CRAS - SWFL Roads 60_CRAS_Oct 2016.pdf · (CRAS) of State Road (SR) 60 from County Road (CR) 630 to Prairie Lake Road in Polk and Osceola Counties, Florida, to locate and identify

Cultural Resource Assessment Survey

SR 60 Project Development and Environment Study

from CR 630 to east of the Kissimmee River Polk and Osceola Counties, Florida

Financial Project ID: 433856-1-22-01 Federal Aid Project No.: 2002-067-A

ETDM No.: 13916

The proposed action involves widening SR 60 from the existing two-lane undivided arterial roadway to a divided four-lane arterial roadway to accommodate future travel demand in the study area. A parallel bridge will be constructed at the Kissimmee River to accommodate the additional lanes. The study limits extend from CR 630 in Polk County to Prairie Lake Road in Osceola County, Florida. The total project length is approximately 8.0 miles.

Florida Department of Transportation District One

October 2016

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Archaeological Consultants, Inc. (ACI) conducted a cultural resource assessment survey (CRAS) of State Road (SR) 60 from County Road (CR) 630 to Prairie Lake Road in Polk and Osceola Counties, Florida, to locate and identify any archaeological sites and historic structures within the area of potential effect (APE), and to assess their significance in terms of eligibility for listing in the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). The CRAS and resulting report are in compliance with Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 (Public Law 89-665), as amended, 36 CFR 800: Protection of Historic Properties, and Chapter 267, Florida Statutes (FS). It was carried out in conformity with Part 2, Chapter 12 (Archaeological and Historical Resources) of the Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT) Project Development and Environment (PD&E) Manual and the standards contained in the Florida Division of Historical Resources’ (FDHR) Cultural Resource Management Standards and Operational Manual (FDHR 2003; FDOT 1999). In addition, this study meets the specifications set forth in Chapter 1A-46, Florida Administrative Code (FAC).

Background research, a review of the Florida Master Site File (FMSF), and the ETDM

report (#13916) indicated that no archaeological sites had been recorded previously within the project APE. Several archaeological sites, however, were recorded near the eastern end of the project along the Kissimmee River. These sites consisted of mounds and artifact scatters. None have been evaluated by the State Historic Preservation Officer (SHPO). As a result of this survey, no historic or prehistoric sites were found.

Background research, including a review of the FMSF and NRHP, indicated that four

historic resources (50 years of age or older) had been previously recorded within the project APE. These resources include three bridges and one linear resource. The three bridges (8PO07651-8PO07653) were determined ineligible for listing in the NRHP by the SHPO in 2013. The linear resource, a portion of the Buttermilk Slough Canal (8PO07057), was originally recorded in November 2006 but did not receive a determination of eligibility from SHPO due to insufficient information (Hughes 2006; Gaske 2007a). After additional research was conducted on the canal and submitted to the SHPO in December of 2006, the SHPO concurred with the surveyor’s evaluation that the canal is not eligible for listing in the NRHP, but may be locally significant (Gaske 2007b). Field survey confirmed the existence of these resources.

As a result of field survey, one additional historic resource (8PO08025) was identified

and evaluated. This Frame Vernacular dwelling represents a commonly occurring style, and it has been altered with replacement materials. Furthermore, limited research did not reveal any significant historic associations. As a result, given its commonality of type, loss of integrity, and lack of significant historical associations, it is not considered potentially eligible for the NRHP, either individually or as part of a historic district.

Based on this data, no significant archaeological sites or historic resources are located

within the project APE. Therefore, development of the tract will have no effect on any cultural resources that are listed, determined eligible, or considered potentially eligible for listing in the NRHP. No further work is recommended.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

1.0 INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................... 1-1 1.1 Project Description ............................................................................................... 1-1 1.2 Existing Facility and Proposed Improvements .................................................... 1-2 1.3 Area of Potential Effects (APE) ........................................................................... 1-4 1.4 Purpose ................................................................................................................. 1-4

2.0 ENVIRONMENTAL OVERVIEW ............................................................................. 2-1

2.1 Project Location and Physical Setting ................................................................. 2-1 2.2 Geology and Geomorphology .............................................................................. 2-3 2.3 Soils and Vegetation ............................................................................................ 2-3 2.4 Paleoenvironmental Conditions ........................................................................... 2-4

3.0 CULTURAL CHRONOLOGY .................................................................................... 3-1

3.1 Paleo-Indian ......................................................................................................... 3-1 3.2 Archaic ................................................................................................................. 3-3 3.3 Glades Tradition................................................................................................... 3-4 3.4 Colonialism .......................................................................................................... 3-6 3.5 Territorial and Statehood ..................................................................................... 3-7 3.6 Civil War and Aftermath ..................................................................................... 3-9 3.7 Twentieth Century ............................................................................................. 3-12 3.8 Project Area Specifics ........................................................................................ 3-14

4.0 RESEARCH CONSIDERATION AND METHODS ................................................. 4-1

4.1 Background Research and Literature Review ...................................................... 4-1 4.1.1 Archaeological Considerations ................................................................ 4-1 4.1.2 Historical Considerations ......................................................................... 4-4

4.2 Field Methodology ............................................................................................... 4-4 4.3 Unexpected Discoveries ....................................................................................... 4-5 4.4 Laboratory Methods and Curation ....................................................................... 4-5

5.0 SURVEY RESULTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ................................................ 5-1

5.1 Archaeological Results ........................................................................................ 5-1 5.2 Historical/Architectural Results ........................................................................... 5-1 5.3 Recommendations ................................................................................................ 5-7

6.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY .......................................................................................................... 6-1

APPENDICES

Appendix A: FMSF Form Appendix B: Preliminary Pond Analysis Appendix C: Survey Log

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LIST OF FIGURES AND PHOTOGRAPHS

Figure Page Figure 1.1. Project Location Map. .............................................................................................. 1-1 Figure 1.2. Southern Widening Typical Roadway Section. ....................................................... 1-3 Figure 1.3. Northern Widening Typical Roadway Section. ....................................................... 1-3 Figure 2.1. Environmental setting of the SR 60 PD&E project area. ......................................... 2-2 Figure 3.1. Florida Archaeological Regions. .............................................................................. 3-2 Figure 3.2. 1952 and 1968 aerial photographs of the SR 60 project APE. ............................... 3-15 Figure 4.1. Location of cultural resources within one mile of the SR 60 APE .......................... 4-2 Figure 5.1. Location of the shovel tests in the SR 60 project APE. ........................................... 5-2 Figure 5.2. Location of the shovel tests in the SR 60 project APE. ........................................... 5-3 Figure 5.3. Location of the shovel tests in the SR 60 project APE. ........................................... 5-4 Figure 5.4. Location of the shovel tests in the SR 60 project APE. ........................................... 5-5

Table

Table 2.1. Soil types within the project area. ............................................................................ 2-4 Table 5.1. Soil stratigraphy within the project APE. ................................................................. 5-1

Photo Photo 2.1. Project area, looking east along SR 60. .................................................................... 2-1 Photo 2.2. Looking west along SR 60. ...................................................................................... 2-3 Photo 5.1. 22501 SR 60 (8PO08025), looking northwest. ........................................................ 5-6

SR 60 PD&E Study Cultural Resource Assessment Survey From CR 630 to east of the Kissimmee River Bridge FPID 433856-1-22-01

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1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Project Description

The Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT) is conducting a Project Development

and Environment (PD&E) study to evaluate the proposed widening of approximately 8.0 miles of State Road (SR) 60 from County Road (CR) 630 in Polk County to Prairie Lake Road in Osceola County, as depicted in Figure 1.1. The purpose of this PD&E study is to evaluate engineering and environmental data and document information that will aid Polk County, Osceola County, and the FDOT in determining the type, preliminary design and location of the proposed improvements. The study is being conducted in order to meet the requirements of the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) and other related federal and state laws, rules and regulations.

Figure 1.1. Project Location Map. (Figure provided by AIM 2016)

The proposed action involves widening SR 60 from the existing two-lane undivided

roadway to a four-lane divided roadway. This improvement is necessary to provide additional capacity to accommodate future travel demand generated by projected population and economic growth in Polk and Osceola Counties. SR 60 is a major east-west roadway that traverses the state of Florida and provides connectivity to many major roadways, including Interstates 4, 75 and 95, US 301, US 98, US 27, US 441, US 1 and Florida’s Turnpike. The proposed improvement will provide access to local agricultural and ranching operations, as well as other freight activity centers located in central Florida, including the CSX Integrated Logistics Center, and the populated coastal areas. SR 60 is identified as a Regional Freight Mobility Corridor, Florida Strategic Intermodal System, and is designated as an evacuation route by the Florida Division of Emergency Management.


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The project was evaluated through FDOT’s Efficient Transportation Decision Making (ETDM) process as project #13916. An ETDM Programming Screen Summary Report containing comments from the Environmental Technical Advisory Team (ETAT) was published on November 26, 2013. The ETAT evaluated the project’s effects on various natural, physical and social resources.

1.2 Existing Facility and Proposed Improvements

SR 60 is a two-lane undivided facility with 12-foot lanes (one in each direction) and 8-

foot shoulders (4 feet [ft] paved) and includes a three-mile-long dedicated passing zone. SR 60 is classified as a Rural Other Principal Arterial. The existing right-of-way (ROW) width is 100 ft throughout the project corridor. Five structures located within the project limits cross over Buttermilk Slough North Fork, Ice Cream Slough, Buttermilk Slough, Sheep Hammock Creek and the Kissimmee River, respectively. There are seven cross drains within the project limits, ranging in size from 15 inches to 48 inches. Stormwater is collected in roadside swales and is ultimately conveyed to the Kissimmee River. The posted speed limit within the project limits is 55 miles per hour (mph) in Polk County and 60 mph in Osceola County.

Three proposed build alternatives have been developed to widen SR 60. The alternatives

each employ a pavement-saving typical roadway section that results in the development of a four-lane divided roadway with 12-foot travel lanes, a 6-foot inside shoulder and an 8-foot outside shoulder (5 ft paved). The eastbound and westbound lanes will be separated by a 40-foot grassed median and the existing structures will be widened to accommodate the additional travel lanes. Offsite stormwater management facilities will be constructed to treat the additional stormwater runoff.

Build Alternative 1 widens SR 60 to the south by converting the existing travel lanes to westbound operation and constructing two new eastbound travel lanes within 73 ft of additional ROW, as shown in Figure 1.2. Build Alternative 2 widens SR 60 to the north, within 75 ft of additional ROW as shown in Figure 1.3, for three miles east of CR 630, then transitions to southern widening to Prairie Lake Road, as shown in Figure 1.2. Build Alternative 3 widens SR 60 to the north by converting the existing travel lanes to eastbound operation and constructing two new westbound travel lanes within 75 ft of additional ROW, as shown in Figure 1.3.


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Figure 1.2. Southern Widening Typical Roadway Section.

Figure 1.3. Northern Widening Typical Roadway Section.


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1.3 Area of Potential Effects (APE)

The archaeological APE is comprised of the existing ROW. The historical APE was set at

250 ft on both sides of SR 60 from its intersection with CR 630 to the west to Prairie Lake Road to the east (Figures 5.1-5.4).

1.4 Purpose

The purpose of this CRAS, conducted in January 2016, was to locate and identify any

archaeological sites and historic structures within the APE, and to assess their significance in terms of eligibility for listing in the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). The CRAS and resulting report are in compliance with Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 (Public Law 89-665), as amended, 36 CFR 800: Protection of Historic Properties, and Chapter 267, Florida Statutes (FS). It was carried out in conformity with Part 2, Chapter 12 (Archaeological and Historical Resources) of the FDOT PD&E Manual and the standards contained in the Florida Division of Historical Resources’ (FDHR) Cultural Resource Management Standards and Operational Manual (FDHR 2003; FDOT 1999). In addition, this study meets the specifications set forth in Chapter 1A-46, Florida Administrative Code (FAC).


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2.0 ENVIRONMENTAL OVERVIEW Environmental factors such as geology, topography, relative elevation, soils, vegetation,

and water resources are important in determining where prehistoric and historic period archaeological sites are likely to be located. These variables influenced what types of resources were available for utilization in a given area. This, in turn, affected decisions regarding settlement location and land-use patterns. Because of the influence of the local environmental factors upon the aboriginal inhabitants, a discussion of the effective environment is included.

