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Name of Program : B.Tech –CSE
COURSE FILE
Department of Computer Scence ! Engneerng
"ECRC UNI#ERSIT$
N%&E OF SUB"ECT 're(e)) Sen)or Net*or+)
SUB"ECT CODE BCO ,-%
SE&ESTER #II
N%&E OF COURSE
INC/%R0E%1a2 3umar
%C%DE&IC $E%R 4,5-64,5
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4,5-
T%BLE OF CONTENTSS.NO TOPICS P%0E NO.
5 Cour)e O71ect8e)
4 Cour)e Learnng Outcome) 9 CLO)
; S2((a7u)
< Te=t Boo+)>Reference Boo+) an? %))e))ment Too()
- Cour)e P(an> Le))on P(an
L)t of the Program E?ucaton O71ect8e)9PEO)
@ &appng of the CLO) *th PEO)
A CO) an? PEO) %))e))ment Report
%ca?emc Ca(en?ar
5, Facu(t2 Tme6Ta7(e
55 &?term>In Sem ue)ton Paper)
54 %))gnment) Sheet> Tutora( Sheet
5; ue)ton Ban+ 9 Unt ')e ue)ton) : &C)>Short
%n) t2pe> Long %n) T2pe.
5< Pre8ou) ; $ear) ue)ton Paper)
5- E8a(uaton Sheet)
5 Note) Unt ')e
Unt6I
Unt6II
Unt6III
Unt6I#
Unt6#
5@ Samp(e PPT)> %nmaton) etc.
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5A Deta() of #?eo Lecture)>NPTEL Tutora() etc.
5 Content) Be2on? S2((a7u) *th Note)
4, Re)u(t %na(2)) of C(a)) 9 In Sem>En? Term
45 &a+e up>E=tra C(a))e) for 'ea+ Stu?ent) 9 *th Tme
ta7(e
44 Important Notce) for C(a))
Cour)e O71ect8e)
This course will introduce students to the diverse literature on ad-hoc/sensor networks, and
expose them to the fundamental issues in designing and analyzing ad-hoc/sensor network
systems. Students will study related technologies and standards ranging from networking, OS
support and algorithms, to security. Of primary concern will e protocol design, communication
and computational challenges posed y these systems. Students will construct ad-hoc/sensor
networks, program on the sensor hardware, and study the performance of various protocols.
!t the end of the course, the student should e ale to"
• To understand the architecture of #S$.
• To identify the functionalities of layers in architecture.
• To analyse the working of main protocols of all layers.
Cour)e Learnng Outcome)
This course will help students to identify the ma%or issues associated with ad-hoc/sensor
networks. Students will explore current ad-hoc/sensor technologies y researching key areassuch as algorithms, protocols, hardware, and applications. Students will learn how to program
and communicate with emedded operating system such as TinyOS, a prominent application
development environment for sensor systems using &otes. !t the end of this course students will
gain hands-on experience through real-world programming pro%ects on ad-hoc/sensor hardware
and e ale to implement or develop algorithms involved in ad-hoc/sensor systems.
Inten?e? (earnng outcome) an? a))ocate? a))e))ment metho?) of tho)e outcome):
'. Students will e ale to descrie the uni(ue issues in ad-hoc/sensor networks. This will e
accessed through assignments and las.
). Students will e ale to descrie current technology trends for the implementation and
deployment of wireless ad-hoc/sensor networks. This will e assessed through assignments, and
classroom interaction.
*. Students will e ale to discuss the challenges in designing &!+, routing and transport
protocols for wireless ad-hoc/sensor networks. This will e assessed through assignments, las,
and classroom interaction.
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. Students will e ale to uild and configure a tested for a sensor network. This will e
assessed through las.
. Students will e ale to descrie and implement protocols on a sensor tested network. This
will e assessed through assignments, las, and classroom interaction.
