CPL Air Law ATC Chapters 3. Aim To review rules of the air & conditions in which flight may be conducted

CPL Air LawATC Chapters 3

Aim

To review rules of the air & conditions in which flight may be conducted

Objectives1.Review operations at uncontrolled aerodromes2.Review navigation requirements 3.To identify the minimum documents for flight4.Illustrate right of way rules in the air5.Define VMC6.Identify altimetry requirements for flight 7.Identify various operational air law requirements

1. Review Ops at CTAF aerodromes

Which aerodromes require a radio? • CERT• REG• MIL

Details found in?• ERSA

What defines ‘in the vicinity of’?• Within 10nm of an aerodrome & below 2000 AGL (CAR 166, AIP Gen 2.2)

Carriage of radio


Required broadcasts at an uncontrolled aerodrome include? • Taxi • Entering/crossing a runway • Taking off/rolling • Vacated and clear of runways • Joining the circuit • Carrying out a straight in approach at least 3nm prior • Inbound to aerodrome at least 10nm prior (preferably 15nm) • Transiting ‘in the vicinity of’ the aerodrome (AIP ENR 1.1 para 20, CAR 166C)

Broadcasts & Advisories

Pilots of radio equipped aircraft must listen out and announce if in potential conflict. Pilots who are in conflict must acknowledge these broadcasts

(AIP ENR 1.1 para 43.1)


• Default circuit direction & CTAF is? • Left hand (unless stated in ERSA), 126.7 Mhz

• Max speed? • 200kts

• Circuit height? • 500ft low power, 1000ft medium, 1500ft high power aircraft • Overfly height generally at least 500ft above circuit altitude

___________________________________________________________• The pilot must maintain a lookout for aircraft • The pilot joins the circuit, he/she must ensure all turns are made in the

same direction as the designated circuit (para 1d) • The pilot must maintain runway track on takeoff until 500ft above terrain

(para 1f)• However under para 4, the above does not apply is a change in track

is required to avoid terrain • The pilot must take-off & land into wind (para 1h)

Circuit operations (CAR 166A)


• The pilot must determine wind direction prior to arrival (CAR 166B para 2a)

• The above does not apply if in accordance with an Instrument approach (CAR 166B para 3)

• Aircraft lights turned on along with Transponder

Straight in approach (CAR 166B, ENR 1.1 para 47.6)


Arrivals• Pilot should overfly at 2000ft AGL • Descend on dead side of runway • Join appropriate leg of circuit (crosswind, mid field crosswind) • Arriving on live side downwind from 45 degrees • Final approach turned no lower than 500ft

Departures• Depart by extending one particular leg• Turns not made contrary to circuit unless at overfly height of 3nm away

Going-Around• Maneuver to dead side to keep runway visible • Re-join circuit for another approach

Arrival & Departure to uncontrolled aerodrome

1. Review Ops at CTAF aerodromesTake-off:

• The preceding aircraft must have: • Crossed the upwind end of runway• Commenced a turn (eg: crosswind)• at least 1800m ahead • MTOW <7000kg, & following a/c <2000kg, both aircraft at 600m apart• Landing and vacating runway • Landed & holding short of current runway in use

Landing:• The preceding aircraft landing must have:• Vacated & taxiing off runway in use (without backtracking)• Landed past a point 1000m from threshold (<7000kg)• ATC considers there to b no collision risk

2.Review navigation requirements

List hemispherical levels?• West, ODD + 500ft• East, EVEN + 500ft • Not required below 5000ft

Separation from Controlled Airspace?

Hemispherical levels & Tracking

Altitude Day Night

0 – 2000ft +- 1nm +-2 nm

2000-5000ft +- 2nm +- 3nm

5000-10000ft +- 4nm +- 5nm

Gliders +- 5nm n/a

NDB +- 6.9o

VOR +- 5.2o

Dead Reckoning +- 12o

VFR EVENAltitudesPLUS 500’

0000

180-3590

VFR ODD Altitudes PLUS 500’

3.Minimum documents for flight

A pilot of an Australian aircraft must have on board: • Certificate of Registration • Certificate of Airworthiness • Maintenance Release• Licenses/Medical of flight crew • Aircraft Flight Manual • Manifest of passengers detailing names, places of embarkation &

destination• Manifests of cargo

However if operating in Australia, does not require rego, airworthiness, radio license, manifests

Documents on Australian aircraft (CAR 139)

3.Minimum documents for flight

AIP GEN 0.1 paragraph 9 & CAR 233 (para 1h)

• A pilot must have access to appropriate flight charts

VFR: ERC, WAC, VNC, VTC, ERSA

IFR: ERC, IAL charts, ERSA, alternates, WAC, VNC, VTC

On Board Maps & Charts (AIP GEN 0.1)

4. Rules of the air

If 2 aircraft on converging headings, the pilot must give way to the right.

However this is not the case where: • Power driven aircraft shall give way to gliders/airships/balloons• Airships shall give way to gliders & balloons • Gliders shall give way to balloons• Power driven aircraft shall give way to aircraft conducting towing

Right of way (CAR 161 & 162 para 1)

4. Rules of the air

Should 2 aircraft approach head on, both aircraft shall turn right.