2.1 Project Location and Physical Setting

The SR 60 project is located in Sections 1-3, 10 and 12 of Township 31 South, Range 30

East and Sections 2-4 and 6-11 of Township 31 South, Range 31 East (Figure 2.1). The project area is located east and west of the Kissimmee River in eastern Polk County and western Osceola County. The general setting of the project area is rural in nature. Several ditches are adjacent to the roadway (Photo 2.1), along with utility lines (Photo 2.2), and large expanses of vacant parcels interspersed with a few residences and agricultural fields.

Photo 2.1. Project area, looking east along SR 60.

SR 60 PD&E from CR 630 to

Prairie Lake Road Polk & Osceola Counties FPID No.: 433856-1-22-01

Figure 2.1. Environmental setting of the SR 60 PD&E project area. Township 31 South, Range 30 East, Sections 1-3, 10 and 12, and Township 31 South, Range 31 East, Sections 2-4 and 6-11; USGS Lake Weohyakpka SE and Lake Marian SW.

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Copyright:© 2013 National Geographic Society, i-cubed, Esri, HERE, DeLorme,MapmyIndia, © OpenStreetMap contributors

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Photo 2.2. Looking west along SR 60.

2.2 Geology and Geomorphology

The project area is located within the mid-peninsular physiographic zone of Florida

which is characterized by discontinuous highlands in the form of sub-parallel ridges aligned with the axis of the peninsula and separated by broad valleys (Puri and Vernon 1964; White 1970).

More specifically, the project area is located on the Osceola Plain which is a marine

terrace (USDA 1990:4). The surface lithology consists of undifferentiated Quaternary sediments evidenced by medium fine sand and silt (Scott 1978, 2001; Scott et al. 2001). Elevations of the Osceola Plain are typically between 60-70 ft above mean sea level (amsl). Elevation within the project area is between 50-100 ft amsl.

2.3 Soils and Vegetation

Soils in the majority of the project area are part of the Smyrna-Myakka-Immokalee and

Malabar-EauGallie-Valkaria, soil associations. The former are nearly level, poorly drained soils that are sandy throughout and consists of soils on pine and sawpalmetto flatwoods interspersed with wet depressions and poorly defined drainageways and the latter is described as nearly level, poorly drained, sandy soils on cabbage palm, slash pine, and saw palmetto flatwoods interspersed with wet depressions, swamps, and poorly defined drainageways (USDA 1990:15,16). Close to the river, a small area is covered by the Nittaw-Kaliga-Chobee soil association; this type is also nearly level and very poorly drained soils subject to flooding and found in swamps, depressions, and on flood plains adjacent to some of the major rivers and


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streams throughout the county. Table 2.1 lists the specific soil types within the project area and their drainage and environmental settings (USDA 1979, 1990, 2005).

Table 2.1. Soil types within the project area.

Soil Type Drainage Environmental setting Arents-Urban land Complex Poor Areas of urban land & areas of sandy material

Basinger fine sand Poor Sloughs or poorly defined drainageways on flatwoods

Basinger mucky fine sand, depressional Very poor Wet depressions ion flatwoods

Duette fine sand Moderately well

Low ridges and flatwoods

Felda fine sand Poor Sloughs or low hammocks

Floridana mucky fine sand, depressional Very poor Depressional areas

Immokalee sand Poor Broad areas on flatwoods

Kaliga muck Very poor Swamps and marshes

Malabar fine sand Poor Low narrow to broad sloughs

Oldsmar fine sand Poor Broad areas of flatwoods

Placid &Myakka fine sand, depressional Very poor Depressions in flatwoods

Samsula muck Very poor Swamps and marshes

Smyrna and Myakka fine sand Poor Broad areas on flatwoods

Valkaria sand Poor Sloughs in flatwoods

The natural vegetation of these soil types is variable throughout the project. In the

flatwoods and hammock areas, the following are found: longleaf pine, South Florida slash pine, slash pine, live oak, laurel oak, running oak, sand live oak, turkey oak, Chapman oak, cabbage palm, saw palmetto, gallberry, waxmyrtle, oak, fetterbush lyonia, and pineland threeawn. The wetter soils are vegetated in St. Johnswort, bay cypress, blackgum, Chalky bluestem, and blue maidencane along with open expanses of grasses, sedges, rushes, and other herbaceous plants and water-tolerant trees.

2.4 Paleoenvironmental Conditions

The early environment of the region was different from that seen today. Sea levels were

lower, the climate was arid, and fresh water was scarce. An understanding of human ecology during the earliest periods of human occupation in Florida cannot be based on observations of the modern environment because of changes in water availability, botanical communities, and faunal resources. Aboriginal inhabitants would have developed cultural adaptations in response to the environmental changes taking place which were then reflected in settlement patterns, site types, artifact forms, and subsistence economies.


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Due to the arid conditions between 16,500 and 12,500 years ago, the perched water aquifer and potable water supplies were absent (Dunbar 1981:95). Palynological studies conducted in Florida and Georgia suggest that between 13,000 and 5000 years ago, this area was covered with an upland vegetation community of scrub oak and prairie (Watts 1969, 1971, 1975). The rise of sea level reduced xeric habitats over the next several millennia. Intermittent flow in the Hillsborough River some 8500 years ago was likely due to precipitation and surface runoff, and by 6000 years ago the river probably began flowing as a result of spring discharge from the Floridan aquifer (Dunbar 1981:99).

By 5000 years ago, a climatic event marking a brief return to Pleistocene climatic

conditions induced a change toward more open vegetation. Southern pine forests replaced the oak savannahs. Extensive marshes and swamps developed along the coasts and subtropical hardwood forests became established along the southern tip of Florida (Delcourt and Delcourt 1981). Northern Florida saw an increase in oak species, grasses, and sedges (Carbone 1983). At Lake Annie, in south central Florida, pollen cores were dominated by wax myrtle and pine. The assemblage suggests that by this time, a forest dominated by longleaf pine along with cypress swamps and bayheads existed in the area (Watts 1971, 1975). By about 3500 B.C.E (Before Common Era), surface water was plentiful in karst terrains and the level of the Floridan aquifer rose to 1.5 meter (m) (5 ft) above present levels. After this time, modern floral, climatic, and environmental conditions began to be established.


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3.0 CULTURAL CHRONOLOGY A discussion of the culture history of a specific geographic region provides a general

framework within which the local archaeological and historic record can be examined. Archaeological and historic sites are not individual entities, but are the remains of once dynamic cultural systems. As a result, they cannot be adequately examined or interpreted without reference to other sites and resources within the general area.

In general, archaeologists summarize the culture history of a given area (i.e., an

archaeological region) by outlining the sequence of archaeological cultures through time. These cultures are defined largely in geographical terms but also reflect shared environmental and cultural factors. The project area is situated within the Okeechobee Basin Archaeological Region (Griffin 1988; Milanich 1994) (Figure 3.1). The Okeechobee Basin includes the lands around the lake and much of the Kissimmee River drainage (Milanich 1994:280).

The sequence of cultural development for the South Florida Region is pan-regional

during the earliest periods of human occupation: the Paleo-Indian and the Archaic. By approximately 500 B.C.E., distinctive regional cultures were present and the Belle Glade culture had developed in adaptation to the surrounding savannahs and hammocks. A notable feature of this area is the large and sometimes complex earthworks, including linear ridges, circular-linear earthworks, and circular earthworks. These are found in the area surrounding Lake Okeechobee and extending northward into the Kissimmee River Valley.

The local history of the region is divided into four broad periods based initially upon the

major governmental powers. The first period, Colonialism, occurred during the exploration and control of Florida by the Spanish and British from around 1513 until 1821. At that time, Florida became a territory of the United States and 21 years later became a State (Territorial and Statehood). The Civil War and Aftermath (1861-1899) period deals with the Civil War, the period of Reconstruction following the war, and the late 1800s, when the transportation systems were dramatically increased and development throughout the state expanded. The Twentieth Century period is self-explanatory, but subperiods within this period have been defined based on important historic events such as the World Wars, the Boom of the 1920s, and the Depression. Each of these periods evidenced differential development and utilization of the region, thus affecting the historic archeological site distribution across the land.

3.1 Paleo-Indian

Current archaeological evidence indicates that the earliest human occupation of the

Florida peninsula dates back some 13,500 years ago or ca. 11,500 B.C.E. (Widmer 1988). The earliest occupation is referred to as the Paleo-Indian Period. It lasted until approximately 7000 B.C.E.

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Post-500 BCE regions of precolumbian Florida

(adapted from Milanich 1994:xix)

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1 Northwest2 North3 North-Central4 East and Central5 North Peninsular Gulf Coast6 Central Peninsular Gulf Coast7 Caloosahatchee8 Okeechobee Basin9 Glades

Figure 3.1. Florida Archaeological Regions. The project area ( ) is within the Okeechobee Region.


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During this time, the climate of south Florida was much drier than today. Sea level was 80-130 m (260 to 425 ft) lower than present and the coast extended approximately 160 kilometers (km) (100 mi) seaward on the Gulf coast. With lower sea levels, today’s well-watered inland environments were arid uplands (Milanich 1994). Lake Okeechobee, the Caloosahatchee, Myakka, and Peace Rivers, the Big Cypress as well as the Everglades, were probably dry. Because of drier global conditions and little or no surface water available for evaporation, Florida’s rainfall was much lower than at present (Milanich and Fairbanks 1980:38-40). Potable water was obtainable at sinkholes where the lower water table could be reached. Plant and animal life were also more diverse around these oases, which were frequented by both people and game animals (Milanich 1994:40; Widmer 1988).

Thus, the prevailing environmental conditions were largely uninviting to human

habitation during the Paleo-Indian Period (Griffin 1988:191). Given the inhospitable climate, it is not surprising that the population was sparse and Paleo-Indian sites are uncommon in south Florida. Just to the north of Charlotte Harbor, however, evidence of Florida’s earliest inhabitants has been uncovered. Underwater excavations at both the Little Salt Springs (Clausen et al. 1979) and Warm Mineral Springs (Clausen et al. 1975a, 1975b; Cockrell and Murphy 1978) in Sarasota County provide much of the information about this period. Work at the Cutler Fossil Site in Dade County (Carr 1986), southeast of the Caloosahatchee region, has yielded two projectile points associated with a hearth area, radiocarbon dated to the Paleo-Indian Period (ca. 7760 B.C.E.)

In general, archaeologists hypothesize that the Paleo-Indian Period was characterized by

small population group size and a hunting and gathering mode of subsistence. Permanent sources of water, scarce during this time, were very important in settlement selection (Daniel and Wisenbaker 1987). This settlement model, often referred to as the Oasis Hypothesis (Milanich 1994:41), has a high correlation with geologic features in southern Florida such as deep sink holes like those noted in Sarasota and Dade Counties. Sites of this period are most readily identified based on distinctive lanceolate shaped stone projectile points including those of the Simpson and Suwannee types (Bullen 1975). The tool assemblage also included items manufactured of bone, wood, and very likely leather, as well as plant fibers (Clausen et al. 1979).

3.2 Archaic

The succeeding Archaic Period is divided into three temporal periods: the Early Archaic

(ca. 7000 to 5000 B.C.E.), Middle Archaic (ca. 5000 to 2000 B.C.E.), and the Late Archaic (ca. 2000 to 500 B.C.E.). According to Widmer (1988), the extreme aridity of the south Florida region during the Early Archaic Period may have caused the abandonment of the area. Sites of this time are almost non-existent in southwestern Florida.

By approximately 6500 years ago, or ca. 4500 B.C.E., marked environmental changes,

which had a profound influence upon human settlement and subsistence practices, occurred. Among the landscape alterations were rises in sea and water table levels that resulted in the creation of more available surface water. It was during this period that Lake Okeechobee, the Everglades, the Big Cypress, and the Caloosahatchee and Peace Rivers developed. Because of


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the changed hydrological conditions, this period is characterized by the spread of mesic forests and the beginnings of modern vegetation communities including pine forests and cypress swamps (Griffin 1988; Widmer 1988).

