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1
COVERPAGE
i.projectname
PlantingfortheFuture:Financiallysustainableagroforestrysystemsandpaymentsforecosystemservices
ii.projectlocation(country,sub‐nationaljurisdiction(s))
CurrentInstances:LoretoandUcayali,Peru
WiderGeographicalAreaforProgrammaticApproachexpansion–multipleprovincesinPeru
iii.ProjectProponent(organizationandcontactnamewithemailaddressandphonenumber)
Proponent:PlantyourFuture
ContactPerson:JennyHenman
Email:[email protected]
Tel:07828608711
iv.Auditor(organizationandcontactnamewithemailaddressandphonenumber)
Auditor:RainforestAlliance
ContactPerson:CampbellMoore
Email:[email protected]
Tel:+1 202.903.0717
v.projectstartdate,GHGaccountingperiodandlifetime
January16,2012
Theprojectlifetimeis30years,andtheGHGaccountingperiod,aswellasbiodiversityandcommunitybenefitsassessmentperiodarethesame.
vi.whetherthedocumentrelatestoafullvalidationoragapvalidation
Fullvalidation
2
vii.historyofCCBStatus,whereappropriate,includingissuancedate(s)ofearlierValidation/VerificationStatementsetc.
FirstValidation
viii.theeditionoftheCCBStandardsbeingusedforthisvalidation
3rdEdition
ix.abriefsummaryoftheproject’sexpectedclimate,communityandbiodiversitybenefits
Deforestationof7.9millionhectareswasrecordedinthePeruvianAmazonfrom2000‐2009(MINAM,20111).Thishascausedsubstantialbiodiversityloss,contributedtoclimatechange,andperpetuatedpovertyamongstlocalcommunities.UnsustainablesmallholderagricultureandranchingaretheprincipledriversofdeforestationanddegradationintheAmazonbasinofPeru.PlantingfortheFutureaimstorelievesmallholdersoftheirrelianceontheseactivitiesbyimplementingamarket‐orientatedagroforestrymodelfollowingaprogrammaticapproach.
Allourprojectactivitiescometogethertotryandachieveonoverallprojectimpact,whichbringspositiveclimate,communityandbiodiversitybenefits,whichissummarizedinourprojectvision:
WewillempowersmallholderfarmersinPerutotransitionfromunsustainableagriculturetomarket‐orientedagroforestrysystems.Usingascalableapproach,theprojectwillusecarbonfinancetofacilitatefarmersinestablishingclimate‐smartfarmsthatusenativespeciestoprovidediverseincomestreamsfromsaleofgourmetproduceandcertifiedtimbertrees.
Wewillcreateascalablemodelforsustainableagriculture,whichwillreducedeforestationandwhichwillbeadoptedatalandscapescaleinthePeruvianAmazon.Farmers’technicalandbusinesscapacitywillbeenhanced,theywillgainaccesstoformalmarketsfornativefruitandtimber,andtheirincomeswillbeincreasedanddiversified.Asaresult,thelivelihoodsoffarmingfamilieswillbeenhancedandpovertyreduced.
TheprojectdesignisapplicabletolandowningsmallholderfarmersacrossPeruwhohaveinthepastreliedon‘slashandburn’shiftingcultivationagricultureorranchingthatresultedinunproductiveagriculturallandsanddegradedpastures.Theprojectwillprovideseedlingsandtrainingtofarmerstoreforesttheirfarms,convertingthemfromlowproductivitymigratoryagriculturewheretheyhavetorotatefarmedareastomarket‐orientatedagroforestrysystems.Fromthetotal25.2haofinitialProjectinstancesinLoretoandUcayali,weanticipategeneratingalong‐termaverageemissionreductionsof9147.24tCO2etCO2eemissionsreductionsover30years(priortoanyriskbufferdeductions).
1MINAM(MinisteriodelAmbientedePerú).2011.ElPerúdelosBosques.Retrievedfromhttp://sinia.minam.gob.pe/index.php?accion=verElemento&idElementoInformacion=1218
3
Thesystemsaredesignedtogeneratemultiplerevenuestreamstoensurethattheywillsupportlivelihoodsforfarmfamilies;theintegratednatureofthesystemsiscriticaltoprovidingadequatefinancialincentivesforfarmerstoadoptagroforestry.CoreelementsofPlantingfortheFuture’sstrategyareasupporttofarmerstoestablishtradeassociations,andabusinessplanandmarketingstrategytocommercializenative,high‐valuetropicalfruitsthattheprojectwillre‐introducetofarms.Carboncreditswillprovidefarmerswithasourceofrevenuetomaintaintheirfruitandtimbertreesinthemediumterm.Combined,therevenuefromproducesalesandcarboncreditsshouldallowfarmerstorealizethevalueofthesaleofmaturetimber.
Localpeoplewillbenefitnotonlyfromenhancedlivelihoods,butalsobylearningaboutnurserymanagement,treeplantingandmaintenance,andsilviculture;traininginbusinessadministrationandaccounting;andtradeassociationswithstrongandtransparentgovernance.
ThePeruvianAmazonisoneofthemostbiodiverseregionsintheworld,renownedforitsabundanceofrareanimal,birdandplantlifeanddesignatedasHighConservationValueForestforitshighlevelsofendemicandrarefaunaandflora.TheProjectZoneishometojaguars,pinkdolphinsandencompassesthespecies‐richAllpahuayoMishanaNationalReserve,hometothecriticallyendangeredIquitosGnatcatcher(Polioptilaclementsi).PlantingfortheFuturewillgivesmallholdersanalternativetoclearing‘virgin’rainforest.Theagroforestrysystemsestablishedintheprojectwillrestoredegradedland,therebyincreasingforestcover,expandinghabitatfortheserarespecies,andpromotingecosystemconnectivitybycreatingwildlifecorridorsbetweenrainforestareasandnationalparks.
x.whichoptionalGoldLevelcriteriaarebeingusedandabriefdescriptionoftheattributesthatenabletheprojecttoqualifyforeachrelevantGoldLevel
GL1.ClimateChangeAdaptationBenefits
Theprojectareawillbesubjectedtothenegativeimpactsofclimatechange,andthesewillbeworsenedfurtherbyincreasingenvironmentaldegradationanddeforestation.Theprojectactivitiesbuildthesmallholderfarmersresiliencetoclimatechange.
GL2.ExceptionalCommunityBenefits
Projectbeneficiariesaresmallholderfarmers,whoaredefinedaslandholdersthatarenotstructurallydependentonpermanenthiredlabour,managetheirlandmainlywiththeirownandtheirfamily’slabourforce,andwhoseprimaryincomecomesfromtheirlandmanagementactivities.Theprojectgeneratesshort‐termandlong‐termnetpositivewell‐beingbenefitsforsmallholders,includingvulnerablegroupincludingwomen.Theprojectplacesastrongfocusonparticipationofthesmallholderfarmersinallelementsofprojectplanning,designandimplementation,andinbuildingtheircapacity.
GL3.ExceptionalBiodiversityBenefits
TheProjectZoneincludesasiteofhighbiodiversityconservationpriorityEndangeredspecies;thereisthepresenceoftheIquitosgnatcatcher(Polioptilaclementsi),theblack‐facedspider
4
monkey(Ateleschamek),thePeruvianwoollymonkey(Lagothrixcana),andtheGiantBrazilianOtter(Pteronurabrasiliensis).Byimplementingagroforestrysystems,PlantingfortheFuturewillhelpsmallholderfarmersriseoutofpovertyandnothavetorelyondegradingtheforestthroughslash‐and‐burnforestrypractices.Wewillcreatenativespeciesforest,increasehabitatfortheprimateandavianspeciesandenhancingecosystemservicesintheProjectZone.
xi.dateofcompletionofthisversionofthePDD,andversionnumber,asappropriate
June24th2014
xii.expectedscheduleforverification,ifknown.
Anticipatedfirstverification–August2016
5
PLANTINGFORTHEFUTURE:FINANCIALLYSUSTAINABLEAGROFORESTRYSYSTEMSANDPAYMENTSFORECOSYSTEMSERVICESPROJECTDOCUMENTATIONSUBMITTEDFORVALIDATIONTOTHECLIMATE,COMMUNITYANDBIODIVERSITYSTANDARDSTHIRDEDITION
JUNE2014
www.plantyourfuture.org.uk
6
TABLEOFCONTENTS
CoverPage...............................................................................................................................................1G1.ProjectGoals,DesignandLong‐termViability................................................................................8ProjectDesignandBoundaries..............................................................................................................................20RiskManagementandLong‐termViability......................................................................................................41Programmaticapproach...........................................................................................................................................43
G2.Without‐projectLandUseScenarioandAdditionality.............................................................46G3.StakeholderEngagement.....................................................................................................................50Accesstoinformation.................................................................................................................................................50Consultation...................................................................................................................................................................54Participationindecision‐makingandimplementation...............................................................................55Anti‐discrimination.....................................................................................................................................................55FeedbackandGrievanceRedressProcedure...................................................................................................56WorkerRelations.........................................................................................................................................................56
G4.ManagementCapacity...........................................................................................................................59G5.LegalStatusandPropertyRights......................................................................................................63Respectforrightstolands,territoriesandresources,andFree,PriorandInformedConsent..63Legalstatus.....................................................................................................................................................................65
ClimateSection.....................................................................................................................................68ClimateSectionWaiver................................................................................................................................68GL1.ClimateChangeAdaptationBenefits.............................................................................................68
CommunitySection.............................................................................................................................72CM1.Without‐projectCommunityScenario.........................................................................................72CM2.NetPositiveCommunityImpacts...................................................................................................73CM3.OtherStakeholderImpacts..............................................................................................................78CM4.CommunityImpactMonitoring......................................................................................................79MonitoringIndicators..................................................................................................................................79GL2.ExceptionalCommunityBenefits....................................................................................................86
BiodiversitySection...........................................................................................................................91B1.BiodiversityWithout‐projectScenario...........................................................................................91B2.NetPositiveBiodiversityImpacts...................................................................................................104B3.OffsiteBiodiversityImpacts.............................................................................................................106B4.BiodiversityImpactMonitoring......................................................................................................106GL3.ExceptionalBiodiversityBenefits................................................................................................111
SelectReferences.............................................................................................................................114
Appendix1.CombinedtooltoidentifythebaselinescenarioanddemonstrateadditionalityinA/RCDMprojectactivities(version01)..................................................117
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Applicabilityconditions.............................................................................................................................117Step0:PreliminaryscreeningbasedonthestatingdateoftheA/Rprojectactivity..........117BaselinescenarioASHIFTINGCULTIVATION‘SLASHANDBURN’AGRICULTURE................117ScenarioA,Step1.Identificationofalternativelandusescenariostotheproposedprojectactivity...........................................................................................................................................................................117ScenarioA,Step2.BarrierAnalysis..................................................................................................................122ScenarioA,Step4:Commonpracticeanalysis.............................................................................................124
BaselinescenarioBdegradedpasture.................................................................................................125ScenarioB,Step1:Identificationofalternativelandusescenariostotheproposedprojectactivity...........................................................................................................................................................................125
ScenarioB,Step2:BarrierAnalysis......................................................................................................128ScenarioB,Step4.Commonpracticeanalysis..............................................................................................130
8
GENERALSECTION
G1.PROJECTGOALS,DESIGNANDLONG‐TERMVIABILITY
G1.1IdentifytheprimaryProjectProponentwhichisresponsiblefortheproject’sdesignandimplementationandprovidecontactdetails.
TheprimaryProjectProponentisPlantyourFuture,acharityregisteredinEnglandandWales(No.1134720).
PlantyourFutureworksinPeruwithitsaffiliateorganisationAsociaciónCivilPlantatuFuturo(RUC20556440639).
UKContactPoint:
JennyHenman,ChairmanandFounder.
[email protected],orat:
33aWadesonStreet LondonE29DR UnitedKingdom
PeruContactPoint:
MichaelSoulsby,[email protected]:
Av.DosdeMayo534,oficina408 Miraflores,Lima Peru
G1.2Definetheproject’sclimate,communityandbiodiversityobjectives.
Deforestationof7.9millionhectareswasrecordedinthePeruvianAmazonfrom2000‐2009(MINAM,20112).Thishascausedsubstantialbiodiversityloss,contributedtoclimatechange,andperpetuatedpovertyamongstlocalcommunities.UnsustainablesmallholderagricultureandranchingaretheprincipledriversofdeforestationanddegradationintheAmazonbasinofPeru.PlantingfortheFutureaimstorelievesmallholdersoftheirrelianceontheseactivitiesbyimplementingamarket‐orientatedagroforestrymodelfollowingaprogrammaticapproach.
2MINAM(MinisteriodelAmbientedePerú).2011.ElPerúdelosBosques.Retrievedfromhttp://sinia.minam.gob.pe/index.php?accion=verElemento&idElementoInformacion=1218
9
Allourprojectactivitiescometogethertotryandachieveonoverallprojectimpact,whichbringspositiveclimate,communityandbiodiversitybenefits,whichissummarizedinourprojectvision:
ProjectVision
WewillempowersmallholderfarmersinPerutotransitionfromunsustainableagriculturetomarket‐orientedagroforestrysystems.Usingascalableapproach,theprojectwillusecarbonfinancetofacilitatefarmersinestablishingclimate‐smartfarmsthatusenativespeciestoprovidediverseincomestreamsfromsaleof
gourmetproduceandcertifiedtimbertrees.
Wewillcreateascalablemodelforsustainableagriculture,whichwillreducedeforestationandwhichwillbeadoptedatalandscapescaleinthePeruvianAmazon.Farmers’technicalandbusinesscapacitywillbeenhanced,theywillgainaccesstoformalmarketsfornativefruitandtimber,andtheirincomeswillbeincreasedanddiversified.Asaresult,thelivelihoodsoffarmingfamilieswillbeenhancedandpovertyreduced.
TheprojectdesignisapplicabletolandowningsmallholderfarmersacrossPeruwhohaveinthepastreliedon‘slashandburn’shiftingcultivationagricultureorranchingthatresultedinunproductiveagriculturallandsanddegradedpastures.Theprojectwillprovideseedlingsandtrainingtofarmerstoreforesttheirfarms,convertingthemfromlowproductivitymigratoryagriculturewheretheyhavetorotatefarmedareastomarket‐orientatedagroforestrysystems.Fromthetotal25.2haofinitialProjectinstancesinLoretoandUcayali,weanticipategeneratingalong‐termaverageemissionreductionsof9147.24tCO2etCO2eemissionsreductionsover30years(priortoanyriskbufferdeductions).
Thesystemsaredesignedtogeneratemultiplerevenuestreamstoensurethattheywillsupportlivelihoodsforfarmfamilies;theintegratednatureofthesystemsiscriticaltoprovidingadequatefinancialincentivesforfarmerstoadoptagroforestry.CoreelementsofPlantingfortheFuture’sstrategyareasupporttofarmerstoestablishtradeassociations,andabusinessplanandmarketingstrategytocommercializenative,high‐valuetropicalfruitsthattheprojectwillre‐introducetofarms.Carboncreditswillprovidefarmerswithasourceofrevenuetomaintaintheirfruitandtimbertreesinthemediumterm.Combined,therevenuefromproducesalesandcarboncreditsshouldallowfarmerstorealizethevalueofthesaleofmaturetimber.
Localpeoplewillbenefitnotonlyfromenhancedlivelihoods,butalsobylearningaboutnurserymanagement,treeplantingandmaintenance,andsilviculture;traininginbusinessadministrationandaccounting;andtradeassociationswithstrongandtransparentgovernance.
ThePeruvianAmazonisoneofthemostbiodiverseregionsintheworld,renownedforitsabundanceofrareanimal,birdandplantlifeanddesignatedasHighConservationValueForestforitshighlevelsofendemicandrarefaunaandflora.TheProjectZoneishometojaguars,pink
10
dolphinsandencompassesthespecies‐richAllpahuayoMishanaNationalReserve,hometothecriticallyendangeredIquitosGnatcatcher(Polioptilaclementsi).PlantingfortheFuturewillgivesmallholdersanalternativetoclearing‘virgin’rainforest.Theagroforestrysystemsestablishedintheprojectwillrestoredegradedland,therebyincreasingforestcover,expandinghabitatfortheserarespecies,andpromotingecosystemconnectivitybycreatingwildlifecorridorsbetweenrainforestareasandnationalparks.
G1.3Providethelocation(country,sub‐nationaljurisdictions(s))andabriefoverviewofthebasicphysicalandsocialparametersoftheproject.
InthisdocumentwepresenttwoinitialprojectinstancesforPlantingfortheFuture’sprogrammaticapproach–oneinLoretoregion,MaynasprovinceandtheotherinUcayaliregion,CoronelPortilloprovince.BotharelocatedinthePeruvianAmazon(seeFigure1).
Figure1.OverviewoflocationofcurrentprojectareaswithinPeru
LORETOINSTANCE
TheLoretoinstanceiscomprisedof19.64hectaresofnon‐contiguouslandsouthofthecityofIquitos,intheeconomiccorridorclosetoboththeIquitos/NautaHighway(betweenkm14and33)andtheAllpahuayoMishanaNationalReserve.TheProjectAreasarelocatedinthecommunitiesofPaloSeco,Moralillo,Varillaland13deFebrerointheDistrictofSanJuanBautistainMaynasProvince,LoretoRegion.
11
Landuse
Theprojectareaisdeforested/degradedlandwhichhasbeenclearedforagriculturalcroppingusingslash‐and‐burn.Cropswhichdominateintheseareasarebanana,yuccaandmaize.
Climate
Theclimateishotandwet.Averageannualtemperaturesrangefrom25to27oC,andrelativehumidityfrom78to96%.ThewettestmonthsfallbetweenOctoberandMay,withameanannualprecipitationof3000mm(IIAP,20013).
Relief,hydrologyandsoils
ThetopographyacrosstheLoreto1stinstancecanbedescribedasgenerallyflatwithterracesnearthecityofIquitos.Thesoilsoftheterrafirmaarecharacterizedbyredandyellowclays,andadistinctiveswathofwhitesand.Uplandsoilsareacidicandoflowfertilityincontrasttothesoilsofthefloodplainswhicharemorefertile.Theoldestgeologicalsequencesarepre‐Andean,thelegacyofadiscontinuoussequenceofcontinentalandmarinedeposits.FoldinginthePleistocenebroughttothesurfacetheseoldsedimentarylayerswhichexplainthedistinctivebandofwhitesand.(ParedesArcetal,19984).Thewiderregionisdelimitedbyanetworkofrivers,namelytheRiversNanay,ItayaandAmazon.
Ecosystem
TheLoretoinstanceislocatedwithintwoGlobalEcoregions,asdefinedbyWWF.Thesearethe‘NapoMoistForests’andthe‘AmazonRiverandFloodedForests’.TheGlobalEcoregionsisascience‐basedglobalrankingoftheEarth'smostbiologicallyoutstandingterrestrial,freshwaterandmarinehabitats(WWF,2013).Thenaturalvegetationoftheregionisrainforest;whichishighlyvariableintermsofspeciescomposition,varyingwithinsmalldistancesdependingongeology,soiltypeandtopography.Intheareaincludessectionsofwhitesandgeologyuponwhichadistinctiverainforesttypecalledvarillalisfound,characterisedbythintreesandanunusuallyhighspeciesdiversity,includingmanyendemics.TheAllpuayoMishanaNationalReserve,adjacenttotheLoretoInstance,hasbeendesignatedinanareawhichisprincipallyvarillal.Ontheclayeyuplandsthelargestnumberofvaluabletimberspeciesgrow56.
3InstitutodeInvestigacionesdelaAmazoniaPeruana(IIAP)(2001)ZonificacionEcologicaEconomicadelAreadeInfluenciadelaCarreteraIquitosNauta,DocumentoMimeografiado,Iquitos.
4ParedesArc,G,Kauffman,S,Kalliola,R.(1998)SuelosAluvialesRecientesdelaZoneIquitos‐Nauta,p231‐250In:GeologíayDesarrolloAmazónico:EstudioIntegradoenlaZonadeIquitos.Kalliola,R.andFloresPaitan,S.(eds).InstitutoInvestigacionesdelaAmazoniaPeruana,Iquitos,Perú,pp.369–387.(InSpanish).
5InstitutodeInvestigacionesdelaAmazoniaPeruana(IIAP)(2001)ZonificacionEcologicaEconomicadelAreadeInfluenciadelaCarreteraIquitosNauta,DocumentoMimeografiado,Iquitos.
12
Vegetation
Withintheproductiveagriculturalareascommoncropsincludebanana,manioc(yucca),corn,pineapple,heartofpalmandsugarcane.Theareaoftheprojectinstancesthemselvesareeitherinproductiveagricultureorareinfallow.Commonspeciesfoundinthefallowsincludecommonearlystagesuccessionaltreespeciessuchastopa(Ochromapyramidale),pashaco(Schizolobiumexcelsum),Shimbillo(Ingaspp),Rifari(Miconiaspp)andAtadijo(Tremamicrantha).
Biodiversity
TheforestsoftheWesternArcoftheAmazonRainforest,whichincludeLoretoareamongsttherichestintheworld,bothintermsofbiologicaldiversityandnaturalresources(WWF,2013).TheLoretoprojectinstancefallswithintwoecoregions,asdescribedbyWWF–namelyNapoMoistForestandAmazonRiverandFloodedForests.Theamazingdiversityoftheregionstemsfromthehighandrelativelyseasonalrainfallinpartsoftheecoregion.Thecomplextopographyandsoilsandvastriversystemscreateadynamicmosaicofhabitats.Thisleadstoanamazinggrowthoffloraandendemism.Morethan310treespecieshavebeenfoundtoexistinaonehectareareaintheNapoMoistForests.Theareaisinternationallycelebratedasbeingamongthemostspecies‐richforestsknownonourplanetbutisthreatenedbyacceleratingdeforestation.
TheLoreto1stinstanceislocatedinaregionofHighConservationValueForestwithhighlevelsofendemismandendangeredspecies.Theprojectzoneincludesthespecies‐richAllpahuayoMishanaNationalReservewhichishometoIquitosGnatcatcher(PolioptilaClementsi),classifiedas‘criticallyendangered’bytheIUCNRedList.AcrosstheregionhabitatlossanddeforestationfromunsustainableagriculturalexpansionbysmallholderfarmersthreatensotherendangeredspeciessuchastheWhiteBelliedSpiderMonkey(Atelesbelzebuth),theBlackFacedSpiderMonkey(AtelesChamek),andtheGiantBrazilianOtter(Pteronurabrasiliensis)–alloftheseareclassifiedasendangeredontheIUCNRedList7.Onthedeforestedagriculturallandsbiodiversityhasdramaticallydiminished.(IIAP,2013)
SocialOverview
TheProjectZoneinLoretoencompassesforestpartsoftheIquitosvárzeaecoregionandtheNapomoist forest ecoregion (Sears, 2014a8, Sears, Marín and Schipper, 20149). Both are parts of the6FloresPaitan,S,GomezRomero,E,Kalliola,R.(1998)CaracteristicasGeneralesdelazonedeIquitos,p17‐31In:GeologíayDesarrolloAmazónico:EstudioIntegradoenlaZonadeIquitos.Kalliola,R.andFloresPaitan,S.(eds).InstitutoInvestigacionesdelaAmazoniaPeruana,Iquitos,Perú,pp.369–387.
7http://www.iucnredlist.org/Accessed31stJan2014
8Sears,R.2014a.SeasonallyfloodedriverbasinsofBrazil,PeruandBolivia.WorldWildlifeFundInternational.Retrievedfromhttp://worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/nt0128
9Sears,R.,Marín,C.,&Schipper,J.2014.EasternSouthAmerica:SouthernColombia,easternVenezuela,andnorthernPeru.WorldWildlifeFundInternational.Retrievedfromhttp://worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/nt0142
13
Amazonfloristicprovince,anareaofextremediversityandendemisminspeciesofbothfloraandfauna (Sears, Marín, and Schipper, 201410). This Project Zone includes floodable forests thatprovide varied, heterogeneoushabitats. Loreto’s population is extremelypoor and challengedbypressuresonnaturalresourcesthathaveresultedinextremeenvironmentaldegradationincludingcontaminationofbodiesofwater fromurbanactivitiesand lossofsoilnutrientsandbiodiversity(IIAP, 200211). Primary economic activities in this province are small scale agriculture, livestockfarmingandnaturalresourceextractionincludingrubber,wood,animalskinsandoil.
10 ibid
11IIAP.2002.PropuestadeZonificaciónEcológicaEconómicaparaelDesarrolloSostenibledeláreadeinfluenciadelaCarreteraIquitosNautayCaracterizaciónBiofísicadelaReservaNacionalPacaya‐Samiria,DepartamentodeLoreto.ProgramadeOrdenamientoAmbiental.EditadoenCD‐ROM.
16
UCAYALIINSTANCE:
TheUcayaliinstanceiscomprisedof5.57hectaresandisfoundoutsideofthecityofPucallpa,andclosetotheCampoVerdereforestationproject.TheCampoVerdereforestationprojecthasbeenimplementedonalargeareaofcontiguousdegradedpasture,ownedbyprivatecompanyBosquesAmazonicos,andwhichhasbeensuccessfullyvalidatedtotheCCBandVCSStandards(Figure4).TheUcayaliinstanceiscomprisedofdegradedpastureaswell,butownedbysmallholderfarmerswhichareneartotheexistingCampoVerdeproject.
Landuse
Theprojectlandswereconvertedfromforestintopasturesintheearly1970s.Thelandhascontinuedaslowproductivitypasturelandssincethattime.Thepressureofcattleontheland,theinherentlowfertilityofAmazoniansoils,theheavyrainandthenaturalundulationofthelandhasledtoitsdegradationovertime.TheinvasivegrassBraquiariadecumbescoupledwithperiodicwildfireshasmeantforestcannotre‐establishnaturally.
Climate
TheclimateoftheUcayaliprojectinstancecanbedescribedastropical,withyearroundhightemperaturesandhighprecipitation.Theannualaverageofhighestandlowesttemperature(period1997‐2003)is31.9°Cand21.8°C,respectively(EstaciónMeterológica,200312).Theaverageannualrainfallis1861.68mm,witharangeof1600‐2500mmannually(SearsandSchipper,201413)andrelativehumidityis84%.(1997‐2003)(EstaciónMeterológica14).Thereis,however,adryseason,fromJunetoSeptember,whenhumidityandprecipitationdropsignificantly.‘Dry’inthiscontextmeansamonthlyaveragerainfallofaround40‐70mm.
ReliefandSoils
Theprojectareaischaracterizedbygentlyundulatingterraces,withlowgradientsofbetween0‐4%.Theheightrangesfrom155to220mabovesealevel.Theprojectareacontainsrelicsmallhillscreatedbyhistoricfluvialaction.Thereliefofthelandsmeanstheyarenotaffectedbyfloodingduringtherainyseason.Thereisgoodtomoderatedrainageacrosstheprojectarea.Thesoilsinthe
12EstaciónMeterológica,UniversidadNacionaldeUcayali,AlmanaquedeUcayali2002‐2003.
13Sears,R.,&Schipper,J.2014.EasternSouthAmerica:CentralPeru.WorldWildlifeFundInternational.Retrievedfromhttp://worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/nt0174
14EstaciónMeterológica,UniversidadNacionaldeUcayali,AlmanaquedeUcayali2002‐2003.
17
projectareaclassifiedusingthepHscalerangefromextremelytostronglyacidic(pHaround3.5).Thesoilsdisplayanaveragebulkdensityof1.13g/cm3andaloworganiccontent,averaging0.86%carboninthetoptencentimetres.
Biodiversity
Theclearingofnativeforestcover,overgrazingandfrequentfireshasledtodegradation,lossofbiodiversityandsoilimpoverishmentofthelandintheUcayaliinstance.Forestremovalandconsequenthabitatdestructionhasaffectedmostspeciesoffauna,whichgenerallyliveinlowdensitiesintheforestsoftheregion.BirdssuchGuacamayo(Araspp.),Perdiz(Tinamusspp.),Pihuicho(Brotogerisspp),Toucan(Rhamphastosspp)arenotabletoliveinapasturehabitat.
Becauseofthisdegradation,theprojectareadoesnotrepresentapermanenthabitatfornativespeciesoffauna,buttheremnantprimaryforestsandmaturesecondaryforestsneartheprojectareacontinuetoprovidehabitattoarangeofspecies.
Accordingtoastudyofthebiodiversityintheforestareasintheprojectzone,neartheprojectinstances,thereare62vertebratespecies;themostcommonspeciesareCarachupa(Dasypusnovemcinctus),Majaz(Agoutipaca)andSachacuy(Proechimysspp.)(AIDER,200615).Theplannedreforestationactivitieswillcontributetoprovidingbiologicalcorridorsbetweenthevariousforestecosystemsintheregiontherebyexpandingspecieshabitatandincreasinggeneticdiversity.
Ecosystem
TheUcayaliinstanceislocatedintheSubtropicalAmazonbio‐geographicprovinceandthenativeforestcoverisclassifiedaspre‐mountaintropicalhumidforestintransitiontotropicalhumidforest.16
Vegetation
IntheUcayaliinstance,thedominantvegetationofthedegradedpasturesistheinvasivegrassBraquiariadecumbeswithafewshrubs,isolatedtreesorclumpsoftrees.Thisgrassspeciesisalsoassociatedwithhardstemgrass(8.8%ofcover)andCashaucshagrass(Imperatabrasiliensis)(7.8%).Thesegrassesareinvasiveandhaveahighfuelload,leadingtoregularfiresthatthenpreventnaturalregenerationinthepastureareas.
SocialOverview
15AIDER.2006.Diagnosticobiofisico,zonificacionycaracterizaciondeflorayfaunadelareadetrabajo.
16 According to the life zones classification developed by Holdridge (1947). Holdridge,L.R.1947.Determinationofworldplantformationsfromsimpleclimaticdata.Science,105:367‐368.
18
AsintheLoretoProjectAreas,CommunityGroupsareverypoorandrelyalmostentirelyonsmall‐scaleagricultureandranching.
19
Figure4.LocationofthefirstUcayaliinstance
Figure5.ProjectAreaswithintheUcayaliinstance.
(CampoVerdeisaCCBStandards‐validatedprojectofreforestationondegradedpasturelandandisshowninthemapfororientationpurposes)
20
PROJECTDESIGNANDBOUNDARIESG1.4DefinetheboundariesoftheProjectAreawhereprojectactivitiesaimtogeneratenet
climatebenefitsandtheProjectZonewhereprojectactivitiesareimplemented.
IntheLoretoInstancethereisaprojectareaof19.64hectares,showninFigure3,andintheUcayaliInstancethereisaprojectareaof5.57hectares,showninFigure5.TheUTMcoordinatesoftheseprojectareasareshowninTable1.Eachinstancealsohasadefinedprojectzone,whichisalargerareas,encompassingtheprojectareaitselfbutalsoasurroundingareainwhichprojectactivitiesthatdirectlyaffectlandandassociatedresources,includingactivitiessuchasthoserelatedtoprovisionofalternativelivelihoodsandcommunitydevelopment,areimplemented.FigurexandxbelowshowtherespectiveprojectzonesfortheLoretoandUcayaliinstances.
