CoursedairyVII Sem

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DDEEPPAARRTTMMEENNTT

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VVIIII SSEEMMEESSTTEERR

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DEPT. OF CHEMICAL ENGG. VII SEMESTER COURSE DIARY

MVJCE2

06CH71- CHEMICAL PROCESS INTEGRATION


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DEPT. OF CHEMICAL ENGG. V/VI SEMESTER COURSE DIARY

MVJCE4

LESSON PLAN

Hours / Week: 04

I.A. Marks: 25 Total Hours: 52

Sl.

No.

Chapter Hour

No

Topics to be covered

01

Introduction to

Process

Integration 01

What is Process Synthesis, process Analysis, Why

integration, Categories of process Integration.

02

Overall Mass

Targeting

02 Targeting For minimum discharge of waste,

03 Targeting For minimum purchase of material utilities

04 Mass-integration strategies for attaining targets05 Problems

03

Graphical

Techniques for

Direct Recycle

strategies

06 Problem statement, source sink mapping diagram and

lever arm rules

07 Selection of Sources, Sinks, Recycle Routes

08 Direct-Recycle targets through material recycle pinch

diagram, Design rules for materials pinch diagram

09 Multicomponent source sink mapping Diagram

04

Synthesis of mass

exchange

network: AGraphical

approach

10 Design of individual mass exchangers, Cost optimization

of mass exchangers

11 Problem statement for synthesis of mass exchange

Networks12 Mass exchange pinch Diagram

13 Screening multiple external MSAs and constructing the

pinch diagram without process MSAs, Example waste

water treatment

05

Visualization

Techniques for

the development

of detailed mass-

integration

strategies

14 Visualization strategies: Low or no cost strategies

15 Modest changes in process variables and operating

conditions

16 Medium cost strategies and main technology changes,

Problems

06

Algebraic

approach to

targeting Direct

Recycle

17 Algebraic targeting Approach

18 Algebraic targeting procedure

19 Case study: Targeting for acetic acid usage in a vinyl

acetate plant,

20 Problem

07

Algebraic

approach to

21 The composition interval diagram, mass exchange

cascade diagram


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targeting mass

exchange

networks

22 Example of cleaning aqueous wastes, problems

08 Recycle

Strategies using

Property

Integration

23 Property Based material Recycle pinch Diagram

24 Process modification based on property based pinch

diagram25 Example of solvent recycle in metal degreasing,

clustering technique for multiple properties

26 Cluster- Based Source sink mapping diagram for

property based Recycle and interception

27 Property based design rules for recycle and interception,

Dealing with multiplicity of cluster to- property

mapping

28 Paper making and fiber Recycle Example, Relationship

between Cluster and mass fractions

09

Combined

Heat and Power

Integration

29 Heat engines

30 Heat pumps

31 Heat Engines and thermal pinch diagram

32 Heat pumps and thermal pinch diagram

33 Cogeneration targeting

34 Problems

10

Overview of

Optimization

35 Optimization formulation

36 Mathematical programming

37 Classification of optimization programs

38 Formulation of optimization models

39 Use of 0-1 Binary-integer variable

40 Enumerating multiple solution using integer cuts41 Modeling discontinuous functions and What if

Scenarios using integer variables

42 Problems

43 Interaction between direct recycle and the process

11

Mathematical

techniques for

synthesis of mass

and Heat

exchange

networks

44 Synthesis of HENs

45 Synthesis of MENs

46 Problems

12

Mathematical

techniques for

mass Integration

47 Mathematical techniques for mass integration

48 Initiatives and applications

49 Case studies

50 Source interception-Sink representation

51 Incorporation of process model in mass integration

52 Problems


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MVJCE6

06CH72 INSTRUMENTATION & PROCESS CONTROL

SYLLABUS

Hours / Week: 4 I A Marks: 25

Exam Hours: 3 Exam Marks: 100


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MVJCE7

Part- AUNIT 1

Instrumentation: Fundamentals, static and dynamic characteristics, Indictor and recorders.Pressure Measurements: Gages: bourdon, diaphragm and bellow type gages, vacuum

measurements. Temperature Measurements: Bi-metal Thermometers, Resistance thermometers,

thermo couples, pyrometers: . 06HrsUNIT 2

First Order Systems:: Thermometer, level, mixing tanks, stirred tank reactors. (STR)Linearization. I order system in Series Response for various input forcing functions.

06Hrs

UNIT 3

Second Order Systems: Characteristics of manometer and damped vibrator. TransferFunctions. Response for various input forcing functions . Response for step input for under

damped case-terms associated with it. Transportation Lag 07 hrs

UNIT 4Close Loop Systems: Basic Components .servo and regulator control. Controllers-P I D andOn OFF modes.Contrller Combinations. Final Control Element: Control valves, Actuators,

valve positioners. 07 hrs

PART-B

UNIT 5

Close Loop response: Block diagram ,Closed loop transfer function, Transient response ofservo and regulator control system with various controller modes and their characteristics

07 hrs

UNIT 6Stability: Stability of linear control system.: ROUTH Test..Frequency Response Bode plots

06 hrs

UNIT 7

Control System Design by Frequency Response:Bode Criterion. Gain & Phase Margins.. Controller Tuning Ziegler Nichols, Cohen Coon

Methods. 07 hrs

UNIT 8

Root Locus: Rules for plotting and problems 06 hrsText Book:

1. Coughanour & Koppel: Process System Analysis and control, McGraw Hill, New Delhi, IIEdition 1991.

Reference Books:

1. Luyben: Process modeling, simulation & control for Chemical Engineers, II Edition,McGraw Hill 1990

2. Coulson & Richardson Chemical Engineering Vol, III, III Edition, Pengeman Press3. George Stephanopoules: Chemical Process Control, An Introduction to Theory & Practical,

Prentice Hall, New Delhi, 1998

4. Ceagisokse : Automatic Process Control for Chemical Engineers


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MVJCE8

LESSON PLAN

Hours / Week: 04


Hour.No

Topics to be covered

01 Introduction , Parts of instruments and their functions

02 Static and dynamic characteristics, Indicators & Recorders

03 Pressure gages Bourdon, Diaphragm bellow elements

04 Vacuum measurement: Mcloyd, Pirrani and Ionization gages

05 Temperatutre measurement- Bi metal and resistance thermometers,

06 Laws of thermochemistry& Thermo couples

07 Pyrometers: optical and radiation pyrometers

08 Review of laplace transforms and its important theorems

09 First order systems:- Definition, examples, Derivations of transfer functions for

Thermometer10 Derivations of transfer functions for (i) level process, (ii) mixing without any

chemical reaction..

11 Derivations of transfer functions for STR Linerization

12 Derivations of transfer functions for 1st

order systems in series

13 Response for step input forcing functions

14 Response for inpluse input forcing functions

15 Response for sinusoidal input forcing functions

16 Problems on 1st

order systems

17 Second order systems:-Definition, examples. Derivations of transfer functions for

manometer

18 Derivations of transfer functions for damped vibrator

19 Response for various input forcing functions

20 Response for various input forcing functions

21 Response for step input for under damped case- terms associated with it.

22 Transportation lag

23 Solution t of numerical problems

24 Solution t of numerical problems

25 Closed loop system: basic components.

26 Servo And regulator control

27 Controllers:-defnition a and types28 Controllers-P I D and On OFF modes.

29 Controller Combinations.

30 Final Control Element: Control valves, Actuators, valve positioners.

31 Problems

32 Closed loop Response: block diagram

33 Closed loop transfer function, Block diagram reduction

34 Transient response of servo and regulator control system with various controller

modes and their characteristics

35 Transient response of servo and regulator control system with various controller

modes and their characteristics36 Transient response of servo and regulator control system with various controller


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MVJCE9

modes and their characteristics

37 Problems on block diagram reduction

38 Problems on transient response of controllers

39 Stability of linear control systems

40 Routh Test

41 Problems on Routh Test42 Problems on Routh Test

43 Problems on Routh Test

44 Frequency Response Bode plots

45 Problems for plotting Bode plots

46 Problems for plotting Bode plots

47 Bode criterion, gain & phase margin

48 Problems on , gain & phase margin

49 Problems on , gain & phase margin, bode criterion

50 Controller Tuning Ziegler Nichols

51 Controller Tuning Cohen Coon Methods.

52 Problems on Tuning53 Problems on Tuning

54 Root-Locus Method.

55 Angle & Magnitude Criterion

56 Steps and Rules for plotting R-L diagram/ plots of R.L diagram of a system with

open-loop poles & open loop pole at the origin.. Numerical problem

57 Steps and Rules for plotting R-L diagram/ plots of R.L diagram of a system with

open-loop poles & open loop pole at the origin.. Numerical problem

58 R.L diagram of a system with open-loop poles and open loop zeros with an open

loop pole at the origin. Numerical problem

59 R-L diagram with complex poles/zeros. Numerical problem

60 R-L diagram with complex poles/zeros. Numerical problem

61 Plots of R.L diagram of a system with open-loop poles & open loop pole at the

origin.. Numerical problem

62 Advantages and dis advantages of root locus metod.


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QUESTION BANK

01 Describe briefly the various types of instruments used in chemical process industries02 Differentiate between indicating, recording and control instruments

03 What are the essential features of a good measuring instrument?

04 Define and distinguish between (i) static and dynamic error (ii) span and range.

05 What is measurement? How do you classify measuring instruments?

06 Define: (a) Threshold (b) Hysterisis (c) dead zone

07 Describe the different types of instruments, which utilize change of electrical properties

for the measurement of temperature.