BCO ,-% 'IRELESS SENSOR NET'OR3S <6,6, <
UNIT 5
INTRODUCTION +hallenges for wireless sensor networks,
+omparison of sensor network with ad hoc network, Single node
architecture ardware components, energy consumption of sensor nodes, $etwork architecture Sensor network scenarios, types of sources and
sinks, single hop versus multi-hop networks, multiple sinks and sources,
design principles, 0evelopment of wireless sensor networks
UNIT 4
P/$SIC%L L%$ER 1ntroduction, wireless channel and communication
fundamentals fre(uency allocation, modulation and demodulation, wave
propagation effects and noise, channels models, spread spectrum
communication, packet transmission and synchronization, (uality of
wireless channels and measures for improvement, physical layer and
transceiver design consideration in wireless sensor networks, 2nergy usage
profile, choice of modulation, 3ower &anagement.
UNIT ;
D%T% LIN3 L%$ER &!+ protocols fundamentals of wireless &!+
protocols, low duty cycle protocols and wakeup concepts, contention-ased
protocols, Schedule-ased protocols - S&!+, 4&!+, Traffic-adaptive
medium access protocol 5T6!&!7, 8ink 8ayer protocols fundamentals
task and re(uirements, error control, framing, linkmanagement.
UNIT <
$ET'OR3 L%$ER 9ossiping and agent-ased uni-cast forwarding,
2nergy-efficient unicast, 4roadcast and multicast, geographic routing,
moile nodes, 0ata-centric routing S31$, 0irected 0iffusion, 2nergy
aware routing, 9radient-ased routing +O:9!6, !+;:162,ierarchical 6outing 82!+, 329!S1S, 8ocation 4ased 6outing
9!<, 92!6, 0ata aggregation =arious aggregation
techni(ues.
UNIT -
C%SE STUD$: Target detection tracking, aitat monitoring,
2nvironmental disaster monitoring, 3ractical implementation issues, 1222
>?).'. low rate #3!$, Operating System 0esign 1ssues, 1ntroduction to
TinyOS $es+, 1nterfaces, :$1Ts, configuration, 3rogramming in TinyOS
using $es+, 2mulator TOSS1&.
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Te=t Boo+):
'. @azemSohray, 0aniel &inoli and TaieAnati, B#ireless Sensor $etworks Technology-
3rotocols and !pplicationsC, Dohn #iley E Sons, )??F.
). <eng Ahao, 8eonidas 9uias, B#ireless Sensor $etworks" an information processing
approachC, 2lse vier pulication, )??.
Referecce Boo+):
'. +.S.6aghavendra @rishna, &.Sivalingam and Tariznati, B#ireless Sensor
$etworksC, Springer pulication, )??.
). olger@arl , !ndreas willig, B3rotocol and !rchitecture for #ireless Sensor $etworksC,
Dohn wiley pulication, Dan )??G.
*. @.!kkaya and &.Hounis, B ! Survey of routing protocols in wireless sensor networksC,2lsevier !dhoc $etwork Dournal, =ol.*, no.*,pp. *)-*I, )??.
. 3hilip 8evis, B TinyOS 3rogrammingC, )??G www.tinyos.net.
. 1.<. !kyildiz, #. Su, Sankarasuramaniam, 2. +ayirci, B#ireless sensor networks" a
surveyC, computer networks, 2lsevier, )??), *I - )).
G. Damal $. !l-karaki, !hmed 2. @amal, B6outing Techni(ues in #ireless sensor networks"
! surveyC, 1222 wireless communication, 0ecemer )??, G )>.
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"ECRC UNI#ERSIT$G "%IPUR
Theor2 P(an
C(a)) : B.tech <th $r.9Secton6% Lecture) : <A
Su71ect : 're(e)) Sen)or Net*or+)
Name of the Staff : %"%$ 3U&%R Theor2 : -,
%ca?emc $ear : )?'-)?'G Term *or+ : ?
Seme)ter : Fth
Week no
Lectur e No
Theory (Topic to be covered) Plan Date
Actual Date
Text Book
Page Number
ea!on
"or
variation
#tep! "or
minimi$in
g variation
UNIT I
'
'+hallenges <or #ireless
Sensor $etworks,
'I-
?>-
)?'
