scientific knowledge is limited to the physical world, a world that we can observe with our senses. Science is not suitable to handle the supernatural, values and ethics. Scientific exploration must be disprovable. Explanations based on supernatural forces, values or ethics can never be disproved.

Scientific explanations must be based on careful observations and the testing of hypotheses.

►Science must follow certain rules; otherwise, it’s not science (just as soccer is not soccer if its rules are not followed). The rules of science are intended to make the process as objective as is humanly possible, and thereby produce a degree of understanding that is as close to reality as possible.

Different scientists may get different solutions to the same

problem.

►Science can be influenced by the race, gender,nationality,religion,politics or economic interests of the scientist. Different backgrounds may lead, intentionally or unintentionally, to different research hypotheses. Unfortunately, science may also be misused. The peer review system aims at controlling the quality of scientific research and falsifying incorrect hypotheses.

steps.

► ORDER OF EVENTS

GROUP WORK

Here are some questions people have asked about this topic.

Is a hypothesis just a guess?

A hypothesis is more than just a guess. It’s a testable idea based on observation. People often describe hypotheses as “educated guesses.” You might make an uneducated guess that chocolate milk comes from chocolate cows. This guess would not be based on observation. After observing cows or the milk industry for a while, though, you might hypothesize—make an educated guess—that chocolate milk is made of regular milk mixed with chocolate powder or syrup. Then, you’d have to test the hypothesis.

What are controlled and uncontrolled variables?

► Variables and controls are the main elements involved in scientific experiments. A control (or “controlled variable”) is a part of the experiment you can control. An uncontrolled variable is the quantity or quality that the experiment is trying to measure. For example, let’s say you wanted to run an experiment to see how water affects plant growth. So you obtain three identical plants. You plant them in the exact same type of soil, and expose all three to the exact same amount of sunlight every day. The only difference is that one plant is watered once a day, the second plant is watered twice a day, and the third plant is watered three times a day. At the end of the experiment, you found that the plant that was watered twice a day grew bigger and faster than the plants that were watered once a day and three times a day. In this experiment, the controlled variables are the plant species; the amount of sunlight they’re exposed to, and the soil they’re planted in. These conditions for all three plants are the same. Even water is a controlled variable, because you are in charge of determining how much water each plant receives! The uncontrolled variable is how tall each plant grows. You don’t know how the plants are going to respond to the watering before the experiment, so the amount they grow is basically beyond your control

 Why do we do experiments?

►All experiments are carried out according to the scientific method. That’s the process by which new ideas are tested through experimentation. In order to follow the scientific method, all experiments have to be repeatable—that is, anyone should be able to run the same experiment and reach the same conclusions. The scientific method is the best way that humans have devised to measure the world around us. Experiments tell us whether or not certain observations are backed up by the facts. 

How would you describe science?

► Science is the observation, identification, description, experimental investigation, and theoretical explanation of the world around us. The scientific method includes observation, forming a hypothesis, making predictions, testing the predictions in experiments, and then repeating the process to continue discovering more. 

What is the difference between a researchable question and a testable

hypothesis?► For a science project, you should first come up with a

question to research, and then develop a hypothesis that you can test. Looking at an example should make it easier to understand. Say that you’re wondering whether girls or boys eat more potato chips? The researchable question is: “Do boys or girls eat more potato chips in their school lunches?” From here, you have to make an educated guess called a hypothesis. A testable hypothesis here could be, “A greater proportion of boys eat potato chips in their lunches compared to the proportion of girls who eat potato chips at lunch.” disgrace. 

Finally, you can test your hypothesis to figure out whether or not it is false. Even if you were wrong, you have learned something about your research question! under Queen Elizabeth I and King James I, including Queen’s Counsel (basically a lawyer to the Queen), Attorney General (the government’s main legal advisor), and Lord Chancellor (the highest judiciary position in England at the time). Unfortunately, he got caught up in a bribery scandal and had to resign in disgrace.

Who was Francis Bacon?► Francis Bacon was a British writer, philosopher, and

statesman who lived from 1561 to 1626. He is best known for developing the Baconian method, a method of scientific inquiry known quite similar to the scientific method used today. He served in the English Parliament, and held a number of important titles under Queen Elizabeth I and King James I, including Queen’s Counsel (basically a lawyer to the Queen), Attorney General (the government’s main legal advisor), and Lord Chancellor (the highest judiciary position in England at the time). Unfortunately, he got caught up in a bribery scandal and had to resign in disgrace. 

What are facts and inferences?►A fact is something that is completely, one hundred

percent true. Abraham Lincoln was the 16th President of the United States; he had a beard; and he was assassinated in 1865. These are facts. An inference is a prediction about something, based on a careful analysis of the facts. So, from the fact that Abraham Lincoln was the 16th President, and he was assassinated in 1865, you can infer that the 17th President's term began in 1865. From the fact that Lincoln was President and had a beard, you can infer that beards were popular among men during the middle of the 19th century. The process of observing facts and making inferences is a major part of developing good reading skills. It's also a big part of the scientific method! 