Intermsofthepotentialareawhereactivitiescanbereplicatedinthefutureusingaprogrammaticapproach,theProjectZonealsoincludesallpotentialProjectAreas(i.e.allpotentialnewlandareasinwhichprojectactivitiesthataimtogeneratenetclimatebenefitsmaybeimplementedinthefutureaftertheinitialvalidation).InthiscaseofthisprojectthisreferstoallareasthatfallwithinthedefinedGeographicalAreadelineatedintheVCSPDandshowinFigure15.However,itshouldbenotedthatnewinstancesmustalsodemonstratetheycomplywiththeeligibilitycriteriaonapplicationtojointhePlantingfortheFutureprogrammaticprojectframework.
Table1:UTMCoordinatesofProjectAreaLocations
latitude‐min(south) latitudemax(north longitudemin(west) longitudemax(east)
Ucayali ‐9.08 ‐8.06 ‐75.26 ‐74.33
Loreto ‐4.5 ‐3.4 ‐73.8 ‐72.88
G1.5ExplaintheprocessofstakeholderidentificationandanalysisusedtoidentifyCommunities,CommunityGroupsandOtherStakeholders.
LoretoInstance:PlantyourFuture,andaffiliatePlantatuFuturo,hasbeenworkingintheprojectzoneoftheLoretoInstancesince2010.PlantyourFuturehasworkedtoimplementtheLoretoInstancewithpartnerProNaturaleza,aPeruvianNGOwithanofficeinIquitosandaregionalLoretoprogramme,foundedin1984.IntheprojectinceptionphasefortheLoretoInstanceweworkedincollaborationwithregionalfarmerscooperative,COPASIMOLwithofficesinIquitosandmembersacrosstheprojectzone.PlantyourFutureworkedwithanexpertlocalagronomisttodoaninitialassessmentintheprojectzoneandmakerecommendationsonhowtoidentifyandselectsmallholderprojectparticipants(Communities).
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Throughthesepartnerships,studies17andpublishedliterature,aswellasourownexistingknowledgeofactors,wewereabletoidentifyCommunities,CommunityGroupsandOtherStakeholders.OnOctober17thand18thPlantyourFutureheldmeetingsatProNaturalezaofficesinIquitos,withparticipationfromCOPASIMOL,PlantyourFutureandProNaturalezastaffwherewewereabletomakeapreliminarylistofCommunityGroupsandOtherStakeholders,andwellasdiscusscriteriatoselectdirectprojectparticipants(Communities).Thiswasstakeholderidentificationprocesswascomplementedbyinitialconsultationswithkeystakeholders.
Inadditionthesocio‐economicassessmentcarriedoutbyMateofurtherconsolidatedtheanalysisofCommunities,CommunityGroupsandOtherStakeholdersboththroughdirectinterviewsandmeetings,andareviewofregionallyspecificliterature.Aspartofhersocio‐economicassessmentMateoconductedsurveys,interviews,meetingsandaworkshopspecificallywithfarmersincommunitiesneartoIquitosandaroundtheIquitos/Nautahighway(Varillal,Moralillo,NuevoMilagros,PaloSecoand13deFebrero).ThefarmersinterviewedandsurveyedwerethosewhohadbeenidentifiedbyPlantyourFutureandProNaturalezaforparticipationintheproject.
UCAYALIINSTANCE:WecollaborationwithBosqueAmazonicosandreliedontheCampoVerdeCCBandVCSprojectdocumentationandandfieldvisitstoidentifyCommunities,CommunityGroupsandOtherStakeholdersintheUcayaliProjectZone.
G1.6ListallCommunities,CommunityGroupsandOtherStakeholdersidentifiedusingtheprocessexplainedinG1.5.
TheprojectPlantingfortheFuturewillworkwithsmallholderfarmersastheCommunity.Theprojectshassetoutcriteria(seesectionG1.14)whichmustbemetforsmallholderfarmerstoparticipateinthisprogrammaticproject.ProjectAreaswillalwaysbeundertheownershipofasmallholderhousehold,assobenefitsfromtheprojectwillprimarilybegeneratedatthehouseholdlevelwhichtranscendsotherCommunityGroupsasthehouseholdparticipantsarecomprisedofmen,women,youthandcanbeheadedbymenorwomen,singleormarried,withorwithoutchildren.
LORETOINSTANCE
Community:
Wehaveidentified18smallholderfarmingfamiliesthatwewillworkwithdirectlyintheLoretoInstance.Weareworkingwithsmallholderfarmerswhomeetthecriteriasetbytheproject,asdefinedbyourprogrammaticapproachinaccordancewithVCSmethodologyrequirements.Thesmallholderfarmersweareworkingwithhavelandtitle.Theydirectlyderiveanincomefromagriculturalandforestryproducegeneratedontheirland.Theyarethesolebeneficiariesofincomesfromsaleofproduceorassetsfromtheirland.Weselectedsmallholderfarmersfrom4
17 Studies done for the Reserva Nacional Allpahuayo Mishana (INRENA, 2005 and IIAP, 2004) were
useful in our analysis of the Communities, Community Groups and Other Stakeholders of Plant your Future’s project in the Loreto region. 17
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differentvillages.These4villagesarecalledPaloSeco,13deFebrero,MoralilloandVarillal.Thesevillageswereselectedbasedonbaselineland‐useconditions,accessibilitytoIquitos,interestintheprojectandexistingcontactsfromprojectpartners.
Therearearound42,000peoplelivingbetweenthecityofIquitosandthetownofNauta(excludingthepopulationofthosecities)with7%annualpopulationgrowth,distributedinapproximately200villages(Tello,200118).AllthevillagesthatareinourProjectAreacanbecharacterisedbypopulationsofsmallholderfarmerswhoare“mestizo”,andwhoworklandwhichisprivatelyowned(mainlybythesmallholderinhabitantthemselves)andwhicharedividedintoamosaicofsmallparcels.Smallholdersbelongtoaspecificcommunities,whichusuallyhasanucleusofhomesandareengagedinsubsistenceleveltradewiththecityofIquitos.
Itwasdeterminedbyasocio‐economicanalysisthatparticipantsintheprojectownanaverage13.5haeach,oftenincludingamixtureofdegradedagriculturallandandvirginforest(Mateo,2013b19).Thisisagreatdealmorelandthanthatwhichwillbeincludedinthe“projectarea”itself.Theprojectareaitselfisasub‐areaoftheiroveralllandholdingwhichhasbeendeforestedanddegradedinthepastbyslashandburnagriculture.Eachsmallholderlimitshisorherfarmingactivitiestotheirplot.
CommunalworkhasbecomelesscommoninvillagesnearerIquitosandtheIquitos/Nautahighway.Traditionallyfarmerswouldcarryout‘mingas’wheretheycarriedoutworktogethertoassisteachotherwithagriculturalworkorvillagelevelprojects.Ata‘minga’remunerationismainlythroughtheprovisionoffoodinreturnforlabour.Invillagesnearerthehighwaymanuallabourisnowmorecommonlyrewardedwithaday‐salarypaidincash.
Allrespondentstotheproject’ssocioeconomicsurveywereover40yearsofageandthemajority(71%)hadbeeneducatedataprimaryschoollevel.Theaveragefamilysizeamongbeneficiarieswas2‐3people.About89%ofpeopleintheregionoftheprojectarein‐migrantstotheareafromIquitosorneighbouringregions(INRENA,200520),indicatingalongtraditionof“Amazonian”culture–peoplewhoknowandliveoffoftheforest–intheProjectZone.
18Tello,H.2001.ValoracióneconómicadeladiversidadbiológicaeneláreadeinfluenciadelaCarreteraIquitos–Nauta.EnValoraciónEconómicadelaDiversidadBiológicayServiciosAmbientalesenelPerú,INRENA,IRG/Biofor,USAID.Peru.474pp.
19Mateo,S.2013b.Plantandoparaelfuturo:Análisissocioeconómicoyconsultaaactoresclaveenelámbitodelproyecto.PlantyourFutureandProNaturaleza.
20INRENA.2005.PlanMaestrodelaReservaNacionalAllpahuayoMishana2006‐2010.MinisteriodeAgricultura,Perú.150pp.Retrievedfromhttp://www.sernanp.gob.pe/sernanp/archivos/biblioteca/publicaciones/RN_ALLPAHUAYOMISHANA/PlanMaestro_2006‐2010_Allpahuayo%20Mishana.pdf
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Thesurveyshowedthatthebeneficiariesoftheprojectareallsubsistencefarmers.AgriculturalproductsalesareexclusivelyfortheIquitosmarket.Tradethereishighlyvariabledependingontheseason.Smallholderfarmerssellinformallyinthemarket,andnotviaformalcontracts,makingitdifficulttoplanaheadorbeconfidentonpricing.Itproveddifficultforfarmerstoestimatetheirincome,butthosewhocouldofferedarangeof300‐800soles(PEN)permonth–enoughtocovertheirbasicneeds,butnotenoughtomakemajorinvestments.Besidesfarming,halfofthefarmersearnwagesfromsmall‐scale,localactivities:fishfarms,smallstores,raisingpigs,caretakinglandforothersandgenerallabour.
CommunityGroups:PlantingfortheFutureisworkingwithsmallholderfarmersatthehouseholdlevel.ThehouseholdtranscendsacrossCommunityGroups,andassuchincludessub‐groupsofcommunities.InthecaseofthisprojectCommunityGroupsincludewomen,youth,evangelicalChristiansandshopowners.Therearenoindigenouspeople’slivingintheLoretoProjectAreaformingpartofCommunityGroups.
OtherStakeholders:TheprojecthasdonewideconsultationinthePeruvianAmazononourproject,including,butnotlimitedtowithregionalgovernmentandothernon‐governmentalandresearchorganizations.Thesehavebeenonaformalandinformallevel.
Table2Listofparticipantsatconsultativeworkshop,November2012,Iquitos,Peru
Name Organisation Organisation(FullName)
MelchorAguilarRojas GRDS GerenciaRegionaldeDesarrolloSocial‐Gobierno
LourdesBocanegraTorres OTAE‐GRL OrganoTécnicodeAdministraciónEspecial‐
LuisCamposBaca IIAP InstitutodeInvestigacióndelaAmazoniaPeruana
FlordeMBardalesMorí DIREPRO DirecciónRegionaldelaProducción‐Gobierno
CarlosUshiñahua DRA‐L DirecciónRegionaldeAgriculturadeLoreto
ZoilaPereaDeArévalo DIRESA‐DESA DirecciónRegionaldeSalud‐DirecciónEjecutivade
CharlineBandry LATITUDSUR LatitudSur
FelicianoRodríguez DRA‐L DirecciónRegionaldeAgriculturadeLoreto
BrunoPaino ICRAF CentroMundialdeAgroforestería
JhonatanCaroTuesta WCS WildlifeConservationSociety
NataliaFreitasGómez DAR DerechoAmbientalyRecursosNaturales‐Gobierno
JorgeRaulLópezGarcía GOREL GobiernoRegionaldeLoreto
MoisésDavidBendayan DRAL‐PROCREA DirecciónRegionaldeAgriculturaLoreto‐
ElisaEdithChotaTorres PRMRFFS ProgramaRegionaldeManejodeRecursos
LizCristinaLópezMuñoz PRMRFFS ProgramaRegionaldeManejodeRecursos
JamesManuelVásquez OTAE‐GOREL OrganoTécnicodeAdministraciónEspecial‐
GladysArnedaSaldaña OPIPP‐GOREL OrganismoPublicoInfraestructuraparala
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MarcoAntonioValcárcel OPIPP‐GOREL OrganismoPublicoInfraestructuraparala
EmilioVillarCastro D.R.AGRICULTURA DirecciónRegionaldeAgriculturaLoreto
FlorHidalgoPanduro GR.RR.NN.YG GerenciaRegionaldeRecursosNaturalesyGestión
ChristianPérez GORELORETO‐DAR DerechoAmbientalyRecursosNaturales‐Gobierno
JorgeGómezNoriega PRONATURALEZA FundaciónPeruanaparalaConservacióndela
RicardoMontesVásquez COMITÉ ComitédeProductoresCOPASIMOL
JulioÁngelPérezPérez INVERSIONESTRES InversionesTresHermanos
GuillermoGorbitzDupuy IICA InstitutoInteramericanodeCooperaciónparala
HenkLette IICAPMFS InstitutoInteramericanodeCooperaciónparala
GabyRiveraCampos IICAPMFS InstitutoInteramericanodeCooperaciónparala
JulioWagnerVásquez PRONATURALEZA FundaciónPeruanaparalaConservacióndela
LuisFelipeVela PRONATURALEZA FundaciónPeruanaparalaConservacióndela
Wehavealsodonewideconsultationatthenationallevel.TheInter‐AmericanInstituteforCooperationonAgriculture(IICA)hostedaworkshoponNovember15th2013attheirofficesinLaMolina,LimawhereotherStakeholderswereinvitedtoattendtohearabouttheprojectandmethodologiesappliedandgivetheirfeedback.SeeTable3forlistofparticipants.Thismeetingwasrelevantforthewholeproject,inbothLoretoandUcayali,andthebroaderGeographicalAreaforexpansion.
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Table3ParticipantsatLimaConsultativeWorkshop
Name Organisation
RuthSandraRomeroPaucar UNALM
MariaAnaCisnerosMaravi Perubosque/Untecs
EdwardMitchard PlantYourFuture/UniversityofEdinburgh
JavierPerlaÁlvarez LIBELULA
DavidLicapaTacuri UniversidadNacionalUNTECS
VerónicaValcárcel MFS‐IICA
GilbertoDomínguezT UNALM‐FCF
CelestinaCreyFlores INIA
SandraRoncalGarcía MINAM
NadyaVillavicencio IICA‐MFS
KennethPeraltaNario MINAM‐DGCEDRN
HernandoRiveraL IICA
ManuelMavila IICA
HenkLette IICA‐PMFS
GuillermoGorbitz IICA‐PMFS
CelsoAlexisNaviaCuba ECOTIERRA
ErlyCamizánMorán ECOTIERRA
JorgeTorres BAM
DavidLlanosDulanto RainforestAlliance
ValentinaRobiglin ICRAF
BrunoPaino ICRAF
AnaTeresaRuiz ProNaturaleza
LuisFelipeVela ProNaturaleza
CarlosSanchesDíaz AIDER
UCAYALIINSTANCE
Community:The5smallholderfarminghouseholdswhocomprisetheProjectAreaintheUcayaliInstancearehomogenousenoughtobeconsideredone“community”,althoughareinfactlocatedinseveralvillagesneartheCampoVerdeplantation.Thesearesmall‐scalecattleranchersand
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farmers.Theyaremestizo,andhavetitletotheirland.AsintheLoretoInstancetheland‐usewithintheiroverallsmallholdingmaybemixed,howevertheProjectAreaitselfspecificallycomplieswiththedegradedpasturebaselinecriteria.These5smallholdingfamiliesarethesolebeneficiariesofincomesderivedfromtheirrespectivepartsoftheProjectArea.
SocioeconomicsurveysofvillagesintheProjectZone21completedbytheneighboringCampoVerdereforestationcarbonproject22foundthefollowing:
Thehighestlevelofeducationobtainedbythemajorityofadultsisprimaryschool. Only54%oftheresidentsofthesevillageswerefromUcayaliregion,only26%werefrom
theCampoVerdearea(thesameareaofUcayaliwherePlantingfortheFutureactivitiestakeplace),indicatingahighdegreeofmigration.
Agricultureistheprimaryoccupation.Themajorityoffarmersgrowrice,yuccaandcorn;lessfrequentlytheyalsogrowcitrus,pepperandbananas.50%ofproductsareconsumedbythefarmersandtheirfamilies,while44%goestothemarket.
Oneoutofeverythreefamilieshassomecattle.Otheractivitiesusedtocomplementfarming,allataverysmall‐scale,includebeekeeping,housekeeping,business,laboringforothers,forestry,fishing,carpentryandservingasachauffeur.
Monthlyincomefromtheaverage8haplotislowerthaninLoreto,at371soles. AsopposedtotheLoretoinstance,peoplefromthiscommunityhavehadpositive
experiencesalreadywithreforestation:manyareemployedinsomecapacityintheCampoVerdereforestationcarbonproject.
73%ofrespondentsintheCampoVerdereforestationcarbonprojectsurveys(conductedwithsmallholdercommunitiesaroundtheCampoVerdearea)werestillintheprocessofgettingtitletotheirland,suggestingthatnotallwillbeeligibletoparticipateinPlantingfortheFuture.However,thecommunityitselfalreadydefinedintheinitialUcayaliInstancedohavelandtitle,andfuturefamiliestoparticipatewillhavebehouseholdswhohavelandtitle.
CommunityGroups:PlantingfortheFutureisworkingwithsmallholderfarmersatthehouseholdlevel.ThehouseholdtranscendsacrossCommunityGroups,andassuchincludessub‐groupsofcommunities.InthecaseofthisprojectCommunityGroupsincludewomen,youth,evangelicalChristiansandshopowners.Therearenoindigenouspeople’slivingintheUcayaliProjectAreaformingpartofCommunityGroups.
Otherstakeholders:SFM,SFM‐BAMSAC,AIDERarelocalenvironmentalandforestryorganizationsthatoperatetheadjacent,carbon‐financedCampoVerdereforestationproject.Plant
21 surveys conducted in the following villages: AguaBlanca, Agua Dulce,Manco Cápac, Pimental,Pimientacocha,SantaTeresitadeAguaBlanca,andTierraRoja/NuevoAmanacer
22 See the CCB Standards project design document for Reforestation with Native CommercialSpecies on Degraded Lands for Timber and Carbon Purposes in Campo Verde, Ucayali – Peru,AnnexE,availableathttp://www.climate‐standards.org/2008/11/25/reforestation‐with‐native‐commercial‐species‐on‐degraded‐lands‐for‐timber‐and‐carbon‐purposes‐in‐campo‐verde‐ucayali‐peru/
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yourFuturehasasignedagreementforinformationsharingwiththisproject.ThereisnoconflictorredundancybetweenPlantingfortheFutureandCampoVerde,asthelatterprojectisdesignedtodealexclusivelywithoneprivately‐ownedplotanddoesn’tworkwithsmallholderownedland.Table3showstheconsultationthatoccurredontheprojectatthenationallevelwithotherstakeholders.
G1.7ProvideamapidentifyingthelocationofCommunitiesandtheboundariesoftheProjectArea(s),oftheProjectZone,includinganyHighConservationValueareas(identifiedinCM1andB1),andofadditionalareasthatarepredictedtobeimpactedbyprojectactivitiesidentifiedinCL3,CM3andB3.
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Figure6North‐EastPeruvianAmazonshowingUcayaliandLoretoProjectZones,NationalReservesandPrivateReserves
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Figure7.LocationofCommunities,HighConservationValueAreasandotherareasthatwillbeimpactedbyprojectactivitiesinLoreto
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Figure8.LocationofCommunities,HighConservationValueAreasandotherareasthatwillbeimpactedbyprojectactivitiesinUcayali(seeFigure5forlocationofCommunities)
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Figure9:HighConservationValueslocationsinrelationtoPlantingfortheFutureGeographicalArea(wherefutureactivitiescanbescaledto)
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HighConservationValue PlantingfortheFuture’sImpact
HCV1Areascontainingglobally,regionallyornationallysignificantconcentrationsofbiodiversityvalues
TheLoretoProjectZoneincludespartsoftheKeyBiodiversityAreaandImportantBirdAreaCuencaRíoNanay.ClassificationofthisKBAandIBAisbasedonthepresenceofsignificantpopulationsofgloballythreatenedspecies,significantpopulationsofendemicspeciesknownonlytobefoundinalimitedarea,significantpopulationsofspeciesknownonlytobefoundinaparticularbiomeand/orsignificantregional/sub‐regionalpopulationsoftriggerspecies.ThetriggerspeciesinthiscaseistheIquitosgnatcatcher(Polioptilaclementsi),thepresenceofwhichhasalsoearnedtheCuencaRíoNanaytheclassificationofanAllianceforZeroExtinction(AZE)site.
TheUcayaliProjectZoneincludesthefollowingendangeredspecies:black‐facedspidermonkey(Ateleschamek)23,Peruvianwoollymonkey(Lagothrixcana)24,andGiantBrazilianOtter(Pteronurabrasiliensis)25.
HCV2Globally,regionallyornationallysignificantlargelandscape‐levelareaswhereviablepopulationsofmostifnotallnaturallyoccurringspeciesexistinnaturalpatternsofdistributionandabundance.
TheareaoftheProjectZonescurrentlyhasahighproportionofprimaryforest.
TheLoretoProjectZoneisclassifiedbyGlobalForestWatchas“intactforestlandscape”26.Theregionarounditincludesthefollowingprotectedareas:
ReservaNacionalAllpahuayo‐Mishana
23Wallace,R.B.,Mittermeier,R.A.,Cornejo,F.&Boubli,J.‐P.2008.Ateleschamek.In:IUCN2013.IUCNRedList
ofThreatenedSpecies.Version2013.2.Retrievedfromhttp://www.iucnredlist.org/details/41547/0
24Boubli,J.‐P.,DiFiore,A.,Rylands,A.B.&Wallace,R.B.2008.Lagothrixcana.In:IUCN2013.IUCNRedListof
ThreatenedSpecies.Version2013.2.Retrievedathttp://www.iucnredlist.org/details/39925/0
25Duplaix,N.,Waldemarin,H.F.,Groenedijk,J.,Evangelista,E.,Munis,M.,Valesco,M.&Botello,J.C.2008.Pteronurabrasiliensis.In:IUCN2013.IUCNRedListofThreatenedSpecies.Version2013.2.Retrievedfromhttp://www.iucnredlist.org/details/18711/0
26WorldResourcesInstitute.2014.GlobalForestWatch.Retrievedfrom
http://www.globalforestwatch.org/
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ReservaNacionalPacaya‐Samiria AreadeConservaciónRegionalComunalTamishiyacu‐Tahuayo
AreadeConservaciónRegionalAltoNanayPintuyacuChambira
AreadeConservaciónPrivadaHermanDantas
AreadeConservaciónPrivadaAmazonNaturalPark
TheareaaroundtheUcayaliProjectZonesincludestheCampoVerdereforestationcarbonprojectandthreeProtectedNaturalAreasofthenationalsystemofprotectednaturalareas(SINANPE).Thesearelocatedafewkilometresaway.
HCV3Rare,threatened,orendangeredecosystems,habitatsorrefugia.
TheLoretoProjectZoneincludessectionsofwhitesandgeologyuponwhichadistinctivevarillalrainforestisfound.Varillalischaracterisedbythintreesandanunusuallyhighspeciesdiversity,includingmanyendemics.Inaddition,theLoretoProjectZoneincludesthefloodedforestscalledvárzea.
ThedevelopmentanddensepopulationofthecityofIquitosandareasalongtheIquitos/Nautahighwaythreatensbothhabitatdiversityandtherainforestecosystemitself.
Clearingduetosubsistencefarming,fireandillegalhuntingthreatenstheecosystemoftheUcayaliProjectZone.
Projectactivitiesareplayingkeyroleinreversingtheintensificationofsmall‐scaleagricultureandcattleranching,reducingthethreatofthesedriversofdeforestation.
HCV4Basicecosystemservicesincriticalsituations,includingprotectionofwatercatchmentsandcontroloferosionofvulnerablesoilsandslopes.
Theprojectwillpositivelyimpactthefollowingecosystemservices,whichareallincriticalsituationsgiventhehighrateofdeforestationthreateningtheProjectZonesandthelikelyimpactsofclimatechangeintheregion:
FloodregulationWater
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purification
ClimateregulationDiseaseregulation
GeneticresourcesSoilformation
NutrientcyclingPrimaryproduction
HCV5Sitesandresourcesfundamentalforsatisfyingthebasicnecessitiesoflocalcommunitiesorindigenouspeoples(forlivelihoods,health,nutrition,water,etc.),identifiedthroughengagementwiththesecommunitiesorindigenouspeoples.
InbothProjectZones,thelocalcommunitiesaresmallholdersubsistencefarmers.Theyliveoffoftheirlandoutofnecessity,becausetheydonothavethefinancialortechnicalcapacitytodootherwise.Cropsthataremorethanwhatthefamiliesneedfortheirownconsumptionaresoldlocallytogenerateincometomeetotherbasicneeds.Theprojectactivitieswillenablesmallholderstoenhancetheirlivelihoodswhileconservingtheirresourcesforthefuture.
Localpeoplearealsopermittedtohuntontheirownland(fornon‐commercialpurposes),andsoareprovidedwithessentialanimalprotein.
TheProjectZonesalsoprovidewaterforlocalcommunities.
HCV6Sites,resources,habitatsandlandscapesofglobalornationalcultural,archaeologicalorhistoricalsignificance,and/orofcriticalcultural,ecological,economicorreligious/sacredimportanceforthetraditionalculturesoflocalcommunitiesorindigenouspeoples,identifiedthroughengagementwiththeselocalcommunitiesorindigenouspeoples.
DespitethelargeproportionofsmallholdersineachProjectZonethathavemigratedtotheregiononlyrecently,themajoritycomefromotherforest‐dependentAmazonregions.Theircultureisoneofrelianceonnaturalresources.HCV6isnotidentifiedaspresentintheprojectareas.
G1.8Brieflydescribeeachprojectactivityandtheexpectedoutputs,outcomesandimpactsoftheactivitiesidentifyingthecausalrelationshipsthatexplainhowtheactivitieswillachievetheproject’spredictedclimate,communityandbiodiversitybenefits.
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Wewillworkaround3focalissuesandassociatedprojectactivities:
1. Sustainableagriculture:Wewillbuildasustainableagroforestrymodelforsmallholder
farmers.Themodelisdesignedtorestoredeforestedlandswithnativecropsandtrees.Speciesandmaintenanceareselectedsoastoensureresiliencytonaturalvulnerabilities(changingclimate,pests,etc.)andtoensurethatfarmerlivelihoodsareimprovedfrommultiplerevenuestreams.
2. Accesstoformalmarketsforsmallholderfarmers:Strengthenthesocialstructure
betweenfarmers,enhancingtheircapacitytoprofitfromnaturalresource‐basedenterprises.Smallholderswillsuccessfullygoverntheirowntradeassociations;theseassociationswillenablecommunitiestoworktogetherinunifiedstructureswithcapacitytoengageintheformalmarketthroughbusinesscontracts,andmanagethesupplyofAmazonianfruit,andaddvaluetotheirsupplychain.
3. Biodiversityconservation:Deforestationanddegradationoftherainforestfromsmallholderagriculturewillbereduced,andforestcoverincreased,improvingbiodiversityconservationintheAmazon.
Wehavedevelopedan“agroforestry”modelthatwillrestorevaluetodegraded,unproductiveagriculturallandsthroughmarket‐orientatedagroforestrysystems,therebyreducingdeforestationpressure.Atthecoreofourmodelistheimportanceofdiversifyingfarmerincomesthroughsaleofproduceintheshortandmediumterm,timberinthemediumtolong‐term,andcomplimentedbypaymentsforecosystemservices(namelycarbon).Ourmodelhasbeendevelopedfromover10yearsresearchinthePeruvianAmazonbyPlantyourFuture,anditiscenteredontheunderstandingthattheonlywaytoreallyimprovelivelihoodsistoconnectfarmerswiththemarket.Thiswillalsobringpositivebenefitsfortheclimateandbiodiversity,butwithoutaddressesthecentrallivelihoodissueforsmallholdersthesecannotbeachieved.OurkeyprojectactivityforPlantingfortheFutureisimplementingtheseagroforestrysystemsondegradinglands,andbuildingfarmerscapacitytomaintainandmanagethem.
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Figure10.ThePlantingfortheFuturemodel
Key‘innovativeelements’ofthemodelarethesaleofshorttermcropsaimedathighvalue‘gourmet’marketsandthesaleofcarbonoffsets.Providingfarmersarevenueintheshortandmediumtermisthekeyelementthathasbeenmissingtodate,andwhichhaspreventedtheadoptionofagroforestryamongstmostfarmers.
Wehaveidentifiedplantingchillipepperswithintheagroforestrysystemsasoneoptionforhighvalueshort‐termcrop(Capsicumchinense).ThesegrowwellasanativecropofthePeruvianAmazonandareanestablishedcondimentwithagrowingmarket.ThiswillbepartoftheprojectactivityintheLoretoandUcayaliinstances.
Wewillfacilitatetheformationofatradeassociationforfarmers,workwiththemtodevelopasupplychain,andsupportmarketingofchilli,andotherhighvalueAmazonianfruits,tolocalbusinessesinIquitosaswellastohighend“gastro‐chefs”andmarketsinLima.
Carbonfinancewillcomplementincomefromshort‐termcrops,enablingfarmerstomaintaintheirtreesinthemediumterm.Tothisend,wehavedevelopedaprogrammaticframeworkthatwillbeverifiedundertheVerifiedCarbonStandardandtheClimate,CommunityandBiodiversityStandard.(seesection2)Inthelongterm,farmerswillrealizealargepayoffwhentheirtimbertreeshavematured.
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Forthemodeltoworkproperlyallelementsofthemodelneedtobefunctioningtoensurefarmersgettherevenuestheyneedtopositivelyincentivizethemtoadoptandcontinueagroforestry,andimprovetheirlivelihoods.
Acomprehensivemonitoringsystemwillenabletheprojecttokeeptrackofprojectoutputs,outcomesandimpacts.
Expectedoutputs,outcomesandimpactsfromprojectactivities:
Theover‐archingimpactistoachievetheprojectvisionasdescribedinsectionG1.2;willseePeruviansmallholderstransitionfromunsustainableagriculturetomarket‐orientedagroforestrysystems.WeaimtoachievelargescaleuptakeofthePlantyourFuturemodelbysmallholderfarmersinLoretoandUcayali,andacrossthebroadergeographicalareaforexpansion.Theimpactofourmodelwillbethatincomegeneratingsustainableagroforestrywillhavereplacedlow‐valuesubsistenceagricultureanddegradedpasturesforsmallholderfarmers.ProjectbeneficiariesinLoretoandUcayaliwillbeearningincomefromsaleofchillipeppers,Amazonianfruitsandcarbonoffsetsalesfromtheirsmallholdings.Smallholderswillbesuccessfullygoverningtheirowntradeassociations.TheseassociationswillenablecommunitiestoworktogetherinunifiedstructureswithcapacitytoengageinbusinesscontractsandmanagethesupplyofAmazonianfruit.Thetradeassociationswillrunachillipepperbusinessthatsellspeppersintodomesticandinternational,gourmetmarkets.TheywillexpandovertimetosellotherAmazonianfruitsharvestedfromthefruittreessuchascopoazuandguanabana.Ourmodelwillinspire,andenable,othersmallholderfarmerswithdegradedlandstojoininprojectactivities,reducingdeforestationpressureonthelandscapescale.Inaddition,wewillhavedevelopedadetailedbusinesscasetoattracttheflowofprivatecapitaltoallowthemodeltobescaledup,modellingreturnsandestablishinganinvestmentvehicle.TheagroforestrysystemswillgeneratecarbonoffsetscertifiedbyundertheVCSandtheCCBStandardsandsoldtohigh‐endbuyswhorecognizenotonlythecarbonmitigationvaluebutalsotheexceptionalcommunityandbiodiversitybenefitsoftheproject.
