Government at a Glance 2015

Country Fact Sheetwww.oecd.org/gov/govataglance.htm

Japanese women are less represented in public sector employmentthan in other OECD countries

Women represented 41.9% of the total public sector workforce in 2013 in Japan. This is below the OECD average (58.0% in 2013), and the lowest among the OECD countries for which data are available. However, it has made some progress compared to 41.1% in 2009, showing a greater rate of increase than for the OECD as a whole (57.4% in 2009). The recent “Womenomics” initiative launched by Prime Minister Mr Abe, aims to create more favourable conditions for women’s participation in the Japanese labour market.

Chapter 3: Public employment and compensation

Share of public sector employment filled by women and men

The Japanese central government has many large ICT projectswhich cost over USD 10 million each

Japan is one of the OECD countries with the most large scale public sector ICT projects, with 70 ICT projects in 2014 with a total project value greater than USD 10 million. Given the greater complexity and potential failure rate of large ICT projects, this suggests that good ICT project management and governance of ICT projects is even more important in Japan than in other countries. Japan’s large scale investment on ICT projects is encouraged by “IT Strategy: Declaration to be the World’s Most Advanced IT Nation (2013-2020)” under the leadership of the Government CIO.

Chapter 10: Digital government

Central government ICT projects with a total project value greater than USD 10 million

Japanese people live longer than in any other OECD countries,even as per capita spending on health care remains close to the OECD average

Japan has the highest life expectancy at birth (83.2 years in 2012) in the OECD, and it is increasing every year. The level of health spending per person (3 535 USD (PPP)) is only marginally above the OECD av-erage (3 484 USD (PPP)). In general, there is a positive relationship between total health expenditure per person and life expectancy. In Japan, life expectancy is higher than what could be predicted by its level of health expenditure per capita.

Chapter 11: Core government results

Life expectancy at birth and total expenditure on health per capita

Japan

Government revenues(2013)

Government expenditures(2013)

Government gross debt *(2013)

% of GDP % of GDP % of GDP

Source: OECD National Accounts Source: OECD National Accounts Source: OECD National Accounts

G@G /dataG@G /data

-15% -10% 0%-5% +5% +10% +15%-8.5%

Japan

-4.2%

Fiscal balance *(2013)% of GDP

Public investment(2013)

% of of total govt. expenditures

How to read the figures:

Japan

Country value in blue (not represented if not available)

Average of OECD countries in green

Range of OECD country values in grey

Public Finance & Economics Public Employment & Compensation

Public Finance and Economics

GOVERNMENT INPUTS: FINANCIAL AND HUMAN RESOURCES

29.3%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

22.2%Japan

20% 30% 40% 50% 60%

41.9%42.3%

Japan

7.8%

0% 5% 10% 15% 20%

8.9%

Japan

0% 50% 100% 150% 200% 250%

109.3% 100%

0%

239.3%Japan

100%

0%

Values have been rounded. n.a. refers to

data not available

Source: OECD National Accounts. * See Notes

Source: OECD National Accounts* SNA definition, see Notes

Public Employment and Compensation

G@G /data

58.0%

41.9%Japan

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Public sector employment filled by women (2013)

Source: International Labour Organization (database)

Share of women ministers(2015)

Source: Inter-Parliamentary Union Parline Database

Public sector employmentas % of total employment (2013)

Source: International Labour Organization (database)

21.3%

7.9%Japan

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%

20% 30% 40% 50% 60%

37.7%33.9%

Japan

GOVERNMENT PROCESSES

Institutions Regulatory Governance Public Procurement Public Sector Integrity Digital Government

Digital Gov.