08 A large number of thermo couples are connected in parallel, then the generated e m f

will correspond to mean of the temperature of individual junctions. Is this statement

true? if yes how? If no why?

09 With a neat sketch, the construction and working of a radiation pyrometer10 With a neat sketch, the construction and working of a optical pyrometer

11 Write short note on : Bimetal thermometer

12 Describe with one example each, the principle of liquid, gas expansion and vapour

actuated thermometers. Give the relative advantages and limitations of each type.

13 Suggest most suitable measuring device for the following operations: Temperature range

of 50 to 3000

C, 400 to 12000

C in an oxidizing atmosphere, Measuring and recording the

temperature of the contents of a continuous stirred tank reactor

14 Explain the working of thermo couple and describe the compensation methods for

variation in the ambient temperature

15 Write a note on: resistance thermometer

16 If several thermocouples were to be installed in a furnace to provide average temperature,

how would you recommend that they be connected? Discuss briefly the installation of a

thermocouple in an equipment

17 Classify the pressure measuring instruments used in the industries, based on the principle

behind their working

18 Describe the construction and working of McLeod gage stating the range in which it can

be used

19 With the help of neat sketches, describe the operation of an un bonded and bonded strain

gauge transducers

20 With the help of neat sketches, describe the principle & operation of following pressure

measuring instruments (i) thermo couple gage (ii) Ionization gage21 Explain the use of bellows as pressure transmitter

22 Write short notes on (a) pressure measurement in corrosive fluids (b) Pirrani vacuum

gauge

23 What are Bourdon gages? Explain its working with neat diagram indicating the errors

involved in these. Discuss how they can be minimized?

24 Describe the working of a well-type manometer. Derive an expression for the pressure

indicated and compare the same with that of of an inclined tube manometer

25 Write short notes on (i) ring type differential pressure manometer (ii) dead weight Gage.


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39 A mercury thermometer having a time-constant of 12 sec. is placed in a constant

temperature bath at 100 C. At time, t=0, the bath temp begins to vary sinusoidally aboutits mean temp of 100C with an amplitude of 5 C. If the frequency of oscillation is (5/)cycles /min., plot the response of the thermometer reading as a function of time. Also

plot, on the same graph sheet the input function. Determine the phase lag in units of time.40 A thermometer having a time constant of 0.2 min is placed in a constant temp bath and

after the thermometer comes to equilibrium with bath temp., the temp of the bath is

increased linearly at a rate of 1.2 / min. What is the difference between the indicatedtemp and the bath temp at (a) 0.1 min after the change in bath temp begins (b) What is the

maximum deviation between the indicated temp and the bath temp and when does it

occur? (c) Plot the forcing function and response function on the same graph. After long

enough time, by how many minutes does the response lag the input?

41 Estimate the pneumatic capacitance of an instrument air storage tank with a volume of

1.0 m3

at 2 kgf/cm2

(gage) and 30C42 A gas tank is supplied air by compressor at a rate of 0.12 m

(std) /min. The normal

pressure in the tank is 3.0 kgf/cm2 (Ab) and the volume of the tank is 0.3 m3 . The gas is

then throttled through a valve to a process down stream. The temp of the surrounding and

in the tank may be assumed as constant at 30C. (i) If the pressure of a downstreamprocess is 2.5 kgf/cm

2, what is the time constant of the tank (ii) If the pressure of a

downstream process is 1.25 kgf/cm2, what is the time constant of the tank?

43 A temperature measuring instrument, which has been in a bath at 75C is suddenly placedin an oil bath maintained at 400C and the following readings were observed. What is thetime- constant of the Instrument?

Time (Sec) 0 1 2.5 5 8 10 15 30

Int. Reading, C 75 107 140 205 244 282 328 395

44 A thermometer is kept inside a constant temp bath at 70C. This is suddenly transferredto another bath at 60C and the following readings are obtained. Calculate the timeconstant of the thermometer.

Time (Min) 0 1 2 4 6 8 10 12

Thermometer reading, C 70 68 66 64 63 62 61.5 61

45 Gases A & B are continuously fed in to a tank having a volume of 30 m and at a

temperature of 30 C. The normal flow rates of A & B in to the tank are FA = 40 m3/min

and FB =10 m3

/min, respectively. If the flow rate of B is suddenly increased to 12 m3

/min,find the time required for the concentration of B to reach 90% of the new steady state

value

46 Water flows in to a tank of dia 1.5 m at a rate of 1.3 m /min. The following Flow Head

characteristics are observed.

Flow rate m /hr) 0 18.9 37.9 75.7 94.6 113.5

Level of water, (m) 0 0.21 0.34 1.19 1.92 2.68


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47 Determine the time constant of a Refractory thermocouple sheath having a heat transfer

area of 23.6 x 10-3

m2

and mass of 0.2 kg. The specific heat, Cp of the refractory is 0.8 kJ/

(kg)(C) The furnace is at a temp of 1400 C and the sheath is at 30 C. Heat transfer byradiation is only significant. Stefen Botlzman constant is 5 .667 x 10

-8W/ (m

2)K4). The

emissivity of the sheath is (i) 1.0 (ii) 0.8.48 A first order reaction is taking place in a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) with

holdup time of 1.5 hr and a specific reaction rate constant of 2 hr-1

. (i) Obtain an

expression for the transfer Function between exit and feed concentration. (ii) If the feed

concentration changes at a rate of 0.01 kmol/(m3)(hr), what is the dynamic error? (iii)

Derive the equation used to solve the problem.

49 Volumetric flow rate over a V notch/weir is given by q = cv 2gh5. Calculate the

resistance

50 Which of the following five gases causes greatest and least capacitance in the same vessel

and at the same temp. (1) Air (2) Ammonia (3) Carbon dioxide (4) Nitrogen (5) steam

51 A stirred tank has a hold up capacity of 0.1 mwith a flow rate of 5 kg/sec. Heated water

passes in to a well-insulated pipe of 0. 02 m2 (cross sectional area) .The temp. is

measured at a point 5m down steam by a thermometer with negligible lag. An electric

heater provides a constant heat input, 100 kcal/sec. If the inlet temp is 50 C and cyclecontinuously with amplitude of 2 C and the period is 1.0 min., determine the steadystate behavior of the thermometer reading compared to inlet temp and that in the tank.

Show this behavior with the help of neat sketches. List all the assumptions made in

solving the problem.

52 A tank having a time constant of 1.0 min and a valve resistance of 0.1 m /(m )(min) is

operated at steady state with an inlet flow rate of 10m3

/min. Then at t = 0 , the flow rate

is increased to 100 m3

/min by adding 9 m3

of water to the tank uniformly over a period of

0.1 min. Find an expression for liquid level as function of time. Find out, what would bethe liquid level from its steady state value at t = 1.0 min.

53 Derive the transfer function H(s)/Q(s) for the liquid level system of figure (1) when

1. The tank level operates about the steady state value of hs = 1 m2. The tank level operates about the steady state value of hs = 3 m

The pump removes water at a constant rate of 10 m3/min; this rate is independent of head.

The c/s area of the tank is 1.0 m2

and the resistance R = 0.5 min/ m2


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MVJCE14

Q 0

m3/min

54 A tank having a cross sectional area of 2 mis operating at steady state with an inlet flow

rate of 2.0 m3/min. The flow head characteristics are shown in Figure 2.

1. Find the transfer functionH(s)/Q(s)2. If the flow to the tank increases from 2.0 to 2.2 m3/min according to a step

change, calculate the level h two minutes after the change occurs.

55 Develop a formula for finding the time constant of the liquid level system shown in figure

2 when the average operating level is h0. The resistance R is linear. The tank has three

vertical walls and one, which slopes, at an angle from the vertical as shown. Thedistance separating the parallel walls is 1

56 A mixing process may be described as follows: a stream with solute concentration Ci is fed to aperfectly stirred tank at a constant flow rate at of q. The perfectly mixed product is withdrawn

from the tank, also at the flow rate q at the same concentration as the material in the tank, C0. The

total volume of solution in the tank is constant at V. Density may be considered to be independent

of concentration. A trace of the tank concentration versus time appears as shown in figure 4.

1. Plot on this same figure your best guess of the quantitative behavior of the inletconcentration versus time. Be sure to label the graph with quantitative information

regarding times and magnitudes and any other data that will demonstrate your

understanding of the situation.

