NAME _______________________________________ DATE_____________________ PER.________CRCT STUDY GUIDE

ScienceGrade: 8Domain: Structure of Matter

Domain DescriptionStructure of Matter refers to distinguishing between atoms and molecules, pure substances and mixtures, physical and chemical properties, and physical and chemical changes in matter. This domain also refers to understanding the organization of the Periodic Table of Elements and explaining the Law of Conservation of Matter.

• Compare and contrast atoms and molecules

What are pure substances? Substances that cannot be separated into any other kinds of matter by any physical or chemical process. It is also made up of the same particles.

Describe elements, compounds, and mixtures.(Be sure to draw a picture of each):

ATOMS

Building blocks of matter

Made of nucleus and subatomic particles (protons,neutrons, electrons)

MOLECULES

Made up of 2 or more atoms/elements

Example :H 2O

Molecules are made up of atoms

Both are made of matter

Explain the difference between pure substances and mixtures.(Include an example and definition in boxes).

• Describe and draw the movement of particles in different states of matter, such as:

Describe: Draw:

solid Definite Shape; Definite Volume

Matter

Pure Substances

Elements

Cannot be broken down into other substances by chemical or

physical means

Oxygen, Gold, Titanium

Compounds

2 or more elements chemically combined

Carbon Dioxide, Water

Mixtures

Homogeneous

Looks the same throughout

Koolaid; Ocean Water

Heterogeneous

Looks Different throughout

Trailmix; pizza

Particles are tightly packed Vibrate back and forth

liquid Definite Volume; No Definite Shape(Takes the shape of container)

Particles move freely; stay close to each other

gas No definite shape or volume Loosely packed; Particles move at high speeds

plasma Atoms are stripped of the electrons; occurs at extremely high temps. And extremely fast particle movement

What are Physical and Chemical Properties?

• What are the following physical properties of matter? (Define)

Density Mass per unit volume( I LOVE density) D = mv

Melting Point The temperature at which a solid changes to a liquid

Boiling Point When a liquid is heated, it eventually reaches a temperature at which the vapor pressure is large enough that bubbles form inside the body of the liquid.

• What are the following chemical properties of matter?(Define)

Physical Properties

Definition:A characteristic that can be observed with the senses

Chemical Properties

Definition: A characteristic that indicates how a substance reacts with something else; Original substance is changed into a new substance

Reactivitythe ease and speed with which an element combines, or reacts, with other elements and compounds

Combustibility how readily a substance is able to react with oxygen within the air.

• What are some other physical properties and chemical properties of matter not listed above?

Physical Properties Chemical PropertiesColorSolubilityFreezing pointHardness

FlammabilityReacts with an acid to form hydrogenReacts with water to form a gas

• What are physical changes and chemical changes in matter?

Examples of Physical Changes Examples of Chemical ChangesIce meltsGrinding Baking soda into powderBending an iron nail

Souring milkBurning paperMixing vinegar and baking soda

• How is the periodic table organized?

Periods: (Rows) Arranged by increasing atomic number ( # of protons, which equals electrons)

Groups:( or FAMILIES) columns; families have similar chemical and/or physical characteristics; same number of valence electrons

What elements are categorized as metals, nonmetals and metalloids? Color and label the periodic Table to show each (Include: Noble Gases)

• What is the Law of Conservation of Matter? Give examples.Law of Conservation of Matter(Define) Examples

Matter can neither be created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction

During a chemical reaction, the reactants must equal the products; Take the example of burning a piece of paper. It seems that the mass shrinks as the paper burns. However, what is really happening is that the paper is changing form to ash, carbon dioxide, and water vapor. If you could capture all of those bits during the burning, they would have the same mass as the paper itself.

