CPTEDinLatinAmerica

Measurement&EvaluationApilotedmodel

Ma.MacarenaRauDr.TimPascoe

Partnership

• InternationalCPTEDAssociation• CPTEDCorporaciónRegionLAC• UKInstituteofCommunitySafety• UKDesignOutCrimeAssociation• CommunitySafetyEurope• CaribbeanCrimePrevention

International• PBKConsulting• GriffinResearch&Consultancy• CatalystInCommunities• CommunityCoachingAcademy

OurCredentials:

ContextisEverything

•LatinAmericancontextisdifferenttotraditionalCPTEDenvironmentstypifiedbyNorthAmerica,EuropeandAustralasia.

•LAisoneofthemostdangerousareasintheworld.

•UNsuggest it istheonlyregion intheworldwheremurderratesareincreasing. Robberies have nearly trebled over the past 25 years;extortionisgrowingfast.FearofcrimeistwicethatofNorthAmerica.

HistoricApproaches

• Traditionallymost LatinAmericancountrieshave focusedondealing with crime with a reactive and enforcement ledapproachknownasthe“manodura”,orthemilitarisediron-fistpolicy.

• However,sincearoundtheyear2000communityapproaches

have become more common. For example in 2010 theColombian police implemented a “Quadrant Plan” dividingurban areas into territorial beats in order to adopt amorelocalisedapproach.TheChileanpoliceimplementedalsothesameplansince2000inChile.

LatinAmericaCPTEDApproach

•LedbyMacarenaRauandCPTEDChileanTeam.

•Regional and National ICA’s (Corporación CPTED Chile,2004;CorporaciónCPTEDRegion,2011)

•CPTED methodologies were introduced into fourcountriesintheearly2000’s:Chile,Brazil,ElSalvadorandHonduras.NowCPTEDisveryspreadinMexicoalso.

•Morerecentwork–partofthisproject

CPTEDApproachIssues

CPTED in Latín America is seen as a realatively newconceptandthereisnoscientificallyvalidatedmodelyet to measure and evaluate the impact of thesestrategieson:

• urbansettings• theprocessesofcitizenparticipation• localmunicipalmanagement

Thismakesslowlytojustifyitsapplication!

ResearchQuestion

1. Does the implementation of Crime PreventionThrough Environmental Design strategies have apositive impact on communities by reducingcrime (murderand robbery)and fearof crime?;andifitistrue.

2. Howcanyoumeasuretheimpact?

Expectations

• Lowimpactonmurder• Mediumimpactonrobbery• Highimpactonfearofcrime

Researchmethodology

•BeforeandaftercomparisonsofCPTEDcasesinChile,Honduras&Patagonia.

•Compareactionsitestocontrolsitesinsamelocations.

•Designbothquantitativeandqualitativecollectiontools.

•Recognisethatthisisanactionbasedresearch–pragmatic.

•Analysethedatatakingaproblemsolvingapproach.

ReducingCrime

•Thereisnevera“SilverBullet”solutiontocrime&disorderproblems.

•Nosingleagencythatholdsallthesolutions.

•Permanentpolicepresenceisnotsustainable.

•Communityengagementisessential.

•Asimplemodelexistsforframingthisapproachtoproblems–the“S.A.R.A.”model.

EvidenceBased–SARAProblemSolvingModel

Scanning

EvidenceBased–SARAProblemSolvingModel

Scanning

Analysis

EvidenceBased–SARAProblemSolvingModel

Scanning

Analysis

Response

EvidenceBased–SARAProblemSolvingModel

Assessment

Scanning

Analysis

Response

EvidenceBased–SARAProblemSolvingModel

Basic“action”evaluationmodelEstablishthestartpointformeasurement(baseline) Agreeperformancemeasures Settargets Decideresponsibilities

Collectprogressdata Comparewithtargets Providefeedback Interveneifnecessary

Collectachievementdata Comparewithtargets Seekexplanations Disseminateresults

DataCollection

• Officialdatae.g.crimedata• Questionnairescompletedbyresidents&professionalstakeholders

• Interviewsresidents,offenders&professionalstakeholders

• Workshops• Communitygroupsupport

Datacollection

Data is being collected using the methodsindicated in the test siteandamatchedcontrolsiteinChile,HondurasandPatagonia.Thevariablesofthisdatawillbeunderthethreeheadings::UrbanSetting,CommunityInvolvement,LocalGovernance.

UrbanSettingsWe link CPTED methodology to define variables according to 5fundamentalprinciples.

