DepressionChildren, Adolescents, & Young Adults

Hector Solis-Ortiz & Leilani Castaneda

CPSY 423: Theories of Counseling and PsychotherapyMarch 26, 2015

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.; DSM–5; American Psychiatric Association, 2013) defines depression as a mood disorder that causes a persistent feeling of sadness and loss of interest.

Symptoms

Children & Adolescents:1) Depressed or irritable mood

2) Diminished interest or pleasure in all, or almost all, activities

3) Decrease or increase in appetite

4) Insomnia or hypersomnia

5) Fatigue or loss of energy

6) Feelings of worthlessness

7) Diminished ability to think or concentrate

8) Recurrent thoughts of death or recurrent suicidal ideation.

Young Adults:

1) Decreased behavior in sexual activity.2) Inability to concentrate3) Feeling of unworthiness4) Excessive guilt or recurring thoughts of death5) Lack of interest in everyday activities 6) Insomnia7) Feeling of worthlessness

Assessment

Children & Adolescents:

1) Children’s Depression Inventory II

2) The Reynolds Adolescent Depression Scale II

Young Adults:

1) Patient Health Questionnaire 2 2) Patient Health Questionnaire 93) Beck Depression Inventory II

The U.S. Preventative Services Task Force suggest, that screening for depression is most helpful when appropriate treatments can be implemented as well as follow-up care by a clinician (AHRQ, n.d.).

Evidence-based Therapeutic Strategies

Children & Adolescents:

1) Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)-- Beck’s Cognitive Triad & Strategies-- ACTION

2) Interpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT)-- Exploring relationships

-- Problem-solving

-- Creating goal strategies

Young Adults:1) Enhancing coping skills

-Appraisal Focused Skills-Problem-Focused Skills-Emotion-Focused Strategies

2) Replacement thoughts and behaviors3) Relapse Prevention4) Cognitive exploration of precursors to current mood state5) Lifestyle exploration

Parent/Family Components

Children & Adolescents:

Interpersonal Family Therapy (IFT) is an intervention and treatment approach designed for depressed youth and their families.

1) Educate family members2) Improve communication & relationships 2) Create goals

Young Adults:“Once a student reaches 18 years of age or attends a postsecondary institution, he or she becomes an ‘eligible student,’ and all right formerly given to parents under FERPA transfer to the student” (FERPA, n.d.).

1) Prior Knowledge would be transferred to Campus Student Disability office.2) School intervention might be forced.

-Residence Life-Suicide attempt/Parent Interaction

Curricular Interventions

Children & Adolescents:

Not much research surrounding school-based instructional and curricular interventions for young children.Overall:1) Positive reinforcement for efforts2) Reducing classroom distractions 3) Utilizing stimulating materials

Young Adults:

1) Behavioral Concerns Team2) Passive Programming3) Mental Health Professionals

Crisis Intervention Considerations

Children & Adolescents:

1) Developing safe areas for meltdowns2) Reviewing his or her coping skills3) Helping skills, such as active listening

* Applicable for both parents and teachers to utilize during crises

Young Adults:

1) Training of student staff in the halls2) Training of Faculty and Staff

Class Activity

ReferencesAmerican Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.).

doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.dsm04

Curry, J. F., & Reinecke, M. A. (2003). Modular cognitive behavior therapy for adolescents with major depression. In M.A. Reinecke, F.M. Dattilio, & A. Freeman (Eds.), Cognitive Therapy with Children and Adolescents (2nd ed.), pp. 995-127. New York: Guilford.

FERPA for Students. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www2.ed.gov/policy/gen/guid/fpco/ferpa/students.htm

Mufson, L., Dorta, K.P., Moreau, D., & Weissman. (2004). Interpersonal psychotherapy for depressed adolescents (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford Press.

Schwartz, J.A., Kaslow, N.J., Raucusin, G.R., Carton, E.R. (1998). Interpersonal family therapy for childhood depression. In V.B. Van Hasselt & M. Hersen (eds.), Handbook of psychological protocols for children and adolescents, pp.109-151. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

Section 2. Recommendations for Adults (continued) | Agency for Healthcare Research & Quality (AHRQ). (n.d.). Retrievedfrom http://www.ahrq.gov/professionals/clinicians-providers/guidelines-recommendations/guide/section2a.html#Depression

Simon, D.J. (2010). Instruction, therapeutic intervention, and crisis intervention for students with emotional, behavioral, and social disorders. Unpublished manuscript, Department of School Psychology, Loyola University, Chicago, IL.