Label the Products and Reactants in the following chemical equation

CH 4 + O2 2CO2 + H 2O

____Reactants____________ _____Products_____________

How many atoms of each element are on each side of the chemical equation?C = ____1______H = _____4_____O = ____2______

C = ___2_______H = __2________O = ___5_______

Is the equation balanced? ____NO; # of atoms on each side of the equation for each element is different________

ScienceGrade: 8Domain: Force and Motion

Domain DescriptionForce and Motion refers to describing the relationship between force, mass, and the motion of objects including the effects of simple machines. This domain also refers to explaining the relationship between mass and gravity, comparing and contrasting series and parallel circuits, and recognizing that electric currents and magnets can exert force on each other.

What is the relationship between velocity and acceleration? Acceleration is the rate at which velocity changes. Velocity is speed of an object in a particular direction Velocity changes if:1. Speed changes2. Direction changes3. Both speed and direction changes

So an object accelerates if its speed, direction or both change.

What is the formula for the following terms?

Formulas Write out the variables involved.Speed V =

dt

d = distance (meters); t = time( second)

Velocity V = dtplusdirection

Acceleration A = vf – vi

Δtvf = final velocity vi = initial (starting)velocityΔt = change in time Unit = m/s2 or m/s/s

Distance-Time Graph Velocity-Time GraphMeasures:Speed/Displacement Measures:AccelerationLeg 1: Moving away from starting point Leg 1: Positive AccelerationLeg 2: Not moving ; Stationary Leg 2: Constant VelocityLeg 3: Moving toward starting point Leg 3: Negative Acceleration (Deceleration)Leg 4: Moving away from starting point Leg 4: Positive Acceleration

Give 2 examples of balanced and unbalanced forces:

Balanced Examples

A clock on a wall

Unbalanced Examples

A moving car

A person sitting in a chair A see saw

What are Newton’s three laws:

1st: Law of Inertia-An object in motion will stay in motion and an object at rest will stay at rest unless acted on by an unbalanced force

2nd: F = ma; The difference in forces would be caused by the different masses of objects; Greater the mass, the greater the force needed to accelerate

3rd:Action/Reaction: For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.

Give an example of each law:

1st:Inertia: If you were not wearing your seatbelt and you were traveling very fast, your body could continue to move forward through the windshield.

2nd:F = ma; More force would be needed to throw or stop a bowling ball than a ping pong ball.

3rd:Action/Reaction: The force of gases pushing against the surface of the earth is equal and opposite to the force with which the rocket moves upward

• Explain the effect of forces (gravity and friction) on the motion of an object:

Gravity – The force of attraction between any 2 masses Law of Universal Gravitation – Gravity is affected by Mass and Distance Gravitational Acceleration – All objects fall to the Earth at the same rate (9.8 m/s2)

Friction- A force that opposes motion between 2 surfaces that are in contact The texture of the surface affects the amount of friction Smoother surfaces reduce friction; rough surfaces slow objects down due to friction

• Give examples and draw the following simple machines:

Lever 1st Class Fulcrum is in the middle Ex: see saw

REMEMBER:FLE

2nd Class Load is in the middleEX: Wheelbarrow

3rd Class Effort is in the middleEX: broom

• How and why does every object exert gravitational force on every other object:

All objects have a force of attraction that attracts objects to other objects• What are the factors that determine the gravitational force exerted on objects:

Mass and distance

• Describe the advantages and disadvantages of series and parallel circuits:

How do series and parallel circuits transfer energy differently? * see Venn Diagram

Draw a picture of a series and parallel circuit:

SERIES

PARALLEL

How do electric currents and magnets exert force on each other? Put the correct phrases in the appropriate boxes. Two opposite charges attract, N attracts S, + attracts -, like poles repel, like charges repel, two opposite poles attract, can be used to make electricity, can be used to make magnetism

Series

PARALLEL

Loads are connected side by side

Have more than one pathway for moving charges to travel

Each load uses the same voltage

Used in homes

SERIES

Only one pathway for moving charges

All loads share the same current

Useful in wiring burlar alarm systems

Both

Both provide an electrical current

Both have loads, wires and energy source

ScienceGrade: 8Domain: Energy and its Transformation

Domain DescriptionEnergy and its Transformation refers to understanding the Law of Conservation of Energy, therelationship between potential and kinetic energy, comparing and contrasting forms of energy, and describing how heat is transferred. This domain also refers to investigating light, sound, electromagnetic, and mechanical waves.

