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COUNTRY SPECIALISATION REPORT
Country: Bulgaria
Date: June 2006
ERAWATCH Network asbl: Project team: NIFU STEP, University of Sussex (SPRU),
Joanneum Research, Logotech, FhG-ISI
The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the individual authors alone and do not necessarily reflect the position of the European Commission.
ERAWATCH® is a registered Trade Mark.
Reproduction of content is authorised provided the source is acknowledged.
© European Communities, 2007.
Website: http://cordis.europa.eu/erawatch/
Index
COUNTRY SPECIALISATION REPORT - BULGARIA ..................................................................1
Main findings...............................................................................................................................1
Main R&D figures – Total R&D expenditure................................................................................2
Public R&D statistics...................................................................................................................2
GBAORD by socioeconomic objective ....................................................................................2
HERD by field of science.........................................................................................................3
Business ENTERPISE INTRAMURAL EXPENDITURE ON R&D (BERD) .................................4
Bibliometrics................................................................................................................................6
Patents........................................................................................................................................9
Economic specialisation............................................................................................................10
Correlation analysis ....................................................................................................................1
Explanatory notes .......................................................................................................................1
ISIC v3 codes and sector description ......................................................................................1
How to read specialisation profile figures ................................................................................2
Index of tables and figures
Table 1. R&D expenditure by sector of performance and source of funds .Bulgaria. 1993 and 2002. Million Euros. Current prices.................................................................................................2
Table 2. Correlation analysis. Specialisaion indexes BERD, Value added, Employment, Exports and patents. Bulgaria. Averages 1993-1995 and 2001-2003..........................................................1
Table 3: Specialisation Profile ........................................................................................................1
Figure 1. R&D expenditure by performing sector as per cent of GDP (left axis). GDP in million Euros (right axis).Bulgaria.1993-2003. ...........................................................................................2
Figure 2. GERD by type of research. Bulgaria. 1993,1998 and 2002.............................................2
Figure 3. Government Budget Appropriations or Outlays for R&D (GBAORD) by socio-ecomomic objective. Specialisation profile. Bulgaria. 1993 and 2003..............................................................2
Figure 4. Expenditure on R&D in the Higher Education Sector (HERD) by field of science. Bulgaria. 1993, 1998 and 2002. Per cent of total HERD and in million Euro. .................................3
Figure 5. Expenditure on R&D in the Government sector (GOVERD) by field of science. Specialisation profile. Bulgaria. 1993, 1998 and 2002....................................................................3
Figure 6. Business enterprise intramural expenditure on R&D by industrial sector. Specialisation profile. Bulgaria. Available years 1997 and 2003............................................................................4
Figure 7. Shares of Business enterprise intramural expenditure on R&D (BERD) in the sectors funded by government....................................................................................................................5
Figure 8. Shares of total government funding of Business enterprise intramural expenditure on R&D (BERD) by industrial sectors. 2003 ........................................................................................6
Figure 9. Number of publications by scientific field. 25 Scientific fields. Specialisation profile. Bulgaria. Averages 1993-1995 and 2001-2003. .............................................................................6
Figure 10. Shares of total publications by scientific field. 25 Scientific fields. Bulgaria. 1993 and 2003. ..............................................................................................................................................7
Figure 11. Number of citations by scientific field. 25 scientific fields. Specialisation profile. Bulgaria. Averages 1993-1995 and 2001-2003. Five years citation window. (i.e. citations to papers published in the period 1989-1991 and in the period 1997-1999 . ......................................8