2. Write an equation for Ci as a function of time


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MVJCE15

57 What are inter acting and non inter acting processes?

58 What are the different types of classifications of inter acting and non inter acting

processes? Give examples

59 Derive the transfer function for a two tank interacting process relating the level in the

second tank and flow to the first tank, H2(s) /Q1(s)60 Derive the transfer function between reading of a thermometer in a thermal well and bath

temp, 3 (s) /1 (s)61 What are damping and damping coefficient? Classify processes based on damping co-

efficient. Give examples.

62 Explain the effect of interaction

63 Derive the transfer function for U tube manometer

64 Obtain the response expressions for II order processes for a unit step change in input (for

all the cases), Y (t) v/s X (t).

65 Describe, with neat sketch, the various terms associated with an under damped process

66 Derive the transfer function for dead time element

67 Mercury filled manometer is to be used to measure the pressure drop across an orificemeter. The meter will monitor the flow rate of air through the pipe. Specifications call for

a decay ratio of 0.3. The max. Pressure differential is such that a liquid column length of

75 cm should suffice. (a) Find the diameter of suitable glass tubing for the U tube.

Specific gravity of mercury is 13.6.and viscosity is 1.6 cp (b) The calculations of part (a)

having been made you find that only tubing available has a dia of 0.2cm. What should be

done to meet the specifications

68 A thermistor used as a thermometer in a gas duct begins to respond immediately when the

gas temp is changed from 6.6 to 14.9 C , at a gas velocity of 6.5 m/sec, 90% net changein temp occurs in 7.1 sec. When the gas velocity is 1.3 m./sec the rise time is 3 sec.(a)

What is the dependency of surface heat transfer co efficient between gas and themistor Ifthe gas velocity expressed in the form of h = kUn

(b) At the gas velocity of 6.5m/sec

How long will it take for the thermistor to be of 99.9 % recovery of a step change in the

gas temp.?

69 A step change of magnitude 4.0 is given to a process whose transfer function is Y(s)/ X(s)

= [10/ (s2+ 1.6s+4)] Determine (a) the percent overshoot (b) period of oscillation (c) rise

time (d) natural frequency (e) ultimate value of Y(t).

70 Two non interacting tanks are operating in series at steady state, when a step change is

made in the flow rate to the first tank. The transient response is critically damped and it

takes 1 min. for the change in the level of the second tank to reach 50% of the total

change. The ratio of the cross sectional area of the tanks is A1/A2 = 2. Calculate I) the

ratio R1/R2. ii) the time constant for each tank. iii) the time taken for the change in thelevel of the first tank to reach 90% of the total change.

71 A proportional controller is used on a process. The proportional band is 10%. It is

observed that the valve output undergoes a deviation of 20% of its scale due to

disturbance. Determining the corresponding deviation that must have occurred in the

controlled variable to cause this change.


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72 The signal to pneumatic PI controller is = 0.5 sin t. The controller gain KC = 3 and thereset time I = 2 minutes. Give the equation for the controller output in consistent unitsfor = 10 radians/min. The normal controller is 6 x 104 N/m2. Sketch the output and theinput on the same sheet (no need to use graph sheet)

73 A proportional controller is used to control the liquid level within the range of 60 cm to75 cm. It is found that after adjustments, the controller output pressure changes by 0.1

kg/cm2 for a 2 cm deviation in level with the desired value (set point) held constant. If

the variation in the output pressure is 1 kg/cm2

causes the control valve to move from

fully open to fully closed. Determine the proportional gain and proportional band.

74 Obtain and sketch the responses of proportional, integral and derivative controllers to a

sinusoidal input.

75 An electronic temperature controller has an output range of 0-15 mA and a chart

calibration of 50C to 200

0C. If the output is 5 mA at 80

0C when the proportional gain is

0.5 mA/0C. Determine (a) the proportional band (b) the output at (i). 90

0C ii. At 100

0C

76 A Proportional temperature controller has an output range of 0-20 mA and a chart

calibration of 0-200 0C. If the output is 5 mA at 850C when the proportional gain is 1.0

mA/0C (a) Determine the proportional band (b) the output at 120

0C (c) the temperature

for an output of 15mA.

77 A Pneumatic PI controller has an output of 0.68 kg/cm when the set point and the

indicator per point are together. The set point is suddenly moved 1 cm and the following

data be obtained

Time (sec) 0- 0+ 20 60 90

Output Kg/cm 0.68 0.54 0.45 0.34 0.24

Determine the proportional sensitivity in Kg/cm2

and the integral time in seconds

78 The liquid level in a tank of 0.5 m cross sectional area is controlled by a two-position

controller with a differential gap of 10 cm at a desired value of 1.5m. The tank has aconstant outflow of 1.5 x 10-3

m3/sec. The inflow is 1.0 x 10

-3m

3/sec.when the control

valve is completely opened and a bypass flow of 1.0 x 10-3

m3/sec. Plot the response

against time and determine the effect of (i) a dead time of 3 secs. And )ii). 20% decrease

in bypass inflow.

79 Plot on a single graph, the response of each mode to a sine wave function input l= 0.4

sin2t where l is % span. The floating controller has = 2% per minute per % error. Theproportional band is 10% and the rate time constant is 4 minutes.

80 The error signal to a controller is changing linearly so that = 0.1t, where t is minimumand t is % span. Given a floating controller with f = 2% per minute per % error,

proportional band of 10% and rate T of 4 minute. Determine the output signal for each

controller (separately) after an elapsed time ofi. 30 seconds and ii. 2 minutes.81 A proportional + reset controller is used to control the temperature of a process. The

following data are available

100% measurement input = 800

C deviation.

100% controller output = 1 cm value deviation

Proportional band = 10%

Reset rate = 2 repeats/min.

For a step change of 20

C, what is the valve deviation after 2 min


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82 A proportional controller is used to control the temperature within the range of 50 C to

1000

C. The controller is adjusted such that the output pressure varies from 0.2 kg/cm2

(valve fully opened) to 1.0 kg/cm2

(valve fully closed) as the temperature varies from 550

C to 590

C with the set point held constant. Determine the proportional sensitivity and

proportional band83 A proportional band is used to control temperature within the range of 40 C to 80 C.

The controller is adjusted such that the output pressure varies from 0.2 to 1.0 kg/cm2

(fully open fully closed) as the measured temperature varies from 580

C to 620

C.

Determine the proportional sensitivity and proportional band

84 A PID controller is used in a pressure control process with the following data.

Full pressure change 10.0 kg/cm2

Full valve travel 2 cm

Proportional band 10%

Reset rate 1 repeat/min

Rate time 1.5 min.

If the pressure changes linearly at a rate of 0.2 kg/cm2 per minute, find the valvedeviation at the end of 1 minute. Before the start of pressure change, the valve was at its

midpoint and the pressure was 5 kg/cm2

85 Explain the different types of classification of controllers with example

86 What is the different controller combination? What are the relative merits and limitations

of controller combination?

87 What is the different pneumatic controller path?

88 Explain the construction of working of a pneumatic narrow band proportional controller.

89 Explain the construction of working of a pneumatic wide band proportional controller.

90 Explain the construction of working of a proportional reset controller.

91 Explain the construction of working of a proportional + rate controller.

92 Explain the construction of working of a three-mode controller.

93 What are inherent and effective valve characteristics?

94 What are rangability and turndown ratio of control valves?

95 What are the different types of valve plug and valve seat geometry. Bring out the salient

features of them.

96 What are valve activator and valve positioner?

97 Derive with a neat sketch, the construction and working of a pneumatic valve positioner.

98 What are servomechanism and regulatory problems?

99 Deduce an expression for C (S)/R (S) for a proportional controller as I order process.

100 Deduce an expression for C (S)/U (S) for proportional controller of a I order process.

101 Deduce an expression for C (S)/R (S) for proportional controller of a II order process.102 Deduce an expression for C (S)/U (S) for proportional controller of a II order process.

103 Deduce an expression for C (S)/R (S) for proportional +Integral of a II order process

104 Show that P+I controller eliminates offset automatically by considering servo problem as

an example.

105 Show that P+I controller eliminates offset automatically by considering regulator problem

as an example.


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106 Show that an integral controller is a pure capacitance changes sinusoidal oscillatory

behavior to a unit step change in set point and hence the controller action is not suitable,

by taking appropriate example.