! F
)
+omparison Of Sensor
$etwork #ith !d oc
$etwork
)?-
?>-
)?'
! '?
*Single $ode !rchitecture
ardware +omponents
)'-
?>-
)?'
! 'F
2nergy +onsumption Of
Sensor $odes,
))-
?>-
)?'
! *G
)
$etwork !rchitecture
Sensor $etwork Scenarios,
Types Of Sources !nd Sinks
)G-
?>-
)?'
! I
G
Single op =ersus &ulti-
op $etworks, &ultiple
Sinks !nd Sources
)F-
?>-
)?'
! G?,G)
F 0esign 3rinciples )>-
?>-
! GF
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)?'
>0evelopment Of #ireless
Sensor $etworks
)-?I-
)?'! GF
%SSI0N&ENT –I
UNIT –II
*
I
1ntroduction, #ireless
+hannel !nd+ommunication
<undamentals
*-?I-)?'
! >G
'?<re(uency !llocation, -?I-
)?'! >G
''&odulation !nd
0emodulation
?I-
?I-
)?'
! >>
')#ave 3ropagation 2ffects
!nd $oise, ,
'?-?I-
)?'
! I?
'*+hannels &odels, Spread
Spectrum +ommunication,
''-
?I-
)?'
! IG
'3acket Transmission !nd
Synchronization
'G-
?I-
)?'
! '??
'
;uality Of #ireless
+hannels !nd &easures <or
1mprovement
'F-
?I-
)?'
! '?)
'G
;uality Of #ireless
+hannels !nd &easures <or
1mprovement
'>-
?I-
)?'
! '?)
'F
3hysical 8ayer !nd
Transceiver 0esign
+onsideration 1n #ireless
Sensor $etworks
'I-
?I-)?'
! '?*
'>
3hysical 8ayer !nd
Transceiver 0esign
+onsideration 1n #ireless
Sensor $etworks
)*-
?I-
)?'
! '?*
'I 2nergy :sage 3rofile,
+hoice Of &odulation,
)-
?I-
! '?
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3ower &anagement )?'
)?
2nergy :sage 3rofile,
+hoice Of &odulation,
3ower &anagement
)G-
?I-
)?'
! '?>
%SSI0N&ENT –II
UNIT –III
G
)'&!+ 3rotocols <undamentals Of #ireless
&!+ 3rotocols
*?-?I-
)?'
! '')
))8ow 0uty +ycle 3rotocols
!nd #akeup +oncepts
'-'?-
)?'! ')?
)*+ontention-4ased
3rotocols, !ccess 3rotocol
*-'?-
)?'! ')I
)
Schedule-4ased 3rotocols -
S&!+, 4&!+, Traffic-!daptive &edium
5T6!&!7,
F-'?-)?'
! '**,'*F
F
)
Schedule-4ased 3rotocols -
S&!+, 4&!+, Traffic-
!daptive &edium
5T6!&!7,
>-'?-
)?'! '**,'*F
)G
Schedule-4ased 3rotocols -
S&!+, 4&!+, Traffic-
!daptive &edium
5T6!&!7,
I-'?-
)?' ! '**,'*F
)F
8ink 8ayer 3rotocols
<undamentals Task !nd
6e(uirements, 2rror +ontrol,
<raming, 8ink
&anagement.
'?-
'?-
)?'
!'I,'?,'
'
)>
8ink 8ayer 3rotocols
<undamentals Task !nd6e(uirements, 2rror +ontrol,
<raming, 8inkmanagement.
'-
'?-
)?'
! 'I,'?,''
%SSI0N&ENT –III
UNIT –I#
> )I 9ossiping !nd !gent-4ased
:ni-+ast <orwarding
'-
'?-
! )>I
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)?'
*?2nergy-2fficient :nicast,
4roadcast !nd &ulticast
'G-
'?-
)?'
! )I,*?
*'9eographic 6outing, &oile
$odes
)'-
'?-
)?'
! *'G
*)0ata-centric routing S31$,
0irected 0iffusion
)*-
'?-
)?'