The archaeological record for the Middle Archaic is better understood than the Early

Archaic. Among the material culture inventory are several varieties of stemmed, broad blade projectile points including those of the Newnan, Levy, Marion, and Putnam types (Bullen 1975). At sites where preservation is good, such as sinkholes and ponds, an elaborate bone tool assemblage is recognized along with shell tools and complicated weaving (Beriault et al. 1981; Wheeler 1994). In addition, artifacts have been found in the surrounding upland areas, as exhibited in the projectile points found in the upland palmetto and pine flatwoods surrounding the Bay West Site (Beriault et al. 1981). Along the coast, excavations on both Horr’s Island in Collier County and Useppa Island in Lee County (Milanich et al. 1984; Russo 1991) have uncovered pre-ceramic shell middens that date to the Middle Archaic period.

Mortuary sites, characterized by interments in shallow ponds and sloughs as discovered

at the Little Salt Springs Site in Sarasota County (Clausen et al. 1979) and the Bay West Site in Collier County (Beriault et al. 1981), are also distinctive of the Middle Archaic. At the latter site, the remains of 35 to 40 individuals were found, some of which had been placed on leafy biers, perhaps branches, laid down in graves dug into the peat deposits. Artifacts recovered included small wooden sticks possibly used as bow drills for starting fires, antler tools with wooden hafts that appear to be sections of throwing sticks, two throwing stick triggers, and bone points or pins (Milanich 1994:81).

Pre-ceramic cultural horizons beneath tree island sites have been reported in the eastern

Everglades (Carr and Beriault 1984; Mowers and Williams 1972; Schwadron 2005). Population growth, as evidenced by the increased number of Middle Archaic sites and accompanied by increased socio-cultural complexity, is also assumed for this time (Milanich and Fairbanks 1980; Widmer 1988).

The beginning of the Late (or Ceramic) Archaic Period is similar in many respects to the

Middle Archaic but includes the addition of ceramics. The earliest pottery in the south Florida region is fiber-tempered (Orange Plain and Orange Incised), as represented at sites on Key Marco (Cockrell 1970; Widmer 1974). Projectile points of the Late Archaic are primarily stemmed and corner-notched, and include those of the Culbreath, Clay, and Lafayette types (Bullen 1975). Other lithic tools of the Late Archaic include hafted scrapers and ovate and triangular-shaped knives (Milanich and Fairbanks 1980). Archaeological evidence indicates that south Florida was sparsely settled during this time with only a few sites recorded.

3.3 Glades Tradition

The Glades Tradition was defined by Goggin based on work he conducted in South

Florida in the 1930s and 1940s (Goggin 1947). Goggin noticed that the archaeological assemblage, beginning about 500 B.C.E., began to take on a distinct appearance. This appearance reflected an adaptation to the tropical coastal environment of South Florida because


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the estuary systems, along with their high biological productivity, were now well established. The archaeological record disclosed widespread population increases and an apparent florescence in tool assemblages related to the exploitation of the marine environment.

Most information concerning the post-500 B.C.E. aboriginal populations is derived from

coastal sites where the subsistence patterns are typified by the extensive exploitation of fish and shellfish, wild plants, and inland game, such as deer. Inland sites, such as those in the Big Cypress Swamp, show a greater, if not exclusive, reliance on interior resources. Known inland sites often consist of sand burial mounds and shell and dirt middens along major water courses and small dirt middens containing animal bone and ceramic sherds in oak/palm hammocks or palm tree islands associated with freshwater marshes. However, the most conspicuous site types are earthworks. These complexes include such forms as circular ditches, liner ridges, and various combinations of these features (Carr 1975). Many of these are situated in the broad flat savannahs. Sears (1982) has hypothesized that Belle Glade peoples constructed these to provide artificial, dry fields for the growing of maize.

Belle Glade Period I (500 B.C.E.-200 C.E. [Common Era]): Small house mounds in

the savannahs along the creek banks characterize the settlement pattern of this period. Sears has hypothesized that small fields encircled and drained by ditches may date as early as 1000 to 800 B.C.E. (Sears 1982). By 450 B.C.E., the large circular field at Fort Center was built. Ceramics gradually change from semi-fiber-tempered to sand-tempered during this long period, and little evidence has been found to link the peoples of the Okeechobee Basin with other Florida aboriginal cultures, except the St. Johns area. In the project vicinity, evidence of this early period is found at the Ortona complex where recent research indicates that “…initial occupation might have occurred during the Belle Glade I period, if not earlier (Carr et al. 1995:259).”

Belle Glade Period II (200-800 C.E.): Belle Glade Plain pottery became the dominant

ceramic ware at the Fort Center Site and within the region by the beginning of this period, ca. 200 C.E. Raised fields were used for planting to avoid the high water table (Sears 1982:185-189). At the Fort Center Site, a distinct mortuary ceremonialism is found to mark Period II. In addition to house mounds, there is evidence that ceremonial mounds, a charnel platform amid a mortuary pond, and other earthworks were built during this period. The preparation of the dead apparently became a complex cultural trait, and certain artifacts such as trade ceramics, wooden carvings, and some shells were utilized. Connections between the Fort Center maize-based economy and ceremonialism, and the Hopewell sites in Florida and throughout the eastern United States have been suggested (Sears 1982:198-199). However, others have refuted the hypothesis that maize agriculture was an important economic mainstay (Johnson 1991). Based on percentages of Belle Glade Plain ceramics and a platform pipe fragment, Mound B at Ortona probably dates to this period which terminated about 600/800 C.E.

Belle Glade Period III: (800-1400 C.E.): Period III was a hiatus between Period II and

the later Calusa empire as Sears has suggested (1982). Long linear ridges were used for horticulture during this period. Belle Glade Plain ceramics increased in frequency, and St. Johns Check-Stamped begins to appear in small quantities sometime after 1000 C.E. Sears suggests that during this period there was little change in artifacts, and faunal evidence indicates a continued use of the total environment for food resources.


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Belle Glade Period IV: (1400-1700 C.E.): This period is marked by the dominance of Belle Glade Plain in the ceramic assemblage. A series of new rim forms became common, particularly the expanded flat and comma shaped varieties. Aboriginal artifacts manufactured from European-derived metals, and historic materials such as glass beads and San Luis polychrome majolica, appear in sites throughout South Florida. Among the distinctive artifacts are small metal ceremonial tablets, whose focus of distribution is the area around Lake Okeechobee, including its tributaries and drainages (Allerton et al. 1984). Indeed, Sears concludes that “. . . Fort Center was a part of the sixteenth and seventeenth century Calusa empire . . .,” and he adds that three of the “metal badges” found at Fort Center are the largest and heaviest known, suggesting the importance of the inland region” (1982:201).

Regional sites dating to this period, at least in part, include the Daugherty Site (8HG3),

an earthworks complex located on the Kissimmee River where a ceremonial tablet was unearthed from a sand burial mound (Allerton et al. 1984:28). Further to the south, the Belle Glade Site in Palm Beach County yielded elaborate European grave goods, including gold, silver, and copper items as well as glass beads (Willey 1949:60-61).

One or more mounds at the Ortona complex, west of Lake Okeechobee, may be dated to

Belle Glade IV due to a high ratio of Belle Glade Plain and a high frequency of well-made late rim forms. Similar late-style Belle Glade Plain pottery and a complete absence of sand-tempered pottery characterize the vicinity of Mound H, the mound attached to the Large Mound. Thus, archaeological research suggests that some portions of the Ortona complex date from ca. 1000 to 1200. “Like Fort Center, it appears that at least some parts of the Ortona Site were used until the period of Spanish contact. This is evidenced by European artifacts, including Nueva Cadiz beads which were recovered by Goggin at the Ortona burial mound” (Carr et al. 1995:260).

Throughout the Belle Glade area, the diversity of food resources aided the development

of the powerful Calusa domain. In addition to the readily available fish, deer, alligator, snakes, opossums, and turtles, Fontaneda, a Spanish captive of the Calusa, described bread made of roots that grew in the lake area. Maize cultivation, however, was not mentioned by Fontaneda who spent more than a decade in captivity. According to Hale (1984:183), “the absence of maize agriculture around 1545 when Fontaneda was a captive of the Calusa may be a result of a deterioration of environmental conditions in the Lake Okeechobee basin around 1300 to 1400,” rather than a lack of agricultural practices.

The Okeechobee Basin continued to be occupied through the contact period. Spanish

materials, including precious metals probably salvaged from wrecked ships, were brought into the area and often were placed as grave furnishings in burial mounds. It appears that a large population continued to live at the Fort Center Site in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries as Europeans began conquest of La Florida.

3.4 Colonialism The earliest written account of Lake Okeechobee and the general project area dates from

the sixteenth century. Fontaneda, a Spanish captive, reported that the “Caloosas” dominated all of South Florida, including “Lake of Mayaimi” (Okeechobee) which is called Mayaimi because


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it is very large. The captive referred to those living around the lake as the Guacata (Milanich 1995:43, 56) and described some 25 Indian towns surrounding Lake Okeechobee (True 1944:13, 17). References to the lake and its environs were rare in the seventeenth century. Bernard Romans noted that a Spanish pilot had been held by the Indians at settlements along the lake. Carr writes that “undoubtedly, by the mid-eighteenth century, the remaining individual members of the Indian communities of the Lake Okeechobee area, already disintegrating from the socio-economic consequences of Spanish contact, either died or migrated to the coast to be assimilated by the ‘Spanish Indians’ of the fishing ranchos” (Carr 1975:11). Nonetheless, during Spain’s first period of occupancy (1565-1763), it failed to establish permanent settlements in South Florida. Located on the fringe of Spanish activity centered in St. Augustine, the Lake Okeechobee region was too far removed for Spain to exert political control.

By the early eighteenth century, Muscogee speaking groups who became known to

English speakers as the Seminoles, moved south into Florida because of political and population pressures created by the expanding American colonies in Georgia, Alabama and South Carolina. The migrating groups formed, at various times, loose confederacies for mutual protection against the new American nation to the north (Tebeau 1980:72). Many Indians who escaped death or capture at the hands of the Americans, fled to the swamps and uncharted lands in South Florida. Here, they probably joined with any remaining members of the once powerful Calusa nation and their allies.

3.5 Territorial and Statehood

The Lake Okeechobee area was not well known to Euro-Americans until after 1835. As late as 1837, when John Lee Williams authored Territory of Florida, no mention of the lake is made nor does Williams’ map show any indication of its existence (Hutchinson 1987; Steele 1987:2). It was not until the United States Army moved into the interior in pursuit of the Seminoles that accurate maps and descriptions of the area became available.

The bloody conflict between the Americans and the Seminoles over Florida first came to

a head in 1818, and was subsequently known as the First Seminole War. The War was part of “…a policy of displacement and extermination against the American Indians in the eastern U.S., systematically removing them from the path of ‘white’ settlement” (Seminole Tribe of Florida 2002).

As a result of the war and the Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819, Florida became a United

States territory in 1821, but settlement was slow and scattered during the early years. Andrew Jackson, named provisional governor, divided the territory into St. Johns and Escambia Counties. At that time, St. Johns County encompassed all of Florida lying east of the Suwannee River, and Escambia County included the land lying to the west. In the first territorial census in 1825, some 317 persons reportedly lived in South Florida; by 1830 that number had risen to 517 (Tebeau 1980:134).

Even though the first battles of the “Wars of Removal” were fought in north Florida, the

Treaty of Moultrie Creek in 1823, at the end of the First Seminole War, was to affect the settlement of all of South Florida (Wickman 2002). The Seminoles relinquished their claim to


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the whole peninsula in return for occupancy of an approximately four million acre reservation south of Ocala and north of Charlotte Harbor (Mahon 1967:46-50). The treaty never satisfied the Indians or whites. The Seminole tradition of independence proved to be a continuing problem to the U.S. Government. This added to the inadequacy of the reservation and the desperate living conditions imposed on the Seminoles, soon produced another conflict.

By 1835, the Second Seminole War was underway. It lasted until 1842 “…when a

frustrated President John Tyler ordered the end of military action against the Seminoles, $20 million had been spent, 1500 American soldiers had died, and still no formal peace treaty had been signed” (Wickman 2002). President Tyler had no choice but to end the conflict by withdrawing U.S. troops from Florida. Some of the battle-weary Seminoles were persuaded with money to migrate west where the federal government had set aside land for Native Americans. However, those who were adamant about remaining in Florida were allowed to do so, but were pushed further south into the Everglades and Big Cypress Swamp. This area became the last stronghold for the Seminoles (Mahon 1967:321).

Although the war devastated many parts of Florida, it also stimulated development.

During the war, the United States army dispatched a number of military expeditions to the Peace River, southwest of the project area. Forts were established along the river and elsewhere throughout central Florida. Land was cleared and roads were created to provide access to the scattered forts.