107 Show that the performance and stability is same for both servo and regulator problem.

108 Determine the transfer function C (S)/R (S) for the control system shown in the figurebelow

109 A proportional controller is used on a process with time constant of 1 mon and ameasuring lag of 10 secs. What value of proportional gain KC will result in a damping

coefficient of G = 0.7 for the two cases of (i) D = 0 (ii) D = 3 secs110 Water at a rate of 0.4 Kg/sec flows through 2 tanks operating in series. The volume of the

2 tanks is 15 and 24 liters respectively. The temperature in the I tank is controlled using a

P.D. controller which supplies 50 watt power to the I tank per unit change in the output

pressure (KN/m2). There are no lags in the system. Find the offset for the unit step change

in inlet water temperature when the controller gain is 40 KN/m2 0

C. The derivative time

is 1mon. Also calculate the damping coefficient

111 A process has two major time constants and is controlled with a proportional controller.

The transfer functions are given by G1 = 1/(2s+1) and G2 = 1/(0.4s+1). Find the controller

gain for the damping coefficient of 0.5

112 A simple feed back controller system consisting of a proportional controller with a gain

KC coupled to a process characterized by 2 and 10 secs. The controlled element is sensed

by an element with a time constant of 10 secs. and a time delay of 4 secs. And the

reference signal is fed to the controller-summing junction through a first order pneumatic

transmitter with a time constant of 1 sec.

i. Sketch the block diagram for this systemii. Write the transfer function relating the controlled variable C to the reference Riii. Write the transfer function relating sensor output B/ to the reference R

113 A simple feed back controller system consisting of a proportional + integral controller

coupled to a proceass characterized by two time constants of 3 and 6 secs. The controlledelement is sensed by an element with a time constant of 10 secs. and a time delay of 4

secs. and the reference signal is fed to the controller summing junction through a first

order pneumatic transmitter with a time constant of 1 sec.

i. Sketch the block diagram for this systemii. Write the transfer function relating the controlled variable C to the reference Riii. Write the transfer function relating sensor output B/ to the reference R


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114 A closed loop control system has time constant of 1 and 2 minute respectively. A

proportional controller and unity feed back element and unity steady state gain. Obtain

the response to a unit step change in the set point at a controller gain that gives a damping

coefficient of 0.8. Would a higher or a lower gain be advantageous for the system. How

& Why?115 A simple feed back control system consists of a proportional controller with a gain KC

coupled to a proceass characterized by two time constants of 2 and 10 secs. And a steady

state gain of 10 secs. The controlled variable is sensed by an element with a time

constant of 5 secs. and a dead time of 1 sec.

i. Sketch the block diagram for this systemii. Write the transfer function relating the controlled variable C to the reference R

116 The major elements of a closed loop control system are having the following transfer

function

GP(s) = (1.5) / ((s+1)(2s+1))

GC(s) = KC

Transfer functions for the rest of the components in the loop are unity. All time constantsare in minutes. Determine the transient response for unit impulse input in set point at a

controller gain that gives critically damped system

117 A unit feed back control system has two processes each having a time constant of one

minute under a proptional controller working in series. Obtain the response to a unit step

change in set point at a controller gain that gives a damping coefficient of 0.8 for the

case of

a) Non interacting tank in seriesb) Interacting tanks in series

Would a higher or a lower gain is advantages? How and Why

118 Determine the overall transfer function C/R of a control system having the following

transfer functions for its elements in a servo type negative feed back system

Controller GC = KC

Final control element Gv = Kv

Process Gp = Kp/ (1s+1) (2s+1)Measuring element H = 1/(Ms+1)

Controlled variable is C and set point is R

119 A unity feedback system is characterized by an open loop transfer function Gp = Kp/

s(s+10) and proportional controller with proportional gain is Kc. Determine the

proportional gain Kc so that the closed loop will have a damping coefficient of 0.5.

Determine the settling peak overshoot and time to peak overshoot (rise time) for a unit

step input (Kp = 1)120 The major elements of a closed loop control system are having the following transfer

function

GP(s) = (1.5) / ((s+1)(2s+1))

GC(s) = KC

Transfer functions for the rest of the components in the loop are unity. All time constants

are in minutes. Determine the transient response for unit impulse input in set point at a

controller gain that gives critically damped system


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121 A unit feed back control system has two processes each having a time constant of one

minute under a proportional controller working in series. Obtain the response to a unit

step change in set point at a controller gain that gives a damping coefficient of 0.8 for the

case of: i. Non interacting tank in series ii. Interacting tanks in series

Would a higher or a lower gain be advantages? How and Why122 A unity feedback system is characterized by an open loop transfer function GC = KP/

s(s+10) and proportional controller with proportional gain is Kc. Determine the

proportional gain Kc so that the closed loop will have a damping coefficient of 0.5.

Determine the settling peak overshoot and time to peak overshoot (rise time) for a unit

step input (KP = 1)

123 A proportional Derivative controller is used in a system with a process and a first order-

measuring lag. Find expression for the characteristics time C and damping factor forclosed loop system. If the process time constant is 1 min and measuring time constant of

10 sec. Find the gain that gives G = 0.5 for the two cases ofD = 0 sec, D = 3 sec124 A closed loop system has time constant of 1 min and 10 min and a proportional

controller. Obtain response of a unit ramp change that gives a damping coefficient of 0.3

would a higher or lower gain the advantageous? How? And why?

125 A block diagram of a control system is presented in the fig below

i. What value of proportional gain KC will result in critically damped behaviorii. If the controller gain of part (a) is used what OFFSET will result for an unit step

change inset point R

iii. For unit step change in set point R what must be the controller gain if the offset is10%

126 A heat exchange is used to preheat a process fluid passing through tube side by means of

shell side hot oil. The exit fluid temperature Tfe is controlled by means of automatic

manipulation of the pressure on the diaphragm of a pneumatic valve in the oil line. The

temperature of inlet oil Toi is a major distribution to the process. Experimental data

indicate that the T F relating to Tfe and Toi is

Tfe (s)/ Toi (s) = 1/(50s

2

+1s+0.5) and F, the flow rate of oil isTfe(s) /F(s) = 20/(s+1)(50s2+12s+0.5)

a) Sketch pictorial and a block diagram for control loop of the heat exchange including aproportional controller and a fast acting-measuring device. The controller uses air

pressure for input and output signal. The gain of the control valve is 30 lt/min per psi

and its dynamics is negligible. Label all the variables and transfer function

b) Find the max valve of proportional gain of controller that can be used


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127 A unity feed back control system has a process and a controller whose transfer functions

are GP = 1/(s2+2s+6); GC = KC (1+0.5s) it is desired that the offset in the controlled

variable should not exceed 0.091 for a unit step change in set point What is the damping

coefficient for this condition

128 For each of the block diagram shown in the fig below determine the closed loop transferfunction Cs/Rs and from the overall system differential equation

129 Integral action is used in an already built speed control system as shown in the fig below

the response of the system is considered to be too oscillatory, a suggestion was made to

add derivative control action that is use of (I+D controller) Investigate this addition and

then recommend whether or not derivative control should be used. If need be, assume KI ,

K and T all equal to 1

130 Determine the characteristics equation for the control system should in fig below

Move A and B into the main loop by block diagram algebra does this affect the nature of

characteristic equation


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131 The major elements of a closed loop control system are given below. The time constants

are min. Calculate (obtain) the transient response for unit step change in load at a

controller gain that gives critical damp system GP (s) = 1.0/((2s+1)(10s+1)) Transfer

function of load change = 1.0/(10s+1) GC(s) = Kc All other transfer functions are unity

132 A liquid level system consists of two non-interacting tanks in series the first tank has across sectional area of 0.2m

2the flow head characteristics for the tank can be given by the

equation q = 2h. The second tank has a cross sectional area of 0.1 m2

and outflow is by a

constant displacement pump delivery 2m3

/sec. The (outflow of tank is 2m3/sec

and the

level is 1m) level in the second tank is controlled by pneumatic PD controller and a valve

with linear characteristics delivering 0.01 m3

/sec per KN/m2

controller output pressure,

to the first tank. The first tank has an independent inflow varying fro 0.75 to 1.25 m3

/sec

draw the block diagram for this control system with appropriate numerical transfer

functions and various quantities of signal

133 A process of two first order elements with time constant of 10 min each is connected to a

measuring element with a 4min time constant and one min time delay. The process is

controlled by a proportional controller .The Kc of which is 5i. Draw the block diagram with appropriate numerical transfer functionsii. Obtain C(s)/R(s) for the system

134 Define stability

135 Explain Routh Hurwitz stability criteria

136 Explain step by step procedure for plotting root locus diagram

137 What is Bode plot. Explain the construction of the Bode plot

138 Explain Bodes stability criteria

139 What is gain margin and phase margin

140 The characteristic equation s +2s +6s +8s+1=0 find the roots of the equation and discuss

the stability of the system

141 The characteristic equation s3+4s2+5s+10=0 find the roots of the equation and discuss the

stability of the system

142 Find the root of the equation: G(s) = 10/s(s-1)(2s+3)

143 The characteristic equation is s+

s +2s +2s+3=0 find the roots of the equation and

discuss the stability of the system

144 Determine the range of K for stability of a unity feed back control system whose open

loop transfer function is G(s) = K/s(s+1)(s+2)

145 A four-stage process has time constant of 1,2,3 and 4 minutes with a gain of 5. Is this

system stable if proportional controller with gain of KC = 2 is used

146 The open loop transfer function a unity feed back control system is given by G(s) =

K/(s+4)(s+2)( s

2

+6s+25) determine the value of K which gives sustained oscillation in theclosed loop system. What are the corresponding oscillation frequencies (use RH method)?

