CP Biology, Chapter 18CP Biology, Chapter 18CP Biology, Chapter 18CP Biology, Chapter 18

Biological CommunitiesBiological Communities

Community InteractionsCommunity Interactions• Competition

– Organisms that attempt to use the same resource• Competitive exclusion principle

– No two species can occupy the same niche in the same habitat at the same time

• Predation– Organism is captured and killed by another

• Prey and predator

• Symbiosis– Any relationship in which two species live closely

• Mutualism• Commensalism• Parasitism

• Competition– Organisms that attempt to use the same resource

• Competitive exclusion principle– No two species can occupy the same niche in the same

habitat at the same time

• Predation– Organism is captured and killed by another

• Prey and predator

• Symbiosis– Any relationship in which two species live closely

• Mutualism• Commensalism• Parasitism

MutualismMutualism

• Both species benefit from relationship• Both species benefit from relationship

CommensalismCommensalism

• One species benefits from relationship but other species is neither helped nor harmed

• One species benefits from relationship but other species is neither helped nor harmed

ParasitismParasitism

• One species is harmed by the other species that is either living on or in the other species

• One species is harmed by the other species that is either living on or in the other species

NicheNiche

• Functional role of an organism in an ecosystem– “It’s job, pattern of living.”

• Determined by biotic and abiotic factors

• Functional niche– range organism is potentially able to occupy

• Realized niche– actual portion of niche organism occupies

• Functional role of an organism in an ecosystem– “It’s job, pattern of living.”

• Determined by biotic and abiotic factors

• Functional niche– range organism is potentially able to occupy

• Realized niche– actual portion of niche organism occupies

ClimateClimate

• Average conditions of temperature and precipitation in an area over a long period of time

• Caused by– Trapping of heat by atmosphere– Latitude– Transportation of heat by wind and currents– Amount of precipitation

• Average conditions of temperature and precipitation in an area over a long period of time

• Caused by– Trapping of heat by atmosphere– Latitude– Transportation of heat by wind and currents– Amount of precipitation

LatitudeLatitude

• Degrees North and South of equator• Angle of sunlight varies with latitude

– Most direct angle at equator

• Climate zones– Polar– Temperate– Tropical

• Degrees North and South of equator• Angle of sunlight varies with latitude

– Most direct angle at equator

• Climate zones– Polar– Temperate– Tropical

Heat TransportHeat Transport

• Convection Currents created due to unequal heating of a fluid produce wind and ocean currents

• Winds– Global – Local

• Currents– Warm– Cold

• Convection Currents created due to unequal heating of a fluid produce wind and ocean currents

• Winds– Global – Local

• Currents– Warm– Cold

Land BiomesLand Biomes

• Physical environment that contains a characteristic assemblage of plants and animals– Climate determines characteristics in a biome – Microclimates are smaller areas within a

climate– 7 major Land Biomes

• Physical environment that contains a characteristic assemblage of plants and animals– Climate determines characteristics in a biome – Microclimates are smaller areas within a

climate– 7 major Land Biomes

• Tropical Rain Forest– Hot, wet year round– Nutrient poor soils– Tall trees, climbing

plants, vines– Herbivores, predators,

birds, insects, reptiles,amphibians….

– Near equator

• Tropical Rain Forest– Hot, wet year round– Nutrient poor soils– Tall trees, climbing

plants, vines– Herbivores, predators,

birds, insects, reptiles,amphibians….

– Near equator

• Tropical Dry Forest– Warm year round– Alternating dry and wet

seasons– Nutrient rich soils– Tall deciduous trees, drought

resistant plants– Predators, herbivores, birds,

insects, reptiles, amphibians– Tropical islands, parts of

Africa, South/Central America, Mexico, India, Australia

• Tropical Dry Forest– Warm year round– Alternating dry and wet

seasons– Nutrient rich soils– Tall deciduous trees, drought

resistant plants– Predators, herbivores, birds,

insects, reptiles, amphibians– Tropical islands, parts of

Africa, South/Central America, Mexico, India, Australia

• Tropical Savanna– Warm temp.– Seasonal rain– Compact soils– Tall, perennial grasses,

drought-tolerant trees/ shrubs

– Predators, herbivores, birds, insects

– Parts of Africa, southern Brazil, northern Australia

• Tropical Savanna– Warm temp.– Seasonal rain– Compact soils– Tall, perennial grasses,

drought-tolerant trees/ shrubs

– Predators, herbivores, birds, insects

– Parts of Africa, southern Brazil, northern Australia

• Desert– Low precip.– Variable temps– Soil rich in minerals but poor

in organic material– Cacti, plants with short

growth cycles– Predators, herbivores,

reptiles, insects, birds, bats– Africa, Asia, Middle East,

United States, Mexico, South America, Australia

• Desert– Low precip.– Variable temps– Soil rich in minerals but poor

in organic material– Cacti, plants with short

growth cycles– Predators, herbivores,

reptiles, insects, birds, bats– Africa, Asia, Middle East,

United States, Mexico, South America, Australia

• Temperate Grassland– Warm to hot in summer;