! **
I
** 2nergy aware routing
)-
'?-
)?'
!
*9radient-ased routing
+O:9!6, !+;:162
)>-
'?-
)?'
!
*9radient-ased routing
+O:9!6, !+;:162
)I-
'?-
)?'
!
*Gierarchical 6outing
82!+, 329!S1S,
*'-
'?-
)?'
!
'?
*Fierarchical 6outing
82!+, 329!S1S,
?-
''-)?'
!
*>8ocation 4ased 6outing
9!<, 92!6
?-
''-
)?'
!
*I8ocation 4ased 6outing
9!<, 92!6
?G-
''-
)?'
!
?0ata aggregation =arious
aggregation
techni(ues.
?F-''-
)?'
!
%SSI0N&ENT –I#
UNIT –#
'' ' Target 0etection Tracking,
aitat &onitoring
'>-
''-
!
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)?'
) 2nvironmental 0isaster
&onitoring
'I-
''-
)?'
!
* 3ractical 1mplementation
1ssues
)?-
''-
)?'
!
1222 >?).'. 8ow
6ate #3!$
)'-
''-
)?'
!
')
Operating System 0esign
1ssues
)-
''-
)?'
!
G
1ntroduction To Tinyos
$esc, 1nterfaces, :nits,
+onfiguration
)G-
''-
)?'
!
F 3rogramming 1n Tinyos
:sing $esc,
)F-
''-
)?'
!
> 2mulator TOSS1&
)>-
''-
)?'
!
%SSI0N&ENT –#
Te=t Boo+):
!. olger@arl , !ndreas willig, B3rotocol and !rchitecture for #ireless Sensor $etworksC,
Dohn wiley pulication, Dan )??G.
4. @azemSohray, 0aniel &inoli and TaieAnati, B#ireless Sensor $etworks Technology-
3rotocols and !pplicationsC, Dohn #iley E Sons, )??FWeb e!ource!
'. http"//www-old.cs.uni-paderorn.de/en/research-group/research-group-computer-
networks/teaching/protocols-and-architecture-for-wireless-sensor-networks.html
). http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/electrical-engineering-and-computer-science/6-829-computer-
networks-fall-2002/
Web e!ource! "or %ultiple &hoice 'ue!tion!
5. www.mhhe.com/forouzan
Tool!
5. N#
4. Tiny *#
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;. To!!im
#ub+ect ,n-charge: ./*/D/ Dr. Naeen !emra"ani
#ign #ign
Programme E?ucatona( O71ect8e)
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The 3rogramme 2ducational O%ectives of the under graduate programme in +omputer Science
and 2ngineering are "
'. 3reparation of under graduates to demonstrate technical competency in providing novel
engineering solutions for computing systems of different levels of complexity.
). 3reparation of under graduates to work as effective team memers on multidisciplinary
pro%ects with commanding oral and written communication skills, leadership (ualities as
well as to advance in their careers and continue their professional development.
*. 3reparation of under graduates to exercise est ethical practices in their profession and to
recognize the gloal impacts of their profession on society.
. 3reparation of under graduates with the technical skills necessary for successful careers
in the design, application, installation, manufacturing, testing, documentation,
maintenance, analysis, development and implementation of computer systems.
. 3roviding opportunities for students to engage in professional societies, to pursue
research and e committed to life-long learning activities through self-reliance and
creativity.
G. 3reparing students to exhiit competency in applying comprehensive knowledge
pertaining to +omputer Science and 2ngineering to the issues of economic,
environmental and social relevance.
Programme Outcome)
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The +omputer Science and 2ngineering programme demonstrates the following 3rogramme
Outcomes"
• !n aility to apply knowledge of mathematics, science, and engineering
• !n aility to design and conduct experiments, as well as to analyze and interpret data
• !n aility to design a system, component, or process to meet desired needs within
realistic constraints such as economic, environmental, social, political, ethical, health
and safety, manufacturaility, and sustainaility
• !n aility to function on multidisciplinary teams
• !n aility to identify, formulate, and solve engineering prolems
• !n understanding of professional and ethical responsiility
• !n aility to communicate effectively
• The road education necessary to understand the impact of engineering solutions in a
gloal, economic, environmental, and societal context
•
! recognition of the need for, and an aility to engage in life-long learning• ! knowledge of contemporary issues
• !n aility to use the techni(ues, skills, and modern engineering tools necessary for
engineering practice.