Thethreeproblemflowdiagramsshowthetheoryofchangeforthethreefocalissueslookingatthecurrentproblem,projectopportunityaswellasdirectthreats.Addressingthesethreefocalissueswillbecriticaltoachievingtheoverallprojectvision.Climate,CommunityandBiodiversitybenefitsarerelevanttoallfocalissues.
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G1.9Definetheprojectstartdateandlifetime,andGHGaccountingperiodandbiodiversityandcommunitybenefitsassessmentperiodifrelevant,andexplainandjustifyanydifferencesbetweenthem.Defineanimplementationschedule,indicatingkeydatesandmilestonesintheproject’sdevelopment.
Projectstartdate:January16,2012–thedaythefirsttreeswereplanted,locatedintheLoretoInstance.
Theprojectlifetimeis30years,andtheGHGaccountingperiod,aswellasbiodiversityandcommunitybenefitsassessmentperiodarethesame.Itisanticipatedprojectbenefitsfrocommunityandbiodiversitywillextendbeyond30years,buttheprojectlifetimeisonly30yearsasthisisthelengthoflegalagreementswithfarmers.
Figure14ImplementationSchedule
RISKMANAGEMENTANDLONG‐TERMVIABILITYG1.10Identifylikelynaturalandhuman‐inducedriskstotheexpectedclimate,community
andbiodiversitybenefitsduringtheprojectlifetimeandoutlinemeasuresneededandtakentomitigatetheserisks.
Climate:Forrisksassociatedwiththeclimatechangemitigationelementofthisproject,seethecompletedVCSAFOLUNon‐PermanenceRiskTool,version3.2.
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Community:Basedonthefarmers’cultureofshorttimeframesandmanyimmediateneeds,thereisariskthatthefarmerswillbecomedisillusionedwiththeprojectiftheyfailtoseeresultsandpositiveincentivesfromthereforestation/agroforestryactivities.ThiswouldleadtothemsellinglandorsimplycuttingdownorneglectingthetreesplantedforPlantingfortheFuture,andbreakingthelegalagreementsinplacefortheircommitmenttotheproject.IntheLoretoProjectAreas,wheretherehavebeenanumberoffailedreforestation/agroforestryprojectsinthepast,thisisariskthatneedstobemitigatedbyconstantsupport.Theproject’stechnician,basedinIquitos,spendsseveraldaysaweekfarmersandprovidingthemwithresources,technicalsupportandsupervision.TheUcayaliparticipantshavebeeninspiredbythesuccessoftheCampoVerdereforestationcarbonproject,butPlantyourFuturewillworktoensurethattheparticipantsinPlantingfortheFuturedonotbecomediscouragedifsomethinggoeswrongintheCampoVerdeproject.WewillfollowasimilarmodeltoLoretowithon‐goingtechnicalsupportandvisitsfromextensionworkers/projecttechnicians.Thecarefulplanningofshort,mediumandlongtermcrops,aswellasfinancialsupportforweedingandpestcontrolbytheprojectintheearlyyearsoftheprojectaimstomitigatetheriskoffarmersleavingtheproject.
PlantyourFuturehasensuredthatfarmersonlyuseasmallportionoftheirtotallandholdingforagroforestry.Furthermore,farmersparticipatedintheplantingplandevelopment.Thisensuresthattheyareknowledgeableaboutandconfidentinthecropsthattheyaregrowing.Thecoreelementoftheprojectisrestoringdegradedlandsandintroducingandbuildingfarmerscapacitytoimplementanewmodelforagriculturewhichreplacestheoldsystemofmigratoryagriculture.Theaimoftheprojectisthatsmallholderfarmersseethepositiveincentivesfromagroforestryandwithtimeadoptthismorebroadlyontheirland.
Climatechangewilllikelyleadtoincreasedtemperaturesandchangingrainpatterns,ifnotoverthetimeframeofthisproject,thendefinitelyoverthelongerterm.PlantingfortheFuturehastakenthisintoconsiderationinspeciesselection.Wewillprovideinformationandtechnicalsupporttofarmersforthedurationoftheproject,educatingthemtobeabletocarefullyconsidertheimpactsthatclimatechangemighthaveinthefuture.
Biodiversity:
Theprojectisonlyworkingwithnativespeciesandisrestoringdegradedareastothenativeecosystemtypewhichisforest.Weareusingnaturalpestcontrolanddiseasecontrolmeasureswhereverpossible.
G1.11Describethemeasuresneededandtakentomaintainandenhancetheclimate,communityandbiodiversitybenefitsbeyondtheprojectlifetime.
ThePlantingfortheFutureprogrammeissetuptodemonstratethathigherreturnscanbegeneratedfromagroforestrythanfromsubsistenceagricultureandraisingcattle.Overthe30‐yearlifeoftheproject,itisintendedthatfarmercapacity,socialcapital,technicalknow‐how,businessknow‐how,knowledgeandconnectionsareestablishedsothatthemodelcansustainitselfintothefutureandwillbereplicatedbyfarmersastheirpreferredlandusechoice.Theprojectaimstocreateaparadigmshiftinthetypeofagriculturethatfarmersuse,andthatbytheendoftheprojectfarmerswillrealisethistypeoflanduse(agroforestry/sustainableforestry)improvestheir
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livelihoods,sowillbeadoptedoverandabovethebaselineagriculturetype(slashandburn/ranching)
G1.12Demonstratethatfinancialmechanismsadopted,includingactualandprojectedrevenuesfromGHGemissionsreductionsorremovalsandothersources,provideanadequateactualandprojectedflowoffundsforprojectimplementationandtoachievetheproject’sclimate,communityandbiodiversitybenefits.
Theprojectisraisingfundsfromphilanthropicandinvestmentsourcestofundtheinitialimplementationactivities–i.e.sitepreparation,nurserydevelopmentandplantingoftrees.Wehavebudgetedtoprovideon‐goingfinancialandtechnicalsupportforthefirstthreeyearsfollowingtheinstallationoftheagroforestrysystems.WhileVCU’swillnotbegenerateduntilverificationtheprojectanticipatessellingaproportionofcarboncreditsex‐ante,followingvalidation.Thiswillprovideanimportantrevenuestreamtosupportthemaintenanceoftheagroforestrysystemsinthecriticalearlyyears.Revenuesfromcarbonbenefitswillalsobesharedwithsmallholderfarmersparticipatingintheprojectdirectly,fromyear3.
Theprojecthasidentifieditisessentialthatintheneartermwehelpfarmerstogenerateashort‐termincomethroughtheplantingofahighvalueshorttermcropwithintheagroforestrysystems.IntheLoretoandUcayaliInstancesweareimplementingaprogrammetoproducechilli’s(capsicum)intheseareasbetweentheyoungtrees.Thiswouldmeanthefarmersaremaximisingtheirenergies,byusingthelandwhichtheyaremaintaining,andarealreadyweeding(aroundandbetweentheyoungtrees)togrowsomethingthatwillgeneratethemastrongreturn.Basedonanassessmentofmarketconditionandnaturalgrowingconditionswebelievedevelopingachillipepperbusinesswouldofferthestrongestpotentialforincreasingtheirincomes.
Startingachillipepperproductionprogramme(incombinationwithotherhighervalueshorttermcropssuchascoconaandpapaya)isimportant,givingthefarmersafocusedactivitytokeepthemmotivatedintheshorttermwithintheagroforestrysystemsandwithanincometoenablethemtomaintaintheothertreesinthesystemsfortheirlonger‐termincome.
PROGRAMMATICAPPROACH
Theprojectisstructuredtostartwithaninitialsmallgroupofsmallholderfarmers,scalingupovertimeasothersseethemodelprovenandbecomeinterestedinjoining.GiventhesignificantproportionofthemillionsofhectaresofdeforestedlandinPeruthatisownedbysmallholders,webelievethiswillprovideacriticalframeworktotacklethereforestationofdeforestedlandsatalandscapelevel.
G1.13SpecifytheProjectArea(s)andCommunitiesthatmaybeincludedundertheprogrammaticapproach,andidentifyanynewProjectArea(s)andCommunitiesthathavebeenincludedintheprojectsincethelastvalidationorverificationagainsttheCCBStandards.
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SeeFigure2‐Figure5forthelocationofcurrentProjectAreasandG1.7forlocationanddescriptionofcurrentCommunities.
Increatingamodelthatistrulyscalable,itisourintentionthat,inthefuture,PlantingfortheFuturecouldexpandtonewareas,includeinstancesmanageddirectlybyPlantyourFutureaswellasorganizationsotherthanPlantyourFuturewithinPeruthatmeettheeligibilitycriteriadescribedinG1.14.Figure15illustratesthepotentialareaforPlantingfortheFutureactivitiestobescaledtoatthenationallevel.ItisnotpossibleatthepresenttimetodeterminewherefutureProjectAreasmayoccur,soweplantosubmitdocumentationofnewProjectZonesasnewProjectAreasareaddedoutsideofthecurrentZones.
Figure15.Geographicarea(blue)wherepotentialPlantingfortheFutureactivitiescouldoccur,pendingcompliancewiththecriteriainG1.14.
G1.14SpecifytheeligibilitycriteriaandprocessforprojectexpansionundertheprogrammaticapproachanddemonstratethatthesehavebeenmetforanynewProject
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AreasandCommunitiesthathavebeenincludedintheprojectsincethelastvalidationorverificationagainsttheCCBStandards.
Projectactivitiesmustmeetthefollowingeligibilitycriteria:
BelocatedintheRepublicofPeruwithinGeographicalareashowinFigure15 Occuronlandbelongingtoa‘smallholder”farmer’.A‘smallholderfarmer’isdefinedforthe
purposesofthisgroupedprojectdescriptionasalandholderthatisnotstructurallydependentonpermanenthiredlabour,managestheirlandmainlywiththeirownandtheirfamily’slabourforce,andwhoseprimaryincomecomesfromtheirlandmanagementactivities27.
o Ownershipoflandbythesmallholdermustbedemonstratedbycleartitleandrelevantdocumentation.Inexceptionalcasesthesmallholdercanholdpossessiontitleoverthelandonly,butbeintheadvancedstagesofandcommittedtoobtainingcompletetitle.Thecompletetitlemustbeobtainablebeforeverification.
ItmustbedemonstrablethatthelandwasnotclearedofnativevegetationinordertocreateGHGcredits
Itmustbedemonstrablethatthelandwasclearofnativeecosystemspriortothestartdateofthisprogrammaticapproach,January16th,2012.
Thesmallholderwantstorestoretheirlandtoforestandputitintosustainablemanagement
Thelandowneriswillingandabletosignanagreementwhichcommitshimtotransfertherightsforthecarbontotheprojectproponentandmaintainthetreeswhichhavebeenplantedaspartoftheprojectforaminimumof30yearsinaccordancewithanagreedmanagementplan.
Thelandowneriswillingtoallowaccesstohislandforinspectionandmonitoringofcarbonstocks,communityimpactsandbiodiversity
Itmustbedemonstrablethatthelandtobeincludedinnewprojectinstancesmeetsoneofthetwobaselinecriteria,namely:
o Shiftingcultivation(‘slashandburn’)agriculture,wherebythelandmusthavebeenburnttopreparethelandforagricultureatleastoncewithintheten‐yearperiodJanuary15,2002‐January16,2012;or
o Degradedpasture,wherebylandsmusthavebeenclearedoftheirnativeecosystemssinceJanuary15,2002.
ForalllandsincludedinthecurrentProjectAreas(LoretoandUcayaliInstances),thesecriteriahavebeenmetthroughtheuseofsocialsurveys,satelliteimagery,legalduediligenceandcontractswithlandowners.
G1.15Establishscalabilitylimits,ifapplicable,anddescribemeasuresneededandtakentoaddressanyriskstoclimate,communityandbiodiversitybenefitsiftheprojectexpandsbeyondthoselimits.
27DefinitiontakenfromthePlanVivoStandard
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TheprojectcanonlybescaledwithintheGeographicalAreaifitmeetstheeligibilitycriteria.Theprojectaimstoscaleuptothelandscapeleveltoachievemaximumclimate,communityandbiodiversitybenefits.Giventhatweuseconservativeestimatesforcarbonsequestration,wedonotbelievethereisariskthatcarbonsequestrationwillbeoverestimatedasProjectAreasareadded.TheprogrammaticapproachisemployedexplicitlysothatPlantingfortheFuturecanbuilditseconomicandmanagerialcapacity,aswellasthatofparticipatingfarmers,astheprojectactivitiesarereplicated.Becauseofthesmall‐scaleofindividualreforestationactivitiesandthatitwillonlyoccuronapercentageofasmallholderlandholding(generallyunder50%)wedonotanticipateundueburdenonagivensmallholderfamily,butwewillmonitorthisastheprojectisimplementedandtakeactionsasnecessarytocompensatefororeliminatepotentialissues.
G2.WITHOUT‐PROJECTLANDUSESCENARIOANDADDITIONALITY
G2.1Describethemostlikelyland‐usescenariowithintheProjectZoneintheabsenceoftheproject,describingtherangeofpotentialland‐usescenariosandtheassociateddriversoflandusechangesandjustifyingwhytheland‐usescenarioselectedismostlikely.ItisallowablefordifferentlocationswithintheProjectZonetohavedifferentwithout‐projectlandusescenarios.
Thewithout‐projectlandusescenario(hereafterreferredtoasbaselinescenario)ofPlantingfortheFutureisdefinedthroughtheapplicationoftheCleanDevelopmentMechanism’sCombinedToolToIdentifyTheBaselineScenarioandDemonstrateAdditionalityinA/RCDMProjectActivities,version1(seeAppendix1.CombinedtooltoidentifythebaselinescenarioanddemonstrateadditionalityinA/RCDMprojectactivities(version01).Twostratahavebeenidentifiedforthebaselinescenario,sotheprocedureisappliedtwice.
BASELINESCENARIOA.SHIFTINGCULTIVATION‘SLASHANDBURN’AGRICULTURE
Theslashandburnagriculturebaselinerepresentslandthathasbeenclearedoftropicalforestandburnttomakewayforagriculture.Thelandisthencultivatedforafewyearsuntilitisdepletedofnutrients.Thefarmerthenmovesontoanewareaoflandtocultivate,leavingthepreviouslycultivatedareafallow.Followingtheareabeinglefttofallow,thefarmerwillreturntothelandtore‐clearandburn,allowingthesoilstogainnutrientsandthelandtobere‐cultivated.
Underthisbaselinescenario,whichappliesinthecurrentLoretoProjectAreas,thelandownedbyfarmersundergoesaconstantcycleofclearingforagriculture,beingfarmedfor2‐3years(chacra),thenleftasfallow(purma)foranumberofyearsbeforebeingclearedagain.Mostfarmers’landisthereforeamosaicofagricultureandwoodedfallowinvariousstagesofrecovery.
Ourbaselinescenarioassumesthatthisland,withouttheproject,wouldremaininthesamecycleofclearingandlow‐valuegrowth.Weassumethatthetimebetweenclearingeventswillbethesameinthefutureasintherecentpast,andcalculatethemeancarbonstockthroughtimeusingasetoffieldplotslocatedinagricultureandvariousagesofregrowth.
Determinationoftimebetweenclearingevents
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Ananalysiswasperformedusingsatelliteimageryinordertoconfirmthattheprojectareawassubjecttorepeatedclearingsandtoattempttoestimatetheaveragetimebetweenclearingevents.ThisanalysiswasconductedusingLandsatimagerydownloadedfromtheUnitedStatesGeographicalSurveyandanalysedbyEdwardMitchardfromtheUniversityofEdinburgh.
TheLandsatarchivefrom1992(20yearspriortotheprojectstartdate)wasqueried,searchingforsceneswithlessthan10%cloudcoverovertheprojectarea.Onlyscenescapturedinthedryseasonwereconsidered,asonlyinthedryseasoncanintactforest,degradedforest/fallow,andagriculturallandbeconfidentlydistinguished.Fivecloud‐freedry‐seasonLandsatsceneswerefound,from1995,1999,2005,2009and2011.
Trainingareascorrespondingtoareasofknownlandcovertypewereidentifiedindividuallyforeveryimage.Theseincludedintactforest,youngfallow,agriculture/grassland,baregroundandwaterbodies.Atleast20polygonswereidentifiedforeachclass,asrecommendedinGOFC‐GOLD(200928).Notallsitesusedastrainingdatahadbeenvisited,withinsomecasesthesesitesweredefinedusinghyperspatialimagery(e.g.IKONOSscenesfrom2002and2010madeavailabletotheprojectthroughagrantfromtheGeoEyeFoundation)andexpertknowledge.SupervisedclassificationwasthenperformedusingaNeuralNetworkapproach,withuser’sclassificationaccuraciesbetterthan95%inallcases(mean98.5%).Afullreportthatgivesmoredetailsontheclassificationapproachisavailableonrequest.
Asimpleturnoveranalysiswasusedtoconfirmthatallagriculturalplotswerefoundinareasthatwereinthisshiftingcultivationcycle.Wetookallfiveclassifications(1995‐2011)andmappedallareasthathadchangedfromforesttonon‐forestatleastonce,inadditiontothoseareasthatwerealwaysnon‐forestoralwaysforest.TheresultisshowninFigure16
28GOFC‐GOLD.2009.Reducinggreenhousegasemissionsfromdeforestationanddegradationindevelopingcountries:asourcebookofmethodsandproceduresformonitoring,measuringandreporting.Alberta,Canada:GOFC‐GOLDReportversionCOP14‐2,49.Retrievedfromhttp://www.gofc‐gold.uni‐jena.de/redd/sourcebook/Sourcebook_Version_July_2009_cop14‐2.pdf
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Figure16.LanduseintheLoretoProjectAreasbetween1995and2011
Wefoundthatalllandconsideredfortheprojectwasinthe‘shiftingforest/non‐forest’class,andthusalllandwasdeemedtobequalifiedunderthisbaselinescenario.Asafurthercheck,wealsoindividuallyexamined0.8mresolutionIKONOSdatafrom2002and2010forallparcelswhereitwasavailabletoconfirmthattheprojectparcelswithinthelandofeachfarmerdidnotoverlapwithanyundisturbedforestareasandconfirmedthattheywereonareasusedforagricultureorinearlystagesoffallowinbothdates.
Weplacedfieldplotsinarangeoffallowagestrata,butneededtoestablishtheaveragetimebetweenclearingeventsinordertocalculatethemeancarbonstorageoflandinthefallowcycle.Timebetweenclearingisknowntovaryconsiderably,fromaslittleas2yearstoasmuchas15years.Duetothelongtimescalesandpoorsamplesizesinvolvedinestablishingmeanfallowtimefrominterviewswithfarmers,resultsfromsuchsurveysareverylikelytobeincorrectorbiased.Wethereforedecidedtousethesatelliteanalysisforthiscalculation.Thoughithasitsowninaccuracies,satelliteanalysisbenefitsfromaverylargesamplesize(millionsofpixels)andanunbiasedandconsistentpictureoftherecentpast.WecalculatedthenumberofyearsbetweenclearingeventsforareasofforestintheLoretoregionthathadbeenclearedatleasttwiceduring1995‐2011(thelongestrangeavailablefromsatellitedata).Asannualdataisnotavailable,thereislimitedtemporalresolutioninthisanalysis:theminimumtimebetweenclearingvisibleistheshortesttimespanbetweenthreeimages,whichwassixyears(forlandthatwasnon‐forestin2005,fallowin2009andnon‐forestagainin2011),andthemaximumtimespanwas16years(non‐forestin1995,forestatsomepointinbetween,andnon‐forestagainin2011).However,we
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believemostlandisclearedbetweentheseextremes,sothisrepresentsareasonabledatasetforcalculatingthemeantimebetweenclearingevents.
Theresultwasameantimebetweenclearingeventsof8.97yearsfortheprojectarea,basedonadatasetof1,156haoflandthatwasclearedatleasttwice.TheresultsareshowninFigure17
Figure17.TimebetweenclearingeventsintheLoretoprojectregion(mean=8.97years)
BASELINESCENARIOB.DEGRADEDPASTURES
Thedegradedpasturebaselinerepresentslandthathasbeenclearedoftropicalforestandburnttomakewayforcattlegrazingandsomesubsistenceagriculture.
Underthisbaselinescenario,whichappliesinthecurrentUcayaliProjectAreas,thelandownedbyfarmersiscontinuouslydegradedbycattlegrazingandfrequentfires.Thelandiscoveredbygrassandshrubs.ItisdominatedbythegrassBraquiariadecumbes,whichgrowsquickly,isdifficulttocontrol,andpreventsthegrowthofnativevegetation(FausdaSilvaDias,daCostaAguiarAlves,deSouzaDias,200429).
ThebaselineconditionsforthedegradedpasturesassessedandvalidatedaspartoftheadjacentCampoVerdeVCS/CCBcarbonprojectcanbeextrapolatedfortheUcayaliinstancesinPlantingfortheFuture.Thepastureshaveexperiencedthesamepastland‐use.TheVCSPDforthatproject30describestheareaasfollows:
Fieldmeasurementsplaced110plotsrandomlythroughoutthe[CampoVerde]projectareafoundnosaplings(trees>1.3mheight,lessthan5cmDBH).
29FausdaSilva,G.,daCostaAguiarAlves,P.L.,anddeSouzaDias,T.C.2004.Piracicaba,Brazil:Sci.Agric.,v.61,n.6,p.579‐583.Retrievedfromhttp://www.scielo.br/pdf/sa/v61n6/a03v61n6.pdf
30 Available at http://www.climate‐standards.org/2008/11/25/reforestation‐with‐native‐commercial‐species‐on‐degraded‐lands‐for‐timber‐and‐carbon‐purposes‐in‐campo‐verde‐ucayali‐peru/
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Time between forest clearing events
(years)
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BasedonfieldmeasurementsfromtheCampoVerdeproject,thesoilsintheprojectareacontainverylowlevelsofcarbon(average0.86%intoptencm).Themaximumlossofsoilcarbonfromploughingwouldbe40%ofsoilcarbonor24,000tCO2e.(740ha*33tCO2e/ha=24,420tCO2e).Currentvegetationcoverisdominatedbyanaverageof2tCha‐1ofgrassthatisgrazedandburnedovertime,thusorganicinputsintothesoilareminimal.Thetreesplantedduringtheprojectwillsupplysignificantlylargeamountsoforganicinputsintothesoil.Thus,evenifminimalamountsofsoilcarbonarelostinitially,thissoilcarbonlosswillberegainedquickly.
Litterlevelsfromthedominantgrassvegetationcanbeassumedtobeatasteadystateordecreasingduetodegradationintheabsenceoftheproject.Intheproject,theamountofleaflitterwillincreasesignificantlywithinthefirstyearoftheproject.Theverylimitednumberofexistingtreesproducesonlyminimalamountsofdeadwoodthatwilleitherdecreasemoreorincreaselessthantheprojectactivity.Soilcarbonlevelsareverylow(Lessthan1%).Soilcarbonlevelsweremeasuredintheprojectareaandanadjoiningforestareaandwerefoundtonotbesignificantlydifferent.Therefore,soilcarboncanbeexpectedtoincreaselessinthebaselinethanintheprojectscenario.
Soildrainagedisturbancesareinsignificant.
G2.2Documentthatprojectbenefitsincludingclimate,communityandbiodiversitybenefitswouldnothaveoccurredintheabsenceoftheproject,explaininghowexistinglaws,regulationsandgovernancearrangements,orlackoflawsandregulationsandtheirenforcement,wouldlikelyaffectlanduseandjustifyingthatthebenefitsbeingclaimedbytheprojectaretruly‘additional’andwouldnothaveoccurredwithouttheproject.Identifyanydistinctclimate,communityandbiodiversitybenefitsintendedforuseasoffsetsandspecifyhowadditionalityisestablishedforeachofthesebenefits.
PleaserefertoAppendix1.CombinedtooltoidentifythebaselinescenarioanddemonstrateadditionalityinA/RCDMprojectactivities(version01).ThistooliscomparabletotheToolfortheDemonstrationandAssessmentofAdditionalityinVCSAgriculture,ForestryandOtherLandUse(AFOLU)ProjectActivities,whichisspecifiedinfootnote34totheCCBStandardsThirdEditionasamethodforjustifyingtheadditionalityoftheproject’sclimate,communityandbiodiversitybenefits.Appendix1.
G3.STAKEHOLDERENGAGEMENT
ACCESSTOINFORMATION
G3.1DescribehowfullprojectdocumentationhasbeenmadeaccessibletoCommunitiesandOtherStakeholders,howsummaryprojectdocumentation(includinghowtoaccessfulldocumentation)hasbeenactivelydisseminatedtoCommunitiesinrelevantlocalorregionallanguages,andhowwidelypublicizedinformationmeetingshavebeenheldwithCommunitiesandOtherStakeholders.
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Extensiveconsultations,formalandinformal,havebeentakenwithCommunitiesandOtherStakeholders.InadditiontothemeetingsreferencedinTable2andTable3PlantyourFuturehasbeenincontactwithtechnicalexperts,localNGOs,andcompaniesassociatedwithreforestationprojectsintheregion.Table4andTable5belowlistotherkeyconsultativeevents.
TheworkshopofOctober23rd2012includesparticipantsfromtheregionalgovernmentofLoreto(GOREL),TheResearchInstituteofthePeruvianAmazon(IIAP),LatitudSur,RegionalAgriculturalDepartment,OTAE,COPASIMOL,WCS,ICRAFandInverionesTresHermanos.
Table4.ConsultativemeetingsregardingtheLoretoProjectZone
Date(s) Event Conductedbywhom
Participants Subjectsaddressed
On‐goingfrom2011until2014
Onetooneconsultationswithsmallholdersandinformalvisitstofarms
PlantyourFutureProNaturaleza
CommunitiesandOtherStakeholders
Sustainableagriculture,agroforestry,carboncredits.
22October2012 Workshopwithfarmersandsmall‐scaleproducersinMoralilloandVarillal
PlantyourFuture,
ProNaturaleza
CommunitiesandOtherStakeholders
Agroforestrysystemdesign,carboncertificationandcredits
23October2012 WorkshopwithrepresentativesoftheMesaREDDLoretoandtechniciansoftheregion
PlantyourFuturetechnicalteam
OtherStakeholders
PlantyourFuturemodelforsustainableagriculture,carboncertificationandcredits
6‐20December2012
Farmersurvey PlantyourFuture,
consultantSaraMateo
Communities Establishcurrentlanduse
16December2012
Workshop1withfarmers
PlantyourFuture,
consultantSaraMateo
Communities Projectconcept
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January2013 Workshop2withfarmers
PlantyourFuture,
consultantSaraMateo
Communities Parceldesignandspeciesselection
April2013 Consultationonprojectdesignandcarbonagreements
PlantyourFuture,ProNaturaleza
Communities SigningofLOI
July12th Consultationonlegalagreementtext
PlantyourFuture,MariaRondon(legalconsultant),ProNaturaleza,IICA
Communities
July13th Legalconsultationondraftproject/carbonagreementsincludingbenefitsharingoncarbonrevenues
PlantyourFuture,ProNaturaleza,MariaRondon(legalconsultant),IICA
Communities ConsultationonLegalAgreements
November2013 Legalconsultationondraftproject/carbonagreementsincludingbenefitsharingoncarbonrevenues
PlantyourFuture,ProNaturaleza,PlantatuFuturo
Communities,OtherStakeholders,Notary
ConsultationonLegalAgreements
Table5.ConsultativemeetingsregardingtheUcayaliProjectZone
Date Event Conductedbywhom
Participants Subjectsaddressed
October2013 Initialconsultativediscussionswith
Bosque Communities Sustainableagriculture,
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villagessurroundingCampoVerdeplantationaboutprojectconcept.Fieldvisits.
Amazonicos agroforestry,carboncredits.
November2013 Workshopwithfarmersandsmall‐scaleproducers
PlantyourFuture/BosquesAmazonicos
CommunitiesandOtherStakeholders
Projectconcept
January2014 Sitevisitsandone‐to‐onediscussions
BosquesAmazonicos
Communities Projecteligibilitycriteria
June2014 Consultationonprojectdesignandcarbonagreements
PlantyourFuture/BosquesAmazonicos
Communities ConsultationonLegalAgreementsandbenefitsharing
G3.2Explainhowrelevantandadequateinformationaboutpotentialcosts,risksand
benefitstoCommunitieshasbeenprovidedtotheminaformtheyunderstandandinatimelymannerpriortoanydecisiontheymaybeaskedtomakewithrespecttoparticipationintheproject.
InformationwasprovidedtothesmallholderfarmersviaPowerPointpresentations,formaldiscussions,informalgroupdiscussions,individualdiscussionsandviapamphlets.Thesedescribedthepotentialcosts,risksandbenefitsforsmallholderparticipatingintheproject.Thesewereprovidedpriortothesigningofanylegalagreements.
G3.3Describethemeasurestaken,andcommunicationsmethodsused,toexplaintoCommunitiesandOtherStakeholderstheprocessforvalidationand/orverificationagainsttheCCBStandardsbyanindependentAuditor,providingthemwithtimelyinformationabouttheAuditor’ssitevisitbeforethesitevisitoccursandfacilitatingdirectandindependentcommunicationbetweenthemortheirrepresentativesandtheAuditor.
CommunitiesandStakeholdershavebeenmadeawareoftheprojectsintensiontobecertifiedagainsttheCCBStandardsinceconsultationsstartedinrelationtotheprojectinNovember2012.InitiallythisinvolvedexplainingtheCCBStandardanditsvalueandimportancetotheproject.FurthercapacitybuildingwasdonesubsequentlywithCommunitiesandOtherStakeholderstoexplaintheCCBcriteria,anddesigntheprojectinaccordancewithitscriteria.
CommunitiesandOtherStakeholderswillbenotifiedbyprojectpersonnelviaemailandinpersonduringJuly2014oftheauditor’ssitevisit.TheprojectwillcomplywiththeauditorsrequestintermsoffacilitatingindependentcommunicationbetweenCommunitiesandOtherStakeholdersduringtheaudit.
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CONSULTATION
G3.4DescribehowCommunitiesincludingalltheCommunityGroupsandOtherStakeholdershaveinfluencedprojectdesignandimplementationthroughEffectiveConsultation,particularlywithaviewtooptimizingCommunityandOtherStakeholderbenefits,respectinglocalcustoms,valuesandinstitutionsandmaintaininghighconservationvalues.Projectproponentsmustdocumentconsultationsandindicateifandhowtheprojectdesignandimplementationhasbeenrevisedbasedonsuchinput.AplanmustbedevelopedandimplementedtocontinuecommunicationandconsultationbetweentheprojectproponentsandCommunities,includingalltheCommunityGroups,andOtherStakeholdersabouttheprojectanditsimpactstofacilitateadaptivemanagementthroughoutthelifeoftheproject.
PlantyourFuture,inconjunctionwithpartners,hascarriedoutanextensiveconsultationandcapacitybuildingprocesswiththesmallholderfarmersinrelationtothedesignoftheproject,participationintheprojectactivitiesandlegalagreementsinrelationtosmallholderfarmersparticipationintheprojectandcommitmentsfromboththemandPlantyourFuture.SeeTable2,Table3,Table4andTable5forthedetailsofconsultationsthathavebeencarriedout.Consultationwillcontinueinthefuture.Thereison‐goingconsultationbetweenPlantyourFutureandCommunitiesthroughregularfarmvisitingandone‐on‐onediscussions.WewillalsoconveneanannualgeneralmeetingforCommunitiesofeachprojectinstance,aswellason‐goingmeetingsconvenedwithCommunityGroupsandOtherStakeholders.
