CPPDR June-September · CPPDR June-September 1996 Page 68 I Editor: ... 4=D Caption leaf segment showing rice blast disease, pg. 92. ... bug, have been introduced

CPPDR June-September 1996 Page 68

I Editor: Raymond J. Gill Production Assistants: Kandice Golightly & Brenda R. Beckwith

The editor acknowledges the contributions of numerous individuals within this department, without whose coo era-

tion and assistance this project would not be possib P e.

Funding for this publication i s provided through the Cooperat~ve Agricultural Pest Survey, Special Project #44

USDA-APHIS-PPQ

Correspondence concerning the CPPDR o r subscription requests should be addressed to:

Editor, CPPDR State of California Department of Food and Agriculture Plant Pest Diagnostics Center 3294 Meadowview Road Sacramento, C A 95832- 1448

The California Plant Pest and Disease Report,Volume 15, Numbers 3-4, was issued on December, 1996 and printed January, 1997.

With the exception of artwork or other technical information taken from cited publications, California Plant Pest and Disease Report is in the public domain and may be freely reproduced with customary crediting of the source.

I =B Male burrowing nematode, Radopholus sirnilis, pg. 87. 2=A Alligator weed, Alternanthera philoxeroides, pg. 82. 3=F Coffee bean weevil adult, Araecerus fasciculatus, pg. 74. 4=D Caption leaf segment showing rice blast disease, pg. 92. 5=G Rose midge, Dasineura rhodophaga, pg. 77. 6=E Broomrape, Orobanche fasciculata, pg. 97.

CPPDR lune-September 1996 Page 69

ENTOMOLOGY Pest Rating Changes

The CDFA pest ratings for a number of significant pests have been changed recently. These changes will be found in list form as a tear out at the end of this issue.

MEALYBUGS: NAME CHANGES AND NEW SPECIES INFORMATION

The common obscure mealybug has a new scientific name; the commonly encountered Pseudococcus elisae has been divided into two separate species; Pseiidococcus citriculus, occasionally encountered in quarantine, has been changed to Pseudococciis c yptus; and the Cali- fornia distribution records for some other mealybug species have changed as well.

The obscure mealybug, after the longtailed mealybug, is probably the second most common mealybug in California, both indoors and out. It can be troublesome in many dooryard situ- ations; but, normally is not a problem on agricultural crops, except on commercial grapes in Santa Barbara and San Luis Obispo counties. This mealybug belongs to a group of species in the genus Pseudococcus which appear to be related because of a morphological characteristic involving small circular (discoidal) pores near the eyes of the adult females. The group is called the "maritimus complex," so named because one of the included species is the important pest called the grape mealybug which is common and sometimes injurious in the San Joaquin and Napa valleys on grapes and on pears in northern California. All of the species in this complex appear to be native to the New World; but several, especially the obscure mealybug, have been introduced to many other parts of the globe. The following information explains the changes in the nomenclature and status of several of the species in this complex.

Two recent publications have resulted in some nomenclatural changes for several mealybug species of concern to California, including the obscure mealybug; and, in one of the publications some new species have been described that are new to California as well. Yair Ben-Dov in Israel has been studying many of the old scale insect types salted away in various muse- ums in Europe and has discovered some important synonymies. He coauthored a paper last year with Danielle Matile in France dealing with the species described by Signoret. Ben-Dov and Matile synonymized Pseudoccccus aLfinis (Maskell), the obscure mealybug, with Pseudococcus viburni (Signoret). The reference is Ben-Dov, Y. and Matile-Ferrero, D., 1995: The identity of the mealybug taxa described by V.A. Signoret. Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr. 100:241-256. Signoret had described the species in 1875,20 years earlier than Maskell. We will retain the common name of obscure mealybug.

The above name change has been made under the regulations of the International Commis- sion on Zoological Nomenclature. Basically, the first scientific name legally given to a species via a valid published description must stand. These changes sometimes can create chaos for a while, particularly when the name of a common species mentioned often in publications is

CPPDR June-September 1996 Page 70 - . -- - -- - . -

changed to something else. Still, this is a small matter compared to the problems that would result if scientific names could be changed arbitrarily.

In another paper, the "maritimus complex" was studied very carefully over the last 20 or so years. The project was initiated originally because of difficulties encountered in morphologi- cally separating the common obscure mealybug from the grape mealybug, two very closely related species. The results of this study were published in 1996 by W.F. Gimpel and D.R. Miller. Systematic analysis of the mealybugs in the Pseudococcus l~zaritimlrs complex (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae). Contrib. on Entomol., International 2(1):1- !.63. The following information explains the results of the study and how it affects California.

Gimpel and Miller studied 31 species in the maritilnus complex, including 16 that were described as new species. Two of the new species, Psczidococczis dysmicus and Ps. nakaharai, now occur in California. Their publication contains the state records for those two newly described species. (See the "New State Records" section in this issue of CPPDR for further information.) Of these, Ps. dysmiclrs was originally misidentified by Howard McKenzie as Pse~4dococcus sorghiellus, making his California collections of Ps. sorghiellus inaccurate. Pseudococcus sorghielltrs is not known to occur in California. [McKenzie, H.L. 1967. Mealy- bugs of California with taxonomy, biology and control of North A~nericai~ species (Homoptera: Coccoidea:Pseudococcidae). Univ. Calif. Press, Berkeley, 526 pp.].

Another newly described species, Pseudococcus jackbeardslcy is of quarantine significance to California. This new species until now has been included with specimens identified as Pseudococctis elisae Borchsenius. It turns out that Ps. elisat., the banana mealybug, is common on bananas, as well as Aglaonemu and Dieflenbachia, and is apparently restricted to Central America and northern South America. Specimens previously encountered in quarantine from Hawaii and Florida and identified as elisae are apparently the new species jackbeardsleyi. The new species has an extremely wide host range.

Further study of the Gimpel and Miller work in relation to the specimens i n the CDFA collection in Sacramento may turn up other interesting facts. However, time c~nstraints may delay that project for a while.

Lastly, Pseudococc~rs citriclllus Green, 1922, a species occasionally encoulltered in quarantine from Hawaii and the Far East, was found to be synonymous with Psc~rdoc~~ccus cryptus Hempel, 1918. The synonymy was published in Williams, D.J. and Cristina Granara de Willmk, M. 1992. Mealy- bugs of Central and South America. C.A.E. International, UK. 635 pp.

- Errata - Our apologies to Tom Dimock, Senior Agricultural Inspector with Ventura County Agricul- tural Commissioner's office. In the last issue of CPPDR we accidently called him Mike Dimock. Tom was instrumental in helping a pest control advisor in Ventura County to get samples of the new avocado attacking thrips, Scirtotlzrips sp., sent to Sacramento for identification. It won't happen again Tom!!

CPPDR J~.~rle-September 1996 -pp-p-p-

Page 71

+ ENTOMOLOGY HIGHLIGHTS +

AFRICANIZED HONEY BEE (AHB), Apis "Africanized," -(A)- This table outlines some of the finds made over the summer:

County Imperial Imperial Imperial Imperial Imperial Riverside Imperial Imperial Imperial Imperial

* Calipatria Niland Holtsville Calexico El Centro Blythe Calexico Heber Calipatria El Centro

Host tree tree AHB trap playhouse tree water meter tree tree tree

grape

Collector Palomero Hodgkin Triviso Weathersby

h a y Elms Weathersby Inay Palomero Weathersby

GYPSY MOTH, Lymantria dispar, -(A)- The following table lists some of the important finds of gypsy moth. Eradicative treatments were applied in Nevada County:

County Alameda Nevada Nevada Nevada Nevada Nevada Nevada Los Angeles Nevada Mariposa Monterey Del Norte Marin Alameda

c& Pleasanton Penn Valley Penn Valley Penn Valley Penn Valley Penn Valley Penn Valley Montebello Grass Valley Yosemite Monterey Crescent City Tiburon San Leandro

Host GM trap/sycamore GM trap/pine GM trap /various house roadside house GM trap/oak GM trap/pine GM trap / telephone pole GM trap /pine GM trap/oak GM trap/ pine GM trap/pine GM trap/magnolia

Collector Craft Knappen Castillo/IG~appen Forgety Penrose Forgety Penrose Wissa Knappen Fisher Contenas Anderson Zaro Mailho

ARTICHOKE FLY, Terellia fuscicornis, -(A)- Artichoke fly continues to be found in California. The following table lists the finds:

County C& Date Host Collector Sacramento Folsom --- Centaurea solstitiales Villegas Santa Barbara Montecito 07/06 Cynara scolymus Doutt Orange Tustin 07/24 Cynara scolymus Gazzaniga San Mateo Menlo Park 08 / 27 --- Pendleton

CPPDR Iune-Septernbel- 1996 Page 72

JAPANESE BEETLE, Popillia japonica, -(A)- The Japanese beetle trapping data is outlined in the following table. No actual infestations were discovered:

