Course Overview - Geography Questions

~ UNIT 1 - Canada’s Global Connections ~

Sub-Unit: Canada’s Global Connections

CHAPTERS: 2, 3, 4, 8, 9

1) Give the definitions of Latitude and Longitude. A: Latitude: Distance north or south of the equator, measured in degrees. The equator is 0 and the North Pole is 90 north latitude.

Longitude: Distance east and west of the Prime Meridian, measured in degrees. The Prime Meridian is 0 longitude.

2) Why is the world divided into Time Zones?A: The world is divided into time zones because of the suns rotation and the seasons.

3) Which time zone do we live in? How many does Canada have?A: We, Canadians live in the standard time zone, and are made up of 6 time zones in total.

4) What are the three types of scale? Produce an example for each.A:

Direct Statement Scale/ Ex. 1cm = 10km

Line Scale/ Ex. Representative Fraction Scale/ Ex. 1:50 000

5) You are given the fallowing scales: 1:50000, 1:31500000Which is larger scale? Explain.A: The answer is 1:50000. The reason is because, 1:50000 represents 1 cm to 50 000 cm of the surface, therefore, there is much more land covered than the 1:31500000 scale.

6) You are given the fallowing scale: 1 cm to 2 kmConvert the given scale into its two equivalent forms.A:

1:20000

7) What are map symbols? Why are they used?A: Map symbols are symbols on a map that represent places, or things. They are used to help us to locate specific places such as schools, markets, or factories.

8) Describe the difference in accuracy obtained from a 4 digit and a 6 digit military grid reference. A: Four Digit Military Grid: Each vertical line is called an easting and runs from the top to the bottom of the map. Each easting is identified by a two-digit number. The easting refers to the column to the right of the line.

Six Digit Military Grid: Any point on the map may be located using a six-digit number.

Sub-Unit: Canada’s Global Connections

CHAPTERS: 30, 31, 32

1) Why are some countries called Developed, some Newly Industrializing, and some Developing? Provide examples for each type. A: Developed Country: Country with a highly developed economy. Its citizens have high incomes, abundant food, good housing, and can afford many luxuries. Sometimes called “industrialized”.

Developing Country: Country with a poorly developed economy. Its citizens have low incomes, shortages of food, poor housing, and cannot afford luxuries. Sometimes called “less developed”.

Newly Industrializing: Countries in the transition stage between developing and developed countries. NICs typically have rapidly growing countries.

2) List and explain five characteristics that help determine a country’s well being.A:

Life expectancy Wealth Population growth Food supply Education level Healthcare

3) Geographically, what trend can be seen as to country location and the level of development? Why is this the case?A: Well, it all depends on the wealth and the government of the country. If the country is too poor to afford food, and has a bad government, there development would be extremely low and would have no immigrants. If it was rich, and had an excellent government, the country would develop extremely fast and grow.

4) Give examples to show how ‘problems in one part of the world will sooner or later affect people elsewhere’.A: Ex 1: Canada being a leader by trying to stop war.Ex 2: Wealth, culture, languages, and nationality. Ex 3: Multiculturalism.

5) How might the world be today if the UN had not been created after WW2?A: If the UN had not been created after WW2, there is a big possibility that there could have been a WW3 or much more smaller wars causing mass destruction.

6) How important is trade to Canada? Explain, using examples of import substitution. A: Trade plays a huge roll in Canada. It is extremely important to be able to trade! We obviously don’t make most of the high-tech products, vehicles, and goods, so in order to gain them; we need to trade the products we make for the others that we don’t.

7) People can decrease a trade deficit by practicing import substitution. Describe, with an example, how you could do this.A: If we can manually import products from other countries, we can obviously decrease our trade with other countries since we are able to get the products ourselves.

8) List groups that would a) Support free trade b) Oppose free trade

A: - Tariffs would support Free trade.- North Americans would oppose Free Trade.