cold in winters– Moderate,seasonal

precipitation– Fertile soils– Perennial grasses and

herbs– Predators, herbivores,

birds, reptiles, insects– Central Asia, North

America, Australia, central Europe, plateaus of South America

• Temperate Grassland– Warm to hot in summer;

cold in winters– Moderate,seasonal

precipitation– Fertile soils– Perennial grasses and

herbs– Predators, herbivores,

birds, reptiles, insects– Central Asia, North

America, Australia, central Europe, plateaus of South America

• Temperate Woodland and Shrubland

– Hot, dry summer; cool, mist winters

– Nutrient poor soils– Woody evergreen shrubs,

oily herbs– Predators, herbivores,

insects, reptiles, birds– Western coast of North and

South America, around Mediterranean Sea, South Africa, Australia

• Temperate Woodland and Shrubland

– Hot, dry summer; cool, mist winters

– Nutrient poor soils– Woody evergreen shrubs,

oily herbs– Predators, herbivores,

insects, reptiles, birds– Western coast of North and

South America, around Mediterranean Sea, South Africa, Australia

• Temperate Forest– Cold to moderate

winters; warm summers– Year round precip.– Fertile soil– Deciduous trees,

conifers, shrubs, herbs, moss, lichens

– Deer, black bear, omnivores, birds, turkeys

– Eastern US, southeastern Canada, Europe, parts of Japan, China an Australia

• Temperate Forest– Cold to moderate

winters; warm summers– Year round precip.– Fertile soil– Deciduous trees,

conifers, shrubs, herbs, moss, lichens

– Deer, black bear, omnivores, birds, turkeys

– Eastern US, southeastern Canada, Europe, parts of Japan, China an Australia

• Northwestern Coniferous Forest

– Mild temp– Abundant precip. In winter,

spring, fall– Cool, dry summer– Rocky, acidic soils– Fir, Spruce, redwoods– Bears, herbivores,

predators– Pacific coast in

northwestern US and Canada

• Northwestern Coniferous Forest

– Mild temp– Abundant precip. In winter,

spring, fall– Cool, dry summer– Rocky, acidic soils– Fir, Spruce, redwoods– Bears, herbivores,

predators– Pacific coast in

northwestern US and Canada

• Boreal Forest– Long, cold winters;

short, mild summers– Moderate precip.– High humidity– Nutrient-poor soils– Conifers, shrubs, some

deciduous trees– Predators, herbivores,

birds– North America, Asia,

northern Europe

• Boreal Forest– Long, cold winters;

short, mild summers– Moderate precip.– High humidity– Nutrient-poor soils– Conifers, shrubs, some

deciduous trees– Predators, herbivores,

birds– North America, Asia,

northern Europe

• Tundra– Strong winds– Low precip.– Short and soggy summers;

long, cold, dark winters– Poorly developed soil– Permafrost– Ground hugging plants and

short grasses– Few resident birds and

mammals, migratory birds and other animals

– Northern North America, Asia, and Europe

• Tundra– Strong winds– Low precip.– Short and soggy summers;

long, cold, dark winters– Poorly developed soil– Permafrost– Ground hugging plants and

short grasses– Few resident birds and

mammals, migratory birds and other animals

– Northern North America, Asia, and Europe

Aquatic EcosystemsAquatic Ecosystems

• Determined based on depth, flow, temperature, and chemistry of the overlying water– Freshwater – Freshwater Wetlands– Estuaries– Marine Ecosystems

• Determined based on depth, flow, temperature, and chemistry of the overlying water– Freshwater – Freshwater Wetlands– Estuaries– Marine Ecosystems

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Freshwater CommunitiesFreshwater Communities

• 3 zones where life can be found– littoral

• shallow zone near shore

– limnetic• area further from shore but still close to surface

– profundal• deep-water area below effective light penetration

• 3 zones where life can be found– littoral

• shallow zone near shore

– limnetic• area further from shore but still close to surface

– profundal• deep-water area below effective light penetration

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Marine CommunitiesMarine Communities

• 3 major habitats– Shallow Ocean

• near shore/coastlines

• Largest concentration of biodiversity

– Open Sea Surface• due to sunlight area is teaming with plankton

• found within the first 100m of water

– Deep Open Ocean• little to no light present

• found around 300m and greater

• 3 major habitats– Shallow Ocean

• near shore/coastlines

• Largest concentration of biodiversity

– Open Sea Surface• due to sunlight area is teaming with plankton

• found within the first 100m of water

– Deep Open Ocean• little to no light present

• found around 300m and greater