High Moderate Low

30%59%11%

HighJapan

G@G /data

Level ofinfluence of the

Centre of Governmentover line ministries

(2013)

Institutions

Source: OECD 2013 Survey on Centre of Government

Women in Government

Primary lawsSubordinateregulations

Stakeholder engagement to inform o�cials about the problem and

possible solutions

Primary lawsSubordinateregulations

Consultation on draft regulations or proposed rules

NeverFor some

subordinate regulations

Never

For all primary laws /subordinate regulations

For major primary laws /subordinate regulations

For some primary laws /subordinate regulations

NeverNotapplicable

Never

3%15%65%15%2%

6%9%

62%23%0%

68%6%

18%6%2%

53%18%24%5%0%

Japan

G@G /data

Source: OECD Regulatory Policy Outlook (forthcoming)

Stakeholder engagement and consultation (2014)

Regulatory Governance

Strategic public procurement - Objectives(2014)

G@G /data

Public Procurement

0% 10% 20% 30% 40%

29.0%

50%

38.3%

Japan

Source: OECD National Accounts

Procurement expenditure(2013)

% of government expenditures

Source: 2014 OECD Survey on Public Procurement

Public Sector Integrity

2632

64

44

Judicial Branch “At risk” areasLegislative BranchExecutive Branch

Low level

Medium level

High level

28

JapanJapanJapanJapan

58

21 25

Level of disclosure of private interestsacross branches of government

(2014)

Source: 2014 OECD Survey on Managing Conflict of Interest in the Executive Branch and Whistleblower Protection

0.58

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

0.60Japan

OURdata Index:Open, Useful, ReusableGovernment Data (2014)

Composite indexfrom 0 lowest to 1 highest

Source: 2014 OECD Survey on Open Government Data

Support for greenpublic procurement

A strategy / policy has been developed by some procuring entities

A strategy / policy has been developed at a central level

Support forSMEs

Support for innovativegoods and services

13 26 1

A strategy / policy has been rescinded

A strategy / policy has never been developed

2 10 25 0 3 10 23 0 3

Japan

GOVERNMENT OUTPUTS AND OUTCOMES

Notes Fiscal balance as reported in the System of National Accounts (SNA) framework, also referred to as net lending (+) or net borrowing (-) of government, is calculated as total government revenues minus total government expenditures. Structural fiscal balance, or underlying balance, represents the fiscal balance adjusted for the state of the economic cycle (as measured by the output gap which resulted as the dif ference between actual and potential GDP) and one-off fiscal operations. Government gross debt is reported according to the SNA definition, which dif fers from the definition applied under the Maastricht Treaty. It is defined as all liabilities that require payment or payments of interest or principal by the debtor to the creditor at a date or dates in the future. All debt instruments are liabilities, but some liabilities such as shares, equity and financial derivatives are not debt.

Core Government Results and Service Delivery

Out of pocket expenditure as a % of final household consumption Access to healthcare (2012)

Source: OECD Health Statistics 2014

Satisfaction and confidence across public services (2014)

71%

Judicial system

Education system

72%

20

40

60

80

100

Health care

67%58%

54%65%

National government42%39%

Japan

Average

Range

Source: Gallup World Poll

-15%

-10%

-5%

0%

5%

JapanTop10%

-1.7%

Bottom10%

-0.4%

Top10%

Bottom10%

-1.6% -0.8%

Changes in household disposable income,by income group (2007-2011)

Source: OECD Income Distribution Database

Limited government powers(2014)

Japan0.76

0.76

[0.37-0.92]

Source: The World Justice Project

Equity in learning outcomes (2012)PISA mathematics score variance by socio economic background

14.8%

5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30%

9.8%Japan

Source: OECD, PISA 2012 results: Excellence through equity, 2013

% of citizens expressing confidence/satisfaction

Government at a Glance 2015With a focus on public administration, OECD Government at a Glance 2015 provides readers with a dashboard of key indicators assembled with the

goal of contributing to the analysis and international comparison of public sector performance across OECD countries. Indicators on public finances

and employment are provided alongside composite indexes summarising aspects of public management policies, and indicators on services to

citizens in health care, education, and justice. Government at a Glance 2015 also includes indicators on key governance and public management

issues, such as regulatory management, budgeting practices and procedures, public sector integrity, public procurement and core government

results in terms of trust in institutions, income redistribution and efficiency and cost-effectiveness of governments.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/gov_glance-2015-en

The Excel spreadsheets used to create the tables and figures in Government at a Glance 2015 are available via the StatLinks provided throughout the publication:

For more information on the data (including full methodology and figure notes)and to consult all other Country Fact Sheets: www.oecd.org/gov/govataglance.htm

2.8%

0% 1% 2% 3% 4% 5%

2.2%Japan