~ UNIT 2 - Canada’s Natural Diversity ~

CHAPTERS: 10, 11, 12, 13, 14

1) Who was Alfred Wegener? Why was he important to understanding of the earth’s Geology?A: Alfred Wegner was a German Scientist that stated that the earth was once just one super continent called Pangea. The evidence that he found showing that this theory was right is:

1) He saw a jigsaw fit between South America and Africa.2) Same fossils and plants on both continents.3) The mountains on both continents were similar in rock and age.4) Ice sheets covered Southern Africa, India, Australia, and South America.

2) List the four major geologic eras that shaped Canada’s landscape, describing major events that occurred and time period in which each took place.A:

Eras Time Period (millions of years ago)

Began Ended

Major Geological Events

Cenozoic(recent life)

66 --- Ice sheets cover much of North America

Continents take on their present shape

Formation of the Rocky Mountains

Mesozoic(middle life)

245 66 Formation of Rocky Mountains begins

Innuitian Mountains formed

Shallow seas in the interior of North America at various times

Paleozoic(ancient life)

570 245 Periods when large parts of North America are covered by shallow seas

Appalachians formed

Precambrian (earliest life)

4600 570 Precambrian shields, such as the Canadian shield are formed.

3) Present day Canada has five major physical regions seen near the Canada - US border. For each, provide: a) its name

b) its location in Canadac) the provinces and territories located in itd) the major rock type(s) found there

A:Name Location in

CanadaProvinces and

Territories located in it

Major rock type(s) found there

The LowlandsInterior PlainsGreat Lakes - St. Lawrence LowlandsHudson Bay - Arctic LowlandsThe Highlands

4) Use a diagram to explain the rock cycle.

5) Distinguish between: weathering and erosionWeather and climate

A: Weathering: Breakdown of rock into small particles. Erosion: Wearing away of the earth’s surface fallow by the movement to other

locations of materials that have worn away.

Weather: Combination of temperature, precipitation, cloud cover, and winds experienced daily.

Climate: Weather conditions of a place averaged over a long period of time.

6) What are Canada’s climatic regions? Why does Canada have so many of them?A:

Arctic Taiga Cordilleran Pacific Maritime Boreal Prairie Southeastern Atlantic Maritime

7) What two components is weather made up of?A: Two components weather is made up of are, Ocean Currents and Air Masses.

8) Locate data for and construct a climate graph (use notes or pg. 144 text book):a) What is the max. temperature? Which month?b) What is the min. temperature? Which month?c) What is the annual precipitation?d) What is the temperature range?e) What is the length of the growing season?f) Where in Canada do you feel the graph represents? Explain.

A: For Climate Graph, refer to sheet. a) Max. Temperature - 19 C; Month - Julyb) Min. Temperature - -9 C; Month - Januaryc) Annual Precipitation - 1229mm d) Temperature Range - 28 Ce) Length of Growing Season - 4 Months; (June - September)f) I feel that this represents Toronto region, also known as the Southeastern.

9) What are the four factors that help determine climate types in Canada? Explain each, with the aid of a diagram.A:

Average Annual Temperature Temperature Range Total Precipitation Seasonal Distribution of Precipitation

10) Describe the relationship that exists between vegetation, soils and climate in Canada.A:

Minerals Bacteria and Organic Materials Air Moisture

11) What is the ‘recipe for good soil’?A: The ‘recipe’ for good soil is sand, silt, and clay, plus humus.

12) What is an ecozone? Why are ecozones a useful tool for study of Canada? A: Ecozone: Region based on its ecological characteristics.

~ UNIT 3 - Canada’s Resource Stewardship ~

CHAPTERS: 21, 22, 23, 24, 25

1) Distinguish between Intensive and Extensive agriculture.A: Intensive Farming: Large amounts of labour, machinery, and fertilizers are used on small farms. High yields per hectare are obtained.

Extensive Farming: Type of farming in which small amounts of labour, machinery and fertilizers are used on large farms.

2) Which two areas in Canada are large fruit producing areas? For each, explain why.A:

Annapolis Valley of Nova Scotia Niagara Fruit Belt of Ontario Okanagan Valley of British Columbia

3) What is Mixed Farming? What advantages and disadvantages does mixed farming provide for a farmer?A: Mixed Farming: Vegetation region that contains both coniferous and deciduous trees. It is a transition zone between the deciduous forests and the boreal forest. 4) Distinguish between renewable and non-renewable resources.A: Renewable Resource: Resource that replaces itself unless badly mismanaged. For example, trees grow to replace others that have been cut or burned down; but polluted water is cleaned by the environment.