1. Naturalsurveillance:lighting,formalsurveillance.2. Territorial reinforcement: mural graffiti, territorial marks in

commerceandequipmentv/smarksterritorialinsquares.3. Natural access control: urban access, residential passages,

alarms.4. Maintenance:vandalismandsignage.5. Communityparticipation:neighboursorresidentstakeupspace.

CommunityInvolvement

• Residentsuseofpublicspace• Participationofneighboursinthedesignofsituationalpreventionproject• Presenceofyoungpeople

LocalGovernance

• Municipalcoordinationmeetings• Mobilesecurityintheneighbourhood• Operationalpolicing• Policestaffingintheneighbourhood

BenchmarkData

• Benchmark data will be collected for all siteswithcommunityinvolvement.

• Then the data will be analyzed to set thebenchmarks for comparison and to identifyInterventions under our 3 variables headingsandtosuperviseactioningthoseinterventions.

On-goingdata

• Periodicallyadditionaldatawillbecollectedandprogressmeasured.

• Resultsfromthisanalysiswillbeusedtoadjustanyinterventionsifneeded.

FinalDataOncetheinterventionshavebeencompletedandhavebeenrunningforaperiodoftimethefinalresultswillbeanalyzed.Thesewillshow:1. Ifwehada±effectontheneighborhoodsand

whatcausedthoseeffects2. Ifourmodelofevaluationworkedandhowit

canbeimproved3. Answertheresearchquestion

PilotSites&ProgresstoDate

• Honduras• Chile• Patagonia

EarlyResults

Chile

PedroAguirreCerda(PAC),PuenteAlto,Chile.

• ThePedroAguirreCerdapopulation is locatedinthewestofthecommuneofPuenteAltoinSantiago de Chile between streets Concha yToro, Covadonga, Abate Molina and RamónBarrosLuco.

• Ithasperipheralfeatures,whichleadstopooraccessibilitytopublictransportandservices.

DrugsandRobberyAreSignificantIssues

PopulationBreakdown

CuadroN°1Fuente:Datosfichadeprotecciónsocial2012.

Robberywithviolenceorintimidation.

Intervention–RecreationalArea

Intervention–StreetImprovements.

Intervention–DrugHotSpots&PoorEnvironmentalAreas

EarlyResults

Honduras

LaLaguna,Honduras.

La Lagunawas founded in 2002 and is adjacent to the Northwith Col. 15 of September, to the South with El Retironeighborhood,ontheEastbyneighborhoodofLasLomas,WestwithRíoHilandCreekandHilandCreekneighborhood

6.2.1.AspectosDemográficos

Datos Censo Poblacional INE 2001, datos cantidad.

HomicideandDrugsCrime

InterventionatDrugHostspots

QuestionaireItisdividedintotwoareaswith42questions:

A) thefirstregardingdependentvariableswhicharetheft,homicide,perceptionofinsecurityandcommunitynetwork.

B) thesecondwithrespect to independentvariablesthatcorrespondtothefield:urbansettings,communityparticipationandlocalgovernance.

The independent variables are constructed from typological CPTED and situationalprevention projects that are carried out in different districts vulnerable in the LACregionandinparticularinthetwowardsthatmakeupthisresearchstudycases.

Isdesignedasaquestionnaireautoaplicadoforover14yearsforbothgenders.

Questionaires

Applied120surveysduringAugustandSeptember2016.

60surveysinChileand60surveysinHonduras.TheseareappliedinPAC 30 and 30 in adjacent populations used as control withoutsituationalinterventiongroup.

ThesamehappensinHonduraswheretheyapply30inthelagoonand 30 in the September 15 colony used as population controlgroup.

8.ResultadosdelaEncuesta

CurrentStateofPlay

• Beginningtoanalysedata• Resultsatnextconference• Howeverusinganevidencebasedapproachtoexplainanyimpact

CPTEDimpactkeycausal/explanatoryconcepts:

1. NEIGHBORHOOD2. IMAGEOFSTREET/HOME3. POINTSNODAL,ACCESSANDREASONSTOACCESS4. VOLUMEOFTRAFFICANDTRANQUILITYOFTRAFFICKINDOF

TERRITORIALITY/SPACE5. DEFENSIBLEPATHONTHESTREETANDHOUSE6. LIGHTINGOFSTREETS7. COMMUNITYCOHESION8. TYPEOFHOUSINGANDNATURALSURVEILLANCEPOSITION.9. TARGETHARDENING

MuchasGracias!