County Sacramento Santa Clara San Bernardino Los Angeles Los Angeles Alameda Santa Clara Sacramento Alameda Los Angeles

c& Sacramento San Jose Ontario Los Angeles Los Angeles Oakland San Jose Mather AFB Oakland Los Angeles

Host turf turf aircraft flowers ornamental shrubs lawn --- flowers/shrubs turf

Collector Jimenez Romo Davey Dang Prunty Phillips Irons Cobian Phillips Pierce

ORIENTAL FRUIT FLY, Bactrocera dorsalis, -(A)- The following table lists the Oriental fruit flies trapped in Jackson traps for the summer of 1996. The finds do not represent infestations. However, bait treatments were applied in Rolling Hills Estates, Los Angeles County:

County San Diego Los Angeles Los Angeles Los Angeles San Diego Los Angeles Los Angeles Los Angeles Los Angeles Los Angeles Santa Clara San Diego Orange San Bernardino Marin San Bernardino San Diego

Citv Encinitas Los Angeles Rolling Hills Estates Rolling Hills Estates San Diego Rancho Palos Verdes Rolling Hills Estates Rolling Hills Estates Hermosa Beach Rancho Palos Verdes Los Gatos Imperial Beach Placentia Chino San Rafael Ontario San Diego

Host p l u ~ n lemon lime apricot nectarine loqua t nectarine nectarine ornamental fig nectarine orange prach grapefruit orange ornamental avocado

Collector Breuninger Martin Afarinesh Afarinesh Wise Afarinesh Moreno Vargas Wieder Martin Gudmundson Feeley Pasko Stevenson Gianetti Clark Delaval

MEXICAN FRUIT FLY, Anastrepha ludens, - (A) - Four Mexflies were found this summer in McPhail traps. Again, no actual infestations were discovered:

County -- Date Host Collector Los Angeles Los Angeles 07/01 mango Sananikone Los Angeles Los Angeles 08 / 26 grapefruit Vasquez San Diego La Mesa 08 / 23 grapefruit Sanchez Los Angeles Royle Heights 09 / 23 guava Infante

CPPDR June-Septernber 1996 Page 73 -- -- - -- - - - . -- - --- - - - - -- -- . - -

AN EXOTIC FRUIT FLY, Anastrepha striata, -(A)- An exotic fruit fly was discovered by Olivares in a McPhail trap on peach. The find was made in San Diego, §an Diego County, on August 6.

BLACK CHERRY FRUIT FLY, Rhagoletis fausta, -(A)- Black cherry fruit flies were found trapped ill apple maggot traps late in the season in Sequoia National Forest, Tulare County. Bigham made the finds near Ponderosa and Grant's Grove on August 30 and September 6, respectively.

GUAVA FRUIT FLY, Bactrocera corrects, -(A)- A guava fruit fly was found onlune 20 by Boyer in Anaheim, Orange County. This fruit fly was trapped in a Jackson trap in a fig tree.

MEDITERRANEAN FRUIT FLY, Ceratitis capitata, -(A)- The first Medfly of the summer season was found by Valdivia in Burbank, Los Angeles County. The fly was trapped in a Jackson trap in an apricot tree on June 17.

NEW STATE RECORDS

COFFEE BEAN WEEVIL, Ai~aecert~sfasciculatus, -(Q)- The first known California infestation of this anthribid "weevil" has been found in California at Buena Park, Orange County. A home owner made the find in an apple tree on August 8. The insects were reared from larvae burrowing beneath the bark of the tree, mostly in dead or dying tissue, leaving heavy shothole- like damage. Single individuals of the species have been collected from time to time in the state, but these had never been traced to actual infestations. It is known to be a stored product pest in some areas of the world, and it was assumed that the previous finds were escapes from imported stored products. Information on the life history and economic importance of this pest can be found ill the the report produced by Rosser Garrison, Los Angeles County Entomologist, on the following two pages.

A THRIPS, Danothrips trifasciatus, -(Q)- This new tl~rips to California was found infesting grapefruit in Valley Center, San Diego County. A pest control advisor made the find on September 6. The thrips was causing some injury on the fruit, particularly where two grapefruits touched. This thrips, along with the orchid thrips, Chaetanaphothrips orchidii, are known to cause similar injury to citrus in Florida. This thrips seems to be associated often with the orchid thrips, particularly in Hawaii on anthuriums. Although the the orchid thrips was found in California as long ago as 1907 [see CPPDR 3(6):146-147,19841, it was not found associated with this thrips at the Valley C e ~ t e r location.

The thrips was described bv Sakimura in 1975 from material collected in Hawaii as early as 1945 [Sakimura, K., 1975. P;oceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society 22(1):125-1321. It is thought to be a native of the Philippines, but now occurs in the Far East, Sumatra, Hawaii, Antilles, and Florida. It is known, besides citrus and anthuriun~, to attack ginger, bougainvil- lea, parsley, moon flower, corn and Paspalunl grasses. It is considered a minor pest in some areas where it occurs. Cut flowers often must be treated chemically in Hawaii to prevent damage. Its possible economic potential in California is ui-th~own at this time. An illustration of the morphology of this thrips can be found on page 76.

I LOS ANGELES COUNTY

AGRICULTURAL COMMISSIONER'S OFFICE 7

New Agricultural Pest for Southern California

Coffee Bean Weevil (Araecerus fasciculatus) (Figs. 1 ,3)

Economic Importance: Adults (Fig. 1) and larvae (Fig. 3) are known to feed on dried seeds and they may be a notable pantry pest in some parts of the world. Partially consumed pantry foods are rendered non-usable to homeowners resulting in disposal and waste of these dried food items.

Only recently has this insect become known as a potential new agricultural pest of citrus. During the fall of 1971 a heavy infestation was found in a citrus grove in Lake County, Florida. It was originally thought to be a secondary pest in oranges and of little consequence. However, one entomologist observed these insects ovipositing in normal, healthy looking Hamlin oranges on the tree. Adults feed on hng i (e.g., Penicillin mold) associated with the fruit, and cause little or no damage. The beetles lay eggs in the citrus

fruit, and the larvae burrow under the skin, but not as deeply as the flesh.

Hosts: Almost 100 different hosts are known, but nearly all are dry seeds or stored products. including coffee, cocoa, nutmeg, breadfruit, rice, sunflower, cacao, coffee, pokeberries, wild

- ~- Size

Fig. 2 Sap Beetle adult (illustrat~on bv Connell)

indigo, senna, cotton , and dried apples. This species seems to have no particular food preferences but is recorded in the literature as breeding in beans or any stored dry vegetable products including dried fruits or in dry pithy stalks. It is commonly found breeding as a scavenger in dry decayed cotton bolls and has also been listed it as a minor pest of stored peanuts. Larvae have been found in green immature and ripening fruit of passion flower; adults were seen feeding on the skin of mature and dried fruit. Nick Nisson, Orange County Entomologist, has found this species in split or wounded citrus and bananas in residential yards.

Distribution: The coffee bean \yeevil, was originally described in 1775 from India, and it has long been known as a widely distributed,

1 ' minor pest of stored products. The genus is a large one, centered in the Oriental and Australian regions. Motschulsk!; (1855) reported an example of how this species is transported: At the exposition in New York in 1853 i t was flying about the exhibits of agricultural products fro111 Cayenne. I t has been reported from Mesico, Belize, and Panama. It is now recorded in the United States Si.am Ohio. Ne\v jcrst.!.. District of C'olt~mbia, Alabama.

Mississippi and Florida. It is always liable to occur in seaports, but does not become acclimatized north of the cotton belt. Zimmerman (1942:), in discussing its occurrence in Guam, stated: "...distributed to such an extent by commerce that it is now almost cosmopolita~~." It was found infesting oranges in Lake County, Florida; and it was collected on fallen citrus in a residential area of Anaheim, Orange County on 3 Oct. 1994. Although this insect has been taken at LAX in quarantine shipments primarily from Hawaii, the first wild specimen was collected in a fruit fly trap in Los Angeles on 3 Oct. 1995. The Coffee bean weevil is now most likely established in Orange and Los Angeles Counties.

Fig. 3. Coffee Bean Weevil

Identification: The distinctive adults (Fig. 1) are small (2-5 rnrn), dark brown, mottled with whitish to yellowish scale-like setae, with pattern variable. They are a typical member of the family Anthribidae with a short broad beak. In our area, they may be confused with sap beetles, but these insects have elytra (wing covers) extending only half the length of the abdomen (Fig. 2). They are easily separated from weevils by the non- elbowed antennae, The larva (Fig. 3) is a white, legless grub similar in general appearance to many weevil larvae. Comments: No one knows why a long-established, minor, stored product pest would suddenly become (at least in a relatively small area in Florida) a primary pest of fresh citrus, but three explanations have been offered: 1) natural enemies (e.g. , parasites, predators, diseases) have been suppressed, allowing for population increases of this pest and a corresponding premium on

available food; 2) another closely related species might be involved; and 3) genetic changes have occurred, changing host preferences.