147 Draw the Root Locus Diagram for the control system whose open loop transfer Functions

are:)4()2( ++

=sss

KGH

148

)8()6( ++=

sss

KGH


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149

)9(2 +=

ss

KGH

150

)4()3()1( +++=

ssss

KGH

151

)1010()1010()14(

)8(

jsjss

sKGH

++++

+=

152

)2()2()1( jsjss

KGH

++++=

153

)3()3()1(

)2(

jsjss

sKGH

++++

+=

154 Draw the Root Locus Diagram for the control system whose closed loop transfer

functions are:a. 1 + GH = 0 = s(s+3)(s2+2s+2)+K = 0b. 1 + GH = 0 = s(s+2) +K(s+4) = 0c. 1 + GH = 0 = s(s2+2s+2)+K = 0d. s2 (s+8) + K = 0e. s3 + 8s3 + Ks + K = 0f. (S+2)2 + K = 0

155 A unity feed back control system has an open loop transfer function as

)0053.01()025.01( ++=s

KGH

Sketch the root locus diagram for K > 0. Determine the value of K for stability.

Determine the value of K when the system has two equal characteristic roots

156 A unity feed back control system has an open loop transfer function as

)6()5()22(

)2(

++++

+=

ssssss

sKGH

Sketch the root locus diagram for K > 0. Determine the value of K for stability.

Determine the value of K when the system has two equal characteristic roots

157 A feed back control system has an open loop transfer function as

)22()3(2 +++

=ssss

KGH

Find the root locus diagram as K varies from 0 to . Determine the value of K forstability. Determine the value of K when the system has two equal characteristic roots

158 A unity feed back control system has an open loop transfer function as3)2( +

=ss

KGH

Sketch the root locus diagram and determine the following

(i). Value of K for which root locus crosses the imaginary axis

(ii) Frequency for sustained oscillation


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159 The characteristics equation of a feed back control system is: s4 + 3s3 + 12s2 + (k-16) s + K = 0

160 Sketch the root locus diagram for 0 K and show that the system is conditionallystable (i.e. stable for only a range of k) Determine the range of gain k for which the

system is stable

161

)2()1()(

++=

sss

KsG

i. Sketch the root locus for 0 K ii. Determine the range of K for which the system is stableiii. Determine the value of K when the system is critically damped

162

)5()1( ++=

sss

KGH

Sketch the root locus diagram for the system. Indicate the crossing points of the loci on

the imaginary axis and corresponding values of K and the frequency of oscillation.

Sketch the root locus diagram for the system. Determine the stability of the system163 A unity feed back control system has an open loop transfer function as

)1(

)1(

+=

ss

sKGH

)5()1( ++=

sss

KGH

Sketch the root locus diagram with K as variable parameter. Is the system stable for all

values of K. If not determine the value of K for stable system operation and determine thefollowing

164 Sketch the Bode diagram for the following transfer functions:

i. (1+s)2ii. s/(2s+1)iii. (1-0.5s)/(1+0.5s)

165 Sketch the gain vs frequency asymptotic Bode diagram for each of the following transfer

function:

i. 100/(10s+1)(s+1)ii. 10s/(s+1)(0.1s+1) 2iii.(s+1)/(0.1s+1)(10s+1)iv.(s-1)/(0.1s+1)(10s+1)v. (10s+1) 2vi.(10+s) 2

166 Sketch the Bode diagram of: A second order system with a natural frequency of 1c/s and

a damping factor of 2, A PID controller with a interal time of 2 min a derivative time of

0.4 mins and a proptional gain of 4 units


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167 Sketch the Bode open loop frequency response diagram for the following transfer

functions and calculate the gain and phase angle for = 10 rad/min in each case (is inmin

-1):

i. 50/(10s+1)(2s+1)ii. 10s/(0.2s+1) 2 (s+1)iii. (s+1)/(10s+1)(3s+1)iv. (s-1)/(10s+1)(2s+1)v. (1+s)2vi. (1-0.5s)/(1+0.5s)

168 Draw the Bode diagram for a second order system whose dampling coefficient are

0,0.5,0.7,1.0 and 2.0 Explain the change in trends of these plots

169 Draw the Bode diagram of the following transfer functions: G(s) = e- . s

/ 1+s

170 Draw the Bode diagram for: G(s) = 10(s+3)/s(s+2)(s2+s+2)

171 Plot Bode diagram for the transfer function: G(s) = 10(s+10)/s(s+2)(s+5)

172 Plot Bode diagram for the open loop transfer function of the control system

G(s) = 10(0.5s+1) e-s/10 /(s+1)2(0.1s+1)

173 Plot the overall Bode diagram for a level control system of two non interacting vessels

with a inlet control valve approximating to first order element. The valve has a time

constant of 15s and one percent change valve position changes the inlet flow by 0.5% of

the average value. The first tank has a time constant of 30s and10% increase in flow risesthe level by one meter. The second tank has a time constant of 60s and the level increases

by 0.8 mt for an increase in level of 1 mt in the first tank

174 Plot the open loop Bode diagram for a system with a first order lag of 10sec and 30sec

and time delay of 3sec Determine the value of KC to give 300

phase margin. What is the

gain margin at this value of KC

Kc 16

2

+s

12

1

+s Kc

175 Obtain the phase margin and gain margin of system whose open loop transfer function is

)5()1()()(

++=

sss

KsHsG for the two cases K = 10 & K = 100

176 Sketch the Bode plot for a process and measuring element with an overall transfer

function2

55.0

)12( +

s

eand determine the maximum value of KC for a proportional controller

(s in min-1

)


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177 Plot the open loop Bode diagram for the control loop and determine the phase and gain

margin

178 A temperature control system has a process time constants of 20 mins. And 5 mins. The

control valve and the thermometer bulb have time constants of 10 secs. A 1 psi change

in controller output changes the controlled flow 25 gpm from the normal value of 200

gpm. The process temperature is 1750

F for 200 gpm and 1740

F for 210 gpm. A bulb

with a range of 800

F is used.

i.

Calculate the overall gainii. Calculate the maximum controller gain179

For the transfer function)1()110(

100

++ ssSketch gain Vs. frequency asymptotic Bode

diagram. Find also the actual gain and the phase angel at = 10180 139.Consider the unity feed back control system whose open loop transfer function is

2

)1()(

s

assG

+= , Determine the value of a so that the phase margin = 45 0

181 Plot the Bode diagram for an experimental test on a process which gives the following

results.

Frequency Rad/min 2.5 4 6.3 10 15.8

A.R. 0.87 0.72 0.57 0.35 0.14

Phase Lag 30 60 100 150 200


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SEVEN


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DEPT. OF CHEMICAL ENGG. VII/VIII SEMESTER COURSE DIARY

MVJCE29


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06CH73 COMPUTER APPLICATIONS & MODELING


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SYLLABUS



ALGORITHM AND PROGRAM FOR CASES OF UNIT I TO VI

PART A

UNIT 1

Numerical Techniques:

1. Simultaneous linear algebraic equation- Gauss Jordan (material balance for distillation andmixing),

2. Non-linear algebraic equation-Newton Raphson (Specific volume of binary mixture usingreal gas equations)

3. Ordinary Differential Equation- R-K Method (dCA/dt= K Ca2)4. Numerical Integration-Simpsons 1/3 Rule (Batch Reactor to find time)5. Curve Fitting- Least Square (Arrhenius) 07 Hrs

UNIT 2

Applications:

6. P X,Y and T X, Y evaluation7. Calculation of Bubble Point and Dew Point for Ideal multi-component system

07Hrs

UNIT 3

Flash Vapourization

8.For multicomponent system

9.Design of Adiabatic Batch Reactor 06Hrs

UNIT 4

10. Design of Adiabatic Plug flow Reactor

11. Design of Adiabatic CSTR and Combinations 06Hrs

PART B

UNIT 5

Design

12.Double pipe Heat Exchanger (Area, Length and Pressure drop)13.Shell Tube Heat Exchanger (Area, Number of tubes, Pressure drop) 06Hrs

UNIT6

Absorbtion &Distillation Columns14.Calculations for plate and packed columns 06Hrs

UNIT 7

Modeling: Models and model building, principles of model formulations, precautions in modelbuilding, Fundamental laws: Review of shell balance approach, continuity equation, energy

equation, equation of motion, transport equation of state equilibrium and Kinetics, classification of

mathematical models. 07 Hrs

UNIT 8

Mathematical Modeling and Solutions to the Following:

1.Basic tank model -Level V/s time

1. Batch Distillation -Vapor composition with time2. Three CSTR in series 07Hrs


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Text Books:

1. M. Shanthakumar Computer based Numerical Analysis, KPS publicher, First

edn, 1987.

2. Introduction to Chemical Engineering and Computer Calculations Myers, A.L. and Seider.

W.D.

3. William. L. Luyben Process Modeling simulation and control for chemical engineers 2nd

Edn., Mc Graw Hill, 1990.

Reference Books:

1. H. Scott Fogler, Elements of Chemical Reaction Engineering, 2nd

Ed., Prentice Hall, 2001.