ConsultationwithCommunityGroups
Theconceptofcarbonrights,carbonoffsetsandcarbonmarketswasnoveltofarmers,andfarmershadlimitedknowledgeofhowcarboncertificationandcommercialisationworks.PlantyourFuturehasdevelopedaseriesoftrainingworkshopsandtakehomematerialstoexplaintheseconceptstofarmers.Farmershavehadtheopportunitytoparticipateinarangeoflargegroup,smallgroupsandindividualworkshopsandmeetingstodiscusstheissueofthecarbonrights.Participationbyfarmersintheschemeisentirelyvoluntary,andtheprogrammehasbeendesignedwithfarmerdecisionmakingatthecentreoftheprojectsinceitsinception.Thelegalagreementhasalsoundergoneanextensivereviewprocessfrompartnersanddonors,includingarevisionsprocessbyathirdpartyPeruvianlegalinstitutiontoensureequityandclarityforthesmallholderswasbeinggiven.ThirdpartyrepresentativehavebeenpresentatallplenaryworkshopstowitnesstransparentinformationexchangebetweenfarmersandPlantatuFuturorepresentativese.g.representativesfromProNaturalezaandfromthedonororganisationInstitutoInteramericanodeCooperaciónporlaAgricultura(IICA).
ConsultationwithOtherStakeholders
WiderconsultationhasoccurredinrelationtotheprojecthasoccurredatthelocalandnationallevelinPeruandinternationally.PlantyourFuture,incollaborationwithProNaturalezaandIICA,organisedaworkshopinIquitosforrepresentativesfromregionalgovernmentandlocalresearchinstitutionsandNGO’s.
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PlantyourFuturehasalsosocialisedtheprojectinavarietyofsettingsinEnglandandsoughtfeedbackincludingthroughpresentationsatOxfordUniversity,LSEandtheAnglo‐PeruvianSocietyinLondon.
G3.5DemonstratethatallconsultationsandparticipatoryprocesseshavebeenundertakendirectlywithCommunitiesandOtherStakeholdersorthroughtheirlegitimaterepresentatives,ensuringadequatelevelsofinformationsharingwiththemembersofthegroups.
AllconsultationswereundertakendirectlywithCommunitygroups–whichinthecaseofthisprojectaresmallholderprojectsparticipatingintheproject.Avarietyoftechniqueshasbeentakentoensurefullparticipation–varyingconsultationfrommeetingswithallfarmerspresent,tovillagemeetingsandalsoindividualmeetingsheldatsmallholdershomesorontheirfarm.ForregionallevelconsultationwithOtherStakeholdersinitiationswereissuedtoaconsultationtolegitimaterepresentatives.ConsultationswerealsomadeatanindividuallevelwithOtherStakeholdergroups,aspartoftheparticipatorydesignoftheproject.
PARTICIPATIONINDECISION‐MAKINGANDIMPLEMENTATION
G3.6Describethemeasuresneededandtakentoenableeffectiveparticipation,asappropriate,ofallCommunities,includingalltheCommunityGroups,thatwantandneedtobeinvolvedinprojectdesign,implementation,monitoringandevaluationthroughouttheprojectlifetime,anddescribehowtheyhavebeenimplementedinaculturallyappropriateandgendersensitivemanner.
Theprojectisbeingimplementeddirectlywithsmallholderfarmersonlandwhichtheyowninaculturallysensitiveandgendersensitivemanner.Implementationofprojectactivitiesareledbytechniciansfromtheregionwhohaveexperienceworkingwithsmallholderfarmers.Participationintheprojectisvoluntary,andfarmerswereselectedwhometpre‐definedprojectcriteria.Allsmallholderfarmerswereinvitedtoattendplenaryconsultationevents,andweregivenadvancenoticeofthedatesofmeetings,andwereprovidefundstocovertheirtransportationcoststotheplenaryconsultationtoensureparticipationwasnotrestrictedbyfinancialmeans.Inthiswaysmallholderfarmershavedirectlyparticipatedinprojectdesign–namelyselectingtheareaoftheirfarmforinclusionintheprojectandthroughconsultationonwhichspeciestoplant.Theyareresponsiblefortheimplementationofreforestationactivitiesandon‐goingmaintenance.Thishasbeenimplementedthroughon‐goingfarmvisitsfromPlantyourFuturestaff,includingregularvisitsfromourlocaltechnicianswhotheyseeonaregularbasis.Communitiesarecriticaltoprojectmonitoringandevaluationandaprogrammeofmonitoringisimplementedonanon‐goingbasisbyCommunities.
ANTI‐DISCRIMINATION
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G3.7Describethemeasuresneededandtakentoensurethattheprojectproponentandallotherentitiesinvolvedinprojectdesignandimplementationarenotinvolvedinorcomplicitinanyformofdiscriminationorsexualharassmentwithrespecttotheproject.
PlantyourFutureandPlantatuFuturoshareapolicyofzerotolerancetoanyformofharassmentordiscriminationbyortowardallstaff,personnel,trusteesandpartners.See¡Error!Noseencuentraelorigendelareferencia.
FEEDBACKANDGRIEVANCEREDRESSPROCEDURE
G3.8DemonstratethatacleargrievanceredressprocedurehasbeenformalizedtoaddressdisputeswithCommunitiesandOtherStakeholdersthatmayariseduringprojectplanning,implementationandevaluationwithrespectbutnotlimitedto,Free,PriorandInformedConsent,rightstolands,territoriesandresources,benefitsharing,andparticipation.
Theprojecthasacleargrievanceandre‐dressprocessinplace,whichhasbeenratifiedbythePlantyourFutureBoardoftrustees,anddisseminatedtostaff,CommunitiesandOtherStakeholders.
Theprojectshallincludeaprocessforreceiving,hearing,respondingtoandattemptingtoresolveGrievanceswithinareasonabletimeperiod.TheFeedbackandGrievanceRedressProcedureshalltakeintoaccounttraditionalmethodsthatCommunitiesandOtherStakeholdersusetoresolveconflicts.
TheFeedbackandGrievanceRedressPolicyincludesaprocessforreceiving,hearingandrespondingtoGrievances,takingintoaccounttraditionalmethodsthatareappropriateforCommunitiesandOtherStakeholders.Thisisdetailedinthepolicy.Availableonrequestataudit.
WORKERRELATIONS
G3.9Describemeasuresneededandtakentoprovideorientationandtrainingfortheproject’sworkersandrelevantpeoplefromtheCommunitieswithanobjectiveofbuildinglocallyusefulskillsandknowledgetoincreaselocalparticipationinprojectimplementation.ThesecapacitybuildingeffortsshouldtargetawiderangeofpeopleintheCommunities,withspecialattentiontowomenandvulnerableand/ormarginalizedpeople.Identifyhowtrainingispassedontonewworkerswhenthereisstaffturnover,sothatlocalcapacitywillnotbelost.
PlantyourFuturehasasmallstaff.Projectbeneficiaries,whoworkontheprojectareselectedbasedontheeligibilitycriteriadescribedinSectionG1.14andaresmallholderfarmers.Inaccordancewiththeanti‐discriminationpolicyrecruititnotbiasedtogender,raceetc.Capacitybuildingisprovidedtoprojectbeneficiariesthroughtrainingworkshopsatallstagesofprojectimplementation,aswellashandsontrainingandguidanceonthefarmprovidedbyPlantyourFuturetechnicians.Existingfarmersintheprogrammeplayanimportantroleintrainingnewfarmersintheschemethroughvisitstoexistingagroforestrysystemsandfarmertofarmertrainingonthefarmandinthenursery.
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G3.10DemonstratethatpeoplefromtheCommunitiesaregivenanequalopportunitytofillallworkpositions(includingmanagement)ifthejobrequirementsaremet.Explainhowworkersareselectedforpositionsandwhererelevant,describethemeasuresneededandtakentoensureCommunitymembers,includingwomenandvulnerableand/ormarginalizedpeople,aregivenafairchancetofillpositionsforwhichtheycanbetrained.
PlantyourFutureandPlantatuFuturoaresmallorganizationswithfewemployees.Communitiesaregivenanequalopportunitytofillallworkpositions,includingmanagement,ifthejobrequirementsaremet.TheprojecthashiredextensionworkersfromtheCommunitieswhereverpossible.
G3.11Submitalistofallrelevantlawsandregulationscoveringworker’srightsinthehostcountry.Describemeasuresneededandtakentoinformworkersabouttheirrights.Provideassurancethattheprojectmeetsorexceedsallapplicablelawsand/orregulationscoveringworkerrightsand,whererelevant,demonstratehowcomplianceisachieved.
PlantyourFutureandPlantatuFuturocomplywithallrelevantlawsandregulationscoveringworker’srightsthatapplytotheproject,whichincludethefollowing:
UnitedNations:o UniversalDeclarationofHumanRightso InternationalCovenantonEconomic,SocialandCulturalRightso ConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofDiscriminationagainstWomen
OrganizationofAmericanStates:AmericanConventiononHumanRights InternationalLabourOrganization:PenalSanctions(IndigenousWorkers)Convention(no.
65) ConstituciónPolíticadelPerú CódigoCivil(Ley23403) LeydeSeguridadySaludenelTrabajo(Ley29783) LeydeProductividadyCompetitividadLaboralysuReglamento(DercretoLegislativo728) LeydeIgualidaddeOportunidades(Ley28983) CódigoPenal(DecretoLegislativo635) DécimoPrimeraPolíticadelAcuerdoNacional
PlantyourFutureeducatesallofthoseemployedinPlantingfortheFutureactivitiesoftheirrightsandobligationsatthetimeofcontractsigning.Payisestablishedaccordingtothelevelofskillrequiredbythepositionandcompensationisincompliancewiththestandardsestablishedbylaw.
G3.12Comprehensivelyassesssituationsandoccupationsthatmightarisethroughtheimplementationoftheprojectandposeasubstantialrisktoworkersafety.Describemeasuresneededandtakentoinformworkersofrisksandtoexplainhowtominimizesuchrisks.Whereworkersafetycannotbeguaranteed,projectproponentsmustshow
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howtherisksareminimizedusingbestworkpracticesinlinewiththecultureandcustomarypracticesofthecommunities.
Riskscenarios
SafetyisaprimaryconcernforPlantyourFuture.Allproducersareeducatedaboutthefollowingriskscenarios.
Currentrisks:
Pesticideandinsecticideuse Bitesorstingsofsnakes,spidersorpoisonousinsects,whichcouldhappenwhenproducers
areworkingonagroforestryactivitiessuchasweeding,pruning,fertilizing,etc. Injuryduetomacheteuseforweeding Injuryduetouseofpruningtools Vehicularaccident(PlantyourFuturestaffonly):PlantyourFuturehasprovideda
motorcycleandhelmettoenableprojectstafftogetaroundtoalloftheproducers.Thisisposestheriskofaccidentduetobadroadconditions,baddriversontheroadaround,andpossiblevehiclefailure.
Contractionofmalaria,dengueandyellowfever,allofwhicharepresentintheProjectZone.31
Poisoningcausedbytheapplicationofinsecticide,herbicideorotherchemicalsthataffecttheproducer
Poisoningfromingestionofspoiledfood
Futurerisks:
Alloftheabove Injuryduetofallsandotherthingsassociatedwithtreemaintenance Injuriesassociatedwithtimberharvest
Preventativemeasures
Beforecarbonstockmeasurements,producersandtechnicalstaffareaskedtoreadProcedimientoEstándardeOperacionesManualdeInstruccionesparaSeguridadenCampoDurantelasMedicionesdeCarbonoTerrestre(StandardOperatingProcedure,FieldSafteyInstructionManualDuringLand‐BasedCarbonMeasurments,availableuponauditorrequest).Thismanualsuggeststhefollowingpreventativemeasuresforfieldmeasuringandmonitoringteams;theyarealsorecommendedwhereappropriatetoproducersasbestpractice.
Allfieldteamsarerequiredtohaveaminimumoftwopeople Foreachdayinthefield,theteamsmustgivespecificinformationaboutwheretheywillbe
andforhowlongtoapointofcontactdesignatedbyPlantyourFuture
31Asprojectparticipantsareworkingtheirownland,theprojectactivitiesdonotrepresentgreaterexposureriskthantheywouldotherwisehave.
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Thenearestmedicalcentremustbeidentifiedbasedonwherethefieldteamwillbeworkingthatday
Havepersonalandinstitutionalinsuranceandidentificationcardsatalltimes Eachteamshouldhaveatleastonechargedtelephone Eachteamshouldhaveafirstaidkitthatincludesantiveninforareaswherethereareknown
tobepoisonoussnakes Wearclothingandfootwearappropriatetotheconditionsthatwillmostlikelybe
encountered,e.g.fieldbootsandlegprotectorsinareaswherethereareknowntobepoisonoussnakes
Beforegoingtothefield,verifyrulesabouthunting(whichchangefromlocationtolocation;whilethereisnohuntingpermittedintheProjectZones,itispossiblethatthelandownermightbehuntingforhisorherownconsumption)
Takecareinoperatingmotorvehicles.
Theprojectistakingpesticideandinsecticideuseveryseriously.Whilefarmersarefamiliarwithandaskforpesticidesthatcanhaveseriousnegativesideeffects,theprojectrecognizestheneedtouseintegratedpestmanagement.StaffandfarmersareworkingwithBosquesAmazonicostopilotorganicmethods.
Astheprojectprogresses,producersandotherprojectstaffwillbetrainedinproceduresforsafelyharvestingagriculturalproduceandtimber.
G4.MANAGEMENTCAPACITY
G4.1Describetheproject’sgovernancestructures,androlesandresponsibilitiesofalltheentitiesinvolvedinprojectdesignandimplementation.Forprojectsusingaprogrammaticapproach,identifyanynewentitiesincludedintheprojectsincethelastvalidationorverificationagainsttheCCBStandards.
PlantyourFuturehasdevelopedthePlantingfortheFutureprogrammaticapproach.PlantyourFutureisresponsibleforthecarbonvalidationandverificationoftheprojectaswellastheoverallmanagementoftheproject,andisresponsiblefortheimplementationandmonitoringofprojectactivitiesintheprojectinstancesdescribedinthisprojectdocumentation.PlantyourFutureisgovernedbyaTrustdeedwhichwasapprovedbytheCharityCommissionofEnglandandWales.WecurrentlyhasaBoardofTrusteesof7people,andmakeanannualaccount/turnoversubmissiontotheCharityCommissionalongwithanannualreport.
AssociaciónCivilPlantatuFuturoistheNGOregisteredinPeruwiththesamemissionasPlantyourFuture.PlantatuFuturowillownthecarboncreditsfromtheproject.Itwillberesponsibleforthedistributionofcarbonrevenuestofarmers.
FundaciónPeruanaParaLaConservaciondelaNaturaleza(ProNaturaleza)isaPeruvianconservationNGOestablishedin1984withofficesacrossPeruincludinginthecityofIquitosatacloseproximitytotheLoretoProjectZone.ProNaturalezahasbeenresponsibleforthetechnicalsupervisionoftheinstallationofthe20.2hectaresofagroforestrysystemsinLoreto.Theirroles
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haveincludedthesettingupofnurseries,procurementofseedlingsandplantingoutinthefieldduring2012and2013.
BosquesAmazonicos(BAM)isaPeruvianprivatecompanyestablishedin2004workinginreforestationandforestconservationintheAmazonprovincesofPeru.TogetherwithSustainableForestManagementLtd.(SFM),itcreatedthejointventurecompanySFM‐BAMtofinancetheneighbouringCampoVerdereforestationcarbonproject.BAM’sroleisassistingwithtechnicalsupervisionfortheinstallationoftheagroforestrysystems,andprovidingthebaselineinformationforthedegradedpasturebaseline.
InstitutoInteramericanodeCooperaciónporlaAgricultura(IICA)istheorganizationthatprovidedfundingforthewritingoftheVCSPD,15hectaresofthePlantingfortheFuture’sinitialinstanceinLoreto,andthevalidationoftheprojectagainsttheVCSandCCBStandards.
G4.2.Documentkeytechnicalskillsrequiredtoimplementtheprojectsuccessfully,includingcommunityengagement,biodiversityassessmentandcarbonmeasurementandmonitoringskills.Documentthemanagementteam’sexpertiseandpriorexperienceimplementinglandmanagementandcarbonprojectsatthescaleofthisproject.Ifrelevantexperienceislacking,theproponentsmusteitherdemonstratehowotherorganizationsarepartneredwithtosupporttheprojectorhavearecruitmentstrategytofillthegaps.
PlantyourFutureisoverseenbyaBoardofTrustee,manyofwhomhavelongstandingmanagementexpertiseandpriorexperienceimplementinglandmanagementandcarbonprojects.SpecificallyJennyHenman,EdwardMitchard,MariaSpink,JuanChangandSandraBrownhaveexperienceworkingonVCSandCCBacrossthetropics.Pleaseseewww.plantyourfuture.org.ukformoredetailedbiographies.AdrianaVidal,whohasadvisedtheprojectandwilljointheBoardofPlantatuFuturoisaPeruvianLawyer,experiencedinPeruinREDD+carbontransactions.MikeSoulsbyworksintheinternationalfruitexportbasedinLima,andhasexperiencemanagingstaff,budgetsandwithcomplexlogistics.
TechnicalSkillsRequired
Description PlantyourFutureandpartnercapacity
TechnicalKnowledgeonAgroforestry
Technicalexpertiseinnurserydevelopmentofnativetreespecies,sitepreparation,pestcontrolandsilvi‐culturalactivitiestomanageagroforestrysystems
PlantyourFuturehashiredJulioVasquezsince2011asthefieldcoordinatorandtechnicianforPlantingfortheFuture.JuliohasadegreeinAgronomoyfromtheNationalUniversityofthePeruvianAmazon(UNAP)and10yearsworkexperienceworkingonsmallholderagricultureinthePeruvianAmazonbeforejoiningtheproject.TheprojectregularlyconsultswithlocalexpertsandinteractwithlocalorganisationssuchastheResearchInstituteofthePeruvianAmazon(IIAP)andpartnerorganisationBosqueAmazonicos.BothoftheseorganisationsareleadersintechnicalaspectsofreforestationandagroforestryinthePeruvianAmazon.
Community Consultation,andparticipatoryproject
ThePlantyourFuturefieldcoordinator,JulioVasquez,isresponsibleforoverseeinginteractionswith
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Engagement developmentandimplementationworkingwithlocalcommunities
Communities.PlantyourFutureworkswillleadfarmerswhoareemployedasextensionworkerswithintheCommunities.WepartneredwithProNaturalezaandCOPASIMOLinitiallytofacilitateintroductionswithinCommunities,andinUcayaliwearepartneringwithBAM.Wealsoworkwithexperiencedsocio‐economicconsultantsfromwellrespectedlocalorganisationsasneeded.(e.g.wehaveworkedwithPeruvianexpertsAldoAcosta,SaraMateoandMariaAngelicaRondonintheprojectdesignphasesfordifferenttypesofconsultation)
BiodiversityAssessment
Assessmentofbiodiversityimpactsoftheproject
TherearemanyorganisationsinthePeruvianAmazonspecialisedinbiodiversityassessments.Wereviewtheliteraturefromotherorganisationsspecialisedinbiodiversityassessmentandwithlocalexpertconsultsasneeded,andpartnerwithlocalorganisations.PlantyourFuturemanagementalsohaveexperiencewithbiodiversityassessment.JennyHenman,EdwardMitchard,SandraBrownandJuanChangOlivashaveappliedexperienceofdesigningandimplementingbiodiversitymonitoringforCCBandotherprojectsinthetropics,includingbutnotlimitedtothoseworkingwithrestorationofsmallholderlandthroughreforestation.
CarbonMeasurementandMonitoringSkills
Preparingcarboncertificationdocuments,andmonitoringcarbon
PlantyourFuturemanagementhasconsiderableexperienceinthisarea.JennyHenman,Chairman,hasover10yearsexperienceworkingincarbonmeasurementandmonitoring,includingnumerousexistingVCSandCCBvalidatedproject.JennyhadhandsonexperienceonthesuccessfulmonitoringoftheVCSCampoVerdeReforestationprojectinPeru.
OtherPlantyourFuturetrusteesalsohaveconsiderableexperience.JuanChanghasbeenaauditorforforestryforTUVSUDandisagloballeaderincarbonquantificationandmeasurementinforests.DrSandraBrownhassuccessfullyledmorethan50projectsonestimatingthecarbondynamicsoftheworld’sforests,particularlytropicalforests.Shehaspublishedmorethan200peer‐reviewedpublicationsinscientificjournalsandbooks.Sheservedasaco‐conveninglead
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authorforchaptersinfiveUNFCCCIPCCReports(andforwhichshereceivedrecognitionfromtheNobelPrizewinningIPCCin2007).
Expertinusingsatellitedatatomapforestcarbonstocks.DrEdwardMitchardisanacademicattheUniversityofEdinburgh,andhaspublishedanumberofpeer‐reviewedscientificpapersinthisarea.
LegalKnowledge Oversightoflegalagreements,benefitsharingmechanismsandcarbonrights
PlantyourFutureissupportedbyinternationallawfirmHoganLovellshttp://www.hoganlovells.comandworkwithlocalcounselasneeded.AdrianaVidal,willbecomeaBoardmemberofPlantatuFuturo,andwhohasprovidedlegaladvicetothecharitysince2013isaPeruvianLawyer.
Accountingandfinance
Managementofprojectfundsandcashflow
PlantyourFuturehasanappointedtreasurer,whoisresponsibleforthecharitiesaccounting.KirstyLaughlinourcurrenttreasurerholdadegreeinMathematicsfromOxfordUniversityandhaspassedtheexamsfortheCharteredFinancialAnalystqualification.InPerufundsaremanagedbyMikeSoulsby,ManagingDirectorofPlantatuFuture,whoholdsadegreeinBusinessAdministrationfromtheUniversityofBath.
G4.3Documentthefinancialhealthoftheimplementingorganization(s).ProvideassurancethattheProjectProponentandanyoftheotherentitiesinvolvedinprojectdesignandimplementationarenotinvolvedinorarenotcomplicitinanyformofcorruptionsuchasbribery,embezzlement,fraud,favouritism,cronyism,nepotism,extortion,andcollusion,anddescribeanymeasuresneededandtakentobeabletoprovidethisassurance.
Table6providesanoverviewofPlantyourFutureturnoverduringthelast3years,asreportedtotheCharityCommissionofEnglandandWales.
Table6PlantyourFutureIncomeandExpenditureOverview**
Year Income Expenditure
2013 £36,263 £44,111
2012 £13,643 £12,591
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2011 £6,343 £7,662
**pleasenotein2012/2013PlantyourFuturewonandmanagedagrantforUS$250,000withPeruvianNGOProNaturaleza.PlantyourFuturewasresponsibleforsupervisingtasksunderthisgrant.FundsweremanagedinPeruandarenotreflectedintheturnoverstatement.32
PlantyourFuturenotdoestolerateanyformofcorruptionsuchasbribery,embezzlement,fraud,favouritism,cronyism,nepotism,extortion,andcollusion.PlantyourFutureisaregisteredcharitywiththeCharityCommissionofEnglandandWales,governedbythelawsofEnglandandWales,withanapprovedTrustDeedwhichsetsouttopreventsuchactivitiesorbehaviour.Similarlythe“Acta”(deed)ofPlantatuFuturoapprovedandregisteredwiththePublicRegistryandgovernedbyPeruvianLawalsosetsouttopreventsuchactivitiesorbehaviour.
G5.LEGALSTATUSANDPROPERTYRIGHTS
RESPECTFORRIGHTSTOLANDS,TERRITORIESANDRESOURCES,ANDFREE,PRIORANDINFORMEDCONSENT
G5.1Describeandmapstatutoryandcustomarytenure/use/access/managementrightstolands,territoriesandresourcesintheProjectZoneincludingindividualandcollectiverightsandincludingoverlappingorconflictingrights.Ifapplicable,describemeasuresneededandtakenbytheprojecttohelptosecurestatutoryrights.DemonstratethatallPropertyRightsarerecognized,respected,andsupported.
Onlyfarmerswhohavefulltitletotheirland(DerechodePropiedad)canparticipateinPlantingfortheFuture.TheywouldbetheonlypeopleintheProjectZoneeligibletoobtainaforestrypermitunderPeruvianLaw,whichisrequiredtobeabletoobtaintherightstoenvironmentalservices.WhilstanumberoffarmersmayhaveanothertypeofrightsoverthesuperficiallandrecognizedunderPeruvianlaw,suchas“possession”or“rightofsuperficial‐landuse”(“Derechodeposesión”or“Derechodeusoyhabitación”)theycannotparticipateinthisprojectuntiltheyobtainfulltitle(DerechodePropiedad),giventhattheirrightsarenotenoughtoobtainaforestrypermitasdescribedabove.
PlantyourFuturehascheckedthatallfarmersparticipatingintheschemewhowillbeincludedinthefirstinstancesinLoretoandUcayalihavefulltitle,includingdocumentationandlistingwiththe‘publicregistry’.
Copiesoftitlesandsignedlegalagreementsareavailableonrequestbytheauditor.
G5.2Demonstratewithdocumentedconsultationsandagreementsthat
32http://www.forestalsostenibleandina.net/Proyectos/nuestro‐proyectos/Plantando‐para‐el‐futuro‐‐sistemas‐agroforestales‐.aspx
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a. theprojectwillnotencroachuninvitedonprivateproperty,communityproperty,orgovernmentproperty,
b. theFree,Prior,andInformedConsenthasbeenobtainedofthosewhosepropertyrightsareaffectedbytheprojectthroughatransparent,agreedprocess.
EveryfarmerparticipatingintheprogrammeinthefirstinstancesinLoretoandUcayalihassignedorwillsignacontractwithPlantatuFuturosettingtheconditionsoftheirparticipationintheprogram,inwhichtheyagreetotransferalloftheirrightsofuseovercarbonemissionreductionsgeneratedbytheforestryplantation/agroforestrysystemstotheCivilAssociationPlantatuFuturo.PlantatuFuturowilltakeresponsibilityforthecertificationofthecarboncredits,aswellastheirsale.Copiesofthiscontractareavailableonrequestbytheauditor.
PlantyourFuture,inconjunctionwithpartners,hascarriedoutanextensiveconsultationandcapacitybuildingprocesswiththesmallholderfarmersinrelationtothelegalagreementstransferringthecarbonrights.Theconceptofcarbonrights,carbonoffsetsandcarbonmarketswasnoveltofarmers,andfarmershadlimitedknowledgeofhowcarboncertificationandcommercialisationworks.PlantyourFuturehasdevelopedaseriesoftrainingworkshopsandtake‐homematerialstoexplaintheseconceptstofarmers.Farmershavehadtheopportunitytoparticipateinarangeoflargegroup,smallgroupsandindividualworkshopsandmeetingstodiscusstheissueofthecarbonrights.Participationbyfarmersintheschemeisentirelyvoluntary,andtheprogrammehasbeendesignedwithfarmerdecision‐makingatthecentreoftheprojectsinceitsinception.Thelegalagreementhasalsoundergoneanextensivereviewprocessfrompartnersanddonors,includingarevisionsprocessbyathirdpartyPeruvianlegalinstitutiontoensureequityandclarityforthesmallholderswasbeinggiven.ThirdpartyrepresentativehavebeenpresentatallplenaryworkshopstowitnesstransparentinformationexchangebetweenfarmersandPlantatuFuturorepresentativese.g.representativesfromProNaturalezaandfromthedonororganisationInstitutoInteramericanodeCooperacionporlaAgricultura(IICA).
G5.3DemonstratethatprojectactivitiesdonotleadtoinvoluntaryremovalorrelocationofPropertyRightsHoldersfromtheirlandsorterritories,anddoesnotforcethemtorelocateactivitiesimportanttotheircultureorlivelihood.Ifanyrelocationofhabitationoractivitiesisundertakenwithinthetermsofanagreement,theprojectproponentsmustdemonstratethattheagreementwasmadewiththeFree,Prior,andInformedConsentofthoseconcernedandincludesprovisionsforjustandfaircompensation.
TheprojectdoesnotleadtoanyremovalorrelocationofPropertyRights,nordoesitforceanyonerelocate.Participationintheprojectispurelyvoluntary,anddirectlyinvolvesworkingwithsmallholderswhoselectaneligibleareaoftheirlandforprojectactivityimplementation.AfullFPICprocesswascarriedout,andcompensationlevelsagreedwithsmallholderfarmerswhowishtojointhePlantingfortheFutureproject.FullFPICwillbecarriedoutwithanyfuturesmallholderfarmerswishingtojointheschemethroughtheprogrammaticapproach.
G5.4Identifyanyillegalactivitiesthatcouldaffecttheproject’sclimate,communityorbiodiversityimpacts(e.g.illegallogging)takingplaceintheProjectZoneanddescribe
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measuresneededandtakentoreducetheseactivitiessothatprojectbenefitsarenotderivedfromillegalactivities.
Commercialhuntingisbannedintheprojectzones,however,huntingforpersonalconsumptionisallowed.This ismostcommonforthefollowingspecies‐Tayassupecari,PecaritajacuandAgoutipaca, all types ofmonkeys andTapirus terrestres. Whilst farmerswill be given training on theconservationof thesespecies tomitigate thisoccuring, it isnotpossible topreventehunting forpersonal consumption, and this could effect the biodiversity benefits of the project. It is alsopossiblethatcommercialhuntingcouldoccurillegally.
It ispossiblethat illegal loggerswilltryandcutdowntreesonsmallholders landastheymature.However,smallholderwillbepatrollingandworkingontheirlandwhichreducesthelikelihoodofthisrisk.
G5.5Identifyanyongoingorunresolvedconflictsordisputesoverrightstolands,territoriesandresourcesandalsoanydisputesthatwereresolvedduringthelasttwentyyearswheresuchrecordsexist,oratleastduringthelasttenyears.Ifapplicable,describemeasuresneededandtakentoresolveconflictsordisputes.Demonstratethatnoactivityisundertakenbytheprojectthatcouldprejudicetheoutcomeofanunresolveddisputerelevanttotheprojectoverlands,territoriesandresourcesintheProjectZone.
Allprojectareasareprivatelyheldandownershipsarenotcontested.Therearenounresolvedconflictsordisputesoverrightstoland.
LEGALSTATUS
G5.6Submitalistofallnationalandlocallawsandregulationsinthehostcountrythatarerelevanttotheprojectactivities.Provideassurancethattheprojectiscomplyingwiththeseand,whererelevant,demonstratehowcomplianceisachieved.