A predaceous mite,. Pyemotes (=Pediculoioes) ventricosus has been recorded as reducing populations of a similar species, A. levipennis, in Hawaii. A small parasitic wasp, Eupelnzus cushmani, has also been reared from this species. In Texas, the same parasitic wasp and another species, Eurytoma tylodermatis, have been reared from the Coffee bean weevil found on chinaberries. No chemical controls have been tested on citrus.

Literature Cited:

Motschulsky, Victor von. 1855. Notices. Etudes Entomol. 4:77-78.

Woodruff, R. E. 1972. The Coffee bean weevil, Araecerus fasciculatus (DeGeer), a potential new pest of citrus in Florida (Coleoptera: Anthribidae). Fla. Dept. Agr. & Consun~er Serv. Div. Plant Iildustry Entomological Circular No. 117.

Zimmerman, E. C. 1942. Anthribidae of Guam: B. P. Bishop Mus. Bull. 172:65-72.

Prcpared by Rosser W. Garrison, Entomologist, Los Angeles County Agricultural Con~missioner's Office. 3400 La Madera Ave., El Monte, CA 9 1732. 4 8 18-575-5469. 1196

CPPDR lune-September 1996 Page 77

A ROSE MIDGE, Dasineura rhodophaga, -(Q)- This rose midge was found for the first time in Petaluma, Sonoma County. The following report by Baldo Villegas outlines the discoverv:

On Friday, August 23, 1996, I visited a rose nursery in Petaluma, Sonoma County, California that was heavily infested with the rose midge, Dasineura rhodophaga (Coquillett) [Diptera:Cecidomyiidae]. Nearly 100% of the new growth in a section of the field grown roses was affected. The infestation was first detected in early August by the nursery caretaker and confirmed as rose midge by Dr. Bill Chaney, University of California Cooperative Extension Farm Advisor for Monterey County (Salinas) and American Rose Society Consulting Rosarian.

While at the nursery, I also found scattered damage in the landscape roses and in the potted roses in the sales area of the nursery. Midge damage is very diagnostic. The tiny rose midge larvae feed on the tender new growth and immature buds and what they do not eat, turns black and withered. This type of damage can be confused very easily with foliar burn caused by some pesticides. In the most affected area of the nursery, I saw a complete lack of healthy rose buds and flowers!

Rose midges are mosquito-like in shape and they are 1-2 mm in length. They emerge from pupae in the soil early in the spring in synchrony with the production of new plant growth and flower buds. There are several overlap- ping generations per year and a single generation, or life cycle, can be as short as two weeks. Populations of the midge build up until early fall and the last generation overwinters in the ground in cocoons. Adult midges emerge the following spring.

Fig. 5. Adult rose midges next to ametric scale in millimeters. Females lay their eggs inside the sepals of flower buds or leafy tips. The larvae then hatch from the eggs and damage the buds and rose tips. The full-grown larvae may measure up to 1.8 mm long and are sometimes reddish in color. Pupation usually occurs in the soil but pupae have been observed in the damaged rose tips. They leave the damaged tips after which the buds wither, blacken, and die.

Rose midge appears to be a native insect to North America. It was first detected in 1886 in New Jersey by a greenhouse rose grower; and, since then, it has been recognized from many of the eastern and midwestern states as well as Oregon, Washington, and Canada. Its appearance in Oregon happened in the last 15 years. The present extent of the infestation in northern California is unknown. It is likely that the rose midge came into California from Oregon on its own. However, the infestation could have also been


introduced into California via infested soil or plant materials either sent through the mail or carried from an infested area in North America.

Successful control measures require repeated soil and foliar insecticidal applications. According to the literature, repeated applications of Diazinon to infested soil, as well as a foliar spray, gave excellent degree of control to field grown roses (Smith and Webb, 1976. The Rose Midge. 1976 ARS Rose An- nual. pp 57-73). In Petaluma, the infested rose nursery has taken preventative control measures against rose midge by spraying the infested soil around the roses and treating the foliage at a 10-day treatment schedule. This type of procedure is defi- nitely needed in a nursery situation to control rose midge, as well as prevent the spread of rose midge in infested growing trips or in the soil of potted plants. Additionally, any blackened tips should be pruned off in potted roses in the sales area as added vrecaution against vossible movement of the midge L V

Fig. 6. Rose midge injury on young grow- L

in these roses. ing tips of rose.

Home gardeners, as well as commercial landscapers, will need to follow a similar preventative control program consisting of repeated soil treatments and foliar insecticidal sprays. We are lucky to have many insecticides still available to commercial and home gardeners.

In order to get a handle on the distribution of rose midge within California, please check your roses for midge damage, especially if you grow roses in a greenhouse. Please check the 1976 American Rose Society Rose Annual for additional information and pictures of the damage.

CPPDR June-Septembel- 1996 Page 79 --

NEW STATE RECORDS (continued)

A MITE, Monochellus carribeanae, -(Q)- This mite was collected, evidently for the first time in California, in a Malibu nursery, Los Angeles County. The collection was made on August 21 by T. Matsumoto from a coral tree. The mite was initially identified by Los Angeles County Entomologist Rosser Garrison, and the determination was confirmed by Dr. Gordon Smiley at the USDA Systematic Entomology Laboratory (SEL) in Beltsville, Maryland. This is apparently a new state record. However, four collections of a similar (?) mite have been made in California previously from the same host. Three were from San Diego in 1978, and one was from Brea, Orange County, in 1986. The collections were identified as Monochellus e ythrinae by Dr. Ed Baker, formerly of the SEL. We assume that the two species may be one and the same, but we cannot find reference to M. erythrinae in the literature at this time.

The mite, whichever species it is, apparently causes typical mite damage to the leaves of the host. So far, it is not known from any other host and its economic potential is also unknown, but probably insignificant.

MEALYBUGS, Pseudococcus dysmicus and Pseudococcus nakahrzrai, -(Q)- Recently described as a new species, the Western trochznter mealybug, Pseudococcus dysmicus, is evidently a California native. It was described from specimens collected in 1964 near Susanville, Lassen County, and in 1964 and 1966 near Almanor, Plumas County. It has been collected in California, Oregon,Washington, Utah, and North Dakota. Its hosts include Artemisia, Erigeron, Centaurea, Xubus, and Trifolium. As part of a closely related complex of species, it has been misidentified in the past as Pseudococc~is sorghiellus. Also described as a new species, the Nakahara mealybug, Pseiidococcus izakaharai, has been collected from cactus in nurseries at Salinas, Monterey County, in 1972 and at Romoland, Riverside County, in 1973. It is found primarily in Texas and Mexico, but probably not native to California.

NEW COUNTY RECORDS

A THRIPS, Scirtothrips sp. -(Q)- This new thrips in California, discussed in the last issue of the CPPDR [15(1-2)], has been found in two additional counties within the state. On August 14, Nick Nisson and Dick Penrose discovered this pest in Irvine, Orange County. Rosser Garrison then found the same species of thrips in Rolling Hills, Los Angeles County, on September 10. Both finds were on the Hass variety of avocado.

There has been some confusion about the identity of this particular species of thrips. The media has stated that we do not know what the thrips is exactly, and that the experts are stumped by it. This is not the case. We know exactly what it is. It is a species new to science, not previously described. Also, there was some mention in the media that the specimens were going to be studied by Dr. Laurence Mound, a thrips taxonomist at the British Museum of Natural History. However, Dr. Mound has retired from the museum and is currently in Australia. So, there was some confusion as to whether Dr. Mound would, in fact, look at the material. Subsequently, specimens of the new thrips have finally caught up with Dr. Mound and he is in complete agreement with Steve Nakahara's assessment that it is an undescribed species.

CPPDR Icrne-Septernbel- 1996 Page SO

Some of the more unusual "A", "B", & "Q" rated insects intercepted in quarantine during the time frame of this CPPDR are listed in the chart on the following page.