What is the Law of Conservation of Energy?Energy cannot be created or destroyed, but changes from one form to another.

Describe the relationship between potential and kinetic energy:

Determine if the following examples are KE (Kinetic Energy) or PE (Potential Energy)

__KE______A car is traveling 45 mph.__PE______ A rock is on a ledge 5 meters high.___PE_____ A car is resting at the top of a hill.__KE______ A ball is thrown into the air and is still moving.__KE______ A ball rolling on the ground.

Magnetism

Electricity

At what point does the roller coaster have the greatest potential energy? ____W___

At what point does the roller coaster have the greatest kinetic energy? ___X____

What is the relationship between PE & KE?

As one increases, the other decreases.

Together, they form Mechanical Energy

N attracts S like poles repel

two opposite poles attract can be used to make electricity can be used to make magnetism

Two opposite charges attract + attracts -

like charges repel can be used to make electricity

can be used to make magnetism

Give 5 real world examples of each type of energy:

○ heat: Heat flows from High temperature to low temperature (melting ice)

○ light: Any object in which the electrons are bombarded (lamp)○ electricity: An object that has an electric charge (refrigerator, heater)

○ mechanical motion: Combination of potential and kinetic energy (kicking a ball, roller coaster)

○ sound: Vibration of molecules through a medium (I-pod, radio, musical instrument)

Describe the transfer of heat by different processes, such as:

What are the characteristics of electromagnetic and mechanical (sound) waves

What is another name for light and sound waves?

Light: Electromagnetic Wave

Sound: Mechanical (Longitudinal Wave)

Label the different types of electromagnetic waves in the boxes below.

•

MECHANICAL WAVES

Require a medium Ex: transverse &

longitudinal waves

ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES

Does NOT require a medium (can travel through empty space or medium)

EX: Electromagnetic spectrum (Radio to Gamma Waves)

BOTH

Transfer energy Have amplitude,

frequency and wavelengths

Describe how the behavior of light waves is manipulated in different processes:

reflection Bounces off the surface at the same angle it hit with

refraction Travels through material, but at an altered bent angle

diffraction Travels through the material until it encounters an obstacle or hole, which it bends around or goes through

absorption Cannot travel all the way through the material

Explain how the human eye sees objects and colors in terms of wavelengths:

Colors The color appearance of any object is due to the wavelengths of light that are reflected from the object and picked up by our eyes.

Black objects absorb all the colors of the visible spectrum. White objects reflects all the colors of the visible spectrum.

Wavelengths Light waves in the visible spectrum are arranged from longest (red) wavelength to shortest wavelength (violet).

• Describe how the behavior of waves is affected by medium:

air The particles of a gas a farther apart making the transferring of energy harder to

water The particles are closer together in liquids and solids making the transmission of energy easier

solids

Relate the properties of sound to the following everyday experiences

Doppler Effect: Doppler Effect is the sudden change in pitch caused by a shift in frequency and wavelength of waves which results from a source moving with respect to the medium (Hearing a police siren pass by)

The sound from fireworks not matching what you see: Light Waves travel faster than sound waves.

Explain how the parts of a wave are affected by changes in amplitude and pitch

AmplitudeAmplitude is the height of the wave.The amplitude of the wave measures the loudness of sound waves.Larger amplitude = Louder sound

PitchThe frequency determines the pitch of a sound wave.Higher frequency = higher pitch

Identify the parts of a wave using a diagram.1. _____Transverse Wave________________________________________________________________

8.

5.

7. 6.

3.

2.

4.

12.

9.

10. 11.

Amplitude

Trough

Wavelength

Crest

Rest Position

Displacement

Longitudinal/Compressional Wave- Wave’s energy travels parallel (in same direction) to the medium

Compressions Rarefactions

Wave Cycle

The wave’s energy travels perpendicular (at right angles) to the medium