Figure 12. Number of patents by industrial sector. 18 sectors in manufacturing. Specialisation profile. Bulgaria. Averages 1993-1995 and 2001-2003. Based on correspondence matrix ISI-SPRU-OST. ....................................................................................................................................9
Figure 13. Shares of total patens by industrial sector. 18 sectors in manufacturing. Bulgaria. Averages 1993-1997 and 1999-2003. Based on correspondence matrix ISI-SPRU-OST..............9
Figure 14. Value added by industrial sector. 34 sectors. Specialisation profile. Bulgaria. Averages 1993-1995 and 2001-2003. Million Euros. Current prices. ...........................................................10
Figure 15. Shares of total value added by industrial sector. 34 sectors. Bulgaria. 1993 and 2003. Million Euros. Current prices.........................................................................................................10
Figure 16. Employment by industrial sector. Specialisation profile. Bulgaria. 34 sectors. Averages 1993-1995 and 2001-2003. Numbers engaged – hundreds. ........................................................11
Figure 17. Shares of total employment by industrial sector. 34 sectors. Bulgaria. 1993 and 2003. Numbers engaged – hundreds. ....................................................................................................11
Figure 18. Exports by industrial sector. Specialisation profile. Bulgaria. 34 sectors. Averages 1993-1995 and 2001-2003. Thousand USD. Current prices. .......................................................12
Figure 19. Shares of total exports by industrial sector. 34 sectors. Bulgaria. 1993 and 2003. Thousand USD. Current prices....................................................................................................12
Figure 20. BERD versus Value added specialisation in all sectors. Bulgaria. Based on values of 2003. ..............................................................................................................................................1
Figure 21. BERD versus patents. Specialisation indexes. Bulgaria. Based on values of 2003. ....1
Figure 22. BERD versus exports. Specialisation indexes. Bulgaria. Based on values of 2003......2
Figure 23: BERD and Value Added specialisation – an example ...................................................2
ERAWATCH – R&D specialization project / WP1 /Country Report
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COUNTRY SPECIALISATION REPORT - BULGARIA
MAIN FINDINGS Bulgaria is one of the countries with little information available regarding technological and scientific specialisation, but with enough information regarding economic specialisation expressed by value added, employment and exports. This restriction on the availability of data creates difficulties in presenting a coherent profile of the country thus the analysis will be based on the available data.
In terms of GERD by type of research (Figure 2), it appears that significant structural changes took place in the country over the 1993-2002. Thus while during 1993, applied research accounted for 79.9% of GERD, its share was reduced by 2002 to 49.5%. At the same time the share of basic research increased and picked at 28.9% in 2002, while experimental research reached 28.9%.
Business enterprise intramural expenditure on R&D in Bulgaria (Figure 6) during 2003 was concentrated in a limited number of sectors, namely pharmaceuticals (27.7%), other business activities (14%), research and development (13.5%), financial intermediation (11.5%), machinery (7.1%) and chemicals (6.8%). During 2003, public support for research activities in enterprises (Figure 8) was limited only in four services sectors (Figure 9), namely to community services, research and development and telecommunications.
In terms of scientific specialisation, Bulgaria exhibits a strong specialisation profile in terms of natural sciences, but in most other scientific fields except pharmacology and plant and animals it is under-specialised. Finally, in terms of technological specialisation (Figure 12), Bulgaria is specialised in a number of medium to high R&D intensity sectors such as instruments, electronic equipment, office machinery, pharmaceuticals and chemicals. Moreover, in almost all of the above sectors it appears that Bulgaria increased its specialisation over the 1993-2003 period.
With regard to economic specialisation, and particularly value added (Figure 14) and employment (Figure 16), Bulgaria exhibits high specialisation in a large number of sectors in both measures, including sectors such as telecommunication and transportations services, transport equipment and shipbuilding, machinery, pharmaceuticals, petroleum, textiles, food and agriculture. Finally, for the manufacturing sector, it appears that there are no significant linkages (correlations) between economic and technological specialisation with the exception of the food, chemicals and petroleum industries. However, due to the limited data, further investigation is required.