BORDER STATIONS

There was a number of interesting pest interceptions at the California borders over the surnmer months. Once again, we list for you some of these notable finds made by border station personnel:

Pest Station Leaf beetle - Cerotoma sp. NE Sunflower beetle HO

- Zygogramma exclamationis Zebra mussel - Dreissena polytrzorpha HO

TR Gracillariid moth - Marmara sp. VI White-footed ants VI

- Technomyrmex albipes Litchi moth - Conopornorpka sp. HO European chafer - Rhizotrogus majalis WI Apple maggot - Rhagoletis potnonella YE Mediterranean sage - Salvia aethiopis TU

TU Hickory tussock moth LO

- Lophocampa caryae Fruit fly - Bactrocera sp. HO Oriental fruit fly - Bactrocera dorsalis HO

HO Mango flower beetle - Protaetiafusca VI Slug caterpillar - 1sa textula VI Two-lined spittlebug - Prosapia bicincta VI Dagger nematode - Xiphinema sp. BL Oriental fruit fly HO

- Bactrocera dorsalis (or sp.) HO HO

Spiny oakworm - Anisota stigma VI Mexican leafroller - Amorbia enigratella BL Green-striped mapleworm VI

- A. rubicunda Southwestern corn borer YE

- Diatraea grandiosella Grapeleaf skeletonizer TR

- Harrisina americana Mediterreanean fruit fly HO

- Ceratitis capitata Halogeton - Halogeton glotneratus TR Pacific mealybug DO

- Planococcus (prob. minor=pacifius) European corn borer TR

- Ostrinia nubilalis TR

Origin Costa Rica Florida

Collector Christy Gamlin

Host pineapples truck debris

Pastel1 Sage Granger Granger

boat hull boat motor mangoes printing paper

Michigan Minnesota Mexico Texas

Canada Texas Wisconsin Oregon Oregon Pennsylvania

Hamilton Holby Blakely LeNeave Lahue Hamblet

litchis U-Haul automobile auto debris auto debris RV trailer

Washington Canada Washington Arkansas Florida Florida Florida Canada Canada Taiwan Mississippi Mexico Florida

Martinez Martinez Hamilton Granger Duitsman Duitsmail Williams Johnson Brown Leslie Connors Klingenmeier Gresick

longans litchis sugar apples empty truck empty truck empty truck potted plants litchis litchis litchis frozen chickens bananas clay blocks

Nebraska Blakely corn cob

plant debris Texas Hutchins

Washington Arias litchis

floral carambola

Nevada Taiwan

Bienenfeld Rosecrans

Ohio New York

bell peppers fresh corn

Cox Brown-Dollins

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CPPDR Iune-September 1996 Page 83

- NEMATOLOGY HIGHLIGHTS - USING A 500 MESH SIEVE TO EXTRACT PLANT PARASITIC

NEMATODES

John Chitambar Associate Plant Nematologist

The CDFA Nematology Laboratory uses several techniques to extract nematodes from plant and soil samples. The technique used depends largely on the type of sample, and the target nematode species involved.

Soil and root samples are processed by the gravity sieve technique. Nematodes in water suspension are separated crudely by size (dimension) when passed through a series of size- graded sieves. For the past several years, the Nematology Laboratory has used a series of 20, 60,100,200,325 and 500,mesh sieves. While the choice of intermediate sieves (60-325 mesh) varies with the soil type of the sample, the 500 mesh sieve is always used as the final step in the technique. Nematodes of varying dimensions are retained on all sieves, except 20 mesh.

A 325 mesh sieve has individual openings of 45 mm which is large enough to allow the passage of several plant parasitic nematodes of lesser body width. Second stage juvenile rootknot and cyst nematodes, juvenile and adult burrowing nematodes, and immature female reniform nematodes with body widths of 20-25 mm, are a few examples of nematode species that can pass through a 325 mesh sieve. On the other hand, 25 mm openings are present in a 500 mesh sieve, thereby increasing the probability of retaining small nematodes. The probability of retaining nematodes on a sieve is influenced by the size of openings in the sieve, the size (width) of the nematode, the orientation of the nematode on impact with the sieve, and to some extent, the velocity of water flow. The probability of losing nematodes through a 500 mesh sieve is lower than through a 325 mesh sieve. This has been tested experimei~tally by nematologists at the CDFA Nematology Laboratory.

One must remember that the goal of regulatory nematology demands extreme precision in order to detect a single plant parasitic nematode species in a sample. Regulatory action against a commodity is necessary regardless of the number of unwanted nematodes detected in a sample. The detection of a single reniform nematode specimen requires the same regulatory action as that required for 1000 specimens. Since a high degree of precision and uniformity of enforcement is required for regulatory purposes, and as a great number of nematodes easily pass through a 325 mesh, it is necessary that California county nematology laboratories conform to the CDFA Nematology Laboratory nematode extraction standard and use a 500 mesh sieve as the final step in the gravity sieve technique.

CPPDR June-September 1996 Page 8 4

Natural Occurrence of the Stem and Bulb Nematode and the Chrysanthemum Foliar Nematode in Bodega Bay, Sonoma County

John Chitambarl, Donald Strong2, and Edmund ~ u a r t e ~ .%

l~ssociate Plant Nematologist, California Department of Food and Agriculture, Sacramento. 2~rofessor, Bodega Marine Laboratory, University of California, Davis. 3~gricultural Inspector 1, California Department of Food and Agriculture, Sacramento.

Native Bush Lupine (Lupinus arboreus Sims.) shrubs growing along the coast within the premises of the University of California Marine Laboratory in Bodega, exhibited symptoms of stunted shoot growth and swollen stems indicative of Stem and Bulb Nematode infestation. Symptomatic plant shoots collected in May 1996, were processed in the Nematology Labora- tory, CDFA, using the Baermann funnel technique, and found infested with the Stem and Bulb Nematode, Ditylenchus dipsaci (Kiihn, 1857) Filip'ev, 1936, and the Chrysanthemum Foliar Nematode, Aphelenchoides ritzemabosi (Schwartz, 1911) Steiner & Buhrer, 1932.

Fig. 7. Characteristic curvature of galled shoot tip of the mud flats yielded predominant per- bush lupine. centages of D. dipsaci (86-99%) over A.

I

CPPDR June-September 1996 - Page 55

ritzemabosi (1-14%). These initial results are indicative of seasonal influences on population development of both nematode species indigenous to the area. Further eco- logical studies of these nematodes on bush lupine in Bodega Bay are in progress. In the Nematology Laboratory, both nematode species were successfully cultured sepa- rately, and in combination on carrot callus (Moody et al., 1973). Interestingly, initial observations on combined equal inocula- tions of both species on carrot callus indi- cated that after about six weeks, A. ritzemabosi was present in larger numbers (95-100%) than D. dipsaci. A study on the culturing of these species is currently in progress.

The association of D. dipsaci and A. ritzemabosi on the same plant host has been reported for several plants including alfalfa (Gray et al., 1994; Franc et al., 1993), and strawberry (Hooper, 1972; Tacconi, 1973; Siddiqi, 1974). On strawberry, A. ritzemabosi has usually been associated with

Fig. 8. Dead galled shoot tip. A. fragariae, the Strawberry Spring Dwarf Nematode (Siddiqi, 1974). According to

CDFA records, this is a first report of A. ritzemabosi and D. dipsaci on Lupinus arboreus in Sonoma County. Both nematode species are "C" rated pests by the state, and are economically important pathogens of such plant hosts as strawberry and garlic for which nursery phytosanitary certification programs are currently in existence in California. The Chrysanthe- mum Foliar and the Stem and Bulb Nematodes are major plant pests throughout the world, especially in temperate regions; in Europe, Russia, the Mediterranean region, North and South America, Australia, New Zealand, and India.

.J References: Franc, G.D., C.M.-S. Beaupre, and J.L. Williams. 1993. A new disease of pinto bean caused by Aphelenckoides

ritzemabosi h Wyoming. Plant Disease 77:1168. Gray, F.A., J.L. Williams, G.D. Griffin, and T.E. Wilson. 1994. Distribution in the western United States on alfalfa

a

and cultivar reaction to mixed populations of Ditylenchus dipsaci and Aphelenchoides ritzemabosi. Journal of Nematology 26 (Supp.):705-719.

Hooper, D.J. 1972. Ditylenckus dipsaci. C.I.H. description of plant-parasitic nematodes, Set 1, No. 14. Moody, E.H., B.F. Lownsberry, and J.M. Ahmed. 1973. Culture of the root-lesion nematode Pratylenchus vzilnzrs

on carrot disks. Journal of Nematology 5:225-226. Siddiqi, M.R. 1974. Aphelenckoides ritzenzabosi. C.I.H. description of plant-parasitic nematodes, Set 3, No. 32. Tacconi, R. 1973. [Nematode damage to strawberries] Danni da nematodi allafragola. Informatore Fitopatologico

23:13-16.

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CPPDR June-Septem bet- 1996 Page 87

BURROWING NEMATODE, Radoyholus sinzilis, -(A )- This nematode was found in Hunting- ton Beach, Los Angeles County. The find is considered an exclusion incident and the nematode is not considered to be established. The feasibility of eradication is being studied. The following information on burrowing nematode is from a CDFA Detection Manual:

TARGET HOSTS

Over 250 hosts are known, but the following are of special quarantine significance: Fruit Trees -- Citrus and avocado. Ornamental Plants -- bamboo, banana, dieffenbachia, neanthebella palm, philodendron,

strelitzia, and other tropical ornamentals.

SYMPTOMS AND SIGNS

Field symptoms -- Individual citrus trees affected by spreading decline are stunted and sparse in foliage. They show little or no sign of new growth. Fruit set and size are also reduced. The decline condition spreads in all directions, approximately 40 feet per year. The above ground symptoms are not diagnostic as they mimic those of other citrus disorders.

Root symptoms -- Root systems of infected citrus and banana trees are reduced considerably; over 90% of feeder roots at depths below 30 inches may be destroyed by the nematode. A close examination of feeder roots shows the presence of brownish to black lesions, extending deep into the core. The edges of these lesions are generally yellowish to red and resemble those caused by lesion nematode (Pratylenchus sp.).