ThekeypartofPeruvianlawthatrelatestorightofuseofenvironmentalservices,andhencecarbonoffsetsthroughreforestation,fallsundertheForestryandWildlifeLaw(FWL),therequirementsofwhicharedetailedbelow.AsaframeworkoftheFWL,theNationalConstitution(LaConstitucionPoliticadelPeru)providesthatnaturalresourcesarepatrimonyofthenation,statingthatbyInstitutionalLawitwouldbedeterminedmechanismsthroughwhichprivateownerscanbegrantedwithnaturalresources’rightsofuse.TheInstitutionalLawfortheSustainableUseofResources(LeyOrgánicaparaelAprovechamientoSostenibledelosRecursosNaturales,LeyNo.26821)statesinArticle4that“thefruitsandproductsofnaturalresources...areownedbytheholdersoftherightofuseofsuchfruitsandproducts”.Thisrightofuseisincludedinanumberoflegalinstruments,dependingonthenaturalresourcetheprivateownerwantstouse.
TheapplicableLawfortheuseofforestryandwildliferesourcesistheForestryandWildlifeLaw(LeyForestalydeFaunaSilvestre)–Law27308.Underthislaw,anditsregulation,forestryplantationslocatedinprivatepropertywhichcontainnaturalresources(i.e.timber‐relatedandnon‐timber‐relatedresources,suchasenvironmentalservices)canbeusedbytheownerofsuchprivateproperty.Underthislaw,therearetwoproceduralconditionsrequiredbytheownerto
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startusingitsforestryresources:theregistryoftheirlandasaforestplantation,andtheacquisitionofaforestrypermit(thelaterrequiresthesubmissionofthelandownership/titledocumentationtoagovernmentalagency).
However,PeruhasseenthedevelopmentoftheNewForestryandWildlifeLaw(NuevaLeyForestalydeFaunaSilvestre–NLFFS)–Ley29763.ThisnewlawwillcomeintoforcewhenitsRegulationispromulgated,andatthatstagetheNLFFSwillsupersedethecurrentLawno.27308.TheNLFFSchangestherequirementsslightlyonforestryplantationslocatedonprivatelands,providingtheconstituentrightoftheownertouseallnaturalresourcesthathisplantationscontains.Thismeanthattheonlyobligationthatremainsunderthislawforprivate‐ownedforestryplantationsistheregistrationbeforethegovernmentagency.AllProjectAreasthatareorwillbepartofPlantingfortheFutureareregistered.
ThereisalsonowaprecedentinPeruestablishedbyotherreforestationprojectsvalidatedandverifiedbytheCCBA,VCSandothercarbonstandardsrecognisingrightofuseofcarbonoffsetsbyownersofprivatelands.
G5.7Documentthattheprojecthasapprovalfromtheappropriateauthorities,includingtheestablishedformaland/ortraditionalauthoritiescustomarilyrequiredbytheCommunities.
Theprojectisworkingonlandwhichisownedbysmallholderfarmers–theyhavevoluntarilyenteredintoagreementswiththeproject.Nootherspecificauthorityisneeded.
G5.8DemonstratethattheProjectProponent(s)hastheunconditional,undisputedandunencumberedabilitytoclaimthattheprojectwillordidgenerateorcausetheproject’sclimate,communityandbiodiversitybenefits.
Theprojecthastheunconditional,undisputedandunemcumberedabilitytoclaimthatprojectactivitiesgeneratetheprojectclimate,communityandbiodiversitybenefits.Theprojectactivitiesoccuronprivatelyownedlands,andwouldnotbegeneratedwithouttheprojectitself.
G5.9Identifythetradableclimate,communityandbiodiversitybenefitsoftheprojectandspecifyhowdoublecountingisavoided,particularlyforoffsetssoldonthevoluntarymarketandgeneratedinacountryparticipatinginacompliancemechanism.
CarboncreditswillberegisteredwiththeVCSprojectdatabasefollowingvalidation.FollowingverificationVCUswillberegisteredwithacarbonregistryfollowingtheVCSRegistrySystem.Thisisasecureplatformwherecreditscanbeassigneduniqueserialnumbersallowinganyprojectandanycredittobesearchedforandtrackedonline.
Thegreenhousegas(GHG)reductionsorremovalsgeneratedbyPlantingfortheFuturewillnotbeusedforcompliancewithanemissionstradingprogramortomeetbindinglimitsonGHGemissions.
PlantyourFuturedoesnotanticipatecommercializingthecommunityorbiodiversitybenefitsassociatedwithPlantingfortheFutureotherthanthroughaddingaCCBlabeltotheVCUsissued.
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CLIMATESECTION
CLIMATESECTIONWAIVER
ProvidedocumentationdemonstratingthatthesameprojectmeetstherequirementsforverificationoftheRecognizedGHGProgramforthesametimeperiodasfortheCCBVerification.EquivalentdocumentationtotheProjectDesignDocumentation(PDD)forvalidationandtheProjectImplementationReport(PIR)forverification,demonstratinghowtheprojectmeetstherequirementsoftheRecognizedGHGProgram,shallbesubmittedbytheAuditortotheCCBAfortheCCBStandardspubliccommentperiodatthesametimeastherelevantPDD/PIRdocumentsaresubmittedfortheCCBValidationorVerification.
TheValidationorVerificationReportshallincludeevidenceintheformofapositivevalidationorverificationstatementfollowingtheprocedureoftheRecognizedGHGProgramthattheprojectmeetstherequirementsoftheRecognizedGHGProgram(fortheappropriatetimeperiod,inthecaseofverification).
GL1.CLIMATECHANGEADAPTATIONBENEFITS
GL1.1Identifylikelyregionalorsub‐nationalclimatechangeandclimatevariabilityscenariosandimpacts,usingavailablestudies,andidentifypotentialchangesinthelocallandusescenarioduetotheseclimatechangescenariosintheabsenceoftheproject.
Changesinthelocallandusescenarioduetotheimpactsofclimatechangeareunlikely–thecropsgrownforsubsistencewillstillbeviablethroughtheproject’slifetime.AmappublishedinClimatechangeadaptationinPeru:Thelocalexperiences33showsamediumtolowconfluenceofclimatichazards,biodiversity,desertencroachmentandpoverty–keydeterminantsoftheseverityofclimatechangeimpacts–inLoretoandUcayali.AlthoughoneofthemajorimpactsofclimatechangeintheAmazonregionmaybeflooding,34noneoftheprojectareasareinfloodplains.Ontheotherhand,2005and2010experiencedlargedroughtsinalloftheAmazonregion.A20‐30%increaseinfireriskispredictedduetolessprecipitationandalongerdryseason–thiscouldhaveanegativeeffectontheabilityoffarmersinUcayaliandLoretotogrowcropsandweatherandseasonsbecomelesspredictables,aswellastendtocattle.Farmersalreadynoticethattherainyseasondoesn’tstartandstopwiththeregularitythatithasinthepast.Withouttheabilitytomakeaccuratepredictions,theyrisknotplantingcropsandtreesearlyenoughtogetthemestablishedbeforetherainyseasonendsandthedryseasonbegins.
PioneerspecieswillchangetheirrangetohigheraltitudesastemperaturesattheelevationoftheProjectZonerise.Erosionwillbecomeamoresignificantissuewithincreasinglyvariable33Clements,R.,Cossío,M.Ensor,J.(eds.).2010.ClimatechangeadaptationinPeru:Thelocalexperiences.Lima:SolucionesPrácticas.
34Unlessotherwisenoted,alloftheinformationinthissectioncomesfromthefollowingsource:PNUD.2013.InformesobreDesarrolloHumanoPeru2013.Retrievedfromhttp://www.pe.undp.org/content/peru/es/home/library/poverty/Informesobredesarrollohumano2013/IDHPeru2013/
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precipitationevents.Therewillbeincreasedhumanpressureonnaturalresources.Deforestationwillcontributetoinfrastructureinstability.
GL1.2.Demonstratethatcurrentoranticipatedclimatechangesarehavingorarelikelytohaveanimpactonthewell‐beingofCommunitiesand/ortheconservationstatusofbiodiversityintheProjectZoneandsurroundingregions.
Povertyisaprincipleindicatorofvulnerabilitytoclimatechange.ThecommunitiesintheProjectZonearehugelyeconomicallylimited.Theyhaveashort‐termvisionindecision‐making,andarethuswhollyun‐preparedforclimatechange’simpacts.PoliciesthatincentivizeexpandingtheagricultureborderfartherintotheAmazonregionhaveencouragedgrowerstocultivatecropsthatareill‐suitedtothearea’schangingclimate.(Acosta,2011)Whenthesefarmsfail,theirworkerswillbeforcedtosubsistencefarming.
Theimpactonphysicalinfrastructurethatislikelyduetofloodingwillnegativelyaffectpublichealthefforts,increasingtheprevalenceofdiseasessuchasmalariaanddengue.
ThevarietyofhabitatsprovidedintheProjectZoneandsurroundingregionswillbemorelimitedasfloodingordroughtscutoffcorridorsbetweenprotectedareasandthereisincreasinghumanpressureonincreasinglylimitednaturalresources.
GL1.3DescribemeasuresneededandtakentoassistCommunitiesand/orbiodiversitytoadapttotheprobableimpactsofclimatechangebasedonthecausalmodelthatexplainshowtheprojectactivitieswillachievetheproject’spredictedadaptationbenefits.
Reforestationisamethodofmanagingnaturalresourcessothattheywillresistandrecuperatefromclimaticevents.Specifically,useofnativespeciessuchasthoseinPlantingfortheFutureorotherdrought‐resistantspeciescanservetohelpwithirrigation.Byplantingagroforestrysystems,PlantyourFutureaimstoincreasehouseholdincomesandalsointroducemedium‐andlong‐termvisioninnaturalresourcesmanagement.PlantyourFutureputalargeemphasisonbuildingfarmerscapacitytonotonlytechnicallygrowagroforestrysystemsbutalsotobuildtheirabilitytoengageinbusinessprofitably.PlantyourFutureisworkingwithsmallholderfarmerstobuildtheirsocialcapitalandbusinesscapacity.Weareworkingwithfarmerstohelpthemsetupcooperatives/tradeassociationsandengageformallyinbusiness.Thiswillultimatelyhelptobuildfarmersresiliencetoclimatechangeastheyhavemoresavings,andareinabetterpositionthroughincreasedcapacitytodealwithchangesinweatherpatterns.
Becauseoflackofknowledgeorlackofcontroloflogging,themostvaluabletimberspecies,includingmahogany,areatthepointofcommercialextinction.Theprojectwillhelpfarmersre‐buildtheregion’sforestryindustry.
AstudyofanagroforestrysystemimplementedinthenorthernAmazonrainforestofSanMartínprovince35pointsoutthatagroforestryisanon‐invasiveclimatechangeadaptationstrategyasit
35Clements,R.,Cossío,M.Ensor,J.(eds.).2010.ClimatechangeadaptationinPeru:Thelocalexperiences.Lima:SolucionesPrácticas.
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doesnotinvolvetheuseofnewtechnologies.TheareaofthestudyissimilartothetwobaselinescenariosofPlantingfortheFutureinthatthelocaleconomyisbasedonfarmingandlivestockraisingactivitieswhichreceivelittlesupportfromthegovernmentintermsofdisasterplanningandsocialorganisation.Thisconfirmsthatbyplantingadiversesystemofcrops,incometofarmersisincreasedandpeoplewerelesslikelytoabandontheirlandtomigrateelsewhere.
Theprojectwillalsoengagedirectlyinclimatechangeadaptationplanning,incorporatingitintoagroforestrystrategies.ThoughtherearenumerousclimatechangeadaptationprogrammesactiveinPeru36,theyaremainlyfocusedontheAndesregion.TheseprogrammesdonotaddressthevulnerabilitiesofpeoplelivinginpovertyorthoseofbiodiversityintheAmazonregion.PlantyourFutureisunawareofotherprogramsworkinginLoretoorUcayalithathelpsmallholderfarmerslearnabout,mitigate,oradapttoclimatechange.
GL1.4IncludeindicatorsforadaptationbenefitsforCommunitiesand/orbiodiversityinthemonitoringplan.DemonstratethattheprojectactivitiesassistCommunitiesand/orbiodiversitytoadapttotheprobableimpactsofclimatechange.AssessmentofimpactsofprojectactivitiesonCommunitiesmustincludeanevaluationoftheimpactsbytheaffectedCommunities.
Manyoftheindicatorstobemonitoredfortheclimatemitigation,communityandbiodiversitysectionsoftheprojectarealsosignificantforadaptationtoclimatechange(seeTable7).Atthenextfieldvisit,PlantyourFuturewillconductin‐personconsultationswiththeprojectstaffandparticipantstoestablishmissingpartsofthatanalysisandaddanymissingindicatorstothemonitoringplan.
Table7.Existingindicatorsandtheirsignificanceforadaptationtoclimatechange
Indicator Significanceforadaptationtoclimatechange
Treesplanted/survivalrate Greatertreecoverfornativeplantsandanimals
Protectionfromerosioncausedbyprecipitationevents
Greatersoilintegrity
Long‐termthinking
Diversifiedcropcultivation,meaninggreaterresiliencyincaseofchangesinpests,precipitationorfireregimes
Marketdevelopment Increasedincome(fromsaleofproduceandtimberandcarboncredits)
36Seethe2008presentation“AdaptationtoclimatechangeandriskmanagementinPeru”,slide5,asastart(retrievedfromhttp://unfccc.int/files/kyoto_protocol/application/pdf/perurisk.pdf)
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Eradicationofnon‐nativegrassspeciesinnewagroforestryareas
Protectionagainstfire
Increasedcapacityoffarmerswithrespecttolong‐termplanning
Abilitytotakeinclimateinformationandplanforfuturechanges
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COMMUNITYSECTION
CM1.WITHOUT‐PROJECTCOMMUNITYSCENARIO
CM1.1DescribetheCommunitiesatthestartoftheprojectandsignificantcommunitychangesinthepast,includingwell‐beinginformation,andanycommunitycharacteristics.Describethesocial,economicandculturaldiversitywithintheCommunitiesandthedifferencesandinteractionsbetweentheCommunityGroups.
TheprojectPlantingfortheFuturewillworkwithsmallholderfarmersastheCommunity.Theprojectshassetoutcriteria(seesectionG1.14)whichmustbemetforsmallholderfarmerstoparticipateinthisprogrammaticproject.ProjectAreaswillalwaysbeundertheownershipofasmallholderhousehold,assobenefitsfromtheprojectwillprimarilybegeneratedatthehouseholdlevelwhichtranscendsotherCommunityGroupsasthehouseholdparticipantsarecomprisedofmen,women,youthandcanbeheadedbymenorwomen,singleormarried,withorwithoutchildren.
PleaserefertosectionG1.6whereCommunitiesaredescribedinmoredetail.
CM1.2EvaluatewhethertheProjectZoneincludesanyofthefollowingHighConservationValues(HCVs)relatedtocommunitywell‐beinganddescribethequalifyingattributesforanyidentifiedHCVs:
a. Areasthatprovidecriticalecosystemservices;b. AreasthatarefundamentalforthelivelihoodsofCommunities;andc. AreasthatarecriticalforthetraditionalculturalidentityofCommunities.
IdentifytheareasthatneedtobemanagedtomaintainorenhancetheidentifiedHCVs.
Pleasereferto¡Error!Noseencuentraelorigendelareferencia.forasummaryofHCVsintheProjectZones.PlantyourFuturewillworktoreducepressureonexistingforestintheProjectZonesbymakingexistingdegradedlandmorevaluable.ThiswillbenefitalloftheHCVsinbothProjectZones.Inbothwithout‐projectbaselinescenarios,Communitieswouldcontinuetheircurrentpatternsoflanduse,notbenefittingfromthetechnicalknowledgetransfer,financialsupportandbusinessorganizationprovidedbyPlantyourFuture.
LORETOPROJECTZONE:
TheecosystemcorridorformedbytheprotectedareasandtheLoretoProjectZoneprovidecriticalhydrologicalservicestothesurroundingarea.Withouttheproject,forestwillbecontinuouslydegradedorcutdownaltogether,decreasingtheresiliencyofthesoilsandabilityofthecommunitiestocopewithflooding.
UCAYALIPROJECTZONE:
Withouttheproject,theLoretoProjectZonewillexperiencecontinuedsoildegradationandinvasivegrasseswillpreventreforestationand,eventually,agriculture.Theseconditionswillmake
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itincreasinglydifficultforfarmerstosubsistfromtheirowncrops,leadingthempotentiallytomoveoutoftheareaforwork.
3.Describetheexpectedchangesinthewell‐beingconditionsandothercharacteristicsofCommunitiesunderthewithout‐projectlandusescenario,includingtheimpactoflikelychangesonallecosystemservicesintheProjectZonesidentifiedasimportanttoCommunities.
WeexpectthatwellbeingofCommunitiesinbothProjectZoneswouldworsenastheirsoilisleachedofnutrients,theirenvironmentisdegradedandkeyecosystemfunctionsreducedandtheyareforcedtocutdownmoreforestinordertogrowcrops.Underthewithout‐projectscenariotheirsocialcapitalisnotbuild,theyarestuckinaviciouscycleofpovertyandenvironmentaldegradationandtheycontinuetoliveinasubsistencelevel“fromhandtomouth”,withnosavings.Theywouldcontinuetobealmostentirelyexcludedfromtheformalmarket,onlysellingproduceinformallytointermediariesoratmarketstalls,withnopowertoaddvalueintheirsupplychains.Withouttheproject,youngpeoplearemorelikelytomoveawayfromtheProjectZonestolandthatismorefertile,todeforestnewareasofrainforestortomovetocitiesforworkotherthanagriculture.Withouttheproject,neithersmallholderfarmerlivingintheProjectZonesnorfaunawillbeasresilienttotheincreasedtemperaturesandchangesinrainfallthatclimatechangewillbring.PleaseseetheVCSPDandrefertosectionG1.6wherethe‘without‐project’scenarioisdescribedinmoredetail.
CM2.NETPOSITIVECOMMUNITYIMPACTS
CM2.1Useappropriatemethodologiestoassesstheimpacts,includingpredictedandactual,directandindirectbenefits,costsandrisks,oneachoftheidentifiedCommunityGroups(identifiedinG1.5)resultingfromprojectactivitiesunderthewith‐projectscenario.Theassessmentofimpactsmustincludechangesinwell‐beingduetoprojectactivitiesandanevaluationoftheimpactsbytheaffectedCommunityGroups.Thisassessmentmustbebasedonclearlydefinedanddefendableassumptionsaboutchangesinwell‐beingoftheCommunityGroupsunderthewith‐projectscenario,includingpotentialimpactsofchangesinallecosystemservicesidentifiedasimportantfortheCommunities(includingwaterandsoilresources),overtheprojectlifetime.
AsdescribedinsectionG1.5theprojectactivitiesarebeingimplementedwithsmallholderfarmers,withtheProjectAreaonlycomprisinglandwhichisownedandcontrolledbyindividualsmallholderhouseholds.TheCommunityGroupsincludewomen,youth,evangelicalChristiansandshopowners.TheimpactoftheprojectonCommunityGroupsispositive.CommunitiesonlyenterintotheprojectbasedonadetailedFPICprocess,andvoluntarily.Givenhouseholdsincludedifferentsub‐groupseveryeffortismadetoengagewiththem.Whilsttraditionallyoftensmallholderfarmingfamiliesareheadedbyamale,theprojecthasmadeeveryefforttoincludefemalepartners/wivesinallconsultationandcapacitybuilding.WherethereisafemaleheadedhousethenPlantyourFuturewillengagedirectlywithfemales,andthisisthecaseforvarious
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familiesintheinitialLoretoandUcayaliInstances.Mendothelionsshareofmanualfarmingworkonfarms,andPlantyourFutureissensitivetothisculturalnorm,andnaturalgenderrolesintermsofcapacitybuildingandtraining.Youtharealsoinvitedalongtocapacitybuildingbothinformalworkshopsandonthefarmwithtechniciansifitdoesn’tconflictwithschoolingcommitments.PlantyourFuturedoesnotdiscriminationin‐termsofCommunityselectiononreligious,orrelatedtothegenderoftheheadofthehousehold.Figure18,Figure19andFigure20belowshowanticipatedresultschainfromstrategiesrelatedtothethreeprojectfocalissues.Theseresultschainsaretheresultofthesocialimpactassessment,consultationswithfarmersbothatthegroupandindividuallevelandconsultationswithOtherStakeholders.Resultsarebrokenupintointermediateresultsanddirectresults.Theresultschaindetailpotentialrisksaswellasmitigationactivitiesfortheserisks.
Theprojectactivitieswillpositivelyimpactwaterandsoilresources.Therestorationofdegraded/deforestedagriculturalareastoforestcoverthroughagroforestrywillenhancesoilfertilityandcomposition.Itwillalsorestorenaturalhydrologyastheecosystemisrestoredtoforest.Thiswillalsoimprovewaterqualityastreesplayapurifyrolethroughriparianbufferzones.Therestorationofriparianforestshelpcontrolsediment,reducethedamagingeffectsoffloodingandaidinstabilizingstreambanks.
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CM2.2Describemeasuresneededandtakentomitigateanynegativewell‐beingimpactsonCommunityGroupsandformaintenanceorenhancementoftheHighConservationValueattributes(identifiedinCM1.2)consistentwiththeprecautionaryprinciple.
PlantingfortheFutureposesnothreatofsignificantreductionorlossofbiologicaldiversityoranyotherHCV.PlantingfortheFutureenhancesHCV’sthroughincreasedincomefromcropproductionandsustainableforestryandrestoringforestcovertodegraded/deforestedareas.
CM2.3Demonstratethatthenetwell‐beingimpactsoftheprojectarepositiveforallidentifiedCommunityGroupscomparedwiththeiranticipatedwell‐beingconditionsunderthewithout‐projectlandusescenario(describedinCM1).
Thewithout‐projectscenariopredictsthatwellbeingofCommunitiesinbothprojectinstanceswouldworsen.PlantingfortheFuturewillnotonlyincreasefarmfamilies’incomesandgivethemmedium‐andlong‐termsecurity,itwillalsoincreasecapacityintheareaforsilvicultureandclimatesmartfarming,andbuildinstitutionsandsocialstructures.
CM2.4DemonstratethatnoHighConservationValues(identifiedinCM1.2)arenegativelyaffectedbytheproject.
PlantingfortheFuturewillnotnegativelyimpacttheHCVsidentifiedinCM1.2.Thereisnosignificantphysicalinfrastructureassociatedwiththeproject,anditworkswithsocialsystemsalreadyinplace.Treeplantingwill:enhancethehydrologicsystemandsoilintegrityoffarms;byaddingvaluetodegradedareas,enablefarmerstomaintainforestonotherpartsoftheirproperty;improvefarmers’knowledgebase;andprovidelivelihoodsthatmotivateyoungpeopletostayintheProjectZone.
AsshownintheresultschainflowdiagraminsectionCM2.1thewell‐beingimpactsoftheprojectarepositive.TheresultschainappliesatthehouseholdlevelwhichtranscendsacrossCommunityGroups.
CM3.OTHERSTAKEHOLDERIMPACTS
CM3.1Identifyanypotentialpositiveandnegativeimpactsthattheprojectactivitiesarelikelytocauseonthewell‐beingofOtherStakeholders.
Thecapacitybuildingandtrainingdonebytheprojectwillincreasetheknowledgeofsmallholderfarmersonbiodiversityconservation,theimportanceandroleofforestsandonclimatechangemitigationandadaptation.ThiswillpositivelyimpacttheconservationoftheReservaNacionalAllpahuayo‐Mishana.AssomeoftheLoretoProjectAreasareinthebufferzoneoftheReserve,areasoffarmsthatarereforestedduetoPlantingfortheFuturewillprovidemorehabitatforallspecies,butparticularlyfauna,thathavebeenconfinedtothereserveorforestedareasofadjacentfarms.
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SFM‐BAMwillbenefitbyneighboringsmallholderfarmershavingastakeinreforestationactivityinadditiontotheiremploymentbytheCampoVerdereforestationcarbonproject.ThatprojectalreadyhasareciprocalrelationshipofinformationsharingwithPlantyourFuture.
CM3.2Describethemeasuresneededandtakentomitigatethenegativewell‐beingimpactsonOtherStakeholders.
PlantingfortheFutureposesnothreattothewell‐beingofOtherStakeholders.
CM3.3Demonstratethattheprojectactivitiesdonotresultinnetnegativeimpactsonthewell‐beingofOtherStakeholders.
PlantingfortheFutureposesnothreattothewell‐beingofOtherStakeholders.
CM4.COMMUNITYIMPACTMONITORING
CM4.1Developandimplementamonitoringplanthatidentifiescommunityvariablestobemonitored,Communities,CommunityGroupsandOtherStakeholderstobemonitored,thetypesofmeasurements,thesamplingmethods,andthefrequencyofmonitoringandreporting.Monitoringvariablesmustbedirectlylinkedtotheproject’sobjectivesforCommunitiesandCommunityGroupsandtopredictedoutputs,outcomesandimpactsidentifiedintheproject’scausalmodelrelatedtothewell‐beingofCommunities(describedinG1.8).Monitoringmustassessdifferentiatedimpacts,includingandbenefits,costsandrisks,foreachoftheCommunityGroupsandmustincludeanevaluationbytheaffectedCommunityGroups.
PlantyourFuturehasdevelopedtheCCBStandardCommunityandBiodiversityMonitoringPlan,basedonthesocialandenvironmentalimpactassessmentandconsultationspartners,withCommunitiesandOtherStakeholders.Themonitoringcriteriaarestructuredaroundthethreecorefocalissues,whichcontributetoachievingtheoverallprojectobjective.MonitoringparametershavebeendevelopedusingaTheoryofChangeapproachandgroupedintooutput,outcomeandimpactmonitoringindicators.ThemonitoringwillbecarriedoutwithCommunitiesandwillbedesignedtoensureidentifiedCommunityGroupsaremonitoredaspartofacarefullydesignedsamplingapproach.Pleaserefertothefullmonitoringplanforcompletedetailsanddescriptions.Belowisasummaryofmonitoringindicators.
MONITORING INDICATORS
Thetheoryofchange,ananalysisofanticipatedcauseandeffectsequencesfromprojectactivitiesthroughtooutcomesandeventuallong‐termimpacts,hasbeenappliedtotheproject’sdifferentcommunityrelatedactivitiesandhasservedasaguidetodevelopappropriateindicatorsandmonitoringrequirementsinlinewiththeCCBS.
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Activity1:SustainableAgriculture
ActivityOverview:ImplementationofAgroforestrySystems
OutputIndicators
Activity OutputSamplingType/Product Timing/Frequency
NurseryDevelopmentNo.ofnurseriesestablished recordindataform monthlyreport
NurseryDevelopmentNumberofsamplingscultivated recordindataform monthlyreport
AgroforestryinstallationNo.offruittreesplanted recordindataform monthlyreport
AgroforestryinstallationNo.oftimbertreesplanted recordindataform monthlyreport
Treesurvivalrate %mortality recordindataform
count3monthsafterinitialplantingandagainafter1year
Legalagreementswithfarmers
No.ofcontractssigned recordindataform ongoing
Capacitybuildingwithfarmers
No.ofworkshopsandno.offarmvisits
Workshopreports.Technicianfieldreports. ongoing
OutcomeIndicators
Outcome SamplingType/Product Timing/Frequency
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No.ofhectaresofagroforestryundermanagement
Fromasurveyoffarmersfollowingplanting Annually
VolumeofAmazonianfruitsproduced farmerdatarecords monthly
Valueofcarbonoffsetpaymentsmade ERPA ongoing
ImpactIndicators
ImpactsSamplingType/Product Timing/Frequency
Increasedincomefromsaleoffruits
Longitudinalfarmersurveryusingasamplingapproachwithselectedfarmers annually
Increasedincomefromsaleoftimber
accountsrecordstradeassociation annually
Increasedforestcover
remotesensingdata/mapping annually
Reducedpoverty
Longitudinalfarmersurveryusingasamplingapproachwithselectedfarmers annually
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Activity2:MarketAccess
OutputIndicators
Activity OutputSamplingType/Product Timing/Frequency
Consultationwithfarmersontradeassociationestablishment
No.ofconsultationmeetings/No.ofparticipants/No.ofwomenparticipants recordindataform ongoing
Draftingoftradeassociationstatutesanddevelopmentofgovernancestrategy
Draftstatuteandgovernancedocument documents oneoff
BusinessplandevelopmentforsaleofAmazonianfruits
BusinessPlanDocument report oneoff
Capacitybuildinginbusinessforfarmers
No.ofworkshops,informationdissemination report ongoing
Settingupofstoragefacility storagebuilding
Photosofstorageunitandreportonspecifications oneoff
Settingupofprocessingfacility processingunit
Photosofprocessingunitandreportonspecifications oneoff
OutcomeIndicators
Outcome SamplingType/Product Timing/Frequency
RegistrationoftradeassociationwithRR.PP officialdocumentation oneoff
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RegistrationoffarmerstradeassociationwithSUNATandobtentionofaRUC officialdocumentation oneoff
Governanceoftradeassociationbyelectedfarmers minutesofmeetings ongoing
SaleofAmazonianfruitsviacontract contracts/accounts ongoing
VolumeofprocessAmazonianfruitssold reportsfromtradeassociation ongoing
ImpactIndicators
ImpactsSamplingType/Product Timing/Frequency
Increasedincomes
longitudinalfarmersurveryusingasamplingapproachwithselectedfarmers annually
ReducedPoverty
longitudinalfarmersurveryusingasamplingapproachwithselectedfarmers annually
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Activity3:BiodiversityConservation
OutputIndicators
InstallationofAgroforestrysystems
No.oftreesplanted,typeofpesticideorinsecticideused,speciesplanted,
recordindataform ongoing
Capacitybuildingoffarmersinsustainableagriculture
No.ofworkshopsorcapacitybuildingsessions report ongoing
OutcomeIndicators
Outcome SamplingType/Product Timing/Frequency
Reductioninsoilerosion soilsampling annually
Agroforestryadoptedaspreferedagriculturalpractise
longitudinalfarmersurveryusingasamplingapproachwithselectedfarmers annually
Increaseinfarmproductivity
longitudinalfarmersurveryusingasamplingapproachwithselectedfarmers/recordstradeassociation annually
Increasedhabitatforrarespecies
no.ofhectaresofforestrestored annually
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increaseinrarebiodiversity sightingofrarespecies annually
ImpactIndicators
ImpactsSamplingType/Product Timing/Frequency
Reduceddeforestationrate
remotesensing/longitudinalfarmersurveryusingasamplingapproachwithselectedfarmers every3years
Reducedforestdegradation
remotesensing/longitudinalfarmersurveryusingasamplingapproachwithselectedfarmers every3years
Increasedforestcoverthroughrestorationofdegradedland
remotesensing/longitudinalfarmersurveryusingasamplingapproachwithselectedfarmers every3years
CM4.2DevelopandimplementamonitoringplantoassesstheeffectivenessofmeasurestakentomaintainorenhanceallidentifiedHighConservationValuesrelatedtocommunitywell‐being.
MonitoringofHighConservationValues
TheCCBSrequiresthatHCVareasareidentifiedandmonitoredwithintheprojectzone.TheprojectzonecontainsexamplesofvariousHCV’s.Manyofthesearecoveredinthe‘biodiversity’sectionoftheCCBPDDandtheBiodiversityMonitoringPlan.SpecificallymonitoringofHCV’s1‐4arecoveredintheBiodiversityMonitoringPlansalthoughitisacknowledgedtherearecross‐cuttingimpactshereoncommunities.HCV5and6specificallyrelatedtocommunities.