Encouraged by the passage of the Armed Occupation Act in 1842, which was designed to

promote settlement and protect the Florida frontier, Anglo-American pioneers and their families moved south through Florida. The Act made available 200,000 acres outside the already developed regions south of Gainesville to the Peace River, barring coastal lands and those within a two mile radius of a fort. The Armed Occupation Act stipulated that any family or single man over 18 years of age able to bear arms could earn title to 160 acres by erecting a habitable dwelling, cultivating at least five acres of land, and living on it for five years. During the nine month period the law was in effect, 1184 permits were issued totaling some 189,440 acres (Covington 1961a:48).

In 1845, the State of Florida was admitted to the Union, and Tallahassee was selected as

the state capital. During the same year, Hillsborough County, which was established in 1834, was enlarged to include parts of Mosquito County, including the area which later became Polk County.

By 1851, approximately a dozen Anglo-American families, along with a garrison of

soldiers and a hundred or so Indians, resided in what was later to become Polk County. The earliest settlements were established along the Peace River. Pioneer homesteaders included the Blounts, Raulersons, and Summerlins, most of who were from northeast Florida. Many of the families tended to concentrate around the communities of Medulla, Bartow, Socrum, and Fort Meade (Historic Property Associates [HPA] 1992:3; McNeely and McFadyen 1961:7). Within a few years, the first federal surveys were filed in the vicinity of the project area.


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Approximately 500 Seminoles were left in Florida at the end of the Second Seminole War in 1842. This was a severe decline from the estimated 5000 Seminoles in Florida before the conflict. The remaining bands withdrew from contact with whites, living in villages scattered throughout much of South Florida. The isolation did not last. White settlers from the southwest coast began to move inland. Pressure increased to open South Florida lands. Military trails crisscrossed present day Polk County. As more homesteaders settled further south on the peninsula, difficulties with the Seminoles increased. In 1849 an “Indian Scare” began with several attacks, one occurring near a trading post at Payne’s Creek. There, white settlers employed at the post were attacked by a few young Seminoles. Two settlers were killed, and others escaped to alert surrounding settlements (Frisbie 1976:16). The possibility of repeat events such as this prompted the creation of a number of military forts throughout central Florida (Covington 1961b). In 1849, Ft. Kissimmee was strategically placed approximately half-way between Lake Okeechobee and Lake Kissimmee. Further attempts were made by the U.S. Government to force the Indians to leave for the west. Forts were established and more soldiers arrived. Hostilities broke out in December 1855 when a group of surveyors, with a military escort, penetrated the Big Cypress Swamp and Billy Bowlegs’ camp resulting in the start of the Third Seminole War (Covington 1982).

Military action was not decisive during the war; therefore, in 1858, the U.S. Government

resorted to monetary persuasion to induce the remaining Seminoles to migrate west. Chief Billy Bowlegs accepted $5000 for himself, $2500 for his lost cattle, each warrior received $500, and $100 was given to each woman and child. On May 4, 1858, the Ship Grey Cloud set sail from Fort Myers with 123 Seminoles. Stopping at Egmont Key, 41 captives and a Seminole woman guide were added to the group. On May 8, 1858, the Third Seminole War was declared officially over (Covington 1982:78-80).

The modern Florida Seminoles descended from this meager remaining population,

thought to number less than 200 Indians. The remaining bands lived in relative isolation until the late 1870s and the 1880s when the government sent observers among them (Covington 1982).

It was not until after the Third Seminole War ended in 1858 that the first white settlers

began to move into the Kissimmee River Valley. More soldiers settled in the area and civilians finally felt the land was sufficiently safe to inhabit. However, land in the project area was not acquired until the later part of the nineteenth century. In general, these pioneers were cattlemen who, attracted by the vast grazing lands, settled their families at Basinger and Fort Drum. Among the first cowboys on the prairies in the 1860s were those employed by Jacob Summerlin. Cattle drives, begun in St. Augustine, went around the northwest side of Lake Okeechobee to Fort Thompson, en route to Punta Rassa (Tebeau 1980). Settlement, however, was impeded by the lack of transportation.

3.6 Civil War and Aftermath On February 8, 1861, the state legislature created Polk County out of portions of

Hillsborough and Brevard Counties, and named it in honor of President James K. Polk (Frisbie 1976:32). That same year Florida followed South Carolina’s lead and seceded from the Union as a prelude to the American Civil War. Though homesteaders and settlers clustered around the


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drainage and supply systems of Peas Creek (Peace River), occupation was still scattered and isolated throughout the years of the War Between the States. The Civil War disrupted the economy and development of Florida. After Florida seceded from the Union, many of its male residents abandoned their farms to join the Confederate Army. However, there was little military activity in Polk County during the ensuing four years of the Civil War.

During the war, South Florida was a resource to both the Confederate States of America

and to profiteers. Although the inland area of South Florida was basically untouched by the battles of the Civil War, it contributed to the war effort through the cattle industry. Cattle were rounded up and shipped north by train or driven to Punta Rassa, at the mouth of the Caloosahatchee River, where they were smuggled through the Federal blockade to be sold in Cuban markets. The war, however, hindered real development and interrupted new agricultural endeavors, creating an economic malaise that would exist for a number of years (Tebeau 1980).

Immediately following the war, the South underwent a period of “Reconstruction” to

prepare the Confederate States for readmission to the Union. The program was administered by the U.S. Congress, and on July 25, 1868, Florida officially returned to the Union (Tebeau 1980:251). During the early post-war years, the highly-publicized 1862 Homestead Act passed by the U.S. Congress as wartime legislation, enticed more settlers into Florida to establish farms and rescue the rebel state. The end of the Civil War stimulated growth in Florida in two ways: many Southerners sought new homes to escape the unrest in the neighboring ex-Confederate states, and the war brought prosperity to a large number of Northerners who sought vacation homes in warmer climates.

Travel between Tampa, Fort Meade, and Bartow, a 48 mile trip requiring twelve hours, was completed weekly by stage (Pizzo 1968:77). Civilian activity slowly resumed a normal pace after recovery from wartime depressions. Subsistence agriculture, citrus, and cattle remained the primary economic sources in Polk County. The county seat for the new Polk County was established in 1867 on land at Fort Blount, west of the project area, given by Jacob Summerlin. The settlement was named Bartow, for Gen. Francis S. Bartow of Georgia, a wartime casualty. During the early 1870s, there were less than 150 people residing within an area of 50 square miles surrounding the county seat of Bartow (Frisbie 1976:32).

The generally unstable economy of central and south Florida hampered any noticeable

development until the 1880s, when railroads extended tracks through the area (HPA 1992:6). At that time, events occurred which contributed to the growth and development of Polk County and much of south Florida. Starting with the Disston Purchase in 1881, these events included the introduction of railroad lines into the region in 1883; the discovery of phosphate deposits along the Peace River; and the growth in the existing citrus and cattle industries.

During the Reconstruction period, Florida’s financial crisis, born of pre-war railroad

bonded indebtedness, led Governor William Bloxham to search for a buyer for an immense amount of state lands. Bloxham’s task was to raise adequate capital in one sale to free from litigation the remainder of state lands for desperately needed revenue. In March of 1881, Hamilton Disston, a Philadelphia investor and friend of Governor Bloxham, purchased four million acres from the State of Florida in order to clear the state’s debt. This transaction, which became known as the Disston Purchase, enabled the distribution of large land subsidies to


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railroad companies, inducing them to begin extensive construction programs for new lines throughout the state. Hamilton Disston and the railroad companies, in turn sold smaller parcels of land to developers and private investors (Davis 1939). Disston’s land holding company was the Florida Land and Improvement Company and he purchased several hundred acres of land near the project APE (State of Florida n.d.:252). Disston and his associates also formed the Atlantic and Gulf Coast Canal and Okeechobee Land Company on July 1881 (Davis 1938:205). This company was established as part of the drainage contract created with the State which would provide Disston and his associates with one-half of the acreage that they could drain, reclaim, and make fit for cultivation.

Disston also formed the Kissimmee Land Company to help fulfill his drainage contracts

(Hetherington 1928). Canals were dug to many area lakes and the Kissimmee River was cleaned and deepened. The dredging operations made it possible to navigate a steamboat from Lake Kissimmee to Lake Okeechobee and out to the Gulf of Mexico via the Caloosahatchee River (Tebeau 1980:280). Steamboats became commonplace on the river as people began to settle around Lake Kissimmee.

Established communities in Polk County, such as Bartow and Fort Meade, witnessed a

population growth as new settlers came in search of cheap land on which to establish homesteads. Other communities such as Avon Park and Kissimmee were established at this time primarily due to investors who purchased large tracts of land from Disston. Settlements continued to extend further south, increasing the population and number of citrus groves in South Florida (HPA 1992). The Kissimmee area also became home to sugarcane plantations and sugar mills during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries (Federal Writers' Project [FWP] 1939:364).

Railroading played a major role in the development of the region. By 1882, the South

Florida Railroad had extended its lines from Sanford to Orlando to Kissimmee. In 1883, experienced railroad entrepreneur Henry Bradley Plant purchased the controlling interest in the railroad. By January 25, 1884, Plant had completed rails connecting Kissimmee to Tampa. Plant also owned and operated the Jacksonville, Tampa, and Key West Railroad.

The South Florida Railroad, originally a narrow-gauge railroad, widened its rails to

standard gauge in 1886. This would accommodate through travel from the north, making the area even more accessible to northern tourists and investors. A second railroad company, the Florida Southern Railway Company, extended its rails from Gainesville to Lakeland in 1885. By 1890, Lakeland had become an important rail yard and shipping site in Polk County and by 1893 there were twenty train arrivals and departures a day at the local station. Essential to the economic success of Lakeland, the railroad facilitated the shipment of citrus, strawberries and phosphate, three of its key industries, to markets worldwide (Hetherington 1928:10; McNeely and McFadyen 1961: 5, 10-11).

The mining of phosphate played an important role in the development of Polk County. In

1881, while conducting studies to determine the feasibility of opening a navigable waterway from the St. Johns River to Charlotte Harbor, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers discovered valuable pebble rock phosphate deposits along the Peace River, south of Lakeland. Mining


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towns, refineries, and shipping facilities were soon to change the face of the lands in which deposits were found. From its beginnings at Zolfo and Arcadia, the phosphate craze spread throughout the Peace River Valley. However, the pebble phosphate boom was short-lived. A drop in prices, decreased demand, increasing production costs, the effects of the Great Panic of 1893, and competition from hard rock and land pebble mines, ultimately combined to close the production of pebble phosphate from the Peace River by 1908. However, larger deposits had been found east of Ft. Meade in 1887, starting a phosphate rush in Polk County. In 1890, the Pharr Phosphate Company and the Florida Phosphate Company established mines near Bartow. The first commercial shipments from the area occurred a year later, with county exports totaling 2,925 tons. By 1919, there were 17 phosphate companies in Polk County (Blakey 1974; Brown 1991; Cash 1938; Driver 1992; Historic Tampa/Hillsborough County Preservation Board [HT/HCPB] 1980).

3.7 Twentieth Century The Florida Citrus Exchange was formed in 1909, with a Polk County sub-exchange

headquartered in Bartow. A Lakeland Citrus Exchange was created in 1912. Several other packing houses and a juice plant were constructed by 1916, primarily located along the railroad tracks, northwest of downtown. By the late 1910s, the naval stores industry which produced turpentine, lumber and rosin, joined the citrus and phosphate industries as a prime economic resource in Polk County.

In 1916, the Good Roads Association sponsored a 1.5 million dollar bond issue to build

217 miles of asphalt highways linking every major city in Polk County. By 1923, another one million dollars had been spent for a total of 340 miles of asphalt roads in Polk County. Arches were erected at each major point of entry. At this time, Polk County was believed to be the only county in the country in which every town was linked by paved roads (Brown 2001; Frisbie 1976:10; Hetherington 1928:174-77; Kendrick 1964; McNeely 1961).

The expanding road system, mild winters, new hotels, and propaganda which advertised

the state as a tropical paradise, prompted the Florida Land Boom of the 1920s, spurring widespread development of towns and highways. Polk County boasted 326 miles of “velvet asphalt highways winding through 50,000 acres of orange groves and around hundreds of lakes” (Barber 1975:324-325).