DETECTION NOTES

Optimum time for surveying citrus and avocado is in the spring when a new flush of growth occurs,; groups of trees showing erratic or delayed growth are suspect.

Commercial and residential survey -- Soil samples for burrowing nematode should be taken from target hosts during detection surveys for other pests, especially whenever the spreading decline symptoms are apparent.

Action -- Collect approximately one quart of moist soil with plenty of succulent roots from one or more trees showing symptoms. Samples should be processed and/or examined by properly equipped county laboratories. Otherwise, submit raw or processed samples to the CDFA Nematology Laboratory in Sacramento as soon as possible.

Caution -- (1) In citrus orchards, maximum nematode populations occur at depths between one and six feet. Thus, the root and soil samples should be taken from 12 inches or deeper. (2) The nematode is extremely sensitive to temperatures of 90" F. and above. Therefore, the samples must be stored at 40-50°F to prevent dehydration.

CPPDR Jur~e-September- 1996 -. -- --

Page SS - --

LABORATORY NOTES

Burrowing nematodes are extracted preferably by mist extraction or Baermann funnel technique. For details, see "Manual of Standard Procedures for County Plant Nematology Work," or contact the CDFA Nematology Laboratory.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION

North America -- Mexico, United States (Florida and Texas). Central America -- Cuba, Puerto Rico, Jamaica, Guatemala, El Salvador, Dominican Republic,

Costa Rica, Nicaragua. South America -- Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador. Africa -- Egypt, Somalia, Ghana, Nigeria, South Africa, Zaire. Asia -- India, Ceylon, Malaya, Indonesia, Philippines, Taiwan. Australia and Oceana -- Queensland, Fiji, Hawaii. Europe -- France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES

1. At least two physiologic races or biotypes of burrowing nematode have been found in Florida artd other tropical areas - the "banana race" that attacks banana but not citrus, and the "citrus race" that is pathogenic to both and a number of ornamental hosts. However, no morphoiogical differences have been found that could be used to distinguish one race from the other.

2. Additional hosts -- There are approximately 240 species of susceptible to tolerant (slight damage) hosts. Indoor decorative plants (Philodendron, Maranta, Anthurium, etc.) may not show severe symptoms, yet serve as a carrier in spreading the nematode long distances.

3. Although burrowing nematode is widely distributed in Florida citrus, the spreading decline symptoms are most severe in central Florida where the soil is very sandy and low in organic matter.

4. Both larvae and adult nematodes penetrate succulent roots. Nematodes feeding in the roots burrow and form cavities in the tissue which are invaded by secondary micro-organisms and develop into lesions. The life cycle on citrus is completed in 19 to 21 days at 75'-78' F. The nematode generally spends its entire life cycle within the root. Subsequent generations move either to new feeding sites within the root or into the soil in sear,h of healthy roots.

5. Resistant and tolerant rootstocks are available, but their other characteristics have not been fully tested. Lemon rootstocks 'Estes' and 'Milam,' and sweet orange rootstock 'Ridge Pineapple,' have been found to be resistant or tolerant to burrowing nematode.

6. Burrowing nematode is not known to be established in California. Infestations of this nematode in ornamental nurseries are immediately eradicated. These infestations have been repeatedly traced to shipments of indoor decorative plants from infested states.

CPPDR June-Septem be]- 1996 Page 89

HISTORY

Burrowing nematode was first reported in 1893 by N.A. Cobb, on bananas from Fiji. Subse- quently, this pest has been reported from many tropical and subtropical countries. The evidence of spreading decline was noticed in 1928 in a citrus orchard in Polk County, Florida; but, its cause was unknown until 1953 when burrowing nematode was determined to be the cause of the disease. By 1956, the disease had spread to 1,053 citrus groves and 309 nurseries in 32 counties in Florida.

ECONOMICS

Spreading decline is one of the most destructive diseases of citrus in Florida. It causes a reduction of 50 to 80% in yield of grapefruit and 40 to 70% in oranges. Returns from a severely infested orchard are not enough to pay the cost of production. Since its discovery in 1928, millions of dollars have been spent in detection, eradication, and research on this disease.

Citrus is a major industry in California with an estimated acreage of 300,000 and a production value of $220 million a year. Effective quarantine measures have kept burrowing nematode from becoming established in California for more than 15 years.

THEORY OF CONTROL

1. Effective quarantine regulations, the use of certified, pest-free, planting stock, and clean cultural practices.

2. Eradication efforts on infested citrus orchards were subjected to the "push-and-treat" method in Florida. All infested trees and those in a four row margin are pushed and burned. The area is then fumigated and left fallow for six months to two years prior to replanting. Buffer "strips" of plant-free land 5-18 m wide are created between infested and non-infected sites.

QUARANTINE SUMMARY

Burrowing Nematode Exterior Quarantine (Calif. Adm. Code 3271), enacted in 1956.

Infested areas -- Florida, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, and three counties in Texas. Regulated articles -- Soil, plants, and plant parts with roots, calloused and rooted cuttings.

REFERENCES Chrisbe, J.R., 1959. Plant nematodes: their bionomics and control. -4gr. Expt. Sta Univ. of Florida, Gainesville. 256

PP Poucher, C., H.W. Ford, R.F. Suit, and E.P. DuCharme, 1967. Burrowing nematode in citrus. Florida Dept. of

Agric. Bull. 7. 63 pp. Sher, S.A., 1968. Revision of the genus Radopholt~s Thorne, 1949 (Nematoda:Tylenchoidea). Proc. Helminthol. Soc.

Wash. 35:219-23 7. Williams, K.J.O., and M.R. Siddiqi, 1973. Radopholus similis. Commonwealth Institute of Helminthology,

Description of Plant-parasitic Nematodes. Set 2. No. 27.


BURROWING NEMATODE

Radopholus similis

MALE llp region hlgh, hemlapherlcal and

dlstlnctly set off

the male I8 narrower and

long narrow tall tapering to rounded or elmost polnted terminus

Fig. 11. Morphology, habit, and distribution of burrowing nematode, Radopholus similis.

CPPDR June-September- 1996 Page 91

*- PLANT PATHOLOGY HIGHLIGHTS - *

RICE BLAST DISEASE, Pyricularia grisea -(Q)- On September 20,1996, Dr. Robert Webster, University of California, Davis, notified the department that he had identified the causal fungus of rice blast disease, Pyricularia grisea, from rice samples collected in Glenn County. Subsequent surveys of the area have identified over 60 infested fields in Glenn and Colusa counties. Samples submitted to the CDFA Plant I'athology Laboratory were confirmed as rice blast. This is the first report of this pathogen in California.

According to Dr. Webster, based on field studies in the southeastern U.S. where the disease is common, California rice varieties are known to be susceptible to the disease. Weather conditions this season were apparently very favorable to disease development, including high humidity, warm evenings, and free moisture on the leaves.

Rice blast disease is considered to be the most serious disease of rice worldwide. Yield losses of up to 50% are not uncommon where the disease occurs. Symptoms include leaf spotting (often a diamond shaped lesion), collar rot (infection at nodal regions with brown discolora- tion) and rot neck blast (infection of the node at the base of the seed head). Rotten neck blast inflicts the most serious damage by causing the seed head to break over or by preventing the seed from forming in the panicle. In the southeastern U.S., control measures include the use of resistant varieties, chemical treatments (not currently registered in California), and burning of the rice straw and stubble.

CDFA is working with the Glenn and Colusa county Agricultural Commissioners and the Air Resources Board to enable farmers to burn infested or contaminated fields. The "Act of God" provision of the Rice Straw Burning Reduction Act allows for additional burning allotments when a serious disease is present. Burning of the straw and stubble is the only way to destroy the fungus at this time of year; this will greatly reduce or eliminate inoculum carryover which could start new infestations next season.

Work to confirm the pathogenicity of the isolates and determine their race(s), which may assist in determining the origin, is underway at this time. Dr. Webster and the area farm advisors are doing additional surveys throughout the rice-growing area. No symptoms of blast have been observed in other counties as of this date. The following report is from Kathy Kosta, Detection Plant Pathologist, and Bill Callison, Assistant Director of Plant Industry, CDFA:

CPPDR June-Septembel- 1996 Page 92

RICE BLAST DISEASE PROFILE AND INTENSIVE CONTROL RECOMMENDATIONS

October 15,1996

THE PEST

Pyriculnria grisea is a fungus that attacks rice and certain other grasses. When rice is attacked, it causes "rice blast" which is considered to be the most serious disease of rice on a worldwide basis.

THE DISEASE

The fungus can infect rice plants at any stage of growth and at various places on the plant. Spots of infection (lesions) on the leaves are normally diamond-shaped, grayish in the center with dark brown margins. Infection of the leaf collar, termed collar rot, can cause death of the entire leaf blade. The most destructive stage of the disease is called rotten neck blast. Rotten neck blast occurs when the fungus infects the node where the grain bearing part (panicle) of the plant emerges. Infection at this point can cause the panicle (seed head) to break-over and, depending on the time of the break-over, prevent development of the grain. Even when the seed head does not break-over, rotten collar and neck blast can prevent the development of a portion of the grains that might otherwise have occurred in the seed head. Lesions that occur at the nodes and panicle typically are dark brown in color.