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MAIN R&D FIGURES – TOTAL R&D EXPENDITURE Figure 1. R&D expenditure by performing sector as per cent of GDP (left axis). GDP in million Euros (right axis).Bulgaria.1993-2003. Not Available
Table 1. R&D expenditure by sector of performance and source of funds .Bulgaria. 1993 and 2002. Million Euros. Current prices. Not Available
Figure 2. GERD by type of research. Bulgaria. 1993,1998 and 2002
23 19 24
82 32 40
11 18
0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%
100%
1993 1998 2002
Basic Research Applied Research Experimental Development
Source: Eurostat Database, S & T Data, 2005
PUBLIC R&D STATISTICS GBAORD by socioeconomic objective Figure 3. Government Budget Appropriations or Outlays for R&D (GBAORD) by socio-ecomomic objective. Specialisation profile. Bulgaria. 1993 and 2003. Not Available .
ERAWATCH – R&D specialization project / WP1 /Country Report
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HERD by field of science Figure 4. Expenditure on R&D in the Higher Education Sector (HERD) by field of science. Bulgaria. 1993, 1998 and 2002. Per cent of total HERD and in million Euro. Not Available
Figure 5. Expenditure on R&D in the Government sector (GOVERD) by field of science. Specialisation profile. Bulgaria. 1993, 1998 and 2002.
Not Available
ERAWATCH – R&D specialization project / WP1 /Country Report
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BUSINESS ENTERPISE INTRAMURAL EXPENDITURE ON R&D (BERD) Figure 6. Business enterprise intramural expenditure on R&D by industrial sector. Specialisation profile. Bulgaria. Available years 1997 and 2003.
ChemicalsPharm
Machinery
Mining
Wood & Publishing
Basic - met
Office mach
Vehicles
Water & electr.Construction
Agriculture
FoodTextiles
Fabricated met
Electrical mach.Electr. EquipInstruments
Furniture & rec
Financ. interm
Other Business act
IT servicesR&D
Community services
-100 -50 0 50 100
1997 2003
Source: Eurostat Database, S & T Data, 2005. Own calculations
ERAWATCH – R&D specialization project / WP1 /Country Report
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Figure 7. Shares of Business enterprise intramural expenditure on R&D (BERD) in the sectors funded by government
Not Available
ERAWATCH – R&D specialization project / WP1 /Country Report
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Figure 8. Shares of total government funding of Business enterprise intramural expenditure on R&D (BERD) by industrial sectors. 2003
30.0%
30.0%
20.0%
20.0%
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35%
R&D
Real Estate
Telecom
Communityservices
Source: Eurostat Database, S & T Data, 2005. Own calculations
BIBLIOMETRICS Figure 9. Number of publications by scientific field. 25 Scientific fields. Specialisation profile. Bulgaria. Averages 1993-1995 and 2001-2003.
Chemistry
Engineering
Plant & Animals
Education
Physics
Pharmacology
Mol Biology & Genetics
Neurosciences
Psychology
Agricultural Sc
Biology & Biochemistry
Space Sc
Computer Science
Clinical Medicine
Economics
Environment
Geosciences
Immunology
Microbiology
Materials Sc
Mathematics
Multdisciplinary
Social Sciences
-100 -50 0 50 100
1993-95 2001-03
Notes: Specialisation index with EU15 as reference. Max specialisation: + 100. Min. specialisation: -100. Source: Thomson ISI, NSIODE 2005, own calculations.
ERAWATCH – R&D specialization project / WP1 /Country Report
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Figure 10. Shares of total publications by scientific field. 25 Scientific fields. Bulgaria. 1993 and 2003.