2. Smith J.M. and H.C. Vanness Introduction to Chemical Engg. Thermodynamics 5th

Edition,MGH, 1996.


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LESSON PLAN

Hours / Week: 04


Chapter Hour

No

Description

N

UM

E

RI

C

AL

T

E

C

H

N

IQ

U

E

S

1 Introduction to C program: Structure of C, types of data base, input &

Output statements.

2 Introduction to C program: Input & output statements, Arrays,

general programs.

3 Algorithm: To find a specific volume of binary mixture by using

Newton Raphson method.

4 C program: To find a specific volume of binary mixture by using

Newton Raphson method.

5 Algorithm & C program: To fit a curve by using least square methodfor Arrehenius equation.

6 Algorithm & C program: To find the residence time for a batch

reactor using simpson 1/3rd

rule

7 Algorithm & C program: To solve ordinary differential equation

using Runge Kutta method.

8 Algorithm: To solve material balance equation of mixing using

Guass Jordan method.

9 C Program: To solve material balance equation of mixing using

Guass Jordan method.

A

P

P

L

I

C

AT

I

O

N

S

10 Algorithm & C program: To evaluate P X, Y data

11 Algorithm & C program: To evaluate T X, Y data

12 Algorithm: To evaluate bubble point temperature for ideal multi

component system.

13 C Program: To evaluate bubble point temperature for ideal multicomponent system.

14 Algorithm: To evaluate dew point temperature for ideal multi

component system.

15 C Program: To evaluate dew point temperature for ideal multicomponent system.

16 Algorithm: To evaluate flash vaporization for ideal multi componentsystem.

17 C Program: To evaluate flash vaporization for ideal multi component

system.

18 Algorithm: To evaluate adiabatic batch reactor.

19 C Program: To evaluate adiabatic batch reactor.

20 Algorithm: To evaluate adiabatic CSTR.

21 C Program: To evaluate adiabatic CSTR.


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22 Algorithm & C program: To evaluate adiabatic PFR

23 Algorithm & C program: To evaluate adiabatic flame temperature

D

E

S

I

G

N

24 Algorithm: To calculate area, length & pressure drop for an DPHE

25 C Program: To calculate area, length & pressure drop for an DPHE

26 Algorithm: To calculate area, number of tubes, pressure drop for an

STHE

27 C Program: To calculate area, number of tubes, pressure drop for an

STHE

28 & 29 Algorithm: To calculate number of theoretical plates of distillation

column

30 & 31 C Program: To calculate number of theoretical plates of distillation

column

MO

D

E

L

I

N

G

33 Use of mathematical models, principles of formulation & precautionsin model building

34 Continuity equations: Total continuity equation (Mass Balance)

35 Component continuity equation

36, 37 &

38

Energy, Motion and Transport equations

39 & 40 Equations of state, chemical Equillibrium and phase equillibrium

41 Chemical kineticsM

O

D

E

LI

N

G & S

O

L

U

T

I

O

N

S

42 Modeling of : Basic tank model, level V/S time

43 Modeling of : Series of isothermal, constant Hold up CSTRs

44 continued

45 Modeling of : Multi component flash drum rigorous model andpractical model

46 Continued

47 Modeling of : Batch reactor

48 Modeling of : Batch distillation column with hold up

49 Continued

50 Modelling of CSTR in seris

51 Continued

52 Review of various models


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QUESTION BANK

1. Write a C program to pick negative, zero and positive numbers from a given set of N numbersusing arithmetic IF. Using the format statement print the answer

2. Write a C program which will evaluate the function for x=0.5 to 3 varying in steps of 0.5 andtabulate the results: f = 1 + x2/2 + x4 / 4 0.5 sin2x + (4 x2) 1/2

3. Write C program to find the root of the equation: f(x) = x3

x 1 = 0, by bisection method

4. Write C program to find the root of the equation: f(x) = x3

+ x2

1 = 0 by Newton Raphson

method

5. Write C program to integrate Area = (x) dx from the given Values

X 7.47 7.48 7.49 7.50 7.51 7.52

(x) 1.93 1.95 1.98 2.01 2.03 2.06

With h = 0.001 using trapezoidal rule

1. Evaluate I = 1/ 1 + x. The values of x and y are tabulated below:

X 0 0.5 1.0

Y 1.000 0.667 0.5

h = 0.05 and write a C program to solve the above problem using Simpsons 1/3rd

rule.

2. Write a C program to solve the simultaneous equation using Gaussian Elimination method andGauss Jordan method.

10x + 2y + z = 9

2x + 20y 2z = -44; -2x + 3y + 10z = 22

3. Write a C program to Solve the ordinary differential equation: dy/dx = x2/y

2+ 1 using Eulers

method

4. Write a C program to Solve the ordinary differential equation dy/dx = y x where y (0) = 2.

Find y (0.1) and y(0.2) using Runge-Kutta method

5. Write a C program to Solve the ordinary differential equation: dy/dx = y2

x2

where y(0) = 2.Find y (0.1) and y(0.2) using Runge-Kutta method

6. Molar volume of benzene vapour at 563.15

0

K is given as a function of pressure. Assume that theP-V data obeys the virial equation of state terminated after the third virial coefficient. Write a C

program to find the second and third virial coefficients. Hint: Method of least squares can be used.7. Assuming that Raoults law is applicable for the system acetone (1)/acetonitrile (2) /nitromethane

(3), write a C program to calculate bubble pressure, dew pressure, bubble temperature and dew

temperature.

7.52

7.47

0

1


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MVJCE37

8. Calculate the molar volume of propane at 440 K and 150 atm. Using Pitzers theory. The vapour

pressure of propane is given by Antonine Equation lnP = A B/T + C where A = 15.7260, B =1872.46 & C = -25.16. TC = 370 K, PC = 42 atm.

9. Write a C program to find the molar volume of a gas using Vanderwalls/s equation

10. What is principle of corresponding states? Explain

11. What is UNIFAC method? Explain its significance

12. A gas furnace burns propane fuel, the chemical reaction for complete combustion is C3H8 + SO2

= 3CO2 + 4H2O, This is a fast and irreversible reaction. Solve for the composition and flow rate. 13.

Assume that the fuel is pure propane and that air is 21% oxygen and 79% nitrogen.13. Hot soap is chilled on a roller and scraped continuously from the roller onto a moving conveyor

belt (stream 1), which carries the soap into a dryer. The entering soap contains 25% water byweight. It is desired to reduce the water content to 15% water by weight (stream 3) and to produce

1200 kg/hr of dried soap chips. The entering air contains 0.3-mol% water vapour. The air/wet chipratio = 3 (1) Set the material balance equation and find the number of design variables. (2) Calculate

the unknown flow rates and composition.

14. Give the algorithm and write a C program for an adiabatic, non-isothermal batch reactor, in

which a first order liquid phase irreversible reaction is taking place. The residence time required for

a specified conversion should be the output result of the program.

15. The feed to an ammonia reactor contains nitrogen, recycled ammonia and inert impurities(methane and argon). The reaction is N2 + 3H2 = 2 NH3. Nitrogen and hydrogen in the feed are in

the stoichiometric proportion 1:3. Determine the flow rate and composition of the product stream in

terms of the feed stream variables. Take suitable design variable.

16. The process shown in the flow diagram converts feed stream (1) of n-butane to isobutene in a

catalytic reactor. The conversion to isobutene is incomplete and the products from the reactorstream (2) are separated by distillation into isobutene (stream 3) and unreacted n-butane (stream 4).

The isobutene is more volatile than n-butane and is obtained from the distillation tower as the

distillate. Use CSTR for butane isomerization. Determine all process flow rates and mole fractions.

Take suitable design variables.17. Write a program to design a double pipe heat exchanger. Write down the algorithm and explain

the design procedure in detail.

18. Write a program to design a single effect evaporator. Write down the algorithm and explain the

design procedure in detail.

19. Write a program to design a shell & tube heat exchanger. Write down the algorithm and explain

the design procedure in detail.

20. Write a program to determine the number of ideal stages required in a binary distillation columnby McCabe Thiele method. Write down the algorithm and explain the design procedure in detail.


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06CH74 BIO CHEMICAL ENGINEERING


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SYLLABUS



PART-A

UNIT-1

INTRODUCTION: Bioprocess engineering and technology Role of a chemical engineer in

bioprocess industry An introcduction to basic biological sciences. Microbiology structure of cellsProckaryotes and eukaryotes classification of microorganisms taxanomym environmental industrial

microbiology 6hrs

UNIT-1I

Biochemistry: Chemicals of life lipids sugars, polysaccharides, amino acids, and protein

Vitamines Biopolymers nucleic acids RNA, DNA and their derivatives.(structure biologicalfunction and importance for life only to be studied.) 7hrs

UNIT-1II

Enzyme and Proteinss: details structure of proteins and enzymes functions methods of production

and purification of enzymes Nomenclature and classification of enzymes, kinetic of enzymes action

Michaelis menten rate equation derivation 6hrs

UNIT-1V

Kinetics of enzymes action: Reversible enzymes two substrate multicomlex enzymes

kinetics(derivation of rate equation)experimental of rate parameter batch & continuous flow

experiment Lineweaver burk Eadie Hofstee and hanes woolf plots Batch kinetics (integral anddifferntial methods) 7hrs

PART-B.