Rice blast has been discovered in the counties of Colusa and Glenn. This is the first known occurrence in California. It is one of the most widely distributed plant diseases and is known to occur innearly all the major rice-producing areas of the world. In fact, the Commonwealth Mycological Institute reports that rice blast has been recorded in 70 different countries.

THE THREAT

There are absolutely no human health problems associated with consumption of the rice grain. The impact is on yield.

Fig. 12. Map ~f California showing the area of rice blast infestation.

Pyricularia grisea can reproduce itself in the field on rice plants in a matter of five to six days. Thus, several disease cycles could occur during the rice growing season in the Sacramento Valley. Reproductive bodies (spores) are produced on the surfaces of the lesions. The spores are then spread fromplant-to-plant, field-to-field, and to other growing locations by the wind. When the spores land on rice plants and the right weather and other conditions exist, a new infection occurs. Conditions that favor infection are relatively high humiditv, warm temperatures (optimum is 8Z°F.), eight to 11 hours of leaf

CPPDR June-September 1996 --- Page 93 --

wetness (depending on temperature), late planting dates, intermittent dry periods, high nitrogen fertility, and the degree of the susceptibility of the rice variety.

All rice varieties grown in California are susceptible. Reported yield losses are as high as 50% where rice blast occurs. Therefore, establishment of the pest throughout California's rice- producing area could result in heavy yield losses.

Spores of the fungus (Pyricularia grisea) survive in the rice stubble and other plant debris. Spores can also be carried on the seed. Spores in the stubble, rice straw, and seed allow the pest to infect the next year's crop. Therefore, destruction of the stubble and rice straw and planting disease free seed are imperative.

If the disease is allowed to become widespread, disease management would require the development and use of resistant varieties and strict cultural practices to reduce growing season infection and spread. In some cases, the use of protectant fungicides would be required. The development of resistant varieties would require up to six or seven years and considerable expense. Since the fungus has a remarkable ability to adapt and overcome resistance, an ongoing breeding program for disease resistance would be required. All of this would result in a significant economic burden on rice growers.

INTENSIVE CONTROL MEASURES

The University of California, California Department of Food and Agriculture, and Agricul- tural Commissioners of Colusa and Glenn counties have developed the following general system for the intensive control of the currcnt outbreak in a geographic control area that encompasses portions of the counties of Colusa and Glenn. Once the extent of the present disease outbreak is better defined, a more detailed and complete system can be developed.

Information and educational outreach to the industry and the public.

Rice stubble and straw in infested and adjacent fields exposed to infestation must be destroyed. Until other methods are developed, burning is the only suitable method available for the destruction of the diseased rice plant residue. To allow for the burning of infested and exposed fields, a provision in the Rice Straw Burning Reduction Act for dealing with such incidents will have to be invoked. In any case, all burning will have to comply with the "Sacramento Valley Agricultural Fall Burn Plan" and be completed in a manner that limits the impacts on nearby communities.*

Cleaning of rice harvesters and other harvesting equipment to remove rice straw and other plant debris before movement from known infested fields to other fields during the 1996 harvest season.

Continue the practice of planting only certified seed.

Use a registered seed treatment to kill any spores that night be contaminating seed.*

CPPDR June-September 1996 Page 9 4

Avoid excessive nitrogen fertilization.

To enable early detection, monitor fields for any symptoms of the disease throughout the 1997 growing season.

Apply registered fungicides if the disease is discovered.'

* The Department will work with the Air Resources Board, Agricultural Commissioners, and Air Pollution Officers to allow for the burning of the infested and exposed fields. The University and the Department will work with the Department of Pesticide Regulation to determine which pesticides are or could be registered for use on rice here in California.

Fig. 13. Caption leaf segments showing six lesion types for inoculated rice seedlings.

Type 0: No visible evidence of infection; nonpathogenic. Type 1: Uniform dark brown pinpoint lesions without visible centers; typically barely visible, but can reach

0.5 mm in diameter; nonpathogenic. Type 2: Small lesions with distinct tan centers surrounded by a darker brown margin; pathogenic. Type 3: Small eyespot lesions approximately 2 mm in length with tan centers surrounded by dark brown

margins; pathogenic. Type 4: Intermediate size eyespot lesions, approximately 3-4 mm in length; pathogenic. Type 5: Large eyespot lesions that attain the maximum size seen for a particular cultivar; pathogenic.

CPPDR lune-Septem bet- 1996 Page 95

KARNAL BUNT PROJECT SUMMARY

October 16,1996

The California wheat harvest in an area suspected to be infested with Karnal bunt has ended. Results from a five month program of intensive survey for Karnal Bunt showed the disease was not widespread. The positive fields represent less than 3% of the total acreage in the quarantine area (3,389 acres out of a total of 129,956).

The positive fields are located in two small areas. The majority of the fields (62) are in the Palo Verde Valley near Blythe, Riverside County. Seven additional fields, totaling 41 acres, were discovered in the Bard/Winterhaven area of Imperial County, on the Arizona border. All fields in the Imperial Valley area of Imperial County were tested and found to be negative.

Background

Karnal bunt was discovered in California in March of this year. Eight grain storage facilities tested positive for the disease and several fields were known to have been planted with contaminated seed from Arizona.

Karnal bunt is a disease of wheat that may affect both the quality of the grain and the yield. It has no human health impacts and minor yield and quality impacts. The major economic impacts are on trade, especially export markets. Fifty countries prohibit or regulate grain contaminated with Karnal bunt.

California wheat was valued at $141 million in 1995; this year the wheat industry estimates that value has doubled due to crop shortages elsewhere in the U.S.

A quarantine was placed in April on the entire county of Imperial and part of Riverside County. The quarantine area is currently 6,000 square miles and encompasses 129,956 acres of wheat. The purpose of a quarantine is to prevent the spread of the disease to non-infested portions of the state.

California wheat grown outside the quarantine area is not regulated in any way. Inside the quarantine area, anyone who grows, handles, or transports wheat must sign a compliance agreement that limits the movement of wheat and associated equipment, trucks and railcars unless proper safeguards are taken.

Project Components

As part of the quarantine effort, every field inside the quarantine area has been tested for Karnal bunt prior to harvest. There are 2,326 fields. Of these, 69 tested positive for the disease.

Each remaining grain storage and handling facility in the quarantine area was tested to ensure that harvested grain was stored in clean facilities. Over 500 samples taken from these facilities were negative.

CPPl3Tt 1u11c-Septem bet- 1996 Page 96

'4s an additional safeguard, every rail car or truck carrying wheat that has tested negative in the field was tested again before tnoving from the quarantine area. Of 2,016 rail cars and trucks tested, twentv nine were positive for Karnal bunt (nineteen from Riverside and ten from Imperial); or less than 1.5% of the samples. Infected grain must remain in the quarantine area until i! has been decontaminated.

Wheat grown for seed in the quarantine area is subjected to an even more rigorous testing program. A single sample from Imperial County out of 842 seed samples tested overall was positive for Karnal bunt. This seed lot will not be allowed to move from the quarantine area.

National Survey

California is testing wheat from every wheat growing county (33 total) in the state as part of a national Karnal bunt survey. Over 265 samples from 32 counties tested so far have been negative.

A single sample from the San Joaquin Valley did test positive. However, an investigation uncovered no infected fields. In addition, over 479 samples taken from truckloads of wheat and other sources in the suspect area were negative for Karnal bunt. Field surveys are scheduled for the 1997 growing season.

PROJECT STATISTICS AT A GLANCE

Current Quarantine Area Imperial Co. Eastern Riverside Co. (approx. 4,175 sq. mi.) (approx. 1,825 sq. mi.)

Acres of Wheat in Quarantine Area

NI-lmber of Fields Sampled (2,326 total)

Sampled (129,956 total)

Number of Iiail Cars and 7'rucks Sampled

Nuntber of Facilities Confirmed Positive

Positive wrhcdt samples were collected from wheat in three states; Alabama (30,000 acres of wheat), Georgia (20,000 acres of wheat), and Tennessee (20,000 acrea of wheat). Trace backs and trace forwards included the states of Arkclnsas, Mississippi, Kentucky, Indiana, South Caro i in , and FIoridcl. Positive trace backs have been identified as far back as 1992.

INDEX OF PHANEROGAMIC PARASITES OF

. E. Tidwell

STATE OF CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE

SACRAMENTO, CALIFORNIA

On the following pages (98-139) is the second half of the "Index of Phanerogamic Parasites of California" first presented in the previous issue of the CPPDR [15(1-2):23-641. That issue included an introduction, a list of references, and in-depth descriptions of the parasites. Included in this issue is an alphabetical host plant list.