However, the 1926 real estate economy in Florida was based upon such wild land

speculations that banks could not keep track of loans or property values. By October 1926, rumors were rampant in northern newspapers concerning fraudulent practices in the real estate market in south Florida. Confidence in the Florida real estate market quickly diminished, investors could not sell lots, and depression hit Florida earlier than the rest of the nation. Simultaneously, the agricultural industry suffered a devastating infestation by the Mediterranean fruit fly which endangered the future of the entire citrus industry. To make the situation even worse, two hurricanes hit south Florida in 1926 and 1928. The hurricanes destroyed confidence in Florida as a tropical paradise and created a flood of refugees fleeing northward. Soon after, the October 1929 stock market crash and the onset of the Great Depression left the area in a state of


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stagnation. The 1930s saw the closing of mines and mills and citrus packing plants, and widespread unemployment.

Exacerbating the economic downturn was the compulsory cattle dipping law which

forced cattle owners to dip their stock every two weeks for two years. This law was enforced in an effort to eradicate the cattle fever tick, responsible for transmission of tick fever. This disease, which was debilitating to the nation’s southern stock, was fatal to northern herds (Black 1998). Although the program was subsidized by the state, until the correct “dip recipe” was discovered, numerous cattle were lost to overdosing, at the expense of the private ranchers (Black 1998). In addition, with cattle scattered over vast distances, bi-monthly dipping required constant hours in the saddle for the roundups (Akerman 1976). Despite the short term economic burden placed on ranchers, many see the cattle dipping program as the birth of the cattle industry in Florida. Prior to this, herds were allowed to roam freely. The legislation made ranchers accountable for their herds, a responsibility, which, practically translated, resulted in fenced ranches and branded cattle (Carlton 1997).

It was not until the start of World War II in 1941 that the nation and Florida truly came

out of the Depression. The region experienced an influx of military and civilian personnel throughout the war, and many returned to live permanently in Florida. Federal road-building, airfield construction, and the production of materials such as planes and ships for the wartime defense effort brought unparalleled numbers of Americans into Florida and the project area during the postwar years. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, during the 1940s, the state’s population grew over 40% (USCB 1995).

The war and federal efforts to package and transport food resulted in innovative changes

in the citrus industry. Rapid expansion occurred in the citrus canning field. The 1940s saw an industry-wide rebound as wartime and post-wartime demands for modern agricultural production created economic market incentives worldwide. Conglomerate corporations entered the market as technology evolved and small scale operations disappeared (Tebeau 1980).

The years following World War II brought about a new growth for Florida, greatly

surpassing that of the 1920s land boom. Many veterans who had served on the numerous military bases in Florida during the war returned with their families after the war, seeking permanent residence. To accommodate this rapid growth, new subdivisions were established and residential neighborhoods were developed. The highway system also expanded to meet the demands of the increased number of automobiles. Interstate 4 opened between Lakeland and Tampa by 1960 and between Lakeland and Orlando by 1965.

The post-World War II development of Polk County is similar to that of the rest of

Florida with an increasing number of automobiles and asphalt, sprawl away from the historic commercial center, and strip development along major highways. Economically the county continues to rely on the industries which have historically supported it. Polk County’s phosphate and agricultural industries continue to provide the foundation of the economy. The county has one of the world’s largest phosphate deposits, an abundance which has resulted in the mining of approximately 200,000 acres. Related industries including agricultural and industrial chemical manufacturing plants contribute to the region’s economy. Polk County continues to lead the state


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in agricultural production with 621,489 acres under cultivation; 16% of this acreage is citrus. In 1998, Polk County ranked fourth in the state in beef cattle with an estimated 58,000 head of cattle. In addition to these economic mainstays, tourism is playing an increasingly vital role in the county’s economy due to central Florida’s numerous attractions. Polk County’s total population in 2000 was 483,924 with a median age of 40.4 years old. The 2006 estimated population was 561,606, of which over 60% resided in unincorporated areas (Polk County BOCC 2000-2008; USCB 2008).

3.8 Project Area Specifics

The general project area has not changed much since 1952 when some of the first aerials

of the project were made (Figure 3.2). In 1952, much of the area appears to be vacant and rural in nature. By 1968, it appears that some of the land had been altered probably for agricultural purposes. In addition, several of the canals, perhaps those previously recorded in the FMSF (see Sections 4.0 and 5.0 of this report) may be shown on the later aerial (USDA 1952, 1968). In addition, it is interesting to note the change to the Kissimmee drainage pattern between 1952 and 1968 along the Polk and Osceola counties’ line.

SR 60 PD&E from CR 630 to Prairie Lake

Road Polk & Osceola Counties FPID No.: 433856-1-22-01

Figure 3.2. 1952 and 1968 aerial photographs of the SR 60 project APE (USDA 1952, 1968).

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4.0 RESEARCH CONSIDERATION AND METHODS

4.1 Background Research and Literature Review

A review of archaeological literature, records, and other documents pertaining to the SR

60 project APE was conducted. The focus of this research was to ascertain the types of cultural resources known in the project area and vicinity, their temporal/cultural affiliations, site location information, and other relevant data. This included a review of sites listed in the NRHP, the FMSF, cultural resource survey reports, published books and articles, unpublished manuscripts and maps. In addition, the ETDM (#13916) report was also reviewed. No individuals familiar with the local prehistory/history were available for interview.

4.1.1 Archaeological Considerations

For archaeological survey projects of this kind, specific research designs are formulated

prior to initiating fieldwork to delineate project goals and strategies. Of primary importance is an attempt to understand, based on prior investigations, the spatial distribution of known resources. Such knowledge serves not only to generate an informed set of expectations concerning the kinds of sites which might be anticipated to occur within the project area, but also provides a valuable regional perspective, and thus, a basis for evaluating any new sites discovered.

A review of the FMSF indicated that no professional cultural resource assessment

surveys were conducted in the area until the late 1970s, and even then, only six surveys have been conducted within 8 kilometer (km) (5 miles) of the project area. There are five archaeological sites located within one mile of the project APE (Figure 4.1). None of the archaeological sites was recorded as the result of a CRAS.

Very little data is available on the Grape Hammock Sites (8PO00003-00006). The sites

were reported based on “Moore, Notes 1904-06, Vol. 25, flypiece” (FMSF). However, no C.B. Moore documentation was found containing information on these sites. Grape Hammock was a steamboat stop during the late 1800s and early 1900s, so it is likely that he visited the sites, but perhaps never wrote them up for publication. The Grape Hammock (8PO00004) and Grape Hammock I (8PO00003) sites are described as a “ridge with a mound on it” (FMSF). The Grape Hammock Site did produced Belle Glade Plain, Glades Plain, St. Johns Plain, and St. Johns Check Stamped ceramics. Grape Hammock 2 (8PO00005) was described as 100’ x 100’ x 3’ by Robert Caruthers, but no data were included about any artifacts recovered (FMSF). Grape Hammock 3 (8PO00006) was reportedly two feet taller, but again, no other information was available as to what types of materials, if any, were recovered (FMSF).

The remaining site is the Lake Kissimmee Outlet Site (8OS00009) which was recorded by John Goggin in 1952. This artifact scatter contained St. Johns period materials as well as artifacts dating from the nineteenth and twentieth centuries (FMSF).



Figure 4.1. Location of cultural resources within one mile of the SR 60 APE; USGS Lake Weohyakpka SE and Lake Marian SW.

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8PO07228

8PO07057

8PO07056

8PO07058

8OS00009

8PO00003

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8PO076538PO07651

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Copyright:© 2013 National Geographic Society, i-cubed

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Legend

Historic Structure

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The first professional archaeological survey done in the general project area was conducted along SR 60. In 1978, a cultural resource survey of SR 60 from Lake Wales east to the Osceola County Line was conducted by William Browning, FDOT archaeologist. He found no archaeological or historic sites eligible for listing in the NRHP (Morrell 1978). No cultural resources were located by ACI during the CRAS for the SR 60 bridge replacement over the Kissimmee River (ACI 1996). The CRAS conducted for the River Ranch Development in Wildcat Hammock, south of the project area, also failed to recover any cultural resources (Austin and Fuhrmeister 1990). However, during ACI’s survey of the Lake Kissimmee Boat Ramp, north of the project area on the west side of the river, one archaeological occurrence (AO) was found. An AO is defined as “one or two non-diagnostic artifacts, not known to be distant from the original context, which fit within a hypothetical cylinder of thirty meters diameter, regardless of depth below surface” (FMSF 1999:10). This AO consisted of two pieces of St. Johns plain body sherds (ACI 2008).

The CARL archaeological survey of the Three Lakes Wildlife Management Area

(WMA), located on the opposite side of Lake Kissimmee resulted in the recording of numerous archaeological sites, many of which were associated with the local cattle and timber/naval stores industries (Vojnovski and Newman 2002). The aboriginal sites included middens, mounds, and artifact scatters. Five monitoring wells were installed within the WMA; a shovel test was excavated at each proposed well site prior to installation. No cultural resources were discovered (Glass 2007).

In terms of site location patterning, most of the sites near the study area are situated

proximate to a potable water source (e.g., wetland or lake). As archaeologists have long realized, aboriginal populations did not select their habitation sites and special activity areas in a random fashion. Rather, many environmental factors had a direct influence upon site location selection. In addition to freshwater availability, relative elevation, and better drained soils, proximity to food and other resources including stone and clay were important site selection criteria. In general, it has been repeatedly demonstrated that the majority of prehistoric archaeological sites are located proximate to a permanent or semi-permanent source of potable water. In addition, they are found, more often than not, on better drained soils, and at the better drained upland margins of swamps, sinkholes, lakes and ponds. Paleoindian and early Archaic Period site settlement patterns were more strongly determined by availability of water and high quality stone resources suitable for tool manufacture.

The project area was considered to have a low to moderate potential for the occurrence of

aboriginal and historic period archaeological sites based on the background research and the ETDM report (#13916) which assigned the project a moderate degree of effect (FDOT 2013). Although the project area is adjacent to Lake Kissimmee and has several wetland features within the project boundary, the soil types are poorly to very poorly drained and the topography is generally flat. The types of sites expected would include low-density artifact scatters consisting of a small quantify of lithic and/or ceramic artifacts. Small midden deposits may also be expected, evidencing the utilization of the locally available aquatic resources.


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4.1.2 Historical Considerations A review of the FMSF revealed that three historic bridges (8PO07651-8PO07653) and

one linear resource (8PO07057) have been recorded within the project APE (Figure 4.1). They were determined ineligible by the SHPO in 2013. The previously recorded linear resource, the Buttermilk Slough Canal (8PO07057), is part of the Packingham/Buttermilk Slough Canals/Levees Resource Group (8PO07058). The Packingham and Buttermilk canal/levee systems were constructed between 1930 and 1950 by the Consolidated Naval Stores Company (Jones 2006). While the Buttermilk Slough Canal is within the APE, the Packingham Slough Canal (8PO07056) lies approximately 750 feet south of the APE. Both canal/levee systems and the resource group overall were determined ineligible for listing in the NRHP in 2007. Lastly, an assessment of the 1855 Plat indicated no potential for nineteenth-century forts, battle sites, or military trails within the project area.

A review of the Polk County Property Appraiser data and 1941-68 aerial photographs on

file at the Publication of Archival Library & Museum Materials (PALMM) indicated the potential for one newly identified historic resource within the project APE (USDA 1941, 1944, 1951, 1958, 1968).

4.2 Field Methodology

Archaeological field methodology included ground surface inspection as well as

subsurface shovel testing, in order to locate sites not exposed on the ground. Subsurface testing was systematically carried out at 50 m (164 ft) intervals, as well as judgmentally within the project area. In addition, archaeologists were aware of the potential for evidence of the dirt road which once traversed part of the property. Shovel test pits were circular and measured approximately 50 centimeter (cm) (20 inch [in]) in diameter by at least 1 m (3.3 ft) in depth unless precluded by groundwater intrusion. All soil removed was screened through 0.64 cm (0.25 in) mesh hardware cloth to maximize the recovery of artifacts. The locations of all shovel tests were plotted on the aerial map, and, following recording of relevant data such as stratigraphic profile, all test pits were refilled.