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%A
gric
ultu
ral S
c
Spa
ce S
c
Bio
logy
&
Che
mis
try
Clin
ical
Com
pute
r
Eco
nom
ics
Edu
catio
n
Eng
inee
ring
Env
ironm
ent
Geo
scie
nces
Imm
unol
ogy
Law
Mol
Bio
logy
&
Mic
robi
olog
y
Mat
eria
ls S
c
Mat
hem
atic
s
Neu
rosc
ienc
es
Mul
tdis
cipl
inar
y
Phy
sics
Pla
nt &
Pha
rmac
olog
y
Psy
chol
ogy
Soc
ial
1993 2003
Source: Thomson ISI, NSIODE 2005, own calculations
ERAWATCH – R&D specialization project / WP1 /Country Report
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Figure 11. Number of citations by scientific field. 25 scientific fields. Specialisation profile. Bulgaria. Averages 1993-1995 and 2001-2003. Five years citation window. (i.e. citations to papers published in the period 1989-1991 and in the period 1997-1999 .
Multdisciplinary
Agricultural Sc
Education
Biology & Biochemistry
Space Sc
ChemistryClinical Medicine
Computer Science
Economics
Engineering
EnvironmentGeosciences
Mol Biology & Genetics
Immunology
MicrobiologyMaterials Sc
Mathematics
Neurosciences
Physics
PharmacologyPlant & Animals
PsychologySocial Sciences
-100 -50 0 50 100
1993-95 2001-03
Notes: Specialisation index with EU15 as reference. Max specialisation: + 100. Min. specialisation: -100. Source: Thomson ISI, NSIODE 2005, own calculations.
ERAWATCH – R&D specialization project / WP1 /Country Report
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PATENTS Figure 12. Number of patents by industrial sector. 18 sectors in manufacturing. Specialisation profile. Bulgaria. Averages 1993-1995 and 2001-2003. Based on correspondence matrix ISI-SPRU-OST.
Food
Pharm
Plastics
Electr. Equip
Instruments
Transport Equip.
Furniture
Wood & Publishing
Textiles
Chemicals
Non-met
Basic - met
Fabricated met
Machinery
Office machElectrical mach.
Vehicles
-100 -50 0 50 100
1993-95 2001-03
Notes: Specialisation index with EU15 as reference. Max specialisation: + 100. Min. specialisation: -100. Source: European Patent Office 2005, own calculations.
Figure 13. Shares of total patens by industrial sector. 18 sectors in manufacturing. Bulgaria. Averages 1993-1997 and 1999-2003. Based on correspondence matrix ISI-SPRU-OST.
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
Food
Text
iles
Woo
d &
Pub
lishi
ng
Che
mic
als
Pha
rm
Pla
stic
s
Non
-met
Bas
ic -
met
Fabr
icat
edm
et
Mac
hine
ry
Offi
cem
ach
Ele
ctric
alm
ach.
Ele
ctr.
Equ
ip
Inst
rum
ents
Veh
icle
s
Tran
spor
tE
quip
.
Furn
iture
1993-1997 1999-2003
Notes: Specialisation index with EU15 as reference. Max specialisation: + 100. Min. specialisation: -100. Source: European Patent Office 2005, own calculations.
ERAWATCH – R&D specialization project / WP1 /Country Report
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ECONOMIC SPECIALISATION Figure 14. Value added by industrial sector. 34 sectors. Specialisation profile. Bulgaria. Averages 1993-1995 and 2001-2003. Million Euros. Current prices.
Electrical mach.
Trade
Financ. interm
Non-metPlastics
Instruments
AirTransport nec
Water & electr.
Telecom
Textiles
AgricultureMining
Food
Wood & Publishing
PetroleumChemicals
Pharm
Basic - metFabricated met
Office machMachinery
Electr. Equip
VehiclesShips
Furniture & rec
Construction
HotelsTransport
Real estateIT services
Other Business act
Community services
R&D
-100 -50 0 50 100
1993-95 2001-03
Notes: Specialisation index with EU15 as reference. Max specialisation: + 100. Min. specialisation: -100. Source: OECD, STAN 2005, own calculations.
Figure 15. Shares of total value added by industrial sector. 34 sectors. Bulgaria. 1993 and 2003. Million Euros. Current prices.