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l lia

P

rofa

ef ia

P

rofa

efia

To

rnic

us

Eleo

des

Zoph

obus

Lo

phoc

afer

es

Cer

odon

fha

Oph

iorn

yia

Chr

ysor

nya

cont

a ri

nia

Das

inei

~ra

Das

ineu

ra

Sito

dipl

osis

E

z~rn

erus

C

haef

orel

l ia

Rha

gole

f is

Tere

ll ia

Zo

flose

rna t

a Ti

pula

Th

eba

Blis

sus

Nys

ius

~he

lpho

cori

s hi

llfi

cus

Scof

inop

hara

Te

leon

enzi

a Ac

lerd

a A

leur

ocan

thus

undu

lafa

su

bspi

nosu

s ca

sfan

ea

cong

rua

lew

isi

jksc

a or

ienf

alis

pi

nipe

rda

sufu

rali

s nf

rafu

s pu

sillu

s ir

idop

hora

ph

aseo

li rn

egac

epha

la

john

soni

af

in is

le

gurn

inic

ola

rnos

el la

na

auri

fion

s su

ccin

ea

ponz

onel

la

jksc

icor

nis

elec

fa

palu

dosa

pi

sana

le

ucop

teru

s er

icae

ra

pidu

s br

acfe

afus

lu

rida

sc

rupu

losa

fo

kion

is

spin

iferu

s

a sc

arab

bee

tle

rose

cha

fer

Asi

atic

gar

den

beet

le

a m

ay b

eetl

e a

scar

ab b

eetl

e m

ango

flo

wer

bee

tle

a sc

arab

bee

tle

pine

sho

ot b

eetl

e a

fals

e w

irew

orm

a

dark

ling

gro

un

d b

eetl

e S

iam

ese

grai

n be

etle

a

leaf

min

er f

ly

bean

fly

an

exo

tic

blow

fly

gr

ape

blos

som

mid

ge

Eur

opea

n vi

olet

leaf

mid

ge

clov

er s

eed

mid

ge

whe

at m

idge

an

exo

tic

bulb

fly

ye

llow

this

tle

fly

appl

e m

aggo

t ar

tich

oke

fly

pepp

er m

aggo

t E

urop

ean

cran

e fl

y w

hite

gar

den

snai

l ch

inch

bug

a

fals

e ci

nch

bu

g

rapi

d pl

ant b

ug

ga

rden

fle

ahop

per

rice

pen

tato

mid

la

ntan

a la

cebu

g Ja

pane

se b

ambo

o ac

leri

d or

ange

spi

ny w

hite

fly

CPP

DR

Jun

e-Se

ptem

ber 1

996

Pane

14

3

Cal

iforn

ia P

est

Rat

ing

Cha

nges

QW

ER

G

ENER

lC N

AM

E SP

EClE

S N

AM

E P

An

NE

W - I

Hor

nop t

era

Hor

nopt

era

Hor

nopt

era

Hor

nopt

era

Hor

nopt

era

Hor

nopt

era

Hor

nopt

era

Hor

nop

tera

H

orno

pter

a H

orno

pter

a H

orno

pter

a H

orno

pter

a H

orno

pter

a H

orno

p ter

a H

orno

p te

ra

Hor

nop t

era

Hor

nop

tera

H

orno

pter

a H

orno

pter

a H

orno

p ter

a H

orno

p ter

a H

orno

p te

ra

Hor

nopt

era

Hor

nopt

era

Hor

nopt

era

Hor

nopt

era

Hor

nopt

era

Hor

nopt

era

Hor

nopt

era

Hor

nopt

era

Hor

nopt

era

Hor

nopt

era

Hor

nopt

era

Ale

yrod

idae

A

leyr

odid

ae

Ale

yrod

idae

A

leyr

odid

ae

Ale

yrod

idae

A

phid

idae

A

ster

olec

anii

dae

Cic

adel

lida

e C

icad

elli

dae

Cic

adid

ae

Cix

iida

e C

occi

dae

Coc

cida

e C

occi

dae

Coc

cida

e C

occi

dae

Coc

cida

e C

occi

dae

Del

phac

icae

D

iasp

idid

ae

Dia

spid

idae

D

iasp

idid

ae

Dia

spid

idae

D

iasp

idid

ae

Dia

spid

idae

D

iasp

idid

ae

Dia

spid

idae

D

iasp

idid

ae

Pse

udoc

occi

dae

Pse

udoc

occi

dae

Pse

udoc

occi

dae

Pse

udoc

occi

dae

Pse

ud o

cocc

idae

Ale

urod

icus

D

iale

urod

es

Dia

leur

odes

Pa

rale

yrod

es

Tria

leur

odes

To

xop f

era

Asf

erol

ecan

ium

H

omal

odis

ca

Tha

mno

feff

ix

Mag

icic

ada

Myn

dus

Cer

opla

s fes

C

erop

lasf

es

Coc

cus

Mes

olec

aniu

m

Pul

vina

ria

Pul

vina

ria

Tot~

mey

el la

Soga

fode

s Ao

nidi

ella

M

elan

aspi

s M

orga

nella

Pa

rlaf

oria

P

inna

spis

Ps

euda

onid

ia

Pseu

daul

acas

pis

Qua

dras

pidi

of us

U

nasp

is

Mac

onel

licoc

cus

Plan

ococ

cus

Plan

ococ

cus

Pse

udan

foni

na

Pseu

doco

ccus

duge

sii

chif

fend

eni

cifr

ifol

ii

min

ei

flori

dens

is

cifr

icid

a sf

enfa

e co

agul

afa

zelle

ri

sepf

ende

cim

cr

udus

flo

ride

nsis

ru

sci

viri

dis

nigr

ofas

ciaf

um

ps

idii

urbi

cola

lir

iode

ndri

or

izic

ola

orie

n fal

is

obsc

ura

long

ispi

na

zizi

phi

buxi

pa

eoni

ae

pen

fago

na

osf re

aefo

rmis

ci

fri

hirs

ufus

fi

cus

lila

cinu

s ar

undi

nari

ae

com

s foc

ki

gian

t whi

tefl

y rh

odod

endr

on w

hite

fly

clou

dy-w

inge

d-w

hite

fly

nest

ing

whi

tefl

y av

ocad

o w

hite

fly

brow

n ci

trus

aph

id

succ

ulen

t pit

sca

le

glas

sy-w

inge

d sh

arps

hoot

er

a le

afho

pper

pe

riod

ical

cic

ada

Am

eric

an p

alm

cix

iid

Flo

rida

wax

sca

le

fig

wax

sca

le

gree

n sc

ale

terr

apin

sca

le

gree

n sh

ield

sca

le

urba

n so

ft s

cale

tu

lipt

ree

scal

e ri

ce d

elph

acid

O

rien

tal s

cale

ob

scur

e sc

ale

plum

ose

scal

e bl

ack

citr

us s

cale

bo

xwoo

d sc

ale

peon

y sc

ale

whi

te p

each

sca

le

Eur

opea

n fr

uit s

cale

ci

trus

sno

w s

cale

pi

nk m

ealy

bug

a m

ealy

bug

a m

ealy

bug

arun

dina

ria

mea

lybu

g co

mst

ock

mea

lybu

g

CPP

DR

Jun

e-Se

p tem

ber

1996

Pa

ge

144

I

Cal

iforn

ia P

est

Rat

ing

Cha

nges

QR

?m3

GEN

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NA

ME

SPEC

lES

NA

ME

~~

COMMON N

AM

E

Hom

op te

ra

Hom

opte

ra

Hom

opte

ra

Hom

opte

ra

Hom

op te

ra

Hom

op te

ra

Hym

enop

tera

H

ymen

opte

ra

Hym

enop

tera

H

ymen

op te

ra

Hym

enop

tera

H

ymen

op te

ra

Isop

tera

L

epid

opte

ra

Lep

idop

tera

L

epid

opte

ra

Lep

idop

tera

L

epid

opte

ra

Lep

idop

tera

L

epid

opte

ra

Lep

idop

tera

L

epid

opte

ra

Lep

idop

tera

L

epid

opte

ra

Lep

idop

tera

L

epid

opte

ra

Lep

idop

tera

L

epid

opte

ra

Lep

idop

tera

L

epid

opte

ra

Lep

idop

tera

L

epid

opte

ra

Lep

idop

tera

Pse

udoc

occi

dae

Pse

udoc

occi

dae

Psy

llid

ae

Psy

llid

ae

Psy

llid

ae

Psy

llid

ae

Aph

idae

C

ynip

idae

D

ipri

onid

ae

For

mic

idae

F

orm

icid

ae

Ten

thre

dini

dae

Rhi

note

rmit

idae

A

crol

epii

dae

Arc

tiid

ae

Arc

tiid

ae

Cos

sida

e G

elec

hiid

ae

Gel

echi

idae

G

raci

llar

iida

e G

raci

llar

iida

e L

asio

cam

pida

e L

ycae

nida

e L

yman

trii

dae

Lym

antr

iida

e M

egal

opyg

idae

N

octu

idae

N

oc tu

idae

N

octu

idae

N

octu

idae

N

octu

idae

N

octu

idae

N

octu

idae

Pseu

doco

ccus

Sa

ciha

rico

ccus

C

yp

tone

ossa

H

eter

opsy

lla

Pach

ypsy

lla

Trio

ziz

Api

s D

iast

roph

us

Dip

rion

So

leno

psis

Ti

zpin

oma

Fenu

sa

Cop

tote

rmes

Ac

role

piu

Hal

ysid

o ta

Lym

ire

Zetlz

era

Tild

enia

Sc

robi

palp

n C

onop

onzo

rpha

Ph

yllo

c~zi

stis

M

alnc

oson

za

Lam

pide

s Ly

nzan

tria

O

rgyi

a PJ

lega

lopy

ge

Alab

ama

Cela

nza

Chr

ysod

eixi

s G

cnod

on ta

H

e1 ic

oner

pa

Hel

icov

erpa

M

arnc

s tra

c yp

tus

(=ci

tric

ulus

) sa

ccha

ri

tria

ngul

a cu