UNIT-V

Enzyme Inhibition: effect of inhibiton (competitive, non competitive substrateand productinhibition) Temperature and pH on the rates enzymes catalyzed reactions determination of kinetics

parameters for various types of inhibition Dixon method enzyme immobilization uses methods of

enzymes immobilization. 7hrs

UNIT-VI

Fermentation technology: Ideal bioreactors, A review of batch and continuous flow reactors forbio kinetics measurements microbiology reactors operation and maintenance of typical aseptic

fermentation process.formulataion of medium ,sources of nutrients, alternate bioreactor

configuration.introduction to sterilization of bioprocess equipments. 7hrs

UNIT-VII

Growth Kinetics of microganisms: Transient growth kinetics (different phase of batch cultivation)

Quantification of growth kinetics substrate limited growth ,models with growth inhibitor, logistic

equation ,filaments cell growth model, continuous culture optimum dilution rate in ideal chemostat

introduction to fed-batch reactors. 6hrs


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UNIT-VIII

Downstream processes: strategies and steps involved in product purificatiaon methods of celldisruption, - Filtration, centrifugation, sedimentation chromatography freeze drying/lyophilization

menbrane separation technology reverse osmosis ultra filtration micro filtation dialyusis6hrs

Text Books:

1. Biochemical Engineering Fundamentals- Bailey & Ollis, II Edition, McGraw Hill, 1986

2. Microbiology Concepts & Application:- McGraw Hill, 1993 by Pelczar

Reference Books:

1. Biochemical Engineering: Aiba, Academic Press, 1965

2. Industrial Microbiology- Casida3. Biochemistry: - Lehninzer

4. Chemical Engineering III Edition, Coulson & Richardson


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LESSON PLAN

Hours / Week: 04


Hour. No Topics to be covered

01 Bioprocess engineering and technology

02 Role of a chemical engineer in bioprocess industry

03 An introcduction to basic biological sciences.04 Microbiology structure of cells Prockaryotes and eukaryotes.05 classification of microorganisms

06 taxanomym environmental industrial microbiology

07 Chemicals of life lipids.08 sugars, polysaccharides

09 Amino Acids to proteins, protein structure, primary structure, secondary andtertiary structure.

10 Vitamines Biopolymers

11 nucleic acids

12 RNA, DNA and their derivatives.(structure biological function and importance for

life only to be studied

13 Enzyme and Proteinss: details structure of proteins and

14 enzymes functions methods of production and purification of enzymes

15 Nomenclature of enzymes16 classification of enzymes17 kinetic of enzymes action

18 Michaelis menten rate equation derivation

19 Kinetics of enzymes action: Reversible enzymes two substrate

20 multicomlex enzymes kinetics(derivation of rate equation)

21 experimental of rate parameter

22 batch & continuous flow experiment

23 Lineweaver burk24 Eadie Hofstee and hanes woolf plots

25 Batch kinetics (integral and differntial methods

26 Enzyme Inhibition: effect of inhibiton competitive,

Hour. No Topics to be covered

27 non competitive substrateand product inhibition

28 Temperature and pH on the rates enzymes catalyzed reactions

29 determination of kinetics parameters for various types of inhibition30 Dixon method

31 enzyme immobilization

32 uses methods of enzymes immobilization

33 Fermentation technology: Ideal bioreactors,

34 A review of batch and continuous flow reactors for bio kinetics measurements

35 microbiology reactors operation and maintenance of typical aseptic fermentation


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process.

36 formulataion of medium ,sources of nutrients,37 alternate bioreactor configuration.

38 introduction to sterilization of bioprocess equipments39 Growth Kinetics of microganisms: Transient growth kinetics (different phase of

batch cultivation)

40 Quantification of growth kinetics substrate limited growth.

41 ,models with growth inhibitor, logistic equation ,

42 filaments cell growth model,

43 continuous culture optimum dilution rate in ideal chemostat

44 introduction to fed-batch reactors

45 Downstream processes: strategies and steps involved in productpurificatiaon

46methods of cell disruption, - Filtration, centrifugation, sedimentation47 chromatography freeze drying/lyophilization

48 menbrane separation technology49 reverse osmosis ultra filtration50 micro filtation dialyusis


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QUESTION BANK

1. List out some important applications of biotechnology.

2. Discuss the difference between Procaryotic and Eucaryotic cells

3. What is the basis of the five-kingdom classification scheme according to Whittaker?

4. Why is Whittaker five-kingdom classification so accepted in the biological community?

5. Define the various Organelles of a typical caell and give their characteristics

6. Compare the general characteristics of the following. (a) Spirilla (b) Cocci (c) Bacilli (d) Budding(e) Sexual fusion (f) Sporulation

7. Why is it essential to classify microorganisms

8. What must be done before classification of microorganisms

9. Give the classification of microorganisms belonging to the kingdom protista

10. What are bacteria? Discuss their activity in biochemical process.

11. What do you understand by gram positive and gram-negative species?

12. If two microorganisms have an identical mol% G+c value for their DNA, are they necessarily

related? Explain13. If two microorganisms have a different mol% G+c value for their DNA, are they necessarily

unrelated? Explain

14. Explain cell fractionation in biochemical analysis.

15. Bring out the importance of microorganisms in the fixation of nitrogen in the atmosphere.16. Explain briefly the method of biological wastewater treatment.

17. State the different basic monomeric chemicals.

18. Give the basic molecular structure that forms the important super macromolecules in a living

cell.

19. Distinguish the followingAmino acid and nucleic acid

Lipids and proteins

DNA & RNA

Starch and glucose

20. Describe the death rate pattern of bacteria when exposed to a lethal agent.

21. Give the great range of protein structures and functions.

22. Discuss the diverse biological functions of proteins

23. What are lipids?

24. How are lipids classified?

25. What is rancidity?

26. How is rancidity prevented?


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27. Discuss the biological and physiological role of lipids.

28. Define the meaning of a high-energy compound.

29. Name the high energy compound that occur in the glycol tic compound.

30. Suggest a method for sterilization for :

01 Petri Dish 05 A heat liable solution of vitamin

02 Water 06 A heat liable antibiotic solution

03 Nutrient Agar 07 Contaminated hospital linens

04 Dry powder 08 Operation room in hospitals

31. Write briefly on nitrogeneous bases that are found in DNA and RNA.

32. Distinguish between DNA & RNA

33. Distinguish between starch and glucose.34. Define enzyme and a super enzyme

35. Enzyme carbonic anhydrase catalyses the hydration of carbon dioxide reaction:

H2O + CO2 H2CO3

The molecular weight of the enzyme is 30000. If 10g of pure enzyme catalyzes the hydration of0.3 g of CO2 in 1 min at 37

0C under optimal condition calculate the turnover number of the enzyme.

36. Write the sequence of 3 to 5 end base for the following double helix 5 AA TGCG3 DNAnucleotide. Also write RNA strand for the same in 3 to 5 sequence.

37. Assuming the reaction sequence:

S+E [ES1] [ES1] P + E

Develop a suitable expression using Quasi steady state approximation for the complexes.

38. Beef liver catalyst has been to used to accelerate the decomposition of H2O2 to yield water and

oxygen. The concentration of water is given as a function of time for a reaction mixture with PH

6.76 maintained at 300 C.

Time (Secs)Concentration ofH2O2 (mol/lit)

0 0.2

10 0.1775

20 0.0158

50 0.0106100 0.022

a. Determine the M-M parameter

b. If the total enzyme concentration is tripled, what will be the substrate concentration after 20minutes?

39. Derive Michaelis-Menten equation for an enzyme-catalysed reaction.

40. Show how the Michaelis-Menten equation constants are evaluated by Lineweaver-Burk plot.

41. Discuss the effect of substrate concentration on the rate for the enzyme-catalysed reaction.


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42. The following data were recorded for an enzyme reaction S = P. Estimate V max and Km

S, mol/l 8.33x10- 1.25x10- 3.33x10- 8x10- 2x10-4

V, mol/l. min 13.8 19.0 36.3 53.4 66.7

43. At room temperature Sucrose is hydrolysed by the catalytic action of the enzyme as Sucrose =

Product, Initial sucrose concentration CA0 = 1.0 mM/L and an enzyme concentration CE0 =

0.01 mM/L, the following data are obtained in a fresh batch reactor

Time (hr) CA mM/L Time (hr) CA mM/L

1 0.84 7 0.09

2 0.68 8 0.043 0.53 9 0.018

4 0.38 10 0.006

5 0.27 11 0.00256 0.16

Check whether the reaction follows MM model and if it fits the model then evaluate K3 and

M in the equation

44. For the enzymatic conversion of the substrate, the dependence of the reaction rate on the

substrate concentration is as given below:

S [mM] 1 0.5 0.25 0.75 0.13V min

-171.4 55.5 40.1 30.3 25.2

i. Plot V Vs. S and find Vm and Km from the plot

ii. Construct the Eadie-Hofstee plot and find Vm and Km from the same

45. What are the factors that affect the rate of enzymatic reactions?

46. Explain all the factors that affect the rate of enzymatic reactions.

47. What is enzyme inhibition?

48. What is the meaning of inhibitor constant KI?

49. Explain briefly ant two methods of estimation of the value of KI.

50. Derive the M-M equation for the reaction and a method to evaluate km, km1 when Vm = Vm1.

Write the equation and what is the type of inhibition

51. The decarboxylation of glyoxylate by mitochondria is inhibited by malonate. In a kinetic study

the following results were obtained. Is the inhibition of the reaction by malonate competitive? If so

find the kinetic parameter.