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HighConservationValues5and6
HCV5.Areasfundamentaltomeetingbasicneedsoflocalcommunities(e.g.subsistence,health)
HCV6.Areascriticaltolocalcommunities’traditionalculturalidentity(areasofcultural,ecological,economicorreligioussignificanceidentifiedincooperationwithsuchlocalcommunities)
HCV5:Theprojectarea,andtheprojectzonearefundamentaltomeetingthebasicneedsoflocalcommunitiesthroughsubsistencefarming.Theprojectarea,andtheprojectzoneareafundamentalareaforfoodproduction,forsubsistence‐consumption,andsale.SurpluscropstofamilyconsumptionneedsareusedtogenerateanincometoenableCommunitiestopurchaseotheritemstomeetbasicneeds.Theprojectzonealsoprovideswaterforlocalcommunities.
MonitoringHCV5:MonitoringHCV5willbecompletedthroughthemonitoringofsustainableagriculture,andtheproductionofcropsandincomegeneration.ThisisincludedinthemonitoringprotocolsdescribedunderFocalIssue1–SustainableAgriculture.
HCV6
Thisisnotpresentintheprojectarea,somonitoringisn’trequired.
CM4.3Disseminatethemonitoringplan,andanyresultsofmonitoringundertakeninaccordancewiththemonitoringplan,ensuringthattheyaremadepubliclyavailableontheinternetandsummariesarecommunicatedtotheCommunitiesandOtherStakeholdersthroughappropriatemeans.
ThemonitoringplanwillbemadepublicontheinternetaspartoftheCCBPublicCommentperiod.ThemonitoringplansandindicatorshavebeenexplainedtoCommunitiesthroughlocalmeetings.OtherStakeholdershavebeenmadeawareofourmonitoringplanvialocalmeetingsandviaemail.
GL2.EXCEPTIONALCOMMUNITYBENEFITS
GL2.1a.DemonstratethatSmallholders/CommunityMembersorCommunitieseitherownorhavemanagementrights,statutoryorcustomary,individuallyorcollectively,tolandintheProjectArea.TheSmallholders/CommunityMembersorCommunitieshaverightstoclaimthattheiractivitieswillordidgenerateorcausetheproject’sclimate,communityandbiodiversitybenefits.
OR
b. DemonstratethattheProjectZoneisinalowhumandevelopmentcountryORinanadministrativeareaofamediumorhighhumandevelopmentcountryinwhichatleast50%ofthehouseholdswithintheCommunitiesarebelowthenationalpovertyline.
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PlantingfortheFuturemeetsindicatorGL2.1a:oneoftheeligibilitycriteriaforparticipationintheprojectisthattheparticipantsaresmallholderfarmers,whoaredefinedaslandholdersthatarenotstructurallydependentonpermanenthiredlabour,managetheirlandmainlywiththeirownandtheirfamily’slabourforce,andwhoseprimaryincomecomesfromtheirlandmanagementactivities37.
Theparticipantsinthisprojecthavetotallandholdingsaveraging8hainUcayali(CampoVerdesocioeconomicsurvey)and15hainLoreto(Mateo,2013b38).Thesehouseholdsactivelyparticipateintheproject.
WithrespecttoindicatorGL2.1b,Peru’shumandevelopmentindex(HDI)valuefor2012,0.741,fallsto0.561,inthemediumhumandevelopmentrange,whenadjustedforinequality(UNDP,201339).TheHDIsofMaynasProvince,LoretoandCoronelPortillo,Ucayaliare0.461and0.468,respectively(PNUD,201340).41.8%ofthepopulationofLoretoRegionlivesinmonetarypovertywhileonly13.2%ofthepopulationinUcayaliRegionareinthesamesituation(INEI,201341).
GL2.2Demonstratethattheprojectgeneratesshort‐termandlong‐termnetpositivewell‐beingbenefitsforSmallholders/CommunityMembers.Includeindicatorsofwell‐beingimpactsonSmallholder/CommunityMembersinthemonitoringplan.Theassessmentofimpactsmustincludechangesinwell‐beingduetoprojectactivitiesandanevaluationoftheimpactsbytheaffectedSmallholders/CommunityMembers.
Theprojectgeneratedshort‐termandlong‐termnetpositivebenefitsforsmallholders,whoaretheprojectsprimarybeneficiary.(seeResultsChainFlowDiagramsinFigure18,Figure19andFigure1)Themonitoringplanincludesprovisionstoassesschangesinwell‐beingduetoprojectactivitiesforthesmallholderfarmersparticipatingintheproject.
37DefinitiontakenfromthePlanVivoStandard
38Mateo,S.2013b.Plantandoparaelfuturo:Análisissocioeconómicoyconsultaaactoresclaveenelámbitodelproyecto.PlantyourFutureandProNaturaleza.
39UNDP.2013.Explanatorynoteon2013HDRcompositeindices–Peru.HumanDevelopmentReport2013.TheRiseoftheSouth:HumanProgressinaDiverseWorld.Retrievedfromhttp://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country‐Profiles/PER.pdf
40PNUD.2013.InformesobreDesarrolloHumanoPeru2013.Retrievedfromhttp://www.pe.undp.org/content/peru/es/home/library/poverty/Informesobredesarrollohumano2013/IDHPeru2013/
41INEI.2013.EncuestaNacionaldeHogares,ascitedinthepresentationEvolucióndelaPobrezaMonetariaenelPerúal2012.Retrievedfromhttp://www.inei.gob.pe/media/cifras_de_pobreza/pobreza_exposicionjefe2013.pdf
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GL2.3Identify,throughaparticipatoryprocess,risksfortheSmallholders/CommunityMemberstoparticipateintheproject,includingthoserelatedtotradeoffswithfoodsecurity,landloss,lossofyieldsandshort‐termandlong‐termclimatechangeadaptation.Explainhowtheprojectisdesignedtoavoidsuchtradeoffsandthemeasurestakentomanagetheidentifiedrisks.IncludeindicatorsofrisksforSmallholders/CommunityMembersinthemonitoringplan.
TheprojecthasengagedinaprocesstoidentifyrisksusingaparticipatoryprocesswithsmallholdersandCommunityMembers.Theprojectdoesnotposearisksrelatedtotradeoffwithfoodsecurity,lossofyields.Intermsofclimatechangeadaptationintheshortandlongtermtheprojectwillsmallholderresilience.Indicatorsofincomeandvolumeofproduceareincludedinthemonitoringplan.Theagroforestrysystemallownormalsubsistencecropstobeplantedinyearone,butunderbettertechnicalsupervisionthanunderthebaselinescenario,sotherewillbenolossofnormalcropyields.
GL2.4IdentifyCommunityGroupsthataremarginalizedand/orvulnerable.Demonstratethattheprojectgeneratesnetpositiveimpactsonthewell‐beingofallidentifiedmarginalizedand/orvulnerableCommunityGroups.Demonstratethatanybarriersorrisksthatmightpreventbenefitsgoingtomarginalizedand/orvulnerableSmallholder/CommunityMembershavebeenidentifiedandaddressed.Demonstratethatmeasuresaretakentoidentifyanymarginalizedand/orvulnerableSmallholders/CommunityMembers,whosewell‐beingmaybenegativelyaffectedbytheproject,andthatmeasuresaretakentoavoid,orwhenunavoidabletomitigate,anysuchimpacts.
Theprojecthasidentifiedsmallholderfarmerswhoareelderlyorfemaleheadedasbeingpotentiallyvulnerable.Thesesmallholdershavebeenincludedintheproject,andthattheywillbepositiveimpactbyprojectactivities.Barrierstosuccessfulimplementationmaybelackofmanuallabouratthehouseholdleveland/orvulnerabilitytoillnessmeaningsystemscannotbemaintained(e.g.weeded/pestcontrolatcertaintimes)PlantyourFutureprovideextrasupporttothesevulnerablegroupsasrequired–eitherthroughadditionalfinancialsupportformaintenanceormorefarmvisitsandsupportfromourtechnicians.
GL2.5Demonstratethattheprojectgeneratesnetpositiveimpactsonthewell‐beingofwomenandthatwomenparticipateinorinfluencedecision‐makingandincludeindicatorsofimpactsonwomeninthemonitoringplan.
Theprojectactivitiesareorientatedtoimplementationatthehouseholdlevel.Mosthouseholdsincludewomen.Femalemembersofthehouseholdhavebeenencouragedtoattendallformalprojectmeetings,consultationsandcapacitybuilding.Assuchwomenhavebeenabletoinfluencedecision‐makingduringtheconsultativeandparticipatoryprocessforprojectdesign.
Theprojectdoesnotdiscriminateagainstfemaleheadedhouseholds,andtheyareactivelyparticipatinginthefirstprojectinstances.Legalagreementsrelatedtotheprojectaresignedbyhusbandandwife,evenifthetitleisonlyinthenameofthehusband.
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ThemonitoringplanincludesthemonitoringofwomenasanidentifiedCommunityGroup.
GL2.6Describethedesignandimplementationofabenefitsharingmechanism,demonstratingthatSmallholders/CommunityMembershavefullyandeffectivelyparticipatedindefiningthedecision‐makingprocessandthedistributionmechanismforbenefitsharing;anddemonstratingtransparency,includingonprojectfundingandcostsaswellasonbenefitdistribution.
Smallholdershavebeeninvolvedinthedesignofthebenefitsharingmechanismanddistributionmechanismfromthebeginning.Consultationsandparticipatorydiscussionswereheldwithsmallholdersfarmersin2012and2013.ThesewereconvenedbyPlantyourFutureandProNaturaleza,buttherewasalsoindependentparticipationbyIICAandCOPASIMOL,plusPeruvianLegalExpertstoexplaintofarmerstheirrights.Recordsandattendancelistshavebeenkeptofmeetingsheldtodiscussbenefitsharing,andthedevelopmentandevolutionofthefinallegalagreementsbetweenPlantatuFuturoandsmallholderscanbemadeavailabletotheauditoronrequest.InternationallawfirmHoganLovellswereresponsiblefordraftingofthebenefitsharingagreement,assistedbyPeruvianCounsel.HoganLovellsincorporatedfeedbackfromCommunityMembers,aswellasOtherStakeholders,aspartofamulti‐stepdevelopmentprocess.ThebenefitsharingmechanismwasalsoindependentlyreviewedbyPeruvianLegalexpertsandfeedbackprovidedwasincorporatedintothefinalversionofthebenefitsharingagreement.
GL2.7Explainhowrelevantandadequateinformationaboutpredictedandactualbenefits,costsandriskshasbeencommunicatedtoSmallholders/CommunityMembersandprovideevidencethattheinformationisunderstood.
AsdescribedabovePlantyourFutureheldaseriesofparticipatorymeetingsandconsultationswithsmallholdersinrelationtotheprojectcosts,thesupporttheywillreceiveandtherisks.Theywerepresentedwithvariouspossiblescenariosinrelationtocarbonrevenues,showingsensitivitytopriceandgrowthratesandexplainedtothatcarbonpriceswerevariable,likeothercommoditiesinthemarket,soanestimateofexactfinancialbenefitsfromthecarbonrevenuestreamcouldnotbepredicted.Evidencethatthisinformationwasunderstoodwasprovidedthroughfarmer’squestionsduringmeetingdiscussions.ThirdpartieswerepresentatthesemeetingincludingProNaturaleza,IICAandNotary.
GL2.8Describetheproject’sgovernanceandimplementationstructures,andanyrelevantself‐governanceorotherstructuresusedforaggregationofSmallholders/Communitymembers,anddemonstratethattheyenablefullandeffectiveparticipationofSmallholders/CommunityMembersinprojectdecision‐makingandimplementation.
Legalagreementsarehelddirectlybetweensmallholdertitleholders,andPlantatuFuturo.
Withinthelegalagreementsthereisprovisionforthesmallholderfarmerstoelectonepersontositonthesub‐committeeofPlantatuFuturowhichwillprovideoversighttothemanagementofthefundsgeneratedfromthesaleofcarboncredits.ThelegalagreementsalsoincludeclausesaboutcommunicationbetweenPlantatuFuturoandthesmallholderfarmersonsaleofthecarbonoffsets,plustheconveningofanannualgeneralmeetingforparticipatingsmallholders.
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Wewillworkwithfarmersinthefuturetohelpthemestablishtradeassociations,whichisakeycomponentoftheoverallprojectstrategytohelpfarmersaccessformalmarkets,andimprovetheincomestheygeneratefromsaleofcrops,fruitsandtimber.
GL2.9DemonstratehowtheprojectisdevelopingthecapacityofSmallholders/CommunityMembers,andrelevantlocalorganizationsorinstitutions,toparticipateeffectivelyandactivelyinprojectdesign,implementationandmanagement.
Theprojectiscommittedtodevelopingthecapacityofsmallholderfarmers,andthisisaguidingprincipleofourvision.Weaimtoempowersmallholderfarmerstoparticipatefullyinprojectdesign,implementationandmanagement.Smallholderfarmersareinvolvedindecisionmakingfortheproject.Theircapacityisbeingbuildthroughstructuredgroupinformationandtrainingsessions,aswellasone‐on‐onecapacitybuildingontheirfarmwiththeprojecttechnicians.Smallholdersreceiveavisittotheirfarmatleastonceamonthbyaprojecttechnician,andtheyarelearning‐by‐doingasprojectimplementationproceeds.
Smallholderfarmercapacitybusinesscapacitywillbebuiltthroughthedevelopmentoftradeassociations,whichtheywillmanage.
Duringtheimplementationphasetwosmallholderfarmersparticipatingintheschemewereselectedtoactaslocalcommunitymanagersfortheproject,andtookonimportantcoordinationroles,aswellasnurserymanagement.
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BIODIVERSITYSECTION
B1.BIODIVERSITYWITHOUT‐PROJECTSCENARIO
B1.1DescribebiodiversitywithintheProjectZoneatthestartoftheprojectandthreatstothatbiodiversity,usingappropriatemethodologies.
TheProjectZonesincludetwoWWF‐designatedglobalecoregions:theNapoMoistForestandAmazonRiverandFloodedForests.
TheglobalNapoMoistForestecoregion[containingtheterrestrialecoregionsNapoMoistForests(LoretoProjectZone)andUcayaliMoistForests(UcayaliProjectZone)]hascomplextopographyandsoilsandvastriversystemsthatcreateadynamicmosaicofhabitatsandcomplexbiogeographichistories.AccordingtoWWF42,newandplannedroadsareopeningtheNapoMoistForeststodeforestationanddegradationthroughcolonisation,agriculture,cattleranching,intensivehunting,oilexploration,andtimberexploitation.
TheAmazonriverandfloodedforests(váreza)globalecoregion(whichcontainstheIquitosvárezaterrestrialecoregion,wheretheLoretoinstanceoftheprojectislocated)ishometohumidtropicalfloodplainforests.VárzeasarecommonlyreferredtoasaguajalesintheProjectZonesbecauseofthedominanceofthepalmofthatname(Mauritiaflexuosa).AmongterrestrialAmazonecosystems,aguajalesstorethelargestamountofcarbon,closeto1800t/haofCO2equivalent43.Theyhostagreatdiversityoftrees,whichprovidecriticalhabitatforreproductiveandnurserygroundsforfishesandmanyinvertebrates,200mammalspecies,primates,anumberofrodentsandbats.Theseforestsalsohavealonghistoryofhumanoccupationbecauseoftheirhighproductivityandaccessibility44.Theyarethreatenedduetocolonisationandassociatedinfrastructuredevelopment,selectivelogging,conversiontocattleranching,andwaterbuffalo(Bubalusbubalis)introduction45.
LORETOINSTANCE:
TheResearchInstituteofthePeruvianAmazon(IIAP)hasconductedseveralbiodiversitystudiesintheareaoftheLoretoinstanceofwhichthemostrelevanttothisbiodiversityoftheprojectareaisthestudy“BiophysicalbasesandproposalsofzoningandprogramsfortheMasterPlanAllpahuayo
42WWF.nd.NapoMoistForests.Retrievedfromhttp://wwf.panda.org/about_our_earth/ecoregions/napo_moist_forests.cfm
43SalazarVega,A.2010.AguajalesinLoreto,Peru:EnvironmentalServicesoftheAguajalesandtheOpportunitiesforaGlobalBusinessfortheLoretoRegion.KatoombaGroup:EcosystemMarketplace.Retrievedfromhttp://www.ecosystemmarketplace.com/pages/dynamic/article.page.php?page_id=6019§ion=home&eod=1
44Sears,R.2014.SeasonallyfloodedriverbasinsofBrazil,PeruandBolivia.WorldWildlifeFundInternational.Retrievedfromhttp://worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/nt0128
45WWF.nd.AmazonRiverandFloodedForests.Retrievedfromhttp://wwf.panda.org/about_our_earth/ecoregions/amazon_river_forests.cfm.
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‐MishanaReserve”46.TheareaofAllpahuayo‐MishanaisdirectlyincludedintheLoretoProjectZoneandthescatteredremnantsofforestbetweencroppedareasintheProjectZonehavesimilarcharacteristicstotheforestinthereserve.
Theprojectzone,includingtheAllpahuayo‐MishanaNationalReserve,containpatchesofarareandpreciousforesttypeknownas“Varillales”–thesearediscontinuouspatchesofforestedwhitesandthatmakeuponly1%ofthePeruvianAmazon.47Thisforestishometouniquefaunaandflora,adaptedtoharshconditionsofnutrientstressandconstantwatertablefluctuation.
AccordingtotheIIAPstudy,intheAllpahuayo–MishanaReserve,275treespecies,includingnumerousendemicplantsandnewtoscience,hadbeenrecordedasof2004.Therearenolongercommerciallyvaluablespecies,becausethosespecieshavebeenselectivelyextractedovertheyears48.
TheIIAPstudyrecordedthepresenceof145speciesofmammals,ofwhichsevenspeciesarecurrentlythreatenedwithlocalextinction(seeTable8).
Table8.MammalspeciesdocumentedneartheLoretoProjectZonefound(byIUCN)tobethreatenedwithextinctionor(byIIAP)localextinction
Latinname Commonname Localname IUCNRedListstatus
Threatoflocalextinction
Alouattaseniculus Colombianredhowlermonkey
Vulnerable Vulnerable
Callicebustorquatus
Collaredtitimonkey
Leastconcern Highlyvulnerable
Cebusalbifrons White‐frontedcapuchin
Leastconcern Vulnerable
Cebusapella Black‐cappedcapuchin
Leastconcern Vulnerable
Herpailurusyaguarondi
Jaguarundi Puma Leastconcern
46IIAP.2004.BasesbiofísicasypropuestasdezonificaciónydeprogramasparaelPlanMaestrodelaZonaReservadaAllpahuayo‐Mishana.InstitutodeInvestigacionesdelaAmazoníaPeruana;BIODAMAZProyectoDiversidadBiológicadelaAmazoníaPeruana.Retrievedfromhttp://www.iiap.org.pe/Upload/Publicacion/DT010.pdf
47Vrisendorp,C.,Pitman,N,RojasMoscoso,J.I.,Pawlak,B.A.,andRiveraChavez,L.2006.Perú:Matsés(RapidBiologicalInventories16).Chicago,IL:FieldMuseum.Retrievedfromhttp://fm2.fieldmuseum.org/rbi/temp/Matses_English.pdf
48Tello,H.2001.ValoracióneconómicadeladiversidadbiológicaeneláreadeinfluenciadelaCarreteraIquitos–Nauta.EnValoraciónEconómicadelaDiversidadBiológicayServiciosAmbientalesenelPerú,INRENA,IRG/Biofor,USAID.Peru.474pp.
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Hydrochaerishydrochaeris
Capybara Capybara Leastconcern Highlyvulnerable
Lagothrixlagotricha
Humboldt'swoollymonkey
Monochoro Vulnerable Vulnerable
Leoparduswiedii Margay Ocelot Nearthreatened
Leoparduspardalis Ocelot Ocelot Leastconcern
Myrmecophagatridactyla
Giantanteater Osohormiguero
Vulnerable Vulnerable
Pantheronca Jaguar Jaguar Nearthreatened
Pitheciaaequatorialis
Equatorialsaki Leastconcern Highlyvulnerable
Potosflavus Kinkajou Chosna Leastconcern Highlyvulnerable
Priodontesmaximus
Giantarmadillo Vungunturo Vulnerable Vulnerable
Tapirusterrestris Lowlandtapir Vulnerable Vulnerable
475speciesofbirds,includingatleastninespeciesendemictotheNapoEcoregion,weredocumentedintheIIAPstudy.Ofthese,sixteentaxaarethreatenedwithlocalextinctionandone,Polioptilaclementsi–theIquitosgnatcatcher–islistedbyIUCNascriticallyendangered49.Only70‐400ofthesebirdsarethoughttoexist.IntheBirdLife‐authoredIUCNRedListentry,reforestationaroundAllpahuayo–MishanaReserveislistedasanidealconservationmeasure.Thegnatcatcher’sonlyhabitatareVarillalforests.Theprojectisplantingtreeswheretherewerenoneonatleastonewhitesandplot,therebydirectlycreatinghabitatforthisthegnatcatcher.
118speciesofreptiles,includingseveralrarespecies,wererecordedintheIIAPstudy(seeTable9).
Table9.ReptilespeciesdocumentedneartheLoretoProjectZonefound(byIUCN)tobethreatenedwithextinctionor(byIUCN)localextinction
Latinname Commonname Localname IUCNRedListstatus
Threatoflocalextinction
49BirdLifeInternational.2013.Polioptilaclementsi.In:IUCN2013.IUCNRedListofThreatenedSpecies.Version2013.2.TheIUCNRedListofThreatenedSpecies.Retrievedfromhttp://www.iucnredlist.org/details/22734664/0
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Caimancrocodilus Commoncaiman Lowerrisk/leastconcern
Threatened
Chelusfimbriatus Matamata Notyetevaluated
Highlyvulnerable
Geochelonedenticulata
Yellow‐footedtortoise
Vulnerable Highlyvulnerable
Paleosuchuspalpebrosus
Dwarfcaiman Lowerrisk/leastconcern
Threatened
Podocnemisunifilis Yellow‐spottedriverturtle
Vulnerable Threatened
Paleosuchustrigonatus
Smooth‐frontedcaiman
Lowerrisk/leastconcern
Highlyvulnerable
TheIIAPstudydocumented81speciesofamphibianswhichincludethreefrogsthatareendemictotheNapoecoregion(Dendrobatesreticulatus,NyctimantisrugicepsandSyncopecarvalhoi)andasalamanderspecies(Bolitoglossasp.)thatisnewtoscience.
UCAYALIINSTANCE:
TheUcayaliProjectZoneisdominatedbypasture,secondaryforest,residualprimaryforestandagriculture.Birdssuchasthemacaw(guacamayoinSpanish,oftheAragenus),partridge(perdizinSpanish,speciesnameAlectorisrufa),colbalt‐wingedparakeetpihuichoinSpanish,speciesnameBrotogeriscyanoptera),woodpigeonorringdove(torcazainSpanish),toucan(tucáninSpanish,ofthefamilyRamphastidae)andothersareespeciallyvulnerabletoreductionintheirhabitat.50Thesurroundingareasoftheprojectareprimaryandsecondaryforestswhere86differentspeciesoftreesand62speciesofbirds,reptilesandmammalswererecordedinabiophysicalsurveycarriedoutinJanuary200551.ThePeruvianwoollymonkey(Lagothrixcana),notsightedbutintheorypresentintheProjectZone,islistedasendangered,giventhatatleasta50%populationdeclineis
50SeeCampoVerdeprojectdocumentationforCCBValidation,AnnexC(availablefromhttp://www.climate‐standards.org/2008/11/25/reforestation‐with‐native‐commercial‐species‐on‐degraded‐lands‐for‐timber‐and‐carbon‐purposes‐in‐campo‐verde‐ucayali‐peru/)
51SeeCampoVerdeprojectdocumentationforCCBValidation,AnnexC(availablefromhttp://www.climate‐standards.org/2008/11/25/reforestation‐with‐native‐commercial‐species‐on‐degraded‐lands‐for‐timber‐and‐carbon‐purposes‐in‐campo‐verde‐ucayali‐peru/)
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estimatedtohaveoccurredoverthepast3generations(45years)duetoheavydeforestationandhunting52.NofloraspeciesareontheIUCNRedListornotedaslocallyvulnerable.
AsurveybytheSocialPropertyCompany(EPS)TierraRoja,completedin198353,mentionsthatthevegetationoftheprojectzoneinthatyearwashighforest,exuberant,thickandwithpresenceoforchids,lianas,bromeliads,fernsandepiphyticplants.AccordingtotheEvaluationofPermanentProductionForestsoftheUcayaliRegion,conductedbyINRENAin200354,theforestsoftheprojectzonearecataloguedasTerrazaBaja(“forestsofthelowterraces”),withanaverageof52treesperhectare.
B1.2EvaluatewhethertheProjectZoneincludesanyofthefollowingHighConservationValues(HCVs)relatedtobiodiversityanddescribethequalifyingattributesforanyidentifiedHCVs:
a. Globally,regionallyornationallysignificantconcentrationsofbiodiversityvalues; TheLoretoprojectinstanceissituatedinthekeybiodiversityareaCuencaRíoNanay(NanayRiverWatershed),andtheUcayaliprojectinstanceincludespartofthekeybiodiversityareaReservaCommunalElSira(SiraCommunalReserve).
i.protectedareas
TheProjectZonesprovidecrucialconnectivitybetweenthemanyconservationareasatdifferentlevelsofprotectionintheregionthataredepictedinFigure21.
52Boubli,J.‐P.,DiFiore,A.,Rylands,A.B.&Wallace,R.B.2008.Lagothrixcana.In:IUCN2013.IUCNRedListofThreatenedSpecies.Version2013.2.Retrievedathttp://www.iucnredlist.org/details/39925/0
53Proyectotécnicoeconómicodelaempresadepropiedadsocial“LuchadoresTierraRoja”1983
54INRENA.2003.MapificacionyEvaluacionForestaldelBosquedeProduccionPermanentedelDepartamentodeUcayali.
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Figure21.ProtectedareasofLoreto,Ucayaliandsurroundingregions55
TheLoretoProjectZoneissituatedintheReservaNacionalAllpahuayo‐MishanaandtheUcayaliProjectZoneincludespartsoftheSiraCommunalReserve,bothofwhicharelistedasIUCNcategoryIVProtectedAreas.Thismeansthattheseareascontainpredominantlyunmodified
55SERNAP,INEI.2014.MapadeAreasNaturalesProtegidas.Peru.Retrievedfromhttp://www.sernanp.gob.pe/sernanp/bmapas.jsp?NroPag=1&ID=429
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naturalsystems,andshouldbemanagedtoensurelongtermprotectionandmaintenanceofbiologicaldiversity,whileprovidingatthesametimeasustainableflowofnaturalproductsandservicestomeetcommunityneeds.
ii.threatenedspecies
LORETOINSTANCE:TheIquitosgnatcatcher,Polioptilaclementsi,islistedbyIUCNascriticallyendangered.AllofthespecieslistedinTable8andTable9arelocallyvulnerable.Inaddition,thelong‐hairedspidermonkey(Atelesbelzebuth)56andtheGiantBrazilianOtter(Pteronurabrasiliensis)57arepresentinthisProjectZoneand,accordingtotheIUCN,endangered.
UCAYALIINSTANCE:Birdssuchasthemacaw(guacamayoinSpanish,oftheAragenus),partridge(perdizinSpanish,speciesnameAlectorisrufa),colbalt‐wingedparakeetpihuichoinSpanish,speciesnameBrotogeriscyanoptera),woodpigeonorringdove(torcazainSpanish),toucan(tucáninSpanish,ofthefamilyRamphastidae)andothersareespeciallyvulnerabletoreductionintheirhabitat.58Theblackcaiman(Melanosuchusniger)islistedbyIUCNas“conservationdependent”59.Atleasttwoendangeredspeciesarefoundinthisprojectzone:theblack‐facedspidermonkey(Ateleschamek)60,thePeruvianwoollymonkey(Lagothrixcana)61andtheGiantBrazilianOtter(Pteronurabrasiliensis).
iii.endemicspecies
LORETOINSTANCE:ThisprojectzoneliesintheUpperAmazon‐Napolowlandsendemicbirdarea(seeTable10).ManyspeciesareendemictovarillalesforestsoftheAllpahuayo–Mishanaregion,includingthefloraMauritiacarana,Platycarpum
56Boubli,J.‐P.,DiFiore,A.,Stevenson,P.,Link,A.,Marsh,L.&Morales,A.L.2008.Atelesbelzebuth.In:IUCN2013.IUCNRedListofThreatenedSpecies.Version2013.2.Retrievedfromhttp://www.iucnredlist.org/details/2276/0
57Duplaix,N.,Waldemarin,H.F.,Groenedijk,J.,Evangelista,E.,Munis,M.,Valesco,M.&Botello,J.C.2008.Pteronurabrasiliensis.In:IUCN2013.IUCNRedListofThreatenedSpecies.Version2013.2.Retrievedfromhttp://www.iucnredlist.org/details/18711/0
58SeeCampoVerdeprojectdocumentationforCCBValidation,AnnexC(availablefromhttp://www.climate‐standards.org/2008/11/25/reforestation‐with‐native‐commercial‐species‐on‐degraded‐lands‐for‐timber‐and‐carbon‐purposes‐in‐campo‐verde‐ucayali‐peru/)
59Ross,J.P.2000.Melanosuchusniger.In:IUCN2013.IUCNRedListofThreatenedSpecies.Version2013.2.Retrievedfromhttp://www.iucnredlist.org/details/13053/0
60Wallace,R.B.,Mittermeier,R.A.,Cornejo,F.&Boubli,J.‐P.2008.Ateleschamek.In:IUCN2013.IUCNRedListofThreatenedSpecies.Version2013.2.Retrievedfromhttp://www.iucnredlist.org/details/41547/0
61Boubli,J.‐P.,DiFiore,A.,Rylands,A.B.&Wallace,R.B.2008.Lagothrixcana.In:IUCN2013.IUCNRedListofThreatenedSpecies.Version2013.2.Retrievedathttp://www.iucnredlist.org/details/39925/0
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orinocense,andByronimacf.laevigata62.TheIquitosgnatcatcher,Polioptilaclementsi,isendemictothisarea.Titimonkeys(Callicebustorquatus)areendemictotheváreza.
Table10.UpperAmazon‐Napolowlandsrestricted‐rangespecies63
Species IUCNCategory
Olive‐spottedHummingbird(Leucippuschlorocercus) Leastconcern
BrownNunlet(Nonnulabrunnea) Leastconcern
Orange‐crestedManakin(Heterocercusaurantiivertex) Leastconcern
Olive‐chestedFlycatcher(Myiophobuscryptoxanthus) Leastconcern
Golden‐wingedTody‐flycatcher(Poecilotriccuscalopterus) Leastconcern
CochaAntshrike(Thamnophiluspraecox) Nearthreatened
Black‐tailedAntbird(Myrmoborusmelanurus) Vulnerable
White‐maskedAntbird(Pithyscastaneus) Nearthreatened
Ochre‐stripedAntpitta(Grallariadignissima) Leastconcern
EcuadorianCacique(Cacicussclateri) Leastconcern
UCAYALIINSTANCE:ThisprojectzoneliesintheUpperAmazon‐NapolowlandsandtheSouth‐eastPeruvianlowlandsendemicbirdareas.Inadditiontotherestricted‐rangebirdspecieslistedinTable10fortheUpperAmazon‐Napolowlands,theSouth‐eastPeruvianlowlandshostrestricted‐rangebirdspecieslistedinTable11.