0%2%4%6%8%
10%12%14%16%18%
Agr
icul
ture
Min
ing
Food
Text
iles
Woo
d &
Pet
role
umC
hem
ical
sP
harm
Pla
stic
sN
on-m
etB
asic
- m
etFa
bric
ated
Mac
hine
ryO
ffice
Ele
ctric
alE
lect
r.In
stru
men
tsV
ehic
les
Shi
ps Air
Tran
spor
tFu
rnitu
re &
Wat
er &
Con
stru
ctio
Trad
eH
otel
sTr
ansp
ort
Tele
com
Fina
nc.
Rea
l est
ate
IT s
ervi
ces
R&
DO
ther
Com
mun
ity
1993 2003
Source: OECD, STAN, 2005.
ERAWATCH – R&D specialization project / WP1 /Country Report
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Figure 16. Employment by industrial sector. Specialisation profile. Bulgaria. 34 sectors. Averages 1993-1995 and 2001-2003. Numbers engaged – hundreds.
Mining
Chemicals
Plastics
Office mach
Electr. Equip
Construction
Agriculture
Food
Textiles
Wood & Publishing
Petroleum
Pharm
Non-met
Basic - metFabricated met
Machinery
Electrical mach.
InstrumentsVehicles
ShipsAir
Transport necFurniture & rec
Water & electr.
TradeHotels
Transport Telecom
Financ. interm Real estateIT servicesR&DOther Business act
Community services
-100 -50 0 50 100
1993-95 2001-03
Notes: Specialisation index with EU15 as reference. Max specialisation: + 100. Min. specialisation: -100. Source: OECD, STAN, 2005, own calculations.
Figure 17. Shares of total employment by industrial sector. 34 sectors. Bulgaria. 1993 and 2003. Numbers engaged – hundreds.
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
Agr
icul
ture
Min
ing
Food
Text
iles
Woo
d &
Pet
role
umC
hem
ical
sP
harm
Pla
stic
sN
on-m
etB
asic
- m
etFa
bric
ated
Mac
hine
ryO
ffice
Ele
ctric
alE
lect
r.In
stru
men
tsV
ehic
les
Shi
ps Air
Tran
spor
tFu
rnitu
re &
Wat
er &
Con
stru
ctio
Trad
eH
otel
sTr
ansp
ort
Tele
com
Fina
nc.
Rea
l est
ate
IT s
ervi
ces
R&
DO
ther
Com
mun
ity
1993 2003
Source: OECD, STAN, 2005.
ERAWATCH – R&D specialization project / WP1 /Country Report
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Figure 18. Exports by industrial sector. Specialisation profile. Bulgaria. 34 sectors. Averages 1993-1995 and 2001-2003. Thousand USD. Current prices.
Pharm
Mining
Non-met
Agriculture
Food
PetroleumWood &
PublishingTextiles
Chemicals
Plastics
Basic - met
Fabricated met
Machinery
Office mach
Electrical mach.
Electr. EquipInstruments
Vehicles
Ships
Air
Transport necFurniture
-100 -50 0 50 100
1993-95 2001-03
Notes: Specialisation index with EU15 as reference. Max specialisation: + 100. Min. specialisation: -100. Source: UNIDO, INDSTAT4 2005, ISIC Rev3 and COMTRADE 2005, own calculations.
Figure 19. Shares of total exports by industrial sector. 34 sectors. Bulgaria. 1993 and 2003. Thousand USD. Current prices.
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
Agr
icul
ture
Min
ing
Food
Text
iles
Woo
d &
Pub
lishi
ng
Pet
role
um
Che
mic
als
Pha
rm
Pla
stic
s
Non
-met
Bas
ic -
met
Fabr
icat
ed m
et
Mac
hine
ry
Offi
ce m
ach
Ele
ctric
al m
ach.
Ele
ctr.
Equ
ip
Inst
rum
ents
Veh
icle
s
Shi
ps Air
Tran
spor
t nec
Furn
iture
1993 2003
Source: UNIDO, INDSTAT4 2005, ISIC Rev3 and COMTRADE 2005, own calculations.