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JECRC UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTERSCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
TIME-TABLEAJAY KUMAR
Day/Time 08.30-09.30
09.30-10.30
10.30-11.30
11.30-12.30
12:30-1:30
01:30-02:25
02:25-3:20
Monday
MobileComput
ingMr. !ay"umar#T-32
$b!e%t $rientednaly&i& andDe&ign #ab
Mr.!ay #'-(() C1
Tue&day
*irele&&
+en&or,etor
&Mr. !ay"umar
'
MobileComput
ingMr. !ay"umar#T-29
$b!e%t $rientednaly&i& and
De&ign #abMr. !ay #'-()
1
*edne&day
*irele&&+en&or,etor&Mr. !ay"umar
*irele&&
+en&or,etor
&Mr. !ay"umar
'
MobileComput
ingMr. !ay"umar#T-3
Tur&day
MobileComputingMr. !ay"umar#T-29
*irele&&+en&or,etor&Mr. !ay"umar
$b!e%t $rientednaly&i& andDe&ign #ab
Mr. !ay #'-()(() 2
4riday
*irele&&
+en&or,etor
&Mr. !ay"umar
'
*irele&&+en&or,etor
&Mr. !ay"umar
O%ect Oriented
!nalysis and
0esign 8a&r.!%ay 8!4-1, +)
+aturday
*irele&&
+en&or,etor
&Mr. !ay"umar
'
*irele&&+en&or,etor&Mr. !ay"umar
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Note) Unt ')e
Unt6I
INTRODUCTION +hallenges for wireless sensor networks, +omparison of sensor
networkwith ad hoc network, Single node architecture ardware components, energy
consumption of sensor nodes, $etwork architecture Sensor network scenarios, types of
sources and sinks, single hop versus multi-hop networks, multiple sinks and sources, design
principles, 0evelopment of wireless sensor networks
Cha((enge) for *re(e)) )en)or net*or+)
andling &u% a ide range o6 appli%ation type& ill ardly be po&&ible itany &ingle reali7ation o6 a *+,. ,onetele&&) %ertain %ommon trait& appear)e&pe%ially it re&pe%t to te %ara%teri&ti%& and te reuired me%ani&m& o6 &u% &y&tem&. eali7ing te&e %ara%teri&ti%& it ne me%ani&m& i& tema!or %allenge o6 te i&ion o6 irele&& &en&or netor&.
Characteristic re!ire"e#ts Te 6olloing %ara%teri&ti%& are &ared among mo&t o6 te appli%atione;ample& di&%u&&ed aboe:
T$%e &' ser(ice Te &eri%e type rendered by a %onentional%ommuni%ation netor i& eident < it moe& bit& 6rom one pla%e to anoter.4or a *+,) moing bit& i& only a mean& to an end) but not te a%tualpurpo&e. ater) a *+, i& e;pe%ted to proide meaning6ul in6ormationand/or a%tion& about a gien ta&. en%e) ne paradigm& o6 u&ing &u% anetor are reuired) along it ne inter6a%e& and ne ay& o6 tiningabout te &eri%e o6 a netor.
)!a*it$ &' Ser(ice Clo&ely related to te type o6 a netor=& &eri%e i& teuality o6 tat &eri%e.
Traditional uality o6 &eri%e reuirement& < u&ually %oming 6rom multimedia-type appli%ation& < lie bounded delay or minimum bandidt are irreleanten appli%ation& are tolerant to laten%y or te bandidt o6 te tran&mitteddata i& ery &mall in te >r&t place. 1n some cases, only occasional delivery of a packet
can e more than enoughJ in other cases, very high reliaility re(uirements exist. 1n yet other
cases, delay is important when actuators are to e controlled in a real-time fashion y the sensor
network. The packet delivery ratio is an insufficient metricJ what is relevant is the amount and(uality of information that can e extracted at given sinks aout the oserved o%ects or area.