Non-Renewable Resource: Resource that can only be used once, ex., oil or iron ore.

5) List and describe the various mining methods in Canada.A: Strip Mining:

- used to extract minerals, such as coal and oil sands, that are located in horizontal layers near the surface.

Open Pit Mining:- used to extract minerals that are located near the surface but that may extend

deep into the earth.

Underground Mining:- used to extract mining ores located deep into the earth.

6) List ten products we use each day that are produced from the forest industry.A:

1. Wood (desks)2. Paper3. Ruler4. Pencil5. Textbooks6. Tools7. Flooring8. Housing9. Boats

7) Distinguish between coniferous and deciduous trees, and hardwood and softwood trees.A: Coniferous Trees: Trees with cones and needlelike leaves, ex. Evergreen.

Deciduous Trees: Tree which sheds its leaves annually in fall, ex. Broad leaved tree.

Hardwood Trees: Wood produced from broad-leaved trees such as maple, oak, and elm. Hardwoods are used to make furniture, sports equipment, tools, floors, and boats.

Softwood Trees: Wood produced by coniferous trees.

8) What are the main methods of clearing forests in Canada? Describe each, and list the advantages and disadvantages associated with each.A:

Type Advantages Disadvantages Clear Cutting - Cheap

- Easier- Bad for environment- Soil may erode- Land may be ruined

Selective Cutting - Excellent for environment

- Expensive- Takes longer

9) What are some of the problems associated with the forest industry?A:

Air pollution Forest Fires Aerial Spraying of Chemicals Two few trees replaced Soil erosion Clogging of river by floating and sunken materials Chemical pollution

10) Which are the main fishing areas in Canada? Why did the fishing industry in these areas collapse? List the problems involved.A:

1. THE EAST COAST FISHERYWhy it collapsed:

Over Fishing Improved Fishing Technology Uncontrolled Foreign Fishing Destructive Fishing Practices Changes in Natural Conditions

2. THE WEST COAST FISHERYWhy it collapsed:

Over Fishing Changes in Environment Lack of a Salmon Fishing Treaty

11) What is a resource stewardship? List and describe ways in which you can observe resource stewardship through daily activities.A: Resource Stewardship: is helping the environment and taking care of it. Ex. Recycling.

12) List and describe some of the alternative energy resources which may replace fossil fuels in the future. A:

Hydrogen Fuel Cell

~ UNIT 4 - Canada’s People ~

CHAPTERS: 15, 16, 17, 18, 19

1) What is the Rule of 70? How long would it take for a population to double with each of the following growth rates:

a) 0.5%b) 1.0%c) 2.0%

A:Rule of 70: in demographics, process whereby you divide 70 by the population

growth rate to estimate how many years it will take for the country’s population to double.

a) 0.5% = 140b) 1.0% = 70c) 2.0% = 35

2) Determine the change in population for the fallowing countries:A: Country Births Deaths Nat.

Inc.Imm. Em. Net.

Mig.Pop.Chg.

Alpha 678 489 189 270 164 106 295Beta 201 197 4 160 107 53 57Delta 907 892 15 663 714 -51 -36

3) Refer to the population pyramid on pg. 175 of your text:a) What will the dependency load be like?b) How old will you be?c) How will the dependency load affect you?

A:a) Males = 26% Females = 30%

b) 28 Years Old

c) I will have to take care of seniors and kids for a while and taxes may increase.

4) List the conditions of the following treaties:a) Royal Proclamation 1763b) The Indian Actc) Do you feel these treaties were fair to the First Peoples? Explain.

A:Royal Proclamation 1763: Proclamation on land treaties by the British

establishing two important principles for negations: a) land ownership rights of the

first nations must be respected; b) if a First Nations did choose to give up land, it should receive a fair payment for it.

The Indian Act: Act of Canadian Government from 1876 whereby the government signed treaties with Nations groups so that they would give up their claim to the lands they occupied, forever, and persuaded them to move to reserves.

