CP BIOTECHNOLOGYCHAPTER 13

13.1 What is biotechnology?

The use of organisms to perform practical tasks for humans

The use of organisms to perform practical tasks for humans

13.1 Biologists Manipulate DNA

Today, we mainly manipulate the genomes of organisms.

We called this act of manipulation DNA technology.

Today, we mainly manipulate the genomes of organisms.

We called this act of manipulation DNA technology.

13.1 Bacteria – Commonly used in Biotechnology

* because they can acquire new genes in many ways!

1. Tunnel-like structure forms between 2 bacteria so DNA can be passed-Conjugation

2. Transformation – bacteria can “take up” free floating DNA into their own DNA

3. Viruses can carry bacterial genes from one bacteria to another- transduction.

* because they can acquire new genes in many ways!

1. Tunnel-like structure forms between 2 bacteria so DNA can be passed-Conjugation

2. Transformation – bacteria can “take up” free floating DNA into their own DNA

3. Viruses can carry bacterial genes from one bacteria to another- transduction.

13.1 Recombinant DNA Technology

Definition - technology involving the combining of DNA and/or genes from different sources (even genes from different species).

Uses of DNA technology:1. Make more nutritious crops (ex. Corn)2. Make medicine in large quantities3. Help us understand specifically how gene

sequences work

Definition - technology involving the combining of DNA and/or genes from different sources (even genes from different species).

Uses of DNA technology:1. Make more nutritious crops (ex. Corn)2. Make medicine in large quantities3. Help us understand specifically how gene

sequences work

13.2 Engineering Bacteria

Bacteria contain plasmids Plasmids are small circular pieces of DNA

separate from the bacterial chromosome.

Plasmids carry genes

Bacteria contain plasmids Plasmids are small circular pieces of DNA

separate from the bacterial chromosome.

Plasmids carry genes

13.2 Plasmids Scientists can manipulate plasmids to

make them useful to us and Bacteria can transfer plasmids!!

Example: 1. Insert a gene to make a medicine into a

plasmid2. Put the plasmid into bacteria3. When the bacteria reproduce they make

many copies of the medicine!

Scientists can manipulate plasmids to make them useful to us and Bacteria can transfer plasmids!!

Example: 1. Insert a gene to make a medicine into a

plasmid2. Put the plasmid into bacteria3. When the bacteria reproduce they make

many copies of the medicine!

Process of Making Recombinant Bacterial CellProcess of Making Recombinant Bacterial Cell

13.2 How Do They Do It???

1. Cut Use restriction enzymesrestriction enzymes to cut

the desired DNA/gene out of a larger chromosome

2. Paste Put the desired DNA/gene

fragment into a plasmid

3. Put the plasmid into a bacterium

4. As the bacterium reproduces it makes many copies of the desired gene!! (Page 270 Case Study)

1. Cut Use restriction enzymesrestriction enzymes to cut

the desired DNA/gene out of a larger chromosome

2. Paste Put the desired DNA/gene

fragment into a plasmid

3. Put the plasmid into a bacterium

4. As the bacterium reproduces it makes many copies of the desired gene!! (Page 270 Case Study)

Restriction Enzyme=scissors

Restriction Enzyme=scissors

13.2 Genomic Library & Nucleic Acid Probes

Genomic Library: the complete collection of cloned DNA fragments from an organism

Nucleic Acid Probe: complimentary nucleotides labeled with a radioactive isotope used to “tag” single strand of a DNA sequence of choice.

Genomic Library: the complete collection of cloned DNA fragments from an organism

Nucleic Acid Probe: complimentary nucleotides labeled with a radioactive isotope used to “tag” single strand of a DNA sequence of choice.

13.2 FYI: Useful Products Using Genetic Engineering

1. Bacteria make chemicals that clean up hazardous spills and toxic waste sites

2. Bacteria are mass-producing useful chemicals like pesticides and therapeutic drugs

3. Pigs & Cattle make human insulin hormone in their milk for people with diabetes

4. Recombinant DNA technology is used to develop Vaccines – Hepatitis B (viral proteins are massed produced in yeast cells then used in vaccines)

1. Bacteria make chemicals that clean up hazardous spills and toxic waste sites

2. Bacteria are mass-producing useful chemicals like pesticides and therapeutic drugs

3. Pigs & Cattle make human insulin hormone in their milk for people with diabetes

4. Recombinant DNA technology is used to develop Vaccines – Hepatitis B (viral proteins are massed produced in yeast cells then used in vaccines)

13.3 Genetically Modified 13.3 Genetically Modified OrganismsOrganisms

A genetically modified organism (GMO)genetically modified organism (GMO) is any organism that has acquired any genes artificially.

If a species is called TRANSGENICTRANSGENIC if it has foreign genetic material from a different species.

A genetically modified organism (GMO)genetically modified organism (GMO) is any organism that has acquired any genes artificially.

If a species is called TRANSGENICTRANSGENIC if it has foreign genetic material from a different species.

13.3 Genetically Modified13.3 Genetically Modified PlantsPlants

Do you eat genetically modified organisms?

YES NO

Just a few…GMO FOODSJust a few…GMO FOODS

Honey Cotton

Tomatoes Corn

Vegetable Oil Peas

Potatoes

Honey Cotton

Tomatoes Corn

Vegetable Oil Peas

Potatoes

Warm-Up - In Groups…

½ the class will use their books to compile a list of postive or good reasons/outcomes of using genetically modified organisms (plants and animals)

½ the class will use their books to make a list of negative or unwanted reasons to use genetically modified organisms.