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Fa!*t t&*era#ce +in%e node& may run out o6 energy or migt be damaged)or &in%e te irele&& %ommuni%ation beteen to node& %an be permanentlyinterrupted) it i& important tat te *+, a& a ole i& able to tolerate &u%6ault&. To tolerate node 6ailure) redundant deployment i& ne%e&&ary) u&ingmore node& tan ould be &tri%tly ne%e&&ary i6 all node& 6un%tioned %orre%tly.
Li'eti"e (n many &%enario&) node& ill ae to rely on a limited &upply o6 energy u&ing batterie&.epla%ing te&e energy &our%e& in te >eld i& u&uallynot pra%ti%able) and &imultaneou&ly)a *+, mu&t operate at lea&t 6or a gien
mi&&ion time or a& long a& po&&ible. en%e) te *i'eti"e o6 a *+, be%ome& aery important >gure o6 merit. ?idently) an energy-e@%ient ay o6 operation o6 te *+, i& ne%e&&ary.Sca*a+i*it$ +in%e a *+, migt in%lude a large number o6 node&) teemployed ar%ite%ture& and proto%ol& mu&t be able &%ale to te&e number&.,ie ra#.e &' e#sities (n a *+,) te number o6 node& per unit area < tedensity o6 te netor< %an ary %on&iderably. DiAerent appli%ation& illae ery diAerent node den&itie&. ?en itin a gien appli%ation) den&ity%an ary oer time and &pa%e be%au&e node& 6ail or moeB te den&ity al&odoe& not ae to omogeneou& in te entire netor be%au&e o6 imper6e%tdeployment) 6or e;ample and te netor &ould adapt to &u% ariation&.
Re!ire "echa#is"s To reali7e te&e reuirement&) innoatie me%ani&m& 6or a %ommuni%ationnetor ae to be 6ound) a& ell a& ne ar%ite%ture&) and proto%ol%on%ept&. parti%ular %allenge ere i& te need to >nd me%ani&m& tatare &u@%iently &pe%i>% to te idio&yn%ra&ie& o6 a gien appli%ation to &upportte &pe%i>% uality o6 &eri%e) li6etime) and maintainability reuirement&
+ome o6 te me%ani&m& tat ill 6orm typi%al part& o6 *+,& are:M!*tih&% /ire*ess c&""!#icati&# *ile irele&& %ommuni%ation ill be a%ore te%niue) a dire%t %ommuni%ation beteen a &ender and a re%eier i&
6a%ed it limitation&. (n parti%ular) %ommuni%ation oer long di&tan%e& i&only po&&ible u&ing proibitiely ig tran&mi&&ion poer. Te u&e o6 intermediate node& a& relay& %an redu%e te total reuired poer. en%e) 6ormany 6orm& o6 *+,&) &o-%alled multihop communication ill be a ne%e&&aryingredient.
E#er.$-e0cie#t &%erati&# To &upport long li6etime&) energy-e@%ientoperation i& a ey te%niue. $ption& to loo into in%lude energy-e@%ientdata tran&port beteen to node& mea&ured in / bit or) more importantly)te energy-e@%ient determination o6 a reue&ted in6ormation. l&o) nonomogeneou& energy %on&umption < te 6orming o6 ot&pot&E < i& an i&&ue.
A!t&-c.!rati&# *+, ill ae to %on>gure mo&t o6 it& operationalparameter& autonomou&ly) independent o6 e;ternal %on>guration < te &eernumber o6 node& and &impli>ed deployment ill reuire tat %apability inmo&t appli%ation&.