Table11.South‐eastPeruvianlowlandsrestricted‐rangespecies64
Species IUCNCategory
Scarlet‐hoodedBarbet(Eubuccotucinkae) Leastconcern
Fine‐barredPiculet(Picumnussubtilis) Leastconcern
SemicollaredPuffbird(Malacoptilasemicincta) Leastconcern
62Vrisendorp,C.,Pitman,N,RojasMoscoso,J.I.,Pawlak,B.A.,andRiveraChavez,L.2006.Perú:Matsés(RapidBiologicalInventories16).Chicago,IL:FieldMuseum.Retrievedfromhttp://fm2.fieldmuseum.org/rbi/temp/Matses_English.pdf
63BirdLifeInternational.2014.EndemicBirdAreafactsheet:UpperAmazon‐NapoLowlands.Retrievedfromhttp://www.birdlife.org.
64BirdLifeInternational.2014.EndemicBirdAreafactsheet:South‐eastPeruvianlowlands.Retrievedfromhttp://www.birdlife.org.
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Black‐facedCotinga(Conioptilonmcilhennyi) Leastconcern
Long‐crestedPygmy‐tyrant(Lophotriccuseulophotes)
Leastconcern
White‐cheekedTody‐flycatcher(Poecilotriccusalbifacies)
Leastconcern
Black‐backedTody‐flycatcher(Poecilotriccuspulchellus)
Leastconcern
White‐linedAntbird(Percnostolalophotes) Nearthreatened
Goeldi'sAntbird(Myrmecizagoeldii) Leastconcern
Rufous‐frontedAntthrush(Formicariusrufifrons)
Nearthreatened
ElusiveAntpitta(Grallariaeludens) Leastconcern
SelvaCacique(Cacicuskoepckeae) Endangered
iv.areasthatsupportsignificantconcentrationsofaspeciesduringanytimeintheirlifecycle.
Theprojectzonessupportsignificantconcentrationsofmanyspeciesduringtheirlifecycle
b.Globally,regionallyornationallysignificantlargelandscape‐levelareaswhereviablepopulationsofmostifnotallnaturallyoccurringspeciesexistinnaturalpatternsofdistributionandabundance;
Restricted‐rangebirdspeciesaresupportedthroughouttheProjectZones–seeB1.2a(i).Inaddition,theProjectZonesincluderefugia–patchesofprimaryforestthatwillbedegradedwithouttheprojectactivities.Projectactivitieswillincreasingforestcoveraroundtheserefugia,improvingconnectivitybetweenthemandotherconservationlandsonthelandscape‐scale.TheprogrammaticapproachtakeninPlantingfortheFutureistohavethislevelofimpactforallofthefloraandfaunaofthishugelybiodiverseregion.
c.Threatenedorrareecosystems.
Theváreza(floodplainforests)andvarillales(whitesandforests)andmanyotherecosystemsintheNapoMoistForestglobalecoregionarerareandthreatenedbyjustthedriversthatthisprojectaimstoaddress,povertyandlackofknowledge/capacity.
IdentifytheareasthatneedtobemanagedtomaintainorenhancetheidentifiedHCVs.
Smallholderswithtitletotheirlandshavecontroloverlanduseontheirlandholding,includingconversionofrainforesttoagriculturallands–thatiswhytheyareparticularly
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importanttoinvolveinconservationandempowertousesustainablelandmanagementtechniques.Toenhanceconnectivity,theareasthatPlantyourFutureistargetingforagroforestryaredeforestedareasadjacenttoprimaryandsecondaryforest.IncreasingforestcoverinthoseareaswillimprovehighconservationvaluesintheProjectZonesandtheregionasawhole.Nativespecieswillbeusedtoensurethattheagroforestryprovideshabitatthatisassimilaraspossibletothehistoricalandfutureforestsoftheregion.
SeealsothesummaryinFigure9:HighConservationValueslocationsinrelationtoPlantingfortheFutureGeographicalArea(wherefutureactivitiescanbescaledto).
B1.3Describehowthewithout‐projectlandusescenariowouldaffectbiodiversityconditionsintheProjectZone.
Theproblemflow(contributingfactorsanddirectthreats)forbiodiversityconservationintheProjectZonesatthepresenttimeisdescribedin¡Error!Noseencuentraelorigendelareferencia..InbothProjectZones,povertyandlackofknowledgeorcapacityleavesmallholderswithnoalternativestoslashandburnagriculture(andlivestockraising).Thiscausesincrementaldegradationofsoils,whichwillforcesmallholderstocutdownprimaryandsecondaryforestthatiscurrentlybeingusedbyfaunaasrefugia.Furthercausesofdeforestationanddegradationareextractionofwoodforcharcoalproductionandpopulationgrowth–especiallyintheLoretoinstances,whicharealongtheIquitos‐Natuahighway.Localandregionalinstitutionsareinneedofstrengtheningandtocoordinatepolicy;currentlyinsomeinstancestheyinadvertentlygiveperverseincentivesforrainforestdestructionorthereareconflictingpoliciesbetweeninstitutions.Localandregionalinstitutionsareoftennotabletoenforcethelawbecauseoflackofresources..Asthedryseasonextendsduetoclimatechange,thelossofthesecool,forestedareaswillbeareallosstofauna.
Amongthosesmallholdersparticipatingintheproject,understandingofbiodiversityanditsvalueisquitehigh.However,inthegeneralpopulation,theexistenceofprotectedareasisnotwell‐knownandthemotivationsforillegalandexcessivenaturalresourceusearemany.Peoplepoachbutterflies,poisonousfrogs,ornamentalfish,irapay(LepidocaryumgracileMartius)leaves,andlogs.Furthermore,thecropsthatsmallholdersgrowareincreasinglylessbiodiverse.Culturaltraditionsrelatedtobiodiversityarebeinglost,andthereislittleleadershiporparticipatoryplanning.
IntheUcayaliinstance,pastureswillbeincreasinglydominatedbynon‐native,invasivegrasses,leavinglessdiversity.Commercializationofwildmeatandpovertyhasresultedinincreasedhuntinginrecentyears,leadingtoanotabledropinthepopulationofprimatesinthearea65;withouttheproject,thisislikelytocontinue.
65SeeCampoVerdeprojectdocumentationforCCBValidation,AnnexC(availablefromhttp://www.climate‐standards.org/2008/11/25/reforestation‐with‐native‐commercial‐species‐on‐degraded‐lands‐for‐timber‐and‐carbon‐purposes‐in‐campo‐verde‐ucayali‐peru/)
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B2.NETPOSITIVEBIODIVERSITYIMPACTS
B2.1Useappropriatemethodologiestoestimatechangesinbiodiversity,includingassessmentofpredictedandactual,positiveandnegative,directandindirectimpacts,resultingfromprojectactivitiesunderthewith‐projectscenariointheProjectZoneandovertheprojectlifetime.Thisestimatemustbebasedonclearlydefinedanddefendableassumptions.
¡Error!Noseencuentraelorigendelareferencia.describeshowtheprojectstrategyofagroforestrywillleadtodirectincreasesinforestcoverandreductionsindeforestation,leadingtoconservationofbiodiversityandenhancedconnectivitybetweenregionalprotectedareas.
B2.2Demonstratethattheproject’snetimpactsonbiodiversityintheProjectZonearepositive,comparedwiththebiodiversityconditionsunderthewithout‐projectlandusescenario(describedinB1).
Theprojectrisksdirectadverseimpactsonbiodiversityonlyifthenativespeciesagroforestrysystemsattractwildlifethatisconsideredbythefarmersaspeststocrops,timbertreesoranythingelseintheProjectZone.PlantyourFuturewillmonitorthiscloselyandworkwithfarmerstodevelopappropriatewildlifemanagementsystemsinthemeantime.Theprojectwillprovidesmallholderswithknowledgeandsupportinmanagingthebiodiversityoftheirlandinamoresustainablemanner.
Thewithout‐projectlandusescenarioisoneofcontinuingdegradationandinvasivespeciesestablishment.Theprojectwillundoubtedlyhaveanoverallnetpositiveimpact.
B2.3DescribemeasuresneededandtakentomitigatenegativeimpactsonbiodiversityandanymeasuresneededandtakenformaintenanceorenhancementoftheHighConservationValueattributes(identifiedinB1.2)consistentwiththeprecautionaryprinciple.
Theprojectwillplantonlynativespeciesandmanagepestswithintegratedpestmanagementtechniquesthatarenotharmfultothearea’sbiodiversity.Establishmentofagroforestryplantationswillonlyoccurondegradedcroplandandpasturethatwereconvertedatleast10yearspriortotheprojectstartdate.Waterisnotscarceinthisregion,sowateringsaplingsshouldnotinterferewithlocalwateravailability.
B2.4DemonstratethatnoHighConservationValues(identifiedinB1.2)arenegativelyaffectedbytheproject.
HCV’sareonlypositivelyimpactedbytheprojectthroughrestoringdegradedhabitatstothenaturalecosystemofforestandusingnativespecies.
B2.5Identifyallspeciesusedbytheprojectandshowthatnoknowninvasivespeciesareintroducedintoanyareaaffectedbytheprojectandthatthepopulationofanyinvasivespeciesdoesnotincreaseasaresultoftheproject.
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ThecurrentlistofspeciesusedbytheprojectispresentedinTable12.Theprojectdoesnotuseanyspeciesknowntobeinvasiveintheregion.Infact,oneofthegoalsoftheagroforestryactivityistostopthespreadoftheinvasivegrassBrachiriadecumbens.Thiswillbedonebyplantingandmaintainingtreeseedlingsinareaswherethisgrasshasgrownin,withtheaimthatthegrasswilleventuallybeshadedout.
Table12.Speciesusedintheproject
ScientificName LocalName No.plantedperhectare(approx.)
Timberspecies
CedrelingacataeniformisDucke Tornillo 221
Simaroubaamara Marupa 104
CalycophylumspruceanumorCordiabicolor;CordiaalliodoraorCrotonLechleriM
Capironaor
Añalucaspior
SangredeGrado
208
CopaiferaOfficinalisL Copaiba 48
Cedrelaodorata Cedro 32
AnibarosaedoraDucke PalodeRosa 48
Fruittreespecies
Theobromagrandiflorum Copoazu 208
Annonamuricata Guanabana 52
Matisiacordata Zapotes 18
IngaedulisMart Guabas 34
Citrusaurantifolia LimónTahiti 78
Citrusnobilis MandarinaSanMartín 13
Citrussisnensis Naranja 13
TotalTreesPerHectare 1,077
B2.6Describepossibleadverseeffectsofnon‐nativespeciesusedbytheprojectontheregion’senvironment,includingimpactsonnativespeciesanddiseaseintroductionorfacilitation.Justifyanyuseofnon‐nativespeciesovernativespecies.
Allspeciesusedinthisprojectwillbenativetotheregion.
B2.7GuaranteethatnoGMOsareusedtogenerateGHGemissionsreductionsorremovals.
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PlantyourFutureguaranteesthatnogeneticallymodifiedorganismswillbeusedtogenerateGHGemissionresectionsorremovals.Seedsaresourcedlocally,fromwithinLoretoorUcayali.
B2.8Describethepossibleadverseeffectsof,andjustifytheuseof,fertilizers,chemicalpesticides,biologicalcontrolagentsandotherinputsusedfortheproject.
Theprojectistakingpesticideandinsecticideuseveryseriously.Whilefarmersarefamiliarwithandrequestpesticidesthatcanhaveseriousnegativesideeffects,theprojectrecognizestheneedtouseintegratedpestmanagement.Staffandfarmersareworkingtouselocalknowledgeofnaturalbiologicalcontrols,andwithinputsfromtechnicalspecialistsatBosquesAmazonicostopilotorganicmethods.
B2.9Describetheprocessforidentifying,classifyingandmanagingallwasteproductsresultingfromprojectactivities.
Wasteresultingfromprojectactivitieswillprimarilybeorganicinnature–theresultsofpruning,weedingandharvest.Smallholderswilldesignateaspotforcompostingoftheseremains,ortheywillbeleftintheagroforestryplotasgroundcover.
B3.OFFSITEBIODIVERSITYIMPACTS
B3.1IdentifypotentialnegativeimpactsonbiodiversitythattheprojectactivitiesarelikelytocauseoutsidetheProjectZone.
PlantyourFuturedoesnotanticipateanynegativeimpactsonbiodiversityoutsidetheProjectZones.
B3.2DescribethemeasuresneededandtakentomitigatethesenegativeimpactsonbiodiversityoutsidetheProjectZone.
NonegativeimpactsonbiodiversityareexpectedbeyondtheProjectZone.Farmersareinstallingagroforestryonasmallportionoftheirlands.Thisensuresthattheyhaveotherlandsonwhichtogrowagriculturalcropsandharvestfirewood,eliminatingtheirpotentialneedtodegradeotherforestsforcroplandorenergybeyondtheProjectZone.
B3.3EvaluateunmitigatednegativeimpactsonbiodiversityoutsidetheProjectZoneandcomparethemwiththeproject’sbiodiversitybenefitswithintheProjectZone.Justifyanddemonstratethattheneteffectoftheprojectonbiodiversityispositive.
ThereshouldbenounmitigatednegativeimpactsonbiodiversityoutsideoftheProjectZone.
B4.BIODIVERSITYIMPACTMONITORING
B4.1Developandimplementamonitoringplanthatidentifiesbiodiversityvariablestobemonitored,theareastobemonitored,thesamplingmethods,andthefrequencyofmonitoringandreporting.Monitoringvariablesmustbedirectlylinkedtotheproject’s
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biodiversityobjectivesandtopredictedactivities,outcomesandimpactsidentifiedintheproject’scausalmodelrelatedtobiodiversity(describedinG1.8).
OUTPUTINDICATORS
No. Output SamplingType Product Timing/Frequency
OP3a Installationofagroforestrysystems
No.oftreesplanted,typeofpesticideorinsecticideused,speciesplanted,nurseriesestablished
recordindataform
ongoing
OP3b Capacitybuildingoffarmersinsustainableagriculture
No.ofworkshopsorcapacitybuildingsessions
report
technicalmanualforgrowingnativespeciesondegradedlands
ongoing
OP3c Digitalmonitoringprotocolfornativeagroforestrysystems
Protocoldeveloped,no.oftimesimplemented
protocolanddata ongoing
OUTCOMEINDICATORS
No. Outcome SamplingType/Product Timing/Frequency
OC3a Reductioninsoilerosion
soilsampling annually
OC3b Agroforestryadoptedaspreferredagriculturalpractise
longitudinalfarmersurveyusingasamplingapproachwithselectedfarmers
annually
OC3c Increaseinfarmproductivity
longitudinalfarmersurveyusingasamplingapproachwithselectedfarmers/recordstradeassociation
annually
OC3d Extendedrotations/
longitudinalfarmersurveyusingasamplingapproachwith
annually
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sedentaryagriculture
selectedfarmers
OC3e Increasedhabitatforrarespecies
no.ofhectaresofforestrestored
annually
OC3f Increaseinrarebiodiversity
Recordkeepingrequestedofsmallholdersonallneworrarewildlifeonfarm
Check‐inswithReservaNacionalAllpahuayoMishanatofindoutaboutthespeciestheyaretracking:collaredtitimonkeys(Callicebustorquatus),SouthAmericanspinymouse(Callicebustorquatus),andtheEquatorialSaki(Pitheciaaequatorialis).SERNAPsaysthattheformerisprotectedonlyinthereserve,andthatthelatterareendemictoit66.
Ongoingwithannualcheck‐in
OC3g Increasedunderstandingamongfarmfamiliesaboutthevalueofbiodiversityandhowtopromoteitsconservation
longitudinalfarmersurveyusingasamplingapproachwithselectedfarmers
annually
IMPACTINDICATORS
No. Impacts SamplingType/Product Timing/Frequency
I3a Reduceddeforestation remotesensing/longitudinalfarmersurveyusingasamplingapproachwithselected
every3years
66ServicioNacionaldeAreasNaturalesProtegidasporelEstado.2014.ReservaAllpahuayomishana:ObservacióndeFlorayFauna.Retrievedfromhttp://www.sernanp.gob.pe/sernanp/zonaturismoi.jsp?ID=1&c=1
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rate farmers
I3b Reducedforestdegradation
remotesensing/longitudinalfarmersurveyusingasamplingapproachwithselectedfarmers
every3years
I3c Increasedforestcoverthroughrestorationofdegradedland
remotesensing(seeVCSprojectdocumentationforcarbonmonitoringprotocol)/longitudinalfarmersurveyusingasamplingapproachwithselectedfarmers
every3years
13d Increasedconnectivitybetweenprotectedareas
Remotesensing every3years
TheseindicatorsarealsoincludedinthePlantingfortheFutureCommunityandBiodiversityMonitoringPlan.
B4.2DevelopandimplementamonitoringplantoassesstheeffectivenessofmeasurestakentomaintainorenhanceallidentifiedHighConservationValuesrelatedtoglobally,regionallyornationallysignificantBiodiversity(identifiedinB1.2)presentintheProjectZone.
HighConservationValue PlantingfortheFuture’sImpact
HCV1Areascontainingglobally,regionallyornationallysignificantconcentrationsofbiodiversityvalues
DEFINITION:TheLoretoProjectZoneincludespartsoftheKeyBiodiversityAreaandImportantBirdAreaCuencaRíoNanay.ClassificationofthisKBAandIBAisbasedonthepresenceofsignificantpopulationsofgloballythreatenedspecies,significantpopulationsofendemicspeciesknownonlytobefoundinalimitedarea,significantpopulationsofspeciesknownonlytobefoundinaparticularbiomeand/orsignificantregional/sub‐regionalpopulationsoftriggerspecies.ThetriggerspeciesinthiscaseistheIquitosgnatcatcher(Polioptilaclementsi),thepresenceofwhichhasalsoearnedtheCuencaRíoNanaytheclassificationofanAllianceforZeroExtinction(AZE)site.
TheUcayaliProjectZoneincludesthefollowingendangeredspecies:black‐facedspidermonkey(Ateleschamek)67,
67Wallace,R.B.,Mittermeier,R.A.,Cornejo,F.&Boubli,J.‐P.2008.Ateleschamek.In:IUCN2013.IUCNRedList
ofThreatenedSpecies.Version2013.2.Retrievedfromhttp://www.iucnredlist.org/details/41547/0
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Peruvianwoollymonkey(Lagothrixcana)68,andGiantBrazilianOtter(Pteronurabrasiliensis)69.
MONITORING:OC3e,OC3f,OC3g
HCV2Globally,regionallyornationallysignificantlargelandscape‐levelareaswhereviablepopulationsofmostifnotallnaturallyoccurringspeciesexistinnaturalpatternsofdistributionandabundance.
DEFINITION:TheareaoftheProjectZonescurrentlyhasahighproportionofprimaryforest.
TheLoretoProjectZoneisclassifiedbyGlobalForestWatchas“intactforestlandscape”70.Theregionarounditincludesthefollowingprotectedareas:
ReservaNacionalAllpahuayo‐Mishana ReservaNacionalPacaya‐Samiria AreadeConservaciónRegionalComunalTamishiyacu‐Tahuayo
AreadeConservaciónRegionalAltoNanayPintuyacuChambira
AreadeConservaciónPrivadaHermanDantas AreadeConservaciónPrivadaAmazonNaturalPark
TheareaaroundtheUcayaliProjectZonesincludestheCampoVerdereforestationcarbonprojectandthreeProtectedNaturalAreasofthenationalsystemofprotectednaturalareas(SINANPE).Thesearelocatedafewkilometresaway.
MONITORING:I3a,I3b,I3c,I3d
HCV3Rare,threatened,orendangeredecosystems,habitatsorrefugia.
DEFINITION:TheLoretoProjectZoneincludessectionsofwhitesandgeologyuponwhichadistinctivevarillalrainforestisfound.Varillalischaracterisedbythintreesandanunusuallyhighspeciesdiversity,includingmanyendemics.Inaddition,theLoretoProjectZoneincludesthe
68Boubli,J.‐P.,DiFiore,A.,Rylands,A.B.&Wallace,R.B.2008.Lagothrixcana.In:IUCN2013.IUCNRedListof
ThreatenedSpecies.Version2013.2.Retrievedathttp://www.iucnredlist.org/details/39925/0
69Duplaix,N.,Waldemarin,H.F.,Groenedijk,J.,Evangelista,E.,Munis,M.,Valesco,M.&Botello,J.C.2008.Pteronurabrasiliensis.In:IUCN2013.IUCNRedListofThreatenedSpecies.Version2013.2.Retrievedfromhttp://www.iucnredlist.org/details/18711/0
70WorldResourcesInstitute.2014.GlobalForestWatch.Retrievedfrom
http://www.globalforestwatch.org/
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floodedforestscalledvárzea.
ThedevelopmentanddensepopulationofthecityofIquitosandareasalongtheIquitos/Natuahighwaythreatensbothhabitatdiversityandtherainforestecosystemitself.
Clearingduetosubsistencefarming,fireandillegalhuntingthreatenstheecosystemoftheUcayaliProjectZone.
Projectactivitiesareplayingkeyroleinreversingtheintensificationofsmall‐scaleagricultureandcattleranching,reducingthethreatofthesedriversofdeforestation.
MONITORING:OP1c,OP1d,OP1g,OC1a,I1a,I1b,I2a,I2b;allindicatorsunderprojectactivity3,biodiversityconservation
B4.3Disseminatethemonitoringplanandtheresultsofmonitoring,ensuringthattheyaremadepubliclyavailableontheinternetandsummariesarecommunicatedtotheCommunitiesandOtherStakeholdersthroughappropriatemeans.
ThemonitoringplanwillbemadepublicontheinternetaspartoftheCCBPublicCommentperiod.ThemonitoringplansandindicatorshavebeenexplainedtoCommunitiesthroughlocalmeetings.OtherStakeholdershavebeenmadeawareofourmonitoringplanvialocalmeetingsandviaemail.
GL3.EXCEPTIONALBIODIVERSITYBENEFITS
GL3.1DemonstratethattheProjectZoneincludesasiteofhighbiodiversityconservationprioritybymeetingeitherthevulnerabilityorirreplaceabilitycriteriadefinedbelow,identifyingthe‘Trigger’speciesthatcause(s)thesitetomeetanyofthefollowingqualifyingconditionsandprovidingevidencethatthequalifyingconditionsaremet:
1.1Vulnerability
Regularoccurrenceofagloballythreatenedspecies(accordingtotheIUCNRedList)atthesite:
a. CriticallyEndangered(CR)andEndangered(EN)species‐presenceofatleastasingleindividual;or
EndangeredspeciesintheProjectZonesincludetheIquitosgnatcatcher(Polioptilaclementsi),theblack‐facedspidermonkey(Ateleschamek),thePeruvianwoollymonkey(Lagothrixcana),andtheGiantBrazilianOtter(Pteronurabrasiliensis).
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b.Vulnerablespecies(VU)‐presenceofatleast30individualsor10pairs.
OR
1.2Irreplaceability
Aminimumproportionofaspecies’globalpopulationpresentatthesiteatanystageofthespecies’lifecycleaccordingtothefollowingthresholds:
a.Restricted‐rangespecies‐specieswithaglobalrangelessthan50,000km2and5%ofglobalpopulationatthesite;or
b.Specieswithlargebutclumpeddistributions‐5%oftheglobalpopulationatthesite;or
c.Globallysignificantcongregations‐1%oftheglobalpopulationseasonallyatthesite;or
d.Globallysignificantsourcepopulations‐1%oftheglobalpopulationatthesite.
GL3.2DescriberecentpopulationtrendsofeachoftheTriggerspeciesintheProjectZoneatthestartoftheprojectanddescribethemostlikelychangesunderthewithout‐projectlandusescenario.
AllpopulationsoftheendangeredspeciesfoundintheProjectZonesarepredictedtodecreaseinthewithout‐projectscenario.
Iquitosgnatcatcher(Polioptilaclementsi):Thepopulationismadeupofonlyapproximately50‐249matureindividuals,equatingto75‐374individualsintotal.Thisspeciesisconfinedtowhite‐sandforestwithacanopyheightof15‐30mandtall,humidvarillalforest.Thepopulationisdecliningduetoagriculture‐andlogging‐drivenhabitatreduction71.
Black‐facedspidermonkey(Ateleschamek):Thoughthisspeciesmaybeoneofthemostcommonprimates,itspopulationmayhavedeclinedbyatleast50%overthepast45years(threegenerations)dueprimarilytohuntingandhabitatloss72.
Peruvianwoollymonkey(Lagothrixcana):InPeru,itoccursbetweenthePachiteaandUcayaliriversandsouthfromtheRíoInuyatobothsidesoftheRíoMadredeDiosandtheRíoTambopata
71BirdLifeInternational2013.Polioptilaclementsi.In:IUCN2013.IUCNRedListofThreatenedSpecies.Version2013.2.Retrievedfromhttp://www.iucnredlist.org/details/22734664/0
72Wallace,R.B.,Mittermeier,R.A.,Cornejo,F.&Boubli,J.‐P.2008.Ateleschamek.In:IUCN2013.IUCNRedListofThreatenedSpecies.Version2013.2.Retrievedfromhttp://www.iucnredlist.org/details/41547/0
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basin,asfarastheRíoInambaritothefrontierwithBolivia.Thisspeciesisheavilyhuntedandinfantsaremuchfavouredaspets73.
GiantBrazilianOtter(Pteronurabrasiliensis):Thecurrenttotalwildpopulationisestimatedatbetween1,000‐5,000individuals.Thisspeciesisconsideredtobeendangeredduetoaninferredfuturepopulationdeclineduetohabitatlossandexploitation74.
GL3.3DescribemeasuresneededandtakentomaintainorenhancethepopulationstatusofeachTriggerspeciesintheProjectZone,andtoreducethethreatstothembasedonthecausalmodelthatidentifiesthreatstoTriggerspeciesandactivitiestoaddressthem.
Byimplementingagroforestrysystems,PlantingfortheFuturewillhelpsmallholderfarmersriseoutofpovertyandnothavetorelyondegradingtheforestthroughslash‐and‐burnforestrypractices.Wewillcreatenativespeciesforest,increasehabitatfortheprimateandavianspeciesandenhancingecosystemservicesintheProjectZone.
GL3.4IncludeindicatorsofthepopulationtrendofeachTriggerspeciesand/orthethreatstotheminthemonitoringplananddemonstratetheeffectivenessofmeasuresneededandtakentomaintainorenhancethepopulationstatusofTriggerspecies.
Throughtheinstallationofagroforestrysystems(output3a),increasedhabitatforrarespecies(outcome3e),andincreaseinrarebiodiversity(outcome3f),PlantyourFutureintendstomonitortheimpactofprojectactivitiesonthefourendangeredspeciesintheProjectZones.Thisisanambitiousgoal,sowewilluseasproxiesthepresenceofallrareandvulnerablespeciesandtheprovisionofhabitatinwhichthenamedendangeredspeciescouldlive.
73Boubli,J.‐P.,DiFiore,A.,Rylands,A.B.&Wallace,R.B.2008.Lagothrixcana.In:IUCN2013.IUCNRedListofThreatenedSpecies.Version2013.2.Retrievedathttp://www.iucnredlist.org/details/39925/0
74Duplaix,N.,Waldemarin,H.F.,Groenedijk,J.,Evangelista,E.,Munis,M.,Valesco,M.&Botello,J.C.2008.Pteronurabrasiliensis.In:IUCN2013.IUCNRedListofThreatenedSpecies.Version2013.2.Retrievedfromhttp://www.iucnredlist.org/details/18711/0
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Sears,R.2014a.SeasonallyfloodedriverbasinsofBrazil,PeruandBolivia.WorldWildlifeFundInternational.Retrievedfromhttp://worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/nt0128
Sears,R.2014b.UpperAmazonbasinofPeru,BrazilandBolivia.WorldWildlifeFundInternational.Retrievedfromhttp://worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/nt0128
Sears,R.,Marín,C.,&Schipper,J.2014.EasternSouthAmerica:SouthernColombia,easternVenezuela,andnorthernPeru.WorldWildlifeFundInternational.Retrievedfromhttp://worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/nt0142
Sears,R.,&Schipper,J.2014.EasternSouthAmerica:CentralPeru.WorldWildlifeFundInternational.Retrievedfromhttp://worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/nt0174
Tello,H.2001.ValoracióneconómicadeladiversidadbiológicaeneláreadeinfluenciadelaCarreteraIquitos–Nauta.EnValoraciónEconómicadelaDiversidadBiológicayServiciosAmbientalesenelPerú,INRENA,IRG/Biofor,USAID.Peru.474pp.
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UNDP.2013.Explanatorynoteon2013HDRcompositeindices–Peru.HumanDevelopmentReport2013.TheRiseoftheSouth:HumanProgressinaDiverseWorld.Retrievedfromhttp://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country‐Profiles/PER.pdf
WWF.nd.ClimatechangeintheAmazon.Retrievedfromhttp://wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/where_we_work/amazon/problems/climate_change_amazon/
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APPENDIX1.COMBINEDTOOLTOIDENTIFYTHEBASELINESCENARIOANDDEMONSTRATEADDITIONALITYINA/RCDMPROJECTACTIVITIES(VERSION01)75
APPLICABILITYCONDITIONS
Theprojectactivitiesdonotleadtoviolationofanyapplicablelaws.AllprojectactivitiescomplywithPeruvianlaw.PlantingfortheFutureisnotasmall‐scaleafforestationandreforestationprojectactivity.ThescenariosdescribedhereinareusedtodeterminetheappropriatebaselineandadditionalityoftheactivitiesinvolvedinPlantingfortheFuture.
STEP0:PRELIMINARYSCREENINGBASEDONTHESTATINGDATEOFTHEA/RPROJECTACTIVITY76
TheprojectstartdateisJanuary16,2012.Thiscorrespondstowhenthefirsttreeswereplantedintheagroforestrysystemsaspartofthefirstprojectinstance.
Theincentiveforthesaleofverifiedcarbonunits(VCUs)wasseriouslyconsideredinthedecisiontoproceedwiththeprojectactivity.ThisisdemonstratedthroughdocumentationprovidedinthePlantatuFuturoandPlantyourFuturetrustdeedsandregistrationdocumentstoachievecharitable/NGOstatus,aswellasgrantapplicationsandtrusteemeetingminutes.Theplannedsaleofemissionreductionshasbeenakeypartoftheprojectdesignandthedecisiontoproceedwiththeactivity77.
PlantingfortheFuturehastwobaselinescenarios,sotheSteps1‐4havebeendefinedonceforBaselineScenarioA(thecurrentshiftingcultivation‘slashandburn’agriculture)andagainforBaselineScenarioB(thecurrentdegradedpastureareas).Theseareconsideredthereforeastwo‘stratum’inthisAdditionalityanalysis.