½ the class will use their books to compile a list of postive or good reasons/outcomes of using genetically modified organisms (plants and animals)

½ the class will use their books to make a list of negative or unwanted reasons to use genetically modified organisms.

Here’s what YOU think…

13.3 Genetically Modified13.3 Genetically Modified PlantsPlants

Over 50% of soybean and corn crops were genetically modified in some way!

Most common genetic modifications: Genes for herbicide resistance Genes to resist insect and fungi pests

Over 50% of soybean and corn crops were genetically modified in some way!

Most common genetic modifications: Genes for herbicide resistance Genes to resist insect and fungi pests

13.3 Genetically Modified 13.3 Genetically Modified AnimalsAnimals

Goals for GMO animals… Produce mass quantities of hormones (insulin) Get animals to market quicker (salmon) Breed animals with better quality products

(sheep wool) FUN!! $$$$$$$

Goals for GMO animals… Produce mass quantities of hormones (insulin) Get animals to market quicker (salmon) Breed animals with better quality products

(sheep wool) FUN!! $$$$$$$

Few more Few more examples…examples…Few more Few more examples…examples…

13.3 The GMO Controversy13.3 The GMO Controversy

Although studies to date have shown that eating genetically modified foods have no negative health affects…people continue

to demand stricter regulations.

Major Concern:Major Concern:GMO food can pose unknown health risk…

request strict labeling laws

**”ORGANIC CRAZE”**

Although studies to date have shown that eating genetically modified foods have no negative health affects…people continue

to demand stricter regulations.

Major Concern:Major Concern:GMO food can pose unknown health risk…

request strict labeling laws

**”ORGANIC CRAZE”**

13.3 GMO Controversy13.3 GMO Controversy

13.4 DNA Tech Has Many Applications PCR or Polymerase PCR or Polymerase

Chain ReactionChain Reaction technique can mass produce specific sequences of DNA without the use of living cells Takes less time than

use of living cells Requires less amount

of desired DNA initially Used for cloning rare

DNA & ID small amounts of infectious DNA (AIDS)

PCR or Polymerase PCR or Polymerase Chain ReactionChain Reaction technique can mass produce specific sequences of DNA without the use of living cells Takes less time than

use of living cells Requires less amount

of desired DNA initially Used for cloning rare

DNA & ID small amounts of infectious DNA (AIDS)

Thermocycler- machine used for PCR

13.4 PCR Technique13.4 PCR Technique“make a lot of DNA” from a small sample

Page 278 figure 13-15Page 278 figure 13-15

13.4 Gel Electrophoresis13.4 Gel Electrophoresis Used when you want to compare DNA

from different sources. Produces “banding patterns” which can

be compared and analyzed.

Used when you want to compare DNA from different sources.

Produces “banding patterns” which can be compared and analyzed.

13.4 Comparing DNA: How it works! (Pg 279)

2.DNA “fragments” move through gel using electric current.

2.DNA “fragments” move through gel using electric current.

Smaller DNA fragments move further

1.Different DNA samples are cut into “fragments” by restriction enzymes

1.Different DNA samples are cut into “fragments” by restriction enzymes

Each sample produces different banding patterns in the gel so they are easily compared

Each sample produces different banding patterns in the gel so they are easily compared

13.4 Comparing DNA: Genetic Markers

Genetic Markers: are particular streches of DN that are variable among individuals. Can be used to ID

carriers of certain diseases

Genetic Markers: are particular streches of DN that are variable among individuals. Can be used to ID

carriers of certain diseases

13.4 Comparing DNA: 13.4 Comparing DNA: DNADNA FingerprintFingerprint

Just like every person has their own unique fingerprint…everyone has a unique banding pattern produced by their restriction fragments in gel electrophoresis.

97% of our DNA is “junk” or non-coding and is extremely different from any other persons “junk” DNA.

Forensics!!

Just like every person has their own unique fingerprint…everyone has a unique banding pattern produced by their restriction fragments in gel electrophoresis.

97% of our DNA is “junk” or non-coding and is extremely different from any other persons “junk” DNA.

Forensics!!

13.4 Who committed the crime?13.4 Who committed the crime?Bloodstain evidence from crime scene!Suspect #

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Using PCR and Gel Electrophoresis, a DNA fingerprint can be made from a single drop of blood or from a hair follicle.

Using PCR and Gel Electrophoresis, a DNA fingerprint can be made from a single drop of blood or from a hair follicle.

DNA is extracted from a small sample and multiple copies are made using PCR

DNA is extracted from a small sample and multiple copies are made using PCR

Gel Electrophoresis of unique genetic markers are compared

Gel Electrophoresis of unique genetic markers are compared

13.5 Stem Cells and Homeotic 13.5 Stem Cells and Homeotic GenesGenes

Stem cells – cells (early in development) that remain undifferentiated and have the potential to be any type of cell.

Homeotic Genes – genes that control development of specific locations in organisms.

Stem cells – cells (early in development) that remain undifferentiated and have the potential to be any type of cell.

Homeotic Genes – genes that control development of specific locations in organisms.

Cloning

To make a clone: A donor cell is fused with

an egg cell The fused cell begins to

divide normally to form an embryo

Embryo is placed in uterus of foster mom

Clone is born

Cloning