The historical/architectural field survey consisted of a visual reconnaissance of the

project area to determine and verify the location of all buildings and other structures (i.e. bridges) believed to have been built prior to 1965, and to establish if any such resources could be determined eligible for listing in the NRHP. This was followed by an in-depth study of any identified historic resources which appeared to be potentially NRHP-eligible. Photographs were taken and information needed for the completion of FMSF forms was collected. In addition to an architectural description, each historic structure was reviewed to assess style, historic context, condition, and NRHP eligibility. Pertinent records housed at the Polk County Property Appraisers’ Office were examined, and residents or other knowledgeable persons were interviewed to obtain information concerning site-specific building construction dates and/or possible association with individuals or events significant to local or regional history. A reconnaissance of the project area vicinity was also conducted to determine the potential for a historic district.


4-5

4.3 Unexpected Discoveries

If human burial sites such as Indian mounds, lost historic and prehistoric cemeteries, or

other unmarked burials or associated artifacts were found, then the provisions and guidelines set forth in Chapter 872.05, FS (Florida’s Unmarked Burial Law) will be followed. Although burial mounds have been recorded in the general region, it was not anticipated that such sites would be found within the project area.

4.4 Laboratory Methods and Curation

No cultural materials were recovered as a result of this project, thus no lab methods were

implemented. All project related materials (i.e., maps, field notes, etc.) are on file at ACI in Sarasota,

pending location to an FDOT repository. A copy of this report, FMSF form, and survey log will also be on file at the FDHR, Tallahassee.


5-1

5.0 SURVEY RESULTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Archaeological Results

Based on background research, the project APE was determined to have a low to

moderate archaeological potential due to poorly drained soils. As a result, archaeological survey included the excavation of 72 shovel tests (Figures 5.1-5.4) in the project area at 50 m (164 ft) intervals, as well as judgmentally (n=8). As a result of the testing, no historic or prehistoric archaeological sites were found.

Soil types were variable throughout the project APE but consisted of the following

general stratigraphy:

Table 5.1. Soil stratigraphy within the project APE. Environment Stratigraphy Variable scrub to flatwoods 0-30 cm of gray sand; 30-100 cm of light brown sand

Flatwoods area 0-20 cm of gray sand; 20-100 cm of light grayish-brown sand; water between 50-60 cm

Partially cleared flatwoods 0-100 cm of grayish-brown gravelly sand Rural residential lots, Agricultural land

0-20 cm of dark gray sand; 20-50 cm of gray sandy muck; water at 20-30 cm

Hammock 0-20 cm of dark gray sand; 20-50 cm of light brown sandy muck; water at 30-40 cm

Disturbed lands 0-100 cm of grayish-brown gravelly sand

5.2 Historical/Architectural Results

A total of five extant historic resources were identified as a result of the

historical/architectural field survey. These include three previously recorded bridges (8PO07651-8PO07653) and a linear resource (8PO07219) that were identified during background research and one building (8PO8025) that was newly identified within the project APE (Figure 5.2).

The previously recorded bridges within the project APE (8PO07651- 8PO07653) are

FDOT Bridges Nos. 160037, 160077, and 160039, respectively. All three bridges were determined ineligible for listing in the NRHP by the SHPO in 2013. The linear resource, a portion of the Buttermilk Slough Canal (8PO07057), was determined ineligible for listing in the NRHP in 2007.

The newly identified historic building at 22501 SR 60 (8PO08025) is not a superior

example of a type, style or method of construction and it has been altered with replacement materials and additions. In addition, limited research did not reveal any significant associations to persons or events. As a result, 8PO08025 is not considered eligible for listing in the NRHP, either individually or as part of a historic district.



Figure 5.1. Location of the shovel tests (not to scale) in the SR 60 project APE.

5-2

DBegin project

CR

630

Source: Esri, DigitalGlobe, GeoEye, Earthstar Geographics, CNES/Airbus DS, USDA,USGS, AEX, Getmapping, Aerogrid, IGN, IGP, swisstopo, and the GIS User Community,Esri, HERE, DeLorme, MapmyIndia, © OpenStreetMap contributors

¹

0 500 1,000Feet

0 200 400Meters

D match point

shovel test

project APE

2/28/2014




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DD

8PO08025


¹

0 500 1,000Feet

0 200 400Meters

D match point

newly recorded structure

shovel test

project APE

2/28/2014




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DD

8PO08025


¹

0 500 1,000Feet

0 200 400Meters

D match point

newly recorded structure

shovel test

project APE

2/28/2014

SR 60 PD&E from CR 630 to Prairie

Lake Road Polk & Osceola Counties FPID No.: 433856-1-22-01


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D

End project


¹

0 500 1,000Feet

0 200 400Meters

D match point

shovel test

project APE

2/28/2014


5-6

Overall, it is the opinion of ACI’s architectural historian that none of the five total resources that fall within the APE are considered eligible for listing in the NRHP, either individually or as part of a historic district. A description and photograph of the newly identified resource follows, and a copy of the FMSF form is contained in Appendix A. As there were no changes to the previously identified bridges and linear resource since the last survey, and because no new information regarding association or significance was discovered during background research, the corresponding FMSF form for these resources (8PO07651-7653, 8PO07057) were not updated. No further investigations are warranted.

Photo 5.1. 22501 SR 60 (8PO08025), looking northwest.

8PO08025: The Frame Vernacular style building at 22501 State Road 60 (Photo 5.1)

was constructed circa 1945. The one-story, rectangular plan dwelling sits on concrete piers and has a balloon wood frame structural system clad in wood siding and plywood. The gable roof is covered with composition shingles, while the flat roof over the front porch is clad with metal shingles. The main entryway is on the south elevation through a single composite door that grants access to a full-width enclosed front porch. The main entrance is beneath a vinyl awning atop a concrete stoop that is flanked by a single wooden railing. Windows are a combination of independent wood 1/1 double-hung sash and paired metal 1/1 single-hung sash units. The building was outfitted with several replacement windows circa 1985, and the gable roof was resurfaced with composition shingles circa 2014. The roof was previously covered with metal shingles. Structural and decorative features include extended eaves, wood window frames, concrete window sills, and metal coping along the flat roof over the front porch. There are several farming/ industrial buildings located slightly north of the dwelling. The dwelling is in fair condition and retains little original exterior fabric. Overall, it is a typical example of a Frame Vernacular style building found throughout Polk County and the state of Florida, and research


5-7

revealed no significant historic associations. As a result, 8PO08025 does not appear eligible for listing in the NRHP, either individually or as part of a historic district.

5.3 Recommendations

No significant archaeological sites or historic resources are located within the SR 60

project APE. Therefore, development of the tract will have no effect on any cultural resources that are listed, determined eligible, or considered potentially eligible for listing in the NRHP.


6-1

6.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY ACI 1996 Cultural Resource Assessment Survey Report SR 60 Kissimmee River Bridge

Replacement PD&E Osceola County, Florida. ACI, Sarasota. 2008 Cultural Resource Assessment Survey Report Lake Kissimmee Boat Ramp and Day

Use Area, Polk County, Florida. ACI, Sarasota. 2013a Cultural Resource Assessment, FDOT District One from CR 630 to Kissimmee River

Bridge SR 60 Over Buttermilk Slough North Fork Bridge No. 160037, Polk County, Florida. ACI, Sarasota.

2013b Cultural Resource Assessment, FDOT District One from CR 630 to Kissimmee River Bridge SR 60 Over Buttermilk Slough Bridge No. 160077, Polk County, Florida. ACI, Sarasota.

2013c Cultural Resource Assessment, FDOT District One from CR 630 to Kissimmee River Bridge SR 60 Over Sheep Hammock Creek Bridge No. 160039, Polk County, Florida. ACI, Sarasota.

Akerman, Joe A. 1976 Florida Cowman: A History of Florida Cattle Raising. 4th edition. Florida

Cattlemen's Association, Kissimmee. Allerton, David, George M. Luer, and Robert S. Carr 1984 Ceremonial Tablets and Related Objects from Florida. The Florida Anthropologist

37(1): 5-54. Austin, Robert J. 1987 Prehistoric and Early Historic Settlement in the Kissimmee River Valley: An

Archaeological Survey of the Avon Park Air Force Range. The Florida Anthropologist 40(4): 287-300.

Austin, Robert J. and Charles Fuhrmeister 1990 A Cultural Resource Assessment Survey of Wildcat Hammock, River Ranch

Development Site, Polk County, Florida. Janus Research, Tampa. Austin, Robert J. and Jacquelyn Piper 1986 A Preliminary Cultural Resource Assessment Survey of Avon Park Air Force Range,

Polk and Highlands Counties, Florida. Janus Research, Tampa. Barber, Bernice M 1975 From Beginnings to Boom. Privately published, Haines City. Beriault, John G., Robert Carr, Jerry Stipp, Richard Johnson, and Jack Meeder 1981 The Archaeological Salvage of the Bay West Site, Collier County, Florida. The

Florida Anthropologist 34(2): 39-58.


6-2

Black, Neal 1998 Cattle Tick Fever. In Animal Health: A Century of Progress. Edited by. United States

Animal Health Association. http://members.bellatlantic.net/~vze4hqhe/history/chapter3.htm.

Blakey, Arch F. 1974 History of the Florida Phosphate Industry. Harvard University Press, Cambridge. Brooks, Mark J. 1983 An Archaeological Survey of the Proposed X Range Construction Project Area, Avon

Park Air Force Range, Highlands County, Florida. Janus Research, Tampa. Brown, Canter, Jr. 1991 Florida's Peace River Frontier. University of Central Florida Press, Orlando. Bullen, Ripley P. 1975 A Guide to the Identification of Florida Projectile Points. Kendall Books,

Gainesville. Carbone, Victor 1983 Late Quaternary Environment in Florida and the Southeast. The Florida

Anthropologist 36(1-2): 3-17. Carlton, Doyle E., Jr. 1997 Doyle Carlton at Cracker County. Interview of Doyle E. Carlton, Jr. by G. Pierce

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Southern Florida. The Florida Anthropologist 39(3, Part 2): 231-232. Carr, Robert S. , David Dickel, and Marily Masson 1995 Archaeological Investigations at the Ortona Earthworks and Mounds. The Florida

Anthropologist 48: 227-264. Carr, Robert S. and John G. Beriault 1984 Prehistoric Man in Southern Florida. In Environments of South Florida, Past and

Present. Edited by P. J. Gleason, pp. 1-14. Miami Geological Society Memoir 2, Miami.


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Cash, W. T. 1938 The Story of Florida. Vol. Volume II. The American Historical Society, New York. Clausen, Carl J., H. K. Brooks, and A. B. Wesolowsky 1975a The Early Man Site at Warm Mineral Springs, Florida. Journal of Field Archaeology

2(3): 191-213. 1975b Florida Spring Confirmed as 10,000 Year Old Early Man Site. Florida

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thesis, Department of Anthropology, Florida State University, Tallahassee. Cockrell, W. A. and Larry E. Murphy 1978 Pleistocene Man in Florida. Archaeology of Eastern North America 6: 1-13. Covington, James W. 1961a The Armed Occupation Act of 1842. Florida Historical Quarterly 40(1): 41-53. 1961b The Indian Scare of 1849. Tequesta 21: 53-62. 1982 The Billy Bowlegs War 1855-1858: The Final Stand of the Seminoles Against the

Whites. The Mickler House Publishers, Chuluota. Daniel, I. Randolph and Michael Wisenbaker 1987 Harney Flats: A Florida Paleo-Indian Site. Baywood Publishing Co., Inc.,

Farmingdale. Davis, T. Frederick 1939 The Disston Land Purchase. Florida Historical Quarterly 17(3): 200-210. Delcourt, Paul A. and Hazel R. Delcourt 1981 Vegetation Maps for Eastern North America: 40,000 yr B.P. to the Present. In

Geobotony II. Edited by R. C. Romans, pp. 123-165. Plenum Publishing Corp., New York.

Driver, Raymond L. 1992 Bone Valley Comes to Life. Privately printed, Tampa.


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Dunbar, James S. 1981 The Effect of Geohydrology and Natural Resource Availability on Site Utilization at

the Fowler Bridge Mastodon Site (8Hi393c/uw) in Hillsborough County, Florida. In Report on Phase II Underwater Archaeological Testing at the Fowler Bridge Mastodon Site (8Hi393c/uw), Hillsborough County, Florida. Edited by J. Palmer, J. S. Dunbar and D. H. Clayton, pp. 63-106. Interstate 75 Highway Phase II Archaeological Report 5. Florida Division of Historical Resources, Tallahassee.