bana

ce

l tidi

snla

rnm

a tr

ipun

c ta t

a m

ellfe

ra s

cu te

llata

ra

d icu

m

sirn

ilis

gern

inat

a rn

elan

ocep

halu

nz

pusi

lla

forn

zosa

nus

asse

c tel

la

tess

ella

ris

edw

ards

ii py

rina

gu

dnza

nnel

la

ocel

late

lla

litch

iella

ci

trel

la

anze

rica

num

bo

etic

us

SPP.

le

ucos

tignz

a ~p

ercu

lari

s ar

gilla

cea

sorg

hiel

la

erio

som

a PY

%'o

haw

aiie

nsis

ar

rnig

era

bras

s ica

e

a m

ealy

bug

pink

sug

arca

ne m

ealy

bug

a ps

ylli

d le

ucae

na p

syll

id

hack

berr

y n

ipp

le g

all m

aker

bl

ackb

erry

psy

llid

A

fric

aniz

ed h

oney

bee

ra

spbe

rry

root

gal

l was

p

an in

trod

uced

pin

e sa

wfl

y fi

re a

nt

blac

k he

aded

an

t bi

rch

leaf

min

er

For

mos

an s

ubte

rran

ean

term

ite

leek

mot

h pa

le tu

ssoc

k m

oth

a ct

enuc

hine

mot

h le

opar

d m

oth

pepp

er f

low

er b

ud

mot

h su

garb

eet c

row

n bo

rer

Lyc

hee

leaf

-min

er

citr

us le

afm

iner

ea

ster

n te

nt c

ater

pill

ar

bean

but

terf

ly

gyps

y m

oth

genu

s w

hite

mar

ked

tuss

ock

mot

h pu

ss c

ater

pill

ar

cott

on le

afw

orm

so

rghu

m w

ebw

orm

gr

een

gar

den

loop

er

a ci

trus

fru

itpi

erci

ng m

oth

Haw

aiia

n b

ud

mo

th

a co

tton

bol

lwor

m

cabb

age

mot

h

CPP

DR

lun

e-Se

ptem

ber

1996

Pa

ae

146

Cal

iforn

ia P

est

Rat

ing

Cha

nges

Ql3D

kJ3

FAM

lLV

G

ENER

lC N

AM

E SP

EClE

S N

AM

E P

fl

NE

W_

CO

MM

ON

NA

ME

Lep

idop

tera

L

epid

opte

ra

Thy

sano

pter

a T

hysa

nopt

era

Thy

sano

pter

a T

hysa

nopt

era

Thy

sano

pter

a T

hysa

nop

tera

T

hysa

nopt

era

'Thy

sano

pter

a T

hysa

nopt

era

Thy

sano

pter

a T

hysa

nopt

era

Thy

sano

pter

a

Tor

tric

idae

Z

ygae

nida

e A

eolo

thri

pida

e P

hlae

o thr

ipid

ae

Phl

aeot

hrip

idae

T

hrip

idae

T

hrip

idae

T

hrip

idae

T

hrip

idae

T

hrip

idae

T

hrip

idae

T

hrip

idae

T

hrip

idae

T

hrip

idae

Zeir

aphe

ra

Har

risi

na

Aeo

loth

rips

Li

othr

ips

Liot

hrip

s E

chin

othr

ips

Fran

klin

iclla

H

ydu

toth

rips

Sc

irto

thri

ps

Scle

noth

rips

T

h rip

s Th

rips

Tl

zrip

s Th

rips

cana

dens

is

amer

ican

a er

icae

flo

ride

nsis

ol

eae

amer

ican

us

triti

ci

sam

ayun

ktir

SP

. ru

broc

inct

tis

angu

s tic

eps

floru

m

palm

i ha

wai

iens

is

spru

ce b

ud

mot

h gr

apel

eaf

skel

eton

izer

he

athe

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rip

s ca

mph

or th

rip

s ol

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thri

ps

a th

rips

ea

ster

n fl

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th

rip

s M

arig

old

thri

ps

avoc

ado

thri

ps

redb

ande

d th

rip

s ca

bbag

e th

rip

s a

thri

ps

mel

on th

rips

H

awai

ian

flow

er th

rips

CPP

DR

Ju

ne-

Sep

tem

ber

199

6 P

ane

145

Cal

ifor

nia

Pes

t R.

a tin

g C

han

ges

OR

DER

C

ENER

lC N

AM

E SP

ECK

S N

AM

F J?ASC NEW

COM

IMCI

N N

AME

I L

epid

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L

epid

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epid

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ra

Lep

idop

tera

L

epid

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ra

Lep

idop

tera

L

epid

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ra

Lep

idop

tera

L

epid

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ra

Lep

idop

tera

L

epid

op te

ra

Lep

idop

tera

L

epid

opte

ra

Lep

idop

tera

L

epid

opte

ra

Lep

idop

tera

L

epid

opte

ra

Lep

idop

tera

L

epid

opte

ra

Lep

idop

tera

L

epid

opte

ra

Lep

idop

tera

L

epid

opte

ra

Lep

idop

tera

L

epid

opte

ra

Lep

idop

tera

L

epid

opte

ra

Lep

idop

tera

L

epid

opte

ra

Lep

idop

tera

L

epid

opte

ra

Noc

tuid

ae

Noc

tuid

ae

Noc

tuid

ae

Noc

tuid

ae

Noc

tuid

ae

Noc

tuid

ae

Noc

tuid

ae

Noc

tuid

ae

Noc

tuid

ae

Noc

tuid

ae

Noc

tuid

ae

Not

odon

tida

e O

ecop

hori

dae

Oec

opho

rida

e P

yral

idae

P

yral

idae

P

yral

idae

P

yral

idae

P

yral

idae

P

yral

idae

P

yral

idae

P

yral

idae

S

atur

niid

ae

Sat

urni

idae

S

esii

dae

Ses

iida

e T

isch

erii

dae

Tor

tric

idae

T

ortr

icid

ae

Tor

tric

idae

T

ortr

icid

ae

Tor

tric

idae

T

ortr

icid

ae

Papa

ipem

a Pl

athy

pena

Se

sam

ia

Spod

op te

ra

Spod

op te

ra

Spod

opte

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Spod

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ra

Spod

opte

ra

Spod

op te

ra

Spod

op te

ra

Syng

raph

a N

adat

a A

n ta

eotr

icha

St

enom

a C

hilo

Ch

i10

Cor

cyra

Eo

reum

a H

ellu

la

Leuc

inod

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Mar

uca

Zoph

odia

Ac

tias

A

ttac

us

Mel

itti

a M

elit

tia

Tisc

heri

a Am

orbi

a A

rgyr

o tae

nia

Cho

ris t

oneu

ra

Endo

piza

Ep

inot

ia

Epip

hyas

nebr

is

scab

ra

cret

ica

litto

ralis

su

nia

exem

p ta

erid

ania

la

tifa

scia

do

1 ich

os

mau

ritia

ep

igae

a gi

bbos

a le

ucill

ana

ca te

nife

r su

ppre

ssal

is

plej

adel

lus

ceph

alon

ica

lofti

ni

roga

tal i

s or

bona

lis

tes t

ulal

is

conu

ol ut

ella

lu

na

atla

s ca

laba

za

cucu

rbita

e m

argi

na ta

em

igra

tella

ue

l u ti

nana

fu

mife

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ui

tean

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orem

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stui

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stal

k bo

rer

gree

n cl

over

wor

m

durr

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alk

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gypt

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cott

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arm

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m

nutg

rass

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sout

hern

arm

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m

an a

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an

arm

ywor

m

law

n ar

myw

orm

a

noct

uid

loop

er

a no

todo

nid

mot

h a

sten

orni

ne o

ecop

hori

d av

ocad

o se

ed m

oth

Asi

atic

ric

e bo

rer

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sta

lk b

orer

ri

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oth

Mex

ican

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Documents

CPPDR June-September · CPPDR June-September 1996 Page 68 I Editor: ... 4=D Caption leaf segment showing rice blast disease, pg. 92. ... bug, have been introduced