C&**a+&rati&# a# i#-#et/&r2 %r&cessi#. (n &ome appli%ation&) a &ingle&en&or i& not able to de%ide eter an eent a& appened but &eeral&en&or& ae to %ollaborate to dete%t an eent and only te !oint data o6 many &en&or& proide& enoug in6ormation. (n6ormation i& pro%e&&ed in tenetor it&el6 in ariou& 6orm& to a%iee ti& %ollaboration) a& oppo&ed to
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aing eery node tran&mit all data to an e;ternal netor and pro%e&& it atte edgeE o6 te netor.
Compar)on of )en)or net*or+ *th a? hoc net*or+:
• Sensor nodes mainly use roadcast communication whereas ad-hoc network uses point to
point communication.
• The topology of a sensor network changes very fre(uently.
• Sensor nodes may not have gloal identification ecause of the large amount of overhead
and large numer of sensors.• The numer of sensor nodes in a sensor network can e several orders of magnitude
higher than the nodes in !d-hoc networks.
• &!$2Ts are associated with somewhat different applications as well as different user
e(uipment than #S$s" in a &!$2T, the terminal can e fairly powerful 5a laptop or a
30!7 with a comparaly large attery.
• +in%e *+,& ae to intera%t it te enironment) teir tra@%
%ara%teri&ti%& %an be e;pe%ted to be ery diAerent 6rom oter)uman-drien 6orm& o6 netor&. M,?T&) on
te oter and) are u&ed to &upport more %onentional appli%ation&*eb) oi%e) and &o on it teir %omparably ell under&tood tra@%%ara%teri&ti%&.
• *+,& ae to &%ale to mu% larger number& tou&and& or perap&
undred& o6 tou&and& o6 entitie& tan %urrent ad o% netor&)reuiring diAerent) more &%alable &olution&.
• (n bot *+,& and M,?T&) energy i& a &%are re&our%e. 'ut *+,& ae
tigter reuirement& on netor li6etime) and re%arging or repla%ing*+, node batterie& i& mu% le&& an option tan in M,?T&. $ing toti&) te impa%t o6 energy %on&ideration& on te entire &y&tem
ar%ite%ture i& mu% deeper in *+,& tan in M,?T&.
Sng(e no?e archtecture – /ar?*are component)
ba&i% &en&or node %ompri&e& >e main %omponent& 4igure 2.1:
C&#tr&**er %ontroller to pro%e&& all te releant data) %apable o6 e;e%utingarbitrary %ode.Me"&r$ +ome memory to &tore program& and intermediate dataB u&ually)diAerent type& o6 memory are u&ed 6or program& and data.
Se#s&rs a# act!at&rs Te a%tual inter6a%e to te py&i%al orld: dei%e&tat %an ob&ere or %ontrol py&i%al parameter& o6 te enironment.C&""!#icati&# Turning node& into a netor reuire& a dei%e 6or &endingand re%eiing in6ormation oer a irele&& %annel.
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P&/er s!%%*$ & u&ually no tetered poer &upply i& aailable) &ome 6ormo6 batterie& are ne%e&&ary to proide energy. +ometime&) &ome 6orm o6 re%arging by obtaining energy 6rom te enironment i& aailable a& ell
e.g. &olar %ell&.
Se#s&rs a# act!at&rs*itout te a%tual &en&or& and a%tuator&) a irele&& &en&or netor ouldbe be&ide te point entirely. 'ut a& te di&%u&&ion o6 po&&ible appli%ationarea& a& already indi%ated) te po&&ible range o6 &en&or& i& a&t. (t i& onlypo&&ible to gie a roug idea on i% &en&or& and a%tuator& %an be u&ed ina *+,.
Se#s&rs+en&or& %an be rougly %ategori7ed into tree %ategorie& :
Passi(e3 &"#i irecti&#a* se#s&rs Te&e &en&or& %an mea&ure a py&i%aluantity at te point o6 te &en&or node itout a%tually manipulating teenironment by a%tie probing < in ti& &en&e) tey are pa&&ie. Moreoer)&ome o6 te&e &en&or& a%tually are &el6-poered in te &en&e tat tey obtainte energy tey need 6rom te enironment < energy i& only needed toampli6y teir analog &ignal. Tere i& no notion o6 dire%tionE inoled in te&emea&urement&. Typi%al e;ample& 6or &u% &en&or& in%lude termometer) ligt &en&or&)ibration) mi%ropone&) umidity) me%ani%al &tre&& or ten&ion in material&)%emi%al &en&or& &en&itie 6or gien &ub&tan%e&) &moe dete%tor&) airpre&&ure) and &o on.