5) List and explain three issues that Native Canadians face today.A:

1. Loss of Land2. Weak Weapons 3. Self-Government

6) List and explain three challenges that face the territory of Nunavut.A:

1. High Cost of Living 2. Unemployment

7) List three reasons why immigrants are attracted to large urban centers.A:

1. Better Government2. More Job Opportunities 3. Multicultural

8) What are Push and Pull factors? List three possible pull and push factors for an immigrant from Russia coming to live permanently in Canada.A: Push Factors: Factors that make people want to emigrate.

No Jobs Bad Government Weather/Pollution

Pull Factors: Factors that attract people to come and immigrate here. More Job Opportunities Good Government Weather

9) What conditions provide someone with refugee status?A: Refugee: Someone who fears persecution in his or her home country.

10) Using the organizer provided below, determine advantages and disadvantages for each land settlement pattern:A:

Type Explanation Advantages DisadvantagesLong Lots(Quebec)

Concession System(Ontario)

Section System(Prairies)

11) List and explain 4 reasons why urban places experience growth.A:

Manufacturing Transportation Service Center Resource Use

12) Distinguish between low order, middle order, and high order products.A: Low Order: Product or service that is purchased frequently.

Middle Order: Good or services that people buy occasionally. High Order: High-priced product or services that is purchased infrequently.

13) Characterize the different types of Land Use in a given city. A: Refer to Work Sheet.

~ UNIT 5 - Canada’s Economic Diversity ~

CHAPTERS: 20, 26, 27, 28, 29

1) What are the three types of Industry in Canada? Provide an example for each type.A: Primary Industry: Gets raw materials (cutting trees)

Secondary Industry: Makes goods (roller blades)Tertiary Industry: Sells goods (markets)

2) What is the difference between basic and non-basic industry (jobs)? Provide an example for each one.A: Basic Industry: Provide the money needed to support the local economy.

Non-Basic Industry: Does not bring money into the local economy.

3) What are the location factors for choosing a manufacturing size? Explain the importance of each.A:

Availability of Raw Materials Circumstance Political Factors Transportation Labour Supply Location of Markets Availability of Fresh Water and Power.

4) List and explain reasons why the Tertiary sector of Canadian industry has grown to be the largest sector. What applicants does this have for the future employment? A:

1. Whole Sale2. Retail

- It also provides many job opportunities for many people.

5) List and describe some examples of tertiary sector jobs.A:

Wholesale & Retail Trade Education Government Services Healthcare and Social Services

6) What two functions does the transportation system in Canada provide for?A:

Road Air

7) Imagine you are planning a trip from Vancouver to Toronto. Explain which mode of travel you would prefer to take and the reasons why. Also explain why the other forms of travel were not as attractive.A: I would take a plane without a doubt, as it would be the fastest way! A car would be too much driving, a train would take way to long, and traveling through water would also take too long. So the best option is defiantly AIR (plane).

8) Suppose you were asked to move oil from Lethbridge, Alberta to Gaspe Peninsula in Quebec. What route would you take and what mode(s) of transport would you use to get there in:

a) The least amount of time?b) The least cost?

A: First I’d take the road and drive as far as possible, then when I reach the rail, transfer the oil onto the train and take it to Quebec.

a) Train would be the least amount of time.b) Trucks would be the least costly.

9) At times, there can be conflict between the movement of people and movement of goods. For example, trucks tend to damage highways upon which cars travel. Give two other examples of similar conflicts.A:

1. Trucks take up more space, thus causing more traffic. 2. Ships could cause pollution when dumping unwanted wastes.

10) How is the Global Village concept helping to explain the changing nature of communications?A: Global Village shows that our communication is becoming so strong and powerful that we seem to be just one big village, as if we are all close together like neighbors.

11) List and explain two newly emerging communication technologies.A:

1. Call Centres2. PCS (Personal Communication System)

12) Define Convergent Technology and provide an example. A: Convergent Technology: Coming together of various forms of communication technology; no longer operating independently of each other but together. (Ex., listening to the radio or watching television on the internet).