Can you tell me a little bit about lab safety?►Lab safety procedures are designed to keep people safe!

Here are a few elements of lab safety. -Safety glasses help protect your eyes from chemicals and broken glass. -If something gets in your eyes, labs often have an eye wash area, or a special sink to properly wash the eye. -Gloves and long sleeves help keep chemicals off of your skin. -Hot glass looks the same as cool glass. Hot glassware and other high-temperature materials should be handled with tongs ( [tɔŋz] - щипцы) and other special instruments. -When using a Bunsen burner (горелка Бунзена), long hair should be tied back to avoid exposure to flame. Loose garments( одежда) should not be worn. 

What’s the difference between a hypothesis, a theory, and a law in science?► In the scientific method, a hypothesis is an educated

guess about an explanation for a set of observations. A hypothesis may be proven false through experimentation. A scientific theory is a hypothesis that has been repeatedly tested and not disproven. For example, Charles Darwin’s theory of natural selection has been tested over and over again since it was introduced in 1859, and it has yet to be disproven. Often, a well-established theory is basically accepted as a fact over time, even though it’s rarely, if ever, called a “fact” or “law.”

A scientific law is a little trickier to define. Basically, it is a statement that’s considered a universal and unalterable fact. Often, it’s based on mathematical evidence, and can be proved mathematically. For example, Kepler’s First Law of Planetary Motion, which states that all the planetary orbits are ellipses with the Sun as one focus, is considered a scientific law. There aren’t very many scientific laws; some conservative estimates peg the number at less than 20. The most important ones usually have to do with conservation, such as the law of conservation of mass and the law of conservation of energy

What is deductive reasoning?► Deductive reasoning is a way of thinking where you move from a

general statement to a specific case. For example, let’s say you started with the statement “All cats have four legs.” If your friend buys a new cat, you can deduce without even seeing it that the cat will have four legs. However, you may be wrong-if the statement you start with is incorrect, you may deduce incorrectly. In fact, your friend's cat might have only three legs. Inductive reasoning is the opposite. It moves from specific evidence to a general statement. Let’s say every horse you’ve ever seen is strong. You may use inductive reasoning to make the statement “Horses are strong.” Once again, you may be wrong, though, because there may be weak horses you have never seen. So inductive and deductive reasoning aren't perfect. 

How can you identify a cause and effect relationship?

►When a scientist wants to test for a cause and effect relationship, she'll begin by isolating the independent variable. For example, if a scientist wanted to test whether plants grow better in sunlight, she gather a bunch of plants of the same age and species, from the same nursery. Then, she'd subject them to different amounts of sunlight, and record the results. If she finds that the plants that have been exposed to sunlight grow better than the plants that haven't, then she's identified a cause and effect relationship! 

What is an investigation?

►An investigation is a search to uncover the truth about something. For example, imagine that your favorite toy was missing. You would probably start looking around for it. You may also want to ask other people living in your house if they had seen it. That's a simple investigation! When someone commits a crime, the police use similar techniques to investigate. They examine the crime scene as closely as possible, analyze the evidence, and ask witnesses and other people in the area for information. By investigating a crime, the police gather the information they need to identify and catch the criminal! 

What is "paranormal"?

► “Paranormal” comes from the words “para” (from the Latin for “outside”) and “normal.” People use the term to describe experiences that are not yet explained by science, like ghosts, telepathy, and extra-sensory perception. However, there is no scientific evidence that any of these experiences are really paranormal. They may be perfectly “normal” experiences that are simply misunderstood. 

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What is data?

► "Data" is the plural form of the word "datum." In Latin, "datum" means "something given." In English, the words "data" and "datum" mean facts or pieces of information. Imagine that you were doing a science experiment to test the boiling times and temperatures of three different liquids. You would observe and record the times and temperatures so that you could compare them. The information that you record is the data. If you were making a graph to illustrate range of your quiz scores from math class, the scores and quiz dates would be your data. Data can be anything that you use to illustrate or support an idea. 

Does music affect the growth of plants?►There's no conclusive evidence to support the hypothesis

that music affects the growth of plants. That doesn't mean that music couldn't have an effect! It just means that nobody knows for certain. If you want, you could try doing your own experiment! All you need are several of the same type of plant and a music player with speakers. Place the plants in separate, similar settings and make sure that each one gets the same amount of water and light each day. Then, play varying amounts of music to each plant, and record type of music, volume level, and duration, each day. Be sure to leave at least one plant that hasn't had any exposure to music, as the control. After a few weeks, examine your plants and the data you recorded and see what your results are! 

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Why do  scientists use rats instead of another type

of animal to do experiments?► ► The reason scientists use rats for experiments is

because they are easy to breed and keep in captivity, and they reach sexual maturity quickly. Rats are often used for research in toxicology and neurology. This is because of the makeup of their cells and because their organs are larger than those of the mouse. There are many other animals that are used for research, including the chicken, the dog, the hamster, and the pufferfish. Organisms that are used for research purposes that may be applicable to other species are known as “model organisms.” Each of the organisms listed above is considered a model organism.