Right of way (CAR 162) para 2

4. Rules of the air

An aircraft being over taken as right of way.

The overtaking aircraft must do so by manoeuvring to the right until clear of the other aircraft

The aircraft overtaking must do so without climbing or descending

Right of way (CAR 162) para 3

4. Rules of the air

Para 5Aircraft in flight or operating on the ground shall give way to aircraft on final

Para 6When 2 powered aircraft are on final approach, the higher aircraft must give way to the lower aircraft.

However pilots shall not take advantage by using this as a method to cut in front of aircraft on final approach

Right of way (CAR 162) para 5 & 6

5. Visual Meteorological Cond.

Class G

Altitude Visibility Cloud Separation

> 10’000ft 8km 1000ft above & below, 1500m horizontally

5000 - 10’000ft 5km 1000ft above & below, 1500m horizontally

< 3000ft AMSL or < 1500AGL 5km Clear of cloud


Class C



< 10’000ft 5km1000ft above & below,

1500m horizontally *Special VFR also permitted


CLASS E

Class DAltitude Visibility Cloud Separation

Within defined dimensions 5km

600m horizontal500ft below cloud

1000ft above cloud*Special VFR permitted



< 10’000ft 5km1000ft above & below,

1500m horizontally *Special VFR also permitted


What about Class A airspace?

• Separation as required by ATC

• VFR not permitted

SVFR VMC in Class D or C airspace: • Day• Clear of cloud• Vis 1.6km

• Special VFR not permitted in Class E • Only permitted upon pilot REQUEST

6. Altimetry.

Para 1.3•VFR altimeters should read within +- 100ft to be serviceable •VFR altimeters not permitted above FL200 (ie- Class A airspace)•Accurate QNH sources are considered to be from ATIS, Tower, AWIS. • QNH by Area of Terminal forecasts are not to be considered.

Transition Altitude/Level (para 2.1) •Allows aircraft to fly with a standardised Baro QNH setting •Uses 1013hPa •Transition Altitude 10’000ft, Transition Level FL110•Flight within the Transition layer is not permitted

•Within 100nm of a QNH source set the QNH •Beyond 100nm set Area QNH

Altimetry (ENR 1.7)

6. Altimetry.

.

Altimetry (ENR 1.7)

6. Altimetry.

Area QNH para 2.2•Area QNH valid for 3hrs & applies within the prescribed area •Area QNH is accurate to +- 5hPa

Local QNH para 2.3•Local QNH can be determined from ATS, ATIS, AWIS, Terminal Forecast •When Area QNH <1013.2 hPa, FL110 is not available

Altimetry (ENR 1.7)

7. Operations

•Aircraft must not be flown lower than 1000ft over a built up area •Aircraft must not be flown lower than 500ft in any other area •Laterally an aircraft must not be flown closer than 600m to an obstacle/terrain

The above is not the case where: • An aircraft be taking off or landing • Thru stress of weather a lower altitude is required • Search & rescue ops being conducted • Dropping of supplies

Low Flying (CAR 157)

7. Operations

•Aerobatics are not permitted at night•Aerobatics are not permitted is anything other than VMC •The aircraft must be certified & airworthy for aerobatics

•Aerobatics to be conducted above 3000ft, not over a built up area, with a separation of 600m horizontal

Aerobatic flights (CAR 155)

Public gatherings (CAR 156): •Pilots must not fly over public gatherings or events (eg: races)• Unless with permission from

casa (eg: a news helicopter)

7. Operations

•Smoking is not prohibited: • During takeoff, landing, or refuelling

• In which a notice is displayed indicating smoking is prohibited • Within aircraft toilets • During any period of time the pilot deems necessary

Fire Hazards (CAR 289):•No one shall produce a naked flame within 15meters of an aircraft or in any part of an aerodrome in which a notice indicates •A person shall not act in any way to create a fire hazard

Smoking (CAR 255)

7. Operations

•A person intoxicated shall not embark an aircraft •A flight crew member shall not act under duty if having consumed alcohol or be under the influence •A pilot shall not fly if within 8 hrs alcohol has been consumed

•BAC limit of 0.02% after 8 hours (CASR 99)

Alcohol & Drugs (CAR 256, CASR 99)

7. Operations

•A pilot must not carry a firearm unless engaged in Charter or RPT•A pilot must not discharge his firearm whilst on board•Permission is required from CASA

Carriage & Discharge of firearms (CAR 143,144)

7. Operations

•Pilots shall transmit a Safety Signal when safety is concerned. •Safety signal shall consists of:

TTT ( - - - ) If radio can be transmitted repeat the word “SECURITY” 3 times

Eg: in the event of spotting a fire

AIP AD – Light Signals:

Safety Signals (CAR 194)

Light Signal Meaning in flight Meaning on ground

Solid Green Land if safe to do so Take off if safe to do

Solid Red Give way & circle STOP

Flashing Green Return for landing Taxi if safe to do so

Flashing Red DON’T LAND unsafe Taxi clear of runway

Flashing White n/a Return to start point of aerodrome

7. Operations

CAR 244

Immediately before take-off the pilot shall check• All control surfaces for full free and correct movement• All control locks have been removed • Any frost/ice has been removed

Precaution before take-off

Questions?