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and Historical Resources. Florida Department of Transportation, Tallahassee. 2013 ETDM Screening Summary Report, Project #13916, 11/26/2013 – SR 60 from CR

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FMSF Various site file forms. On file, Florida Division of Historical Resources, Tallahassee. 1999 Guide to the Archaeological Site Form, Version 2.2. Florida Division of Historical

Resources, Tallahassee. Frisbie, Louise K. 1976 Yesterday's Polk County. 2nd printing. E. A. Seeman Publishing, Inc., Miami. FWP 1939 Florida: A Guide to the Southernmost State. Federal Writers' Project. Oxford

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Glass, Steve 2007 Three Lakes Monitoring Wells, Three Lakes Wildlife Management Area, Osceola

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Goggin, John M. 1947 A Preliminary Definition of Archaeological Areas and Periods in Florida. American

Antiquity 13(2): 114-127. Goggin, John M. 1948 Some Pottery Types from Central Florida. Gainesville Anthropological Association,

Bulletin 1. Griffin, John W. 1988 The Archeology of Everglades National Park: A Synthesis. National Park Service,

Southeastern Archaeological Research Center, Tallahassee. Hale, H. Stephen 1984 Prehistoric Environmental Exploitation Around Lake Okeechobee. Southeastern

Archaeology 3(2): 173-187. Hetherington, M. F. 1928 History of Polk County: Narrative and Autobiographical. The Record Company

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Inventory of the Built Environment. Historic Tampa/Hillsborough County Preservation Board, Tampa.

Hughes, Skye W. 2006 An Archaeological and Historical Survey of the Packingham/Buttermilk Slough

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6-6

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December 21. Panamerican Consultants, Inc., Tampa. Mahon, John K. 1967 History of the Second Seminole War 1835-1842. University Press of Florida,

Gainesville. McNeely, Ed and Al R. McFadyen 1961 A Century in the Sun: A History of Polk County, Florida. Bartow and Robinson,

Orlando. Milanich, Jerald T. 1994 Archaeology of Precolumbian Florida. University Press of Florida, Gainesville. 1995 Florida Indians and the Invasion from Europe. University Press of Florida,

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1982 Reprint. Florida Book Store, Gainesville.


APPENDIX A: Florida Master Site File Form

SSite #8 ___________________ FField Date ________________ FForm Date ________________ RRecorder # _______________

Page 1

Original Update

HISTORICAL STRUCTURE FORM FLORIDA MASTER SITE FILE

Version 4.0 1/07

SShaded Fields represent the minimum acceptable level of documentation. Consult the Guide to Historical Structure Forms for detailed instructions.

SSite Name(s) (address if none) ____________________________________________________________ MMultiple Listing (DHR only) _________ SSurvey Project Name _________________________________________________________________ SSurvey # (DHR only) ______________ NNational Register Category (please check one) building structure district site object OOwnership: private-profit private-nonprofit private-individual private-nonspecific city county state federal Native American foreign unknown

LOCATION & MAPPING Street Number Direction Street Name Street Type Suffix Direction

AAddress:CCross Streets (nearest / between) __________________________________________________________________________________________ UUSGS 7.5 Map Name _____________________________________ UUSGS Date ______ PPlat or Other Map ___________________________ CCity / Town (within 3 miles) ________________________________ IIn City Limits? yes no unknown CCounty _____________________________ TTownship _______ RRange _______ SSection _______ ¼¼ section: NW SW SE NE Irregular-name: _____________________ TTax Parcel # ___________________________________________________ LLandgrant __________________________________________ SSubdivision Name _________________________________________________ BBlock ___________________ LLot _____________________ UUTM Coordinates: ZZone 16 17 EEasting NNorthingOOther Coordinates: X: _________________ Y: _________________ CCoordinate System & Datum __________________________________NName of Public Tract (e.g., park) ________________________________________________________________________________________

HISTORY

CConstruction Year: _________ approximately year listed or earlier year listed or later OOriginal Use __________________________________________ From (year):____________ To (year):____________ CCurrent Use __________________________________________ From (year):____________ To (year):____________ OOther Use __________________________________________ From (year):____________ To (year):____________ MMoves: yes no unknown Date: ____________ Original address ___________________________________________________ AAlterations: yes no unknown Date: ____________ Nature _________________________________________________________ AAdditions: yes no unknown Date: ____________ Nature _________________________________________________________ AArchitect (last name first): _______________________________________ BBuilder (last name first): ______________________________________ OOwnership History (especially original owner, dates, profession, etc.) ___________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ IIs the Resource Affected by a Local Preservation Ordinance? yes no unknown Describe ___________________________________

DESCRIPTION

SStyle __________________________________________ EExterior Plan ________________________________ NNumber of Stories _______ EExterior Fabric(s) 1. _______________________________ 2. ______________________________ 3. _______________________________ RRoof Type(s) 1. _______________________________ 2. ______________________________ 3. _______________________________ RRoof Material(s) 1. _______________________________ 2. ______________________________ 3. _______________________________ RRoof secondary strucs. (dormers etc.) 1. ______________________________________ 2. _______________________________________ WWindows (types, materials, etc.) ____________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ DDistinguishing Architectural Features (exterior or interior ornaments) _________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ AAncillary Features / Outbuildings (record outbuildings, major landscape features; use continuation sheet if needed.) ____________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

DHR USE ONLY OFFICIAL EVALUATION DHR USE ONLY NR List Date SHPO – Appears to meet criteria for NR listing: yes no insufficient info Date _______________ Init.________ _______________ KEEPER – Determined eligible: yes no Date _______________

Owner Objection NR Criteria for Evaluation: a b c d (see National Register Bulletin 15, p. 2)

HR6E046R0107 Florida Master Site File / Division of Historical Resources / R. A. Gray Building / 500 South Bronough Street, Tallahassee, FL 32399-0250 Phone (850) 245-6440 / Fax (850)245-6439 / E-mail [email protected]

PO080257-29-201512-28-2015

1

22501 State Road 60SR 60 PD&E

22501 State Road 60 Highway1.8 mi E of Grape Hammock Rd

LAKE WEOHYAKAPKA SE 1952

Lake Wales Polk

31S 31E 6

313106000000020000

4 7 4 9 1 1 3 0 7 5 7 2 2

1945Private Residence (House/Cottage/Cabin) 1945 currPrivate Residence (House/Cottage/Cabin) 1945 curr

2014, 1985 New roof (2014), new windows (1985)

Frances Hardee (1983)

Frame Vernacular Rectangular 1Wood siding Wood/Plywood

Gable Flat

Composition shingles Metal shingles

Independent wood 1/1 DHS, paired metal 1/1 SHS

Extended eaves, wood window frames, concrete window sills,

metal coping on flat roof

Several farm/industry buildings

located slightly north of the dwelling

Page 2 HISTORICAL STRUCTURE FORM SSite #8 ______________

DESCRIPTION (continued)

CChimney: No.____ CChimney Material(s): 1. ___________________________ 2. ____________________________ SStructural System(s): 1. ____________________________ 2. ____________________________ 3. ____________________________ FFoundation Type(s): 1. ____________________________ 2. ____________________________ FFoundation Material(s): 1. ____________________________ 2. ____________________________ MMain Entrance (stylistic details) ____________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ PPorch Descriptions (types, locations, roof types, etc.) _____________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ CCondition (overall resource condition): excellent good fair deteriorated ruinousNNarrative Description of Resource _______________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ AArchaeological Remains __________________________________________________________________ CCheck if Archaeological Form Completed

RESEARCH METHODS (check all that apply)

FMSF record search (sites/surveys) library research building permits Sanborn maps FL State Archives/photo collection city directory occupant/owner interview plat maps property appraiser / tax records newspaper files neighbor interview Public Lands Survey (DEP) cultural resource survey (CRAS) historic photos interior inspection HABS/HAER record search other methods (describe) _____________________________________________________________________________________________

BBibliographic References (give FMSF manuscript # if relevant, use continuation sheet if needed) ________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

OPINION OF RESOURCE SIGNIFICANCE

AAppears to meet the criteria for National Register listing individually? yes no insufficient informationAAppears to meet the criteria for National Register listing as part of a district? yes no insufficient informationEExplanation of Evaluation (requiredd, whether significant or not; use separate sheet if needed) __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ AArea(s) of Historical Significance (see National Register Bulletin 15, p. 8 for categories: e.g. “architecture”, “ethnic heritage”, “community planning & development”, etc.)1. ___________________________________ 3. ___________________________________ 5. ___________________________________ 2. ___________________________________ 4. ___________________________________ 6. ___________________________________

DOCUMENTATION

AAccessible Documentation Not Filed with the Site File - including field notes, analysis notes, photos, plans and other important documentsDDocument type __________________________________________ MMaintaining organization _________________________________________ DDocument description _______________________________________ FFile or accession #’s ___________________________________________ 1)

DDocument type __________________________________________ MMaintaining organization _________________________________________ DDocument description _______________________________________ FFile or accession #’s ___________________________________________ 2)

RECORDER INFORMATION

RRecorder Name _____________________________________________ AAffiliation ______________________________________________ RRecorder Contact Information __________________________________________________________________________________________ (address / phone / fax / e-mail)

USGS 7.5’ MAP WITH STRUCTURE LOCATION PINPOINTED IN RED LARGE SCALE STREET, PLAT OR PARCEL MAP PHOTO OF MAIN FACADE, ARCHIVAL B&W PRINT OR DIGITAL IMAGE FILE If submitting an image file, it must be included on disk or CD AND in hard copy format (plain paper is acceptable).

Digital image must be at least 1600 x 1200 pixels, 24-bit color, jpeg or tiff.

RequiredAttachments

(available from most property appraiser web sites)

PO08025

Balloon wood frame

Piers

Concrete, Generic

S elevation, single composite door beneath vinyl awning atop concrete stoop with

single wooden railing

S elevation, full-width enclosed front porch

One-story Frame Vernacular dwelling is in fair condition and retains little

original exterior fabric. Overall, a typical style found in the area and throughout the State.

USDA historic aerial photographs (Accessible through PALMM)

Publication of Archival Library & Museum

Materials (PALMM), accessible online at: http://susdl.fcla.edu/

This is a common Frame Vernacular style

dwelling, and limited research did not reveal any significant historical associations. Therefore, 8PO08025

does not appear eligible for listing in the NRHP.

Architecture

Agriculture

Community planning & development

All materials at one location

Maps, photos, field notes

Archaeological Consultants IncP15032

Thomas J. Wilson

8110 Blaikie Court, Suite A, Sarasota, FL 34240/941-379-6206/[email protected]

Archaeological Consultants Inc

PHOTOGRAPH

Site # 8PO08025

AERIAL MAP

Page 3 HISTORICAL STRUCTURE FORM

8PO08025

Source: Esri, DigitalGlobe, GeoEye, Earthstar Geographics,CNES/Airbus DS, USDA, USGS, AEX, Getmapping, Aerogrid,IGN, IGP, swisstopo, and the GIS User Community

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0 50 100Meters

Lake Weohyakpka SETownship 31 South, Range 31 East, Section 06

HISTORICAL STRUCTURE FORM Site # 8PO08025Page 4

USGS

8PO08025


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APPENDIX B: Preliminary Pond Analysis

PRELIMINARY CULTURAL RESOURCE ASSESSMENT TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM

PROBABILITY ANALYSIS OF PROPOSED POND SITES STATE ROAD (SR) 60 FROM COUNTY ROAD (CR) 630 TO PRAIRIE

LAKE ROAD POLK AND OSCEOLA COUNTIES, FLORIDA

Financial Project ID: FPID No.: 433856-1-22-01

On Behalf of the:

Florida Department of Transportation, District One P.O. Box 1249

Bartow, Florida 33830-1249

January 2016


PROBABILITY ANALYSIS OF PROPOSED POND SITES STATE ROAD (SR) 60 FROM COUNTY ROAD (CR) 630 TO PRAIRIE

LAKE ROAD POLK AND OSCEOLA COUNTIES, FLORIDA

Financial Project ID: FPID No.: 433856-1-22-01

Prepared for:

The Florida Department of Transportation District One

801 N. Broadway Avenue Bartow, Florida 33830-3809

Prepared on behalf of:

Aim Engineering 3802 Corporex Park Drive, Suite 225

Tampa, Florida 33619

Prepared by:

Archaeological Consultants, Inc. 8110 Blaikie Court, Suite A

Sarasota, Florida 34240

January 2016


PROBABILITY ANALYSIS OF PROPOSED POND SITES STATE ROAD (SR) 60 FROM COUNTY ROAD (CR) 630 TO PRAIRIE LAKE ROAD

POLK AND OSCEOLA COUNTIES, FLORIDA Financial Project ID: FPID No.: 433856-1-22-01

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Archaeological Consultants, Inc. (ACI) conducted a preliminary study to determine if any significant or potentially significant cultural resources, including archaeological sites and historic structures, will be impacted by the construction of eight proposed pond sites located along SR 60 between CR 630 and Prairie Lake Road in Polk and Osceola Counties, Florida (Figures 1 and 2). Known or potentially significant cultural resources are defined as those sites which are listed, determined eligible, or considered potentially eligible, for listing in the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). This work was conducted in compliance with the provisions of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 (Public Law 89-665), as amended, and the implementing regulations 36 CFR 800, as well as with the provisions contained in the revised Chapter 267, Florida Statutes (FS).