Passi(e3 #arr&/-+ea" se#s&rs Te&e &en&or& are pa&&ie a& ell) butae a ell-de>ned notion o6 dire%tion o6 mea&urement. typi%al e;ample i&a %amera) i% %an tae mea&urement&E in a gien dire%tion) but a& to berotated i6 need be.
Acti(e se#s&rs Ti& la&t group o6 &en&or& a%tiely probe& te enironment)6or e;ample) a &onar or radar &en&or or &ome type& o6 &ei&mi% &en&or&) i%generate &o% ae& by &mall explosions. These are (uite specific triggering an
explosion is certainly not a lightly undertakenaction and re(uire (uite special attention.
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Act!at&rs
%tuator& are !u&t about a& dier&e a& &en&or&) yet 6or te purpo&e& o6 de&igning a *+,) tey are a bit &impler to tae a%%ount o6: (n prin%iple) alltat a &en&or node %an do i& to open or %lo&e a &it% or a relay or to &et aalue in &ome ay. *eter ti& %ontrol& a motor) a ligt bulb) or &ome oterpy&i%al ob!e%t i& not really o6 %on%ern to te ay %ommuni%ation proto%ol&are de&igned
Energ2 Con)umpton of Sen)or No?e):
!s the previous section has shown, energy supply for a sensor node is at a premium" atteries
have small capacity, and recharging y energy scavenging is complicated and volatile. ence, the
energy consumption of a sensor node must e tightly controlled. The main consumers of energyare the controller, the radio front ends, to some degree the memory, and, depending on the type,
the sensors.
One important contriution to reduce power consumption of these components comes from chip-
level and lower technologies" 0esigning low-power chips is the est starting point for an energy-
efficient sensor node. 4ut this is only one half of the picture, as any advantages gained y suchdesigns can easily e s(uandered when the components are improperly operated.
4igure illu&trate& ti& notion ba&ed on a %ommonly u&ed model u&ed in) e.g.re6eren%e& F558) GH9I. t time t 1) te de%i&ion eter or not a %omponent&ay) te mi%ro%ontroller i& to be put into &leep mode &ould be taen toredu%e poer %on&umption 6rom Pa%tie to P&leep. (6 it remain& a%tie andte ne;t eent o%%ur& at time t eent) ten a total energy o6 Ea%tie JPa%tie(t eent K t 1 ) a& be &pent u&ele&&ly idling. Lutting te %omponentinto &leep mode) on te oter and) reuire& a time τdon until &leep modea& been rea%edB a& a &impli>%ation) a&&ume tat te aerage poer
%on&umption during ti& pa&e i& (Pa%tie P&leep )/ 2. Ten) P&leep i&%on&umed until t eent. (n total) τdon(Pa%tie P&leep )/ 2 (t eent K t 1 Kτdon )P&leep energy i& reuired in &leep mode a& oppo&ed to (t eent Kt 1 )Pa%tie en remaining a%tie. Te energy &aing i& tu&
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Net*or+ archtecture
Se#s&r #et/&r2 sce#ari&s4
! sink, on the other hand, is the entity where information is re(uired. There are essentially three
options for a sink" it could elong to the sensor network as such and e %ust another
sensor/actuator node or it could e an entity outside this network. <or this second case, the sink could e an actual device, for example, a handheld or 30! used to interact with the sensor
networkJ it could also e merely a gateway to another larger network such as the 1nternet, where
the actual re(uest for the information comes from some node Bfar awayC and only indirectlyconnected to such a sensor network. These main types of sinks are illustrated y <igure ,
showing sources and sinks in direct communication.
Si#.*e-h&% (ers!s "!*tih&% #et/&r2s