BASELINESCENARIOASHIFTINGCULTIVATION‘SLASHANDBURN’AGRICULTURE
SCENARIOA,STEP1.IDENTIFICATIONOFALTERNATIVELANDUSESCENARIOSTOTHEPROPOSEDPROJECTACTIVITY
Thestudy“EcologicalandEconomicMicro‐ZoningfortheSustainableDevelopmentoftheIquitos‐NautaHighwayarea”iscurrentlybeingcompletedbytheRegionalGovernmentofLoretothroughtheResearchInstituteofthePeruvianAmazon(IIAP,2013).Thestudyisinthefinalstagesofcompletionandapproval.
75ThistooliscomparabletotheToolfortheDemonstrationandAssessmentofAdditionalityinVCSAgriculture,ForestryandOtherLandUse(AFOLU)ProjectActivities,whichisspecifiedinfootnote34totheCCBStandardsThirdEditionasamethodforjustifyingtheadditionalityoftheproject’sclimate,communityandbiodiversitybenefits.
76ThisstepisnotrequiredbytheVCStool.
77PlantyourFuturehasbeenofficiallyregisteredwiththeEnglandandWalesCharityCommissionsinceMarch9,2010(seehttp://www.charitycommission.gov.uk/find‐charities/).
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A2012studybyRamírezidentifiedavarietyofdifferenttypesofland‐useintheareaaroundtheIquitos–Nautaroadarethefollowing(Ramírez,J.2012):
1. Intensivepoultrybreeding2. Intensivepigbreeding3. Intensivecattlebreeding4. Ripariancropsintemporallyflooded
areas5. Lemonandpapayacultivation6. Sugarcanecultivation7. Huasaíandpijuayocultivationfor
palm/palmheart8. Oilpalmandsachainchicultivation
9. Cocacultivation10. Subsistencecrops11. Fruitcultivationinfamilygardens12. Newfarmplotsandinpreparation13. Secondaryforest(fallow)leftidle14. Legalforestexploitationin
concessions15. Informalharvestingofforestproducts16. Fishfarms17. Recreationandtourism
Thesizesoftheareasandtheirlocationsarevariable.Thestudyisstillinitsfinalstageofapproval,anymaybefurtherupdated.However,detailsoftheareascanbeseeninFigure24.
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SCENARIOA,SUB‐STEP1A.CREDIBLEALTERNATIVESTOTHEPROPOSEDPROJECTACTIVITYAREA
ScenarioA(i).Continuationofsubsistencecropcultivationusingslashandburntechniques
Slashandburnagriculturefortheproductionofshort‐termsubsistencecropssuchasmanioc,banana,corn,pineappleandricehasbeenthetraditionaldominantruralactivityintheprojectareaandmuchofthePeruvianAmazonfordecades.Asdescribedinthesocio‐economicstudyfortheLoretoprojectinstance(Mateo,2013b78)thisiscurrentlytheprincipleactivityforthepopulationoftheareaintermsoflivelihoodandincome.Theprojectareaisoflowfertility,sofarmerspracticeshiftingcultivation(Mateo,2013b,Rafael,2012).AccordingtotheMasterPlanfortheReservaNacionalAllpahuayo‐Mishana(RNAM),theshiftingcultivationagriculturalactivityoftheareaischaracterizedbysmall‐scalemanualagriculture,withtraditionalslashandburnpracticesusedincroprotation(INRENA,200579).ThisisdepictedinFigure25.Theapplicationofchemicaloforganicfertilizersinnotpracticed.
78Mateo,S.2013b.Plantandoparaelfuturo:Análisissocioeconómicoyconsultaaactoresclaveenelámbitodelproyecto.PlantyourFutureandProNaturaleza.
79INRENA.2005.PlanMaestrodelaReservaNacionalAllpahuayoMishana2006‐2010.MinisteriodeAgricultura,Perú.150pp.Retrievedfromhttp://www.sernanp.gob.pe/sernanp/archivos/biblioteca/publicaciones/RN_ALLPAHUAYOMISHANA/PlanMaestro_2006‐2010_Allpahuayo%20Mishana.pdf
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Figure25.Typicalshiftingcultivationagriculture.Wefindthattheaverageslashandburncycleis9yearsintheLoretoregion.
ScenarioA(ii).Reforestationoftheprojectareathroughinstallationofagroforestrysystems(withoutbeingregisteredasacarbonproject)
TheinstallationofmixedspeciesagroforestrysystemshasoccurredintheLoretoregioninthepastatasmallscale.Therearefewsuccessfulexamplesoffinanciallysustainableagroforestrysystems.Theseinstallationshavebeenimplementedlinkedtoshort‐term,limitedNGO‐andregionalgovernment‐fundedprogrammeswithsmallholderfarmers.Thesesystemsgenerallyincorporatetheplantingofalargerangeoffruittreespecies–oftenover10differenttypesoffruitsinonehectare.Fundinghasnotgenerallyincludedthemaintenanceandmanagementofagroforestrysystems,leadingtotheabandonmentofmostsystemsbythefarmers(Acosta,2011).Giventhatallpreviousagroforestryprojectsweareawareofwere/arelinkedtoNGOorgovernmentfunding,is
Clearrainforestforagriculture
Cultivateshort‐termcropsuntilsoilisno
longerfertile
Abandonland/leavetofallow
Burnfallowvegetation
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clearthatfarmerslackfundsandotherresourcesneededtoinstallandmaintainagroforestrysystemsthemselves(Mateo,2013a80).
Thecommercialsuccessofagroforestrysystemsalsodependsontheabilityoffarmerstomarkettheirproducts.Duetothebasiclevelofeducationofsmallholderfarmers,coupledwiththeirgeneralpastexperienceofonlysubsistenceleveltrade,farmershavenotsuccessfullymarketedtheirproducts.Failuresofpreviousagroforestryinitiatives(governmentorotherwise)hasresultedinfarmers’lossofconfidenceinsuchprojects.Atop‐down,shortterm,non‐marketorientatedapproachhascharacterisedagroforestrysystemsthepast,whichhasresultinthembeingunsuccessfulandlargelyabandoned.
ScenarioA(iii).Reforestationoftheprojectareathroughdirectplantingwithtimberspecies(withoutbeingregisteredasacarbonproject)
BecauseofthelargeareasofexistingtropicalforestinLoreto,thereforestationofdegradedcroplandisnotacommonpractice.ThereisnolegalrequirementtoreforestintheLoretoregionofPerufollowinguseofthelandforagriculture.TherehasbeenlimitedreforestationwithtimberspeciesintheLoretoregion,butingeneralthetrendisforareductionofforestcoverintheregion.Reforestationthroughhuman‐assistednaturalregenerationrequirescapitalinvestmenttoplantthetrees,financingtomaintainthetrees,andresourcestocarryoutrequiredsilviculturalactivities.Thepotentialfortimberrevenuesinthemediumtolongtermarequitehigh,butthefarmerneedsashorttermactivityandtechnicalsupport,whichmakesthiskindofinvestmentalmostimpossible(Mateo,2013a).
SCENARIOA,SUB‐STEP1B.CONSISTENCYOFCREDIBLELANDUSESCENARIOSWITHENFORCEDMANDATORYAPPLICABLELAWSANDREGULATIONS
Thefollowinglandusescenariosareincompliancewithlegalandregulatoryrequirements:
ScenarioA(i).Continuationofsubsistencecropcultivationusingslashandburntechniques
ScenarioA(ii).Reforestationoftheprojectareathroughinstallationofagroforestrysystems
ScenarioA(iii).Reforestationoftheprojectareathroughdirectplantingwithtimberspecies
Reforestation,afactorinA(ii)andA(iii),isnotmandatedbyanyenforcedlaw,statuteorotherregulatoryframework.
SCENARIOA,STEP2.BARRIERANALYSIS81
80Mateo,S.2013a.Plantandoparaelfuturo:Análisisambientalparaelproyectoagrupado.PlantyourFutureandProNaturaleza
81IntheVCStool,thereisasub‐step1Cprecedingthisstepthatrequirestheselectionofabaselinescenario–thisissub‐step2CoftheCDMtool.Step2oftheCDMtoolisStep3oftheVCStool.
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SCENARIOA,SUB‐STEP2A.IDENTIFICATIONOFBARRIERSTHATWOULDPREVENTTHEIMPLEMENTATIONOFATLEASTONEALTERNATIVELANDUSESCENARIO
Smallholderfarmersfaceinvestment,technologicalandtraditionalbarrierstoimplementingagroforestrysystemsontheirown,withouttheproject.
INVESTMENTBARRIERS
Installingandmaintainingagroforestrysystemshasahighupfrontcost,especiallyinthefirstthreeyears.Theimplementationofreforestationwithtimberspeciesthroughdirectplantingisverycostly(minimum$2,500forinstallationofonehectareofreforestationatasmalltomediumscale).Smallholderfarmerscannotaccessdebt,loanorcreditfinancing(Mateo,2013a)orprivatecapitaltoinstallagroforestrysystems.AccesstograntsfromotherNGOsorregionalgovernmentislimited,andfarmershavegrowntired,andscepticalofthesegrantsgivenpastexperiencesoffailureintheregiongiventheshorttermnatureofthegrants,toonlyhelpwithinstallingagroforestrysystems,andnotmaintainingthemoverthelongterm(Acosta,2011).Furthermore,manyfarmercommunitiesareveryremotewithverypooraccessinfrastructure:suchvillages,membersofwhichareincludedinthisproject,haveverylittlecontactwithregionalgovernmentorNGOs.Thusevenifsuitablegrantprogramsexistedtheywouldbeveryunlikelytobeusedbythesefarmers.Resourcesfromthestateforreforestationwithtimberspeciesarelimitedevenforestablishedprivatecompanies;makingaccessforsmallholdersimpossible.82
TECHNOLOGICALBARRIERS
Farmerslackaccesstonecessarymaterials,suchasnurseriesandpestcontroltechnologies,andsilviculturalexpertisetoperformmaintenanceandharvestactivities.Withouttheprojecttheycannotsupportsuccessfulagroforestrysystems.Farmerslackinstitutionalandbusinessinfrastructure,suchastradeassociationsandabusinessandsalesplan,tomarkettheagroforestryproductsinacommerciallyviablemanner.Thelackofbaselineknowledgeherecannotbeoverstated:thereisnofieldmanualforagroforestrysystemsinPeru,verylittledataontreegrowthrates,idealplantingdensities,necessarypesticideandfertilizerapplications,etc.Farmersneeddirectassistanceandsupervisionfromtechnicalexpertstocreatesuccessfulagroforestrysystems.
BARRIERSRELATEDTOPREVAILINGPRACTICEANDLOCALTRADITION
Thesmallholderfarmerslivingintheprojectareadependonthecropsproducedfromtheirlandfortheirsubsistence.Farmersliveoffthecropsforfood,andwiththeextraincometheymakefromthesaleofcropstheyhaveenoughtomeetonlybasicneeds.Farmersliveinpoverty,andfewareabletosavemoneybeyondthatfor‘emergencies’(Mateo,2013b83,Ramirez,2012).Giventhisfarmers82SeetheVCSValidatedProjectDescriptionALTOHUAYABAMBA:CARBONDIOXIDESEQUESTRATIONTHROUGHREFORESTATIONWITHSMALL‐SCALEFARMERSINPERU,SANMARTINREGION.
83Mateo,S.2013b.Plantandoparaelfuturo:Análisissocioeconómicoyconsultaaactoresclaveenelámbitodelproyecto.PlantyourFutureandProNaturaleza.
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livewithaday‐to‐dayfocus,concentratingresourcesonactivitiesthatgenerateanincomewithinarelativelyshorttimeperiod.Thetrajectoryforinstallingtraditionalagroforestrysystemsrequireslookingbeyondtheimmediatetimeframe,whichthesesmallholderfarmersdonotgenerallydo.Farmersknowinstallingagroforestrysystemsisamedium‐tolong‐terminvestmentwithhighupfrontcosts,sothisisnotatraditionalpracticeforthem.ThereisverylittleplantationforestryinPerutosetaculturalexampleoflongtimeframeinvestments.
SCENARIOA,SUB‐STEP2B.ELIMINATIONOFLANDUSESCENARIOSTHATAREPREVENTEDBYTHEIDENTIFIEDBARRIERS
Thecost,knowledgeandculturebarriersdescribedinScenarioA,sub‐step2Apreventsmallholderfarmersfromimplementingagroforestryorreforestingwithtimbertreesontheirown,scenariosA(ii)andA(iii).However,scenarioA(i),continuationofsubsistencecropcultivationusingslashandburntechniques,isaviablealternative.Itislegal,itisaffordable,anditiswhatfarmersknow.
SCENARIOA,SUB‐STEP2C.DETERMINATIONOFABASELINESCENARIO
Forestationwithoutbeingregisteredasacarbonprojectactivity,scenariosA(ii)andA(iii),ispreventedbythebarriersidentifiedinScenarioA,sub‐step2A.Therefore,theremainingbaselinescenariofortheProjectAreaswithScenarioAconditionsatthestartoftheprojectshallbeA(i),continuationofsubsistencecropcultivationusingslashandburntechniques.
SCENARIOA,STEP4:COMMONPRACTICEANALYSIS
TherehavebeenprogrammestoinstallagroforestrysystemsinthepastinLoreto,includingintheProjectZone.Theyhavenotbeensuccessfulinimprovingfarmers’livelihoods,andhavelargelybeenabandoned.Therehavebeenexamplesofnineagroforestryprojectsledbyninedifferentinstitutionsoverthelast30yearsaroundtheareaoftheIquitos‐Nautahighway.ThesewereimplementedthroughamixtureofNGOsandregionalgovernmentprogrammes,namely:SanRoque–INIA,CARITAS,OTAE,TOLERANCE,GOREL(RegionalGovernmentofLoreto)‐UnitedNationsProgramme,INCAGRO,IIAP,FINCYT(Acosta,2011)Oftheseprogrammes,onewaspurelyforresearchpurposes(i.e.theestablishmentofanexperimentalsystem),threewereforresearchcarriedoutonfarmers’land,onewasrelatedtotechnologytransferandonlyfourwereforthepurposesofproduction.Allofthesepastexperienceswithagroforestrywereorientatedtothegenerationofagriculturalandforestproducts,butwithoutdefiningaheadoftimewhatwouldbedonewiththeproduce–i.e.therewasnostrategyforharvesting,processing,marketingorsales.Noneoftheseprojectswereorientedtothesaleofproducts,orincomegenerationattheregional,nationalorinternationallevel.Mostoftheprojectsexperimentedwithaverylargerangeofdifferentspecieswithinonehectare,resultinglowquantitiesofanyonespecies.Thisultimatelyresultedinfrustrationanddisappointmentamongsttheparticipatingfarmers.Itledfarmerstoloseconfidenceandquestionthecredibilityofinstitutionssupportingtheseprojects,asthefarmerswerenotabletoselltheproductsfromtheiragroforestrysystemsandsotheydidnotseeanyadditionalincome.
Thechoiceofspeciesforuseinagroforestrysystemsisarguablyoneofthemajordownfallsofexistingsystemstoimprovefarmers’livelihoods.Thecriteriaforselectingspeciestogrowin
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agroforestrysystemsoftheseninepastprojectshasbeenrelatedtowhethertheyarefoundintheforestssurroundingtheprojectzone,soilsuitability,availabilityofinformationonhowtocultivatethespecies–thecriteriaweremainlyrelatedtoensuringtherewereconditionsinwhichthespeciescouldgrowratherthananyconsiderationofwhethertherewasamarketfortheproductsofthechosenspecies(Acosta,2011).
Acommonaspectofalltheseprojectsisthattheplotswiththesmallholderswereonaverage1hectareinsize,andtheprojectprovidedtechnicalassistance,monitoringandevaluationforamaximumof3years.Insomecasethissupportwasforlesstime.Afterthisthefarmerwaslefttohisowndevices,andexpectedtocontinueactivitiesalone.Nosupportwasgivenafterthistimeforon‐goingmaintenancecosts,silviculturalsupport,pestcontroladviceonmarketingthecropsorharvesting(Acosta,2011).
ThelackofongoingsupportormarketfocusofpastagroforestrysystemshasresultedintheabandonmentofmostoftheagroforestrysystemsimplementedbyotherNGOsandgovernmentintheregion.Allthecurrentagroforestryprogrammesmentionedabovehaveinanycasecometoanend,withnofurtherfunding.Therearecurrentlynootherfundingopportunitiesforsmallholderfarmerstoimplementagroforestrysystems.
Incontrast,thePlantyouFuturesustainableagroforestrysystemsaredistinctinanumberofways.
ThePlantyourFuturemodelistoprovidesupportoverthe30yearprojectdurationorientatedtoon‐goingmaintenanceandsupporttothesmallholders;
Thesystemswillgeneratecarbonrevenueswhichwillbedividedbetweenthefarmersandtheprojecttofundthemaintenanceofthesystems,expandsystemsandprovidethefarmeranadditionalincome;
ThePlantyourFuturesystemsaremarket‐oriented,withabusinessplanandstrategydevelopedtosellthefruitsfromtreesinthesystems;
Theprojectwillworkwithfarmerstoharvest,process,sellandcoordinateproductsales.
BASELINESCENARIOBDEGRADEDPASTURE
SCENARIOB,STEP1:IDENTIFICATIONOFALTERNATIVELANDUSESCENARIOSTOTHEPROPOSEDPROJECTACTIVITY
SCENARIOB,SUB‐STEP1A.IDENTIFICATIONOFALTERNATIVELANDUSESCENARIOSTOTHEPROPOSEDPROJECTACTIVITY
AccordingtoINRENAandPROCLIM(Elgegren,200584),theannualdeforestationrateinUcayaliregionwasalmost8,000hectaresduringtheperiod1990‐2000.Themajorityofthisdeforestationisattributedregionallytodeforestationforsmallholdershiftingcultivation(Elgegren,2005).The
84Elgegren,J.2005.LaDeforestacionenelPeru.Paracas.
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unsustainablelandusepracticescommonintheregionhaveledtothecreationoflargeareasofdegradedlandssuchasthoseintheprojectarea.AnalysisofLandsatimageryfrom1996and2006showthatinthePucallparegion,areasthatwerenon‐forestedinthepasthaveremainedunforested.
Thefollowingfiverealisticandcrediblealternativestotheproposedprojectactivityareaidentified:
ScenarioB(i).Continuationofpre‐projectlanduse:unproductivepastureland
Thelandstobereforestedareabandoneddegradedpastureswithsomeherbaceousvegetationandfewtrees.Theselandscurrentlysupportlittleactivity,apartfromlow‐densitycattlegrazing.Thisareahasremainedinastateofdegradedpasturelandsincethe1980s.Therehavebeennoecologicalchangesthatwouldresultinachangeinthecurrentlanduseexceptthepossiblefurtherdegradationduetocontinuedgrazingandfires.Interviewswithlocalofficialsandprojectstakeholdersindicatethatthereisnocommonpracticeofconvertingunproductivepasturelandintoanotherlanduse.Thereisnoevidencethatpasturelandwillreverttoforestintheshort‐tomedium‐termintheabsenceofhumanactivity.
ThisactivityiswidespreadalongtheFedericoBasadreandTornavistahighways.Theneighbouringlandsarealsounderlowlevelgrazinglands.
ScenarioB(i).Commercialcattleranching
Thelastcommercialactivityintheprojectareawascommercialcattlegrazing.However,thiscommercialcattleranchingwasabandonedmanyyearsagoduetotheeconomicdownturnandterroristactivity,andwasnotre‐establishedduetoitsdegradedstateandprospectoflowreturns.Attheregionallevel,theUcayaliGovernmentpromotesthedevelopmentofcattlegrazingprojectsbygivingconcessionalfinancingtothedevelopers.Intensivemanagementofthepasturelandviasuppressionoftheinvasivegrass,plantingofadditionalforageplants,androtationalgrazingcouldbeinstitutedinthisarea.However,improvedgrazingmanagementisnotacommonpracticeintheregion.
ScenarioB(iii).Cropproduction
Althoughthisareamayhavesupportedcropproductioninthepast,theareahasbeenunderpastureforovertenyears.Duetothedegradednatureofthepasturearea,agriculturalproductionwouldresultinlowyields.Thisdegradedlandcoverisverycommonintheregion.ThePeruvianNationalPlanforReforestation85foundthat966,191hectaresweredeforestedin2005andonly57%wasbeingworked.Theother43%wereabandoned.
ScenarioB(iv).Afforestation/reforestationoftheprojectareathroughdirectplantingwithoutbeingregisteredasacarbonprojectactivity
85InstitutoNacionaldeRecursosNaturales,MinisteriodeAgriculturadePeru,2005.PlanNacionaldeReforestacion.
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BecauseofthelargeareaofexistingtropicalforestsurroundingthePucallparegion,afforestationorreforestationofexistingpasturelandisnotacommonpractice.ThereisnolegalrequirementtoreforestintheUcayaliregionofPeru.TherehasbeenvirtuallynoreforestationorafforestationvialargescalecommercialforestryinthePucallparegion.AccordingtoINRENAfrom2001‐2006only196hectaresoflandhavebeenreforestedintheUcayaliRegion.
ScenarioB(v).Afforestation/reforestationoftheprojectareathroughhuman‐assistednaturalregenerationwithoutbeingregisteredasacarbonprojectactivity
ThereisnolegalrequirementtoreforestintheUcayaliregionofPeru.TherehasbeenvirtuallynoreforestationorafforestationintheareassurroundingPucallpa(CoronelPortilloprovince).AccordingtoINRENAfrom2001‐2006only196hectaresoflandhavebeenreforestedintheUcayaliregion.Reforestationthroughhuman‐assistednaturalregenerationrequirescapitalinvestmentinlandmanagementandfirefightingactivities.Thepotentialfortimberreturnsfromsuchanactivityareunknown.
ForestInvestmentProgramme‐supportedeffortstodevelopasustainableforestproductsindustryintheprovinceofAtalaya,tothesouthofCoronelPortilloprovinceinUcayaliregion,willhopefullypavethewayforsuchactivitiesinCoronelPortillo(MINAM,201386).However,itisunlikelythatwithouttheproject’sassistancefarmerswouldbeabletomakethenecessaryinvestmentsortradeconnectionsforafforestationorreforestationactivities.
SCENARIOB,SUB‐STEP1B:CONSISTENCYOFCREDIBLELANDUSESCENARIOSWITHENFORCEDMANDATORYAPPLICABLELAWSANDREGULATIONS
ScenarioB(i).Continuationofpre‐projectlanduse:unproductivepastureland
Thecurrentlanduseisincompliancewithalllegalandregulatoryrequirements.
ScenarioB(ii).Commercialcattleranching
TheUcayaliregionalgovernmentpromotesthedevelopmentofcattlegrazingprojectsbygivingconcessionalfinancingtothedevelopers.However,thereisnolegalregulationrequiringcattlegrazingtakeplaceintheprojectarea.
ScenarioB(iii).Cropproduction
Therearenolegalorregulatoryrequirementsblockingorrequiringuseoftheproposedprojectareaforcropproduction.
86MINAM.2013.PlandeInversionForestalFIPPerúversion20junio2013.Retrievedfromhttp://cambioclimatico.minam.gob.pe/plan‐de‐inversion‐forestal‐actualizado‐al‐20‐de‐junio‐de‐2013/
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ScenarioB(iv).Afforestation/reforestationoftheprojectareathroughdirectplanting(withoutbeingregisteredasacarbonprojectactivity)
Atthenationallevel,Peruhasareforestationplanaimedatpromotingplantationswithcommercialpurposesandbasinconservationpurposes.Howeverthisplanlacksresources,organisationandfundingtosupportimplementation,andnoactivitieshavebeenwitnessedinUcayalitodate.
Afforestationisnotmandatedbyanyenforcedlaw,statute,orotherregulatoryframework87.
ScenarioB(v).Afforestation/reforestationoftheprojectareathroughhuman‐assistednaturalregeneration(withoutbeingregisteredasacarbonprojectactivity)
Afforestationisnotmandatedbyanyenforcedlaw,statute,orotherregulatoryframework88.
SCENARIOB,STEP2:BARRIERANALYSIS
SCENARIOB,SUB‐STEP2A.IDENTIFICATIONOFBARRIERTHATWOULDPREVENTTHEIMPLEMENTATIONOFATLEASTONEALTERNATIVELANDUSESCENARIOS.
Theproposedprojectactivitiesfacebarriersthatpreventtheimplementationoftheagroforestrysystems.
INVESTMENTBARRIERS
PublicfundingforreforestationactivitiesintheUcayaliregionisalmostnon‐existent.Inthe2008Ucayali’sbudget,fundingforreforestationprojectsofnativespecieswasnotconsideredwhilefundingforreforestationoffast‐growthspeciesandfortherecoveryofdegradedareassumsS/.780,000(sevenhundredandeightythousandNuevosSoles),lessthan1%ofUcayali’sbudget(CongresodelaRepublicadePerú,200889).
Fundingfromcommercialbanksisverylimitedaswell.AccordingtotheUSAIDreportRuralandAgriculturalFinance:EmergingPracticesfromPeruvianFinancialInstitutions,“theformalfinancialsysteminPeru,allentitiesregulatedbytheSuperintendencyofBanksandInsurance,providesverylimitedruralandagriculturalfinanceservicesandmostfinancialinstitutionsfocusuniquelyonservingurbanclients”(Campion&Bantug‐Herrera,200790).
87 VCS Additionality Project Test: Step 2: Regulatory Surplus (Section 5.8 of VCS 2007.1)
88 VCS Additionality Project Test: Step 2: Regulatory Surplus (Section 5.8 of VCS 2007.1)
89CongresodelaRepublicadePerú.2008.PresupuestoPublico2008.Retrievedfromhttp://www.congreso.gob.pe/comisiones/2007/presupuesto/libro/TOMO1/25_Ucayali.pdf
90Campion,A.andBantug‐Herrera,A.2007.microNOTE#27,RuralandAgriculturalFinance:EmergingPracticesfromPeruvianFinancialInstitutions.USAID.Retrievedfromhttp://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADI834.pdf
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Thebanksthatdoprovideruralandagriculturalfinancerequirearepaymentperiodnotlongerthanthreeyears(FoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations,200891).Moreover,COFIDE,thegovernmentsponsoredPeruviandevelopmentbank,offersfundingforprojectsforupto10yearsonly(COFIDE,200992).
TECHNOLOGICALBARRIERS
Farmerslackaccesstonecessarymaterials,suchasnurseriesandpestcontroltechnologies,andsilviculturalexpertisetoperformmaintenanceandharvestactivities.Withouttheprojecttheycannotsupportsuccessfulagroforestrysystems.Currently,acombinationoffires,grazing,andinvasivegrassspeciespreventsanynaturalregenerationofthepastures.Firesarecommonandcausedbyhumanactivities.MODISHotSpotfiremapsshowtheoccurrenceoffireintheregion(NASA,201193).
Smallholderslacktheresourcestopreparethelandsforreforestationwithouttechnicalandfinancialresourcesfromtheproject.Inthisscenario,farmersespeciallyneedassistancetoovercomeinvasivegrassesandtoimplementstrategiestopreventfirefromdestroyingthereforestationactivities.
Farmerslackinstitutionalandbusinessinfrastructure,suchastradeassociationsandabusinessandsalesplan,tomarkettheagroforestryproductsinacommerciallyviablemanner.
BARRIERSRELATEDTOPREVAILINGPRACTICEANDLOCALTRADITION
Thesmallholderfarmerslivingintheprojectareadependonrevenuesfromcattlegrazingandthecropsproducedfromtheirlandfortheirsubsistence.Inthiscattlegrazingscenario,agriculturalreturnsareevenlowerthaninthepuresubsistenceagriculturescenariobecausegrazingresultsincompactionofsoil,makingitlessviableforgrowingcrops.Inaddition,grazingencouragesthegrowthofinvasivegrasses.
Farmersliveinpoverty,andfewareabletosavemoneybeyondthatfor‘emergencies’(Mateo,2013b,Ramirez,2012).Giventhisfarmerslivewitha‘day‐to‐day’focus,focusingonactivitiesthatgenerateanincomewithinarelativelyshorttimeperiod.Thetrajectoryforinstallingtraditionalagroforestrysystemsrequireslookingbeyondtheimmediatetimeframewhichthesmallholderfarmersdonotgenerallydo.Farmersknowinstallingagroforestrysystemsisamediumtolong‐terminvestmentwithhighupfrontcostssothisisnotatraditionalpracticeforthem.
91FoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations.2008.Perú:laindustriadelanuezdeBrasilenMadredeDios.Retrievedfromftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/010/a0226s/a0226s08.pdf
92COFIDE.2009.Productosyserviciosfinancieros.Retrievedfromhttp://www.cofide.com.pe/productos2.html
93NASALANCE‐FIRMS,2011.MODISHotspot/ActiveFireDetections.Retrievedfromhttp://earthdata.nasa.gov/data/nrt‐data/firms
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SCENARIOB,SUB‐STEP2B.ELIMINATIONOFLANDUSESCENARIOSTHATAREPREVENTEDBYTHEIDENTIFIEDBARRIERS
AsdescribedinScenarioB,sub‐step2A,smallholdersdependonthecropstheyproducefortheirsubsistenceandproducemarketsareunder‐developed.Thesefactspreventfarmersfrombeingabletodedicatealloftheirlandtocommercialcattleranching,scenarioB(ii).Theprevailingpracticeofcattlegrazingisprohibitiveofsustainablecropproduction,scenarioB(iii).Withouttheproject,thehighcostandlackofknowledgeandbusinessculturearebarrierstoimplementingagroforestryorreforestingwithtimbertrees,scenariosB(iv)andB(v).
However,scenarioB(i),Continuationofpre‐projectlanduse:unproductivepastureland,isaviablealternative.Itislegal,itisaffordable,anditiswhatfarmersknow.
SCENARIOB,SUB‐STEP2C.DETERMINATIONOFBASELINESCENARIO
ForestationwithoutbeingregisteredasacarbonprojectactivityispreventedbythebarriersdescribedinScenarioB,sub‐step2A.ScenarioB(i),Continuationofpre‐projectlanduse:unproductivepastureland,istheonlyviablealternative,sothishasbeenselectedasthebaselineforScenarioB.
SCENARIOB,STEP4.COMMONPRACTICEANALYSIS
AgroforestryimplementedondegradedpasturelandsisnotcommonlypracticedinthePucallparegion.AccordingtoINRENA,fortheperiod2001‐2006,only196hectareshavebeenreforestedintheentireUcayaliRegion(Elgegren,2005).TherearenosimilarforestationactivitiesinthePucallpaareathatcanbecomparedwiththeproposedPlantyourFutureactivitieswiththeexceptionoftheCampoVerdeVCSproject.
ThePlantyourFuturesystemsarefundamentallydistinctfromotherforestationprojectsinPeruinfivekeyways:
ThePlantyourFuturemodelistoprovidesupportoverthe30yearprojectdurationorientatedtoon‐goingmaintenanceandsupporttothesmallholders;
Thesystemswillgeneratecarbonrevenueswhichwillbedividedbetweenthefarmersandtheprojecttofundthemaintenanceofthesystems,expandsystemsandprovidethefarmeranadditionalincome;
ThePlantyourFuturesystemsaremarket‐oriented,withabusinessplanandstrategydevelopedtosellthefruitsfromtreesinthesystems;
Theprojectwillworkwithfarmerstoharvest,process,sellandcoordinateproductsales.