ERAWATCH – R&D specialization project / WP1 /Country Report
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CORRELATION ANALYSIS Table 2. Correlation analysis. Specialisaion indexes BERD, Value added, Employment, Exports and patents. Bulgaria. Averages 1993-1995 and 2001-2003.
BG_BERD
97 BG_BERD
03 BG_PAT
9395 BG_PAT
0103 BG_VA
9395 BG_VA
0103 BG_EMP
9395 BG_EMP
0103 BG_EXP
9395 BG_EXP
0103 BG_BERD97 Pearson
Correlation 1
Sig. (2-tailed) . BG_BERD03 Pearson
Correlation ,821(*) 1
Sig. (2-tailed) ,012 . BG_PAT9395 Pearson
Correlation -,267 ,400 1
Sig. (2-tailed) ,455 ,286 . BG_PAT0103 Pearson
Correlation -,211 -,080 ,812(**) 1
Sig. (2-tailed) ,559 ,837 ,000 . BG_VA9395 Pearson
Correlation ,291 ,143 ,279 ,173 1
Sig. (2-tailed) ,292 ,596 ,314 ,539 . BG_VA0103 Pearson
Correlation ,357 -,288 ,129 ,115 ,538(**) 1
Sig. (2-tailed) ,192 ,279 ,647 ,682 ,001 .BG_EMP9395 Pearson
Correlation ,189 -,431 ,168 ,174 ,431(*) ,631(**) 1
Sig. (2-tailed) ,500 ,096 ,550 ,535 ,012 ,000 .BG_EMP0103 Pearson
Correlation ,146 -,401 ,092 ,065 ,363(*) ,774(**) ,871(**) 1
Sig. (2-tailed) ,604 ,124 ,744 ,819 ,038 ,000 ,000 .BG_EXP9395 Pearson
Correlation ,191 ,283 ,438 ,356 ,731(**) ,755(**) ,564(**) ,585(**) 1
Sig. (2-tailed) ,575 ,427 ,103 ,193 ,000 ,000 ,008 ,005 .BG_EXP0103 Pearson
Correlation ,524 ,084 -,323 -,257 ,582(**) ,675(**) ,670(**) ,701(**) ,628(**) 1
Sig. (2-tailed) ,098 ,818 ,241 ,354 ,006 ,001 ,001 ,000 ,002 .* Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed). ** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
ERAWATCH – R&D specialization project / WP1 /Country Report
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Figure 20. BERD versus Value added specialisation in all sectors. Bulgaria. Based on values of 2003.
Community services
Financ. Interm
Other Business act
Fabricated met
R&DPharmChemicalsMachinery
Electr. Equip
Electrical mach
Instruments
IT Services
Food
Furniture & rec
AgricultureTextiles
-100
-50
0
50
100
-100 -50 0 50 100
BERD
Value Added
Notes: Specialisation index with EU15 as reference. Max specialisation: + 100. Min. specialisation: -100. Source: Own calculations
Figure 21. BERD versus patents. Specialisation indexes. Bulgaria. Based on values of 2003.
Fabricated metMachinery
TextilesElectrical mach.
ChemicalsInstruments
Electr. Equip
Food
Pharm
-100
-50
0
50
100
-100 -50 0 50 100
BERD
Patents
Notes: Specialisation index with EU15 as reference. Max specialisation: + 100. Min. specialisation: -100. Source: Own calculations
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Figure 22. BERD versus exports. Specialisation indexes. Bulgaria. Based on values of 2003.
Pharm
Fabricated met
Electr. Equip.InstrumentsTextiles
Machinery
Chemicals
FoodElectrical mach.