The SR 60 ponds are located in Sections 1-3, 10 and 12 of Township 31 South, Range 31 East and Sections 2-4 and 6-11 of Township 31 South, Range 31 East between CR 630 and Prairie Lake Road in Polk and Osceola Counties.

An examination of project aerials, and a review of Florida Master Site File (FMSF) records (accessed in January 2016), NRHP listings, the SR 60 Cultural Resource Assessment Survey (CRAS) (draft) from CR 630 to Prairie Lake Road (ACI 2015), the Polk and Osceola County Soil Survey reports (United States Department of Agriculture [USDA] 1979, 1990), cultural resource surveys in the project vicinity (ACI 1996, 2008, 2013a, 2013b, 2013c; Austin and Fuhrmeister 1990; Glass 2007; Morrell 1978; Vojnovski and Newman 2002), and a review of the ETDM report (#13916) (FDOT 2013) was conducted. A review of the USGS maps and the Polk and Osceola County Property Appraisers websites was also performed.

Based on this preliminary review, it was determined that none of the pond sites needs to be eliminated at this time due to NRHP-eligible historic or prehistoric archaeological resources or historic buildings (see Table 1 for details). 2.0 ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL RESOURCE POTENTIAL

Archaeological Sites: There are no prehistoric or historic archaeological sites recorded within the proposed pond sites or adjacent but five are recorded within one mile (Figure 2). Several of the sites contained ceramics but a few had no information other than being described as ridges with mounds (FMSF). Based on the background research and the environmental characteristics of the proposed pond sites (elevation, distance to fresh water, soil type), the proposed ponds were determined to have a low to moderate archaeological potential (Table 1). In addition, given the results of the historic research, no



Figure 1. Location of the SR 60 project area with ponds, Polk and Osceola Counties.

XX

Pond A Pond B

Pond C

Pond D Pond E

Pond F

Pond G

Pond I

Sources: Esri, HERE, DeLorme, USGS, Intermap, increment P Corp., NRCAN, Esri Japan,METI, Esri China (Hong Kong), Esri (Thailand), TomTom, MapmyIndia, © OpenStreetMapcontributors, and the GIS User Community

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0 0.5 1Miles


Polk

Osceola

Highlands

Hardee

Brevard

OkeechobeeSt. Lucie

DeSoto

Indian River

MartinGlades



Figure 2. Environmental setting and location of archaeological sites and cultural resources within one mile of the SR 60 project area; USGS Lake Weohyakpka SE and Lake Marian SW.

XW XW

8PO07057

8PO07056

8PO07058

8OS00009

8PO00003

8PO00004

8PO00005

8PO00006

8PO076538PO07651

8PO07652

8PO08025

Pond A Pond B Pond C Pond D Pond E Pond F Pond G Pond I


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Legend

Historic Structure

Historic Bridge

Archaeological Site

Linear Resource

nineteenth century homesteads, forts, military trails, or historic Indian encampments were expected within the survey tract.

Table 1. Archaeological and historical data. Pond/FPC

No. ZAPs*

Comments (i.e. existing pond, cleared parcel, vegetation, pasture, houses, sites with/adjacent etc.)

A

Low to Moderate

Prehistoric Archaeological: No previously recorded sites.

Low Historical Archaeological: No previously recorded sites. Low Historical: No previously recorded sites.

B Low Prehistoric Archaeological: No previously recorded sites. Low Historical Archaeological: No previously recorded sites.

Low Historical: No previously recorded sites.

C Low Prehistoric Archaeological: No previously recorded sites.

Low Historical Archaeological: No previously recorded sites. Low Historical: 8PO7057 adjacent to the east.

D Low Prehistoric Archaeological: No previously recorded sites. Low Historical Archaeological: No previously recorded sites. Low Historical: 8PO7057 adjacent to the east.

E Moderate Prehistoric Archaeological: No previously recorded sites.


F Moderate Prehistoric Archaeological: No previously recorded sites.

Low Historical Archaeological: No previously recorded sites.

Low Historical: No previously recorded sites.

G Low Prehistoric Archaeological: No previously recorded sites. Low Historical Archaeological: No previously recorded sites. Low Historical: No previously recorded sites.

I Moderate Prehistoric Archaeological: No previously recorded sites.


* ZAPs = Zones of Archaeological and Historical Probability

Historic Resources: Background research revealed no historic buildings or structures within the proposed pond sites (Table 1; Figure 2). A review of the FMSF revealed that three historic bridges (8PO07651-8PO07653) and two linear resources and a resource group (8PO07056-8PO07058, i.e. the Packingham Slough Canal, the Buttermilk Slough Canal, and the Packingham/Buttermilk Slough Canals/Levees Resource Group, respectively) have been recorded within the project vicinity. In addition, a review of the Polk and Osceola County Property Appraiser data and 1941-68 aerial photographs on file at the Publication of Archival Library & Museum Materials (PALMM) indicated no potential for historic resources within the proposed pond sites (USDA 1941, 1944, 1951, 1958, 1968). All of these resources were determined ineligible for listing in the NRHP in 2007.

3.0 RESULTS

Based on this preliminary analysis, no pond needs to be eliminated because of cultural resources. In keeping with standard Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT 1999) guidelines, a systematic archaeological survey will be conducted in the pond sites considered to have a low to moderate and moderate archaeological potential (Table 1). This will include systematic subsurface testing at 164 foot (50 meter) intervals. Proposed pond sites assigned a low archaeological potential will be tested judgmentally. The purpose will be to locate, identify, and evaluate any precontact or historic period archaeological sites present. Further, an architectural survey will be conducted for each preferred pond sites, but no previously unrecorded buildings or structures are anticipated within any proposed pond area.

4.0 REFERENCES CONSULTED ACI 1996 Cultural Resource Assessment Survey Report SR 60 Kissimmee River Bridge Replacement

PD&E Osceola County, Florida. ACI, Sarasota. 2008 Cultural Resource Assessment Survey Report Lake Kissimmee Boat Ramp and Day Use

Area, Polk County, Florida. ACI, Sarasota. 2013a Cultural Resource Assessment, FDOT District One from CR 630 to Kissimmee River Bridge

SR 60 Over Buttermilk Slough North Fork Bridge No. 160037, Polk County, Florida. ACI, Sarasota.

2013b Cultural Resource Assessment, FDOT District One from CR 630 to Kissimmee River Bridge SR 60 Over Buttermilk Slough Bridge No. 160077, Polk County, Florida. ACI, Sarasota.

2013c Cultural Resource Assessment, FDOT District One from CR 630 to Kissimmee River Bridge SR 60 Over Sheep Hammock Creek Bridge No. 160039, Polk County, Florida. ACI, Sarasota.

Austin, Robert J. and Charles Fuhrmeister 1990 A Cultural Resource Assessment Survey of Wildcat Hammock, River Ranch Development

Site, Polk County, Florida. Janus Research, Tampa. Florida Master Site File (FMSF) n.d. Information for various sites obtained from FMSF forms located at the FDHR, Tallahassee.

Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT) 1999 Project Development and Environment Manual, Part 2, Chapter 12, Archaeological and

Historical Resources. Florida Department of Transportation, Tallahassee. 2013 ETDM Screening Summary Report, Project #13916, 11/26/2013 – SR 60 from CR 630 to

Prairie Lake Road, Polk and Osceola Counties, Florida. FDOT, District 1, Tallahassee. Glass, Steve 2007 Three Lakes Monitoring Wells, Three Lakes Wildlife Management Area, Osceola County.

On file, Florida Division of Historical Resources, Tallahassee. Morrell, L. Ross 1978 Letter to Mr. J. C. Kraft, FDOT RE: State Project No. 16130-1505, State Road 60 from Four

Lane in Lake Wales East of Osceola County Line. May 4. Florida Department of Transportation, Tallahassee.

United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) 1941 Aerial Photograph - CTU-1B-32, 2-23-41. Publication of Archival Library & Museum

Materials. http://sid.fcla.edu/mrsid/bin/show_java.pl?image=12105_1941_1B_32.sid&client=12105.

1944 Aerial Photograph - DCU-5C-64, 2-8-44. Publication of Archival Library & Museum Materials. http://sid.fcla.edu/mrsid/bin/show_java.pl?image=12097_1944_5C_64.sid&client=12097.

1951 Aerial Photograph - DCU-4H-41, 4-5-51. Publication of Archival Library & Museum Materials. http://sid.fcla.edu/mrsid/bin/show_java.pl?image=12097_1951_4H_41.sid&client=12097.

1958 Aerial Photograph - CTU-8V-177, 3-15-58. Publication of Archival Library & Museum Materials. http://sid.fcla.edu/mrsid/bin/show_java.pl?image=12105_1958_8V_177.sid&client=12105.

1968 Aerial Photograph - CTU-3JJ-81, 2-9-68. Publication of Archival Library & Museum Materials. http://sid.fcla.edu/mrsid/bin/show_java.pl?image=12105_1968_3JJ_81.sid&client=12105.

1979 Soil Survey of Osceola County. United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Services.

1990 Soil Survey of Polk County. United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Services.

USGS 1953 Lake Marian SW. PR 1972. 1973 Lake Marian SW. LABINS mrg3110.tif. 2004 Lake Marian SW - Digital Orthophoto Quarter Quadrangle.

LABINS/DOQQ/2004/RGB/StatePlane_E/MrSid/g31/q3110. Vojnovski, Pamela K. and Christine Newman 2002 Archaeological and Historical Investigations within the Three Lakes Wildlife Management

Area, Osceola County, Florida. C.A.R.L. Archaeological Survey, Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research, Tallahassee.


APPENDIX C: Survey Log

. . . .

. . .

. . . . . . . .

. . .

. . . . . .

. . . . . .

. . .

CRAS SR 60 from CR 630 to Prairie Lake Road, Polk and Osceola,

Counties, Phase I

Cultural Resource Assessment Survey, State Road (SR) 60 from County Road

(CR) 630 to Prairie Lake Road, Polk and Osceola Counties, Florida.

ACI

2016 51

P15032 Conducted for FDOT, District 1, Bartow, by ACI, Sarasota

Almy, Marion

Archaeological Consultants Inc Sarasota

FDOT District One

801 N. Broadway Ave, Bartow, Florida 33830

Lee Hutchinson 1-15-2016

Polk

Osceola

LAKE WEOHYAKAPKA SE 1952

LAKE MARIAN SW 1953

1-4-16 1-8-16 4851

.

.

.

.

.

.

. .

. .

.

. . .

background research, 72 shovel tests at 50 m (164 ft) intervals, as well as

judgmentally (n=8), 1 m deep, 50 cm diameter, 6.4 mm mesh screen; photos taken, report prepared

5 1

PO07651, PO07652,

PO07653, PO07057, PO07058

PO08025



SR 60 PD&E Township 31 South, Range 30 East, Sections 1-3, 10 and 12, and Township 31 South, Range 31 East, Sections 2-4 and 6-11USGS Lake Weohyakpka SE and Lake Marian SWPolk and Osceola Counties

XW XW

Copyright:© 2013 National Geographic Society, i-cubed, Esri, HERE, DeLorme,MapmyIndia, © OpenStreetMap contributors

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Documents

CRAS - SWFL Roads 60_CRAS_Oct 2016.pdf · (CRAS) of State Road (SR) 60 from County Road (CR) 630 to Prairie Lake Road in Polk and Osceola Counties, Florida, to locate and identify