-rA = K3CACE0

CA + M


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Glyoxylate

concentration mM

Rate of evolution of CO2 (arbitrary

units)

Malonate Concentration, mM

1.26 1.951.00 2.17 1.82

0.75 1.82 1.39

0.6 2.41 1.28

0.5 1.30 1.00

0.33 1.09 ---

0.25 1.01 ---

52. At room temperature the initial rate of reaction of enzymatic cleavage of de oxygnanosine

triphosphate was measured as a function of concentration as follows.

Substrate concentration (M/L)Initial Reaction Rate (M/L min)Without inhibitor With inhibitor (1.46M/L)

6.7 0.3 0.11

3.5 0.25 0.081.7 0.16 0.06

a. Calculate M-M constants

b. What type of inhibition occurs when inhibitor of concentration 146 M/L is added?

53. In the initial reaction rate of hydrolysis of acetyl choline (substrate) by dog serum (source ofenzyme) in the acsence and presence of prostigmine (inhibitor), 1.5 x 10-7 M/L the

following data were obtained.

Substrate concentration (M/L)Initial Reaction Rate (M/L min)

Without inhibitor With inhibitor (1.46M/L)0.0032 0.111 0.59

0.0049 0.148 0.071

0.0062 0.143 0.0910.0080 0.166 0.111

0.0095 0.200 0.125

Find the type of inhibition by prostigmine presence

Find all the parameters that appear in the rate equation.

54. The enzyme, cathepsin, hydrolyses L-glutomyl L-tyrosine to carbobenzoxy L- glutamic acidand L tyrosine. It has been found that glutamic acid formed in the hydrolysis, inhibits

(competitively), the progress of the reaction by forming a complex with cathepsin. The course of the

reaction is followed by adding tyrosine decarboxylase, which evolves CO2

[S]

Mml[I]

MmlRate of CO2 generation

Mml-min4.7 0 0.0434

4.7 7.57 0.0285

4.7 30.30 0.0133

10.8 0 0.0713

10.8 7.57 0.0512

10.8 30.30 0.0266

30.30 0 0.1111

30.30 7.57 0.0909

30.30 30.30 0.0581


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Calculate a. The value of M-M constants of the enzyme

b. The dissociation constants of enzyme inhibitor complex KI

55. Give the partial classifications of reversible inhibitors. Describe them and give their effects on

kinetic parameters with different rate plots.

56. Derive the expression for the reaction velocity V, in terms of total enzyme concentration C0 and

free substrate and inhibitor concentrations, S for the following reactions

E + S = ES KS: dissociation constant

E = I = EI KI: dissociation constant

ES = E + P slow stepWhere E & S are enzyme and substratr and I is the inhibitor. State how kinetic parameters

are estimated?

57. Illustrate how reactions, the manner in which organically bound sulphur is released by microbial

dissimilation.58. Explain carbon dioxide cycle.

59. Describe how the physical composition of soil influences the magnitude and diversity of the

microbial flora.

60. What are the components of bacterial nitrogen fixing system?

61. Explain nitrogen cycle.

62. What is oxidative phosphorylation?

63. Where does phosphorylation occur in the respiration chain?

64. What are the essential difference between photosynthesis by bacteria and algae?65. Explain the following with the help of neat flow sheets: TCA cycle, Calvin cycle

66. What is meant by respiration?

67. Discuss respiration with the help of TCA cycle

68. Distinguish between catabolism and anabolism

69. Explain the following metabolic pathway briefly: EMP pathway, ATP cycle

70. What is carbon catabolism?

71. Write about electron transport and photophosphorylation.


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06CH753ELECTROCHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY


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ELECTROCHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY

Subject Code :

06CH753

IA

Marks

:

25

No. of Lecture

Hours/Week

: 04 Exam

Hours

:

03

Total No. of

Lecture Hours

: 52 Exam

Marks

:

100

PART - A

UNIT - 1

INTRODUCTION TO THEORETICAL ASPECTS: Faradays laws, mechanism of conduction

in solids, liquids and gases and in ionic melts. Conduction in metals and semiconductors.

6 Hours

UNIT - 2

Reversible electrodes and potentials, electrode processes and electrode kinetics. 6 HoursUNIT - 3Various types of overpotentials. Polarisation. 6 Hours

UNIT - 4

Butler-volmer for one electron and mute electron steps. Models of electrical Double layer.

8 Hours

PART B

UNIT - 5

Applied aspects: Potentiometry and ion-selective electrodes. Polaroraphy.

6 Hours

UNIT - 6Electrode deposition of metals and alloys. 6 Hours

UNIT - 7

Primary, Secondary and Fuel Cells. 6 Hours

UNIT - 8

CORROSION AND ITS PREVENTION:. Electro winning. Electro organic and inorganic synthesis(and some typical examples). Environmental electrochemistry. Bio-electro chemistry.

8 Hours

TEXT BOOKS:

1. Modern Electrochemistry - J.O.M., Bockris & A.K.N. Reddy, Vol.1 & 2, Plenum, NewYork 2002.

2. Industrial Electrochemical Processes - A. Kuhn,, Elsevier, Amsterdam 1971.REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Electro Analytical Chemistry - J.J. Lingane, Wiley, New York-1958.

2. Electrochemistry, Principles and Applications - E.C. Potter, Cleaverhume Press,

London 1956.

3. Organic Electrochemistry - M.M. Baizer, Marcel Dekker, New York 1991.


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06CH754 SUGAR TECHNOLOGY


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SYLLABUS



PART-A

UNIT-I

1. Sugar Industry in India: Chemical and physical properties of sucrose and reducing sugars.

Sources for sucrose, formation of sucrose plants, non-sugar compounds of sugar cane, inorganic

constituents of sugar cane juices and sugars analytical methods used in sugar industry.

6 Hrs.

UNIT-II

2. Purification: Chemical technology of purification process, fundamental reactions and physical

chemistry aspects of clarification, liming, sulphitation and carbonation process, filtration of sugar

juices. 8 Hrs.

UNIT-IIIEvaporation: Evaporation of sugar juice, heat transfer in evaporators, evaporation equipments andauxiliaries. 6hrs

UNIT-IVEvaporation Methods of obtaining steam, and quality of steam. Steam economy, chemistry of the

evaporation process. 6Hrs.

PART-B

UNIT-V

Chrystallography : Solubility of sucrose, nucleation in super saturated solutions kinetics and

growth of crystallization, chemistry of crystallization, 7hrs

UNIT-VI

Chrystallography:control methods & equipment in sugar crystallization, technology of sugar

crystallization, evaporation & circulation in vacuum pans. 7 Hrs.

UNIT-VII

Centrifugation : Theory of the centrifugal process, centrifugal operation, 4hrs

UNIT-VII

Centrifugation: engineering principles of sugar centrifugals and the centrifugal equipment andauxiliaries, production of final molasses and molassess utilization, grading of sugar. 8 Hrs.

TEXT BOOKS:

1.Honing P. (Ed). Principles of Sugar technology, Vol. I to III, Elsivier Publishing Company,

1953.

2. Jerkins, G.H. Introduction of Cane Sugar Technolgy, Elsivier, 1966.

REFERENCE BOOKS :

1. Mathur, R.B.L., Handbook of Cane Sugar Technology, 2nd

edn. Oxford and I.B.H. Publishing

Co., 1997.

2. Jink. R.W. and Pan Coast H.M., Hand book of Sugars, Avi Publishing Co., 1974.


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LESSON PLAN

Hours / Week: 04


Sl.

No.Chapter

Hour

No.Topics to be covered

1

Sugar Industry in India

1 History of sugar industries in India, global and

Indian scenario of sugar products

2 Carbohydrates classification : Mono and

disaccharides

3 Chemical properties of sucrose: action of heat on

dry sucrose solutions

4 Chemical properties of sucrose contd..

5 Physical properties of sucrose

6 Formation of sucrose: Plants

7 Composition of cane

8 Characteristics of cane

9 Coloring matters of cane

10 Chemical decomposition of cane

2 Purification

11 Unit operation

12 Fundamental Reactions

13 Physical Chemistry aspects

14 Liming

15 Density of lime, treatment with sulphur16 Sulph

Documents

CoursedairyVII Sem