Agriculture
-100
-50
0
50
100
-100 -50 0 50 100
BERD
Exports
Notes: Specialisation index with EU15 as reference. Max specialisation: + 100. Min. specialisation: -100. Source: Own calculations
ERAWATCH – R&D specialization project / WP1 /Country Report
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Table 3: Specialisation Profile
Red numbers: Decrease specialisation from specialised to non specialised
Blue numbers: Increase specialisation from non specialised to specialised
Note: The ISIC Sectors 2423, 28, 65-67, 73, 75-99 are also specialized in BERD, but due to non- disposal of data for year 1997, no trend can be specified.
Fast growing sectors >4.9%
Medium-Low growth sectors =<4.9%
Declining sectors <0
Areas of specialisation
Increase Specialisation
Stable Specialisation
Losing Specialisation
Increase Specialisation
Stable Specialisation
Losing Specialisation
Increase Specialisation
Stable Specialisation
Losing Specialisation
Specialisation BERD 74; 72; 15-16; 32; 33; 29; 31; 17-19;
Specialisation Patents
2423;
15-16; 24ex2423; 30; 32; 33; 36 35;
Specialisation Value Added
352+359; 60-63;
23; 2423; 50-52; 72; 73; 74
01-05; 26; 40-41; 64;
10-14; 15-16; 24ex2423; 27; 29; 351; 65-67; 17-19;
Specialisation Employment
2423; 352+359; 60-63;
01-05; 40-41; 64; 15-16;
24ex2423; 25; 26; 27; 29; 30; 31; 351; 17-19;
Specialisation Exports
23; 2423; 01-05; 26; 27; 28; 31;
10-14; 15-16; 24ex2423; 351;
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EXPLANATORY NOTES ISIC v3 codes and sector description Agriculture 01-05 Mining 10-14 Food 15-16 Textiles 17-19 Wood & Publishing 20-22 Petroleum 23 Chemicals excluding pharmaceuticals 24ex2423 Pharmaceuticals 2423 Plastics 25 Non-metal minerals 26 Basic metals 27 Fabricated metals 28 Machinery nec 29 Office machinery 30 Electrical mach. 31 Electronic equip. 32 Instruments 33 Motor vehicles 34 Ships 351 Air 353 Transport nec 352+359 Furniture & recycling 36-37 Water & electr. 40-41 Construction 45 Trade 50-52 Hotels 55 Transport 60-63 Telecoms 64 Financial intermediation 65-67 IT services 72 R & D 73 Other Business activities 74 Community services 75-99
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How to read specialisation profile figures Plotting specialisation indexes against each other is a method for visualising differences in specialisation patterns. The most interesting analytical dimension in this report is comparing business enterprise intramural R&D expenditure specialisation patterns with specialisation patterns in value added, employment, exports and technological specialisation (patents). The result of the plots is four distinct specialisation quadrants showing:
1. Sectors with neither specialisation in BERD nor in the other analytical dimension (lower left quadrant)
2. Sectors with a specialisation in BERD and in the other analytical dimension (upper right quadrant)
3. Sectors with a specialisation in BERD but none in the other analytical dimension (lower right quadrant)
4. Sectors that display a specialisation in the other analytical dimension but not in BERD (upper left quadrant)
If there is a good match between BERD and, say, value added specialisation patterns we expect to find all sectors either in the lower left or in the upper right quadrant. Sectors in the upper left or in the lower right of the graphs indicate anomalies, that is, specialisation in one dimension and non-specialisation in the other. If there are many sectors in these quadrants the graph indicates lack of correlation between BERD and, say, economic specialisation.
Figure 23: BERD and Value Added specialisation – an example
Sectors with aspecialisation in BERD
but not in VA
Sectors with bothBERD and VAspecialisation
Sectors with aspecialisation in VA
but not in BERD
Sectors with nospecialisation in BERD
and VA
BERD
Valu
e Ad
ded 100
100
-100
-100
-50
-50 50
50
Strengthening the strengths?
Efforts concentrated in niches?Opportunities for catching up?
Vulnerable competitiveposition?
Neglected sectors?Further decline in the future?