Upload
francisco-mosca
View
222
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
8/3/2019 Costs and Ex Tern Ali Ties of Road Transport in Portugal
1/15
General Directorate for Land Use Management and Urban DevelopmentUniversity of voraUniversity of Aveiro
Urban Transport 2010 // 5-7 May 2010 // St. Raphael Resort, CyprusM. Lopes, P. Gomes, H. Martins, C. Borrego // Costs and Exernalities of Road Transport in Portugal
Costs and Externalities of RoadTransport in Portugal
M. Lopes*, P. Gomes**, H. Martins*, C. Borrego*
* CESAM, Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, Portugal
** GOVCOPP, Unit of Social, Legal and Political Sciences, University of Aveiro, Portugal
8/3/2019 Costs and Ex Tern Ali Ties of Road Transport in Portugal
2/15
Urban Transport 2010 // 5-7 May 2010 // St. Raphael Resort, CyprusM. Lopes, P. Gomes, H. Martins, C. Borrego // Costs and Exernalities of Road Transport in Portugal
1. Research Project Costs and Benefits of urban dispersion on a local scale
1. Background
2. Objectives
3. Project Design
2. Internal and external costs of road transport in Portugal
1. Definitions, objectives and methodological issues
2. Transport modes and cost components
3. Fleet characteristics
4. Internal costs
5. External costs6. Integrated costs
3. Conclusions
8/3/2019 Costs and Ex Tern Ali Ties of Road Transport in Portugal
3/15
Urban Transport 2010 // 5-7 May 2010 // St. Raphael Resort, CyprusM. Lopes, P. Gomes, H. Martins, C. Borrego // Costs and Exernalities of Road Transport in Portugal
Background:What is urban dispersion?
8/3/2019 Costs and Ex Tern Ali Ties of Road Transport in Portugal
4/15
Urban Transport 2010 // 5-7 May 2010 // St. Raphael Resort, CyprusM. Lopes, P. Gomes, H. Martins, C. Borrego // Costs and Exernalities of Road Transport in Portugal
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
METHODOLOGICAL PATHWAY
- To characterize urban settlement forms(compact and dispersed) on a local
scale- To identify and compare costs of
distinct urban settlement forms(compact and dispersed)
- To formulate a Quality of Life concept inan algorithm encompassing differentopinion groups
- To compare costs and QoL for differentopinion groups and occupation forms
- To characterize the Real Estate Marketleading to urban dispersion
CORE OBJECTIVES
OPERATIVE AMBITION
TO FORMULATE AND JUSTIFY:
- WHICH ATTITUDE TO ADOPTREGARDING GROWING
DISPERSION
- SCENARIOS FOR PLANNINGAND ORGANIZING CURRENT
DISPERSION
8/3/2019 Costs and Ex Tern Ali Ties of Road Transport in Portugal
5/15
Urban Transport 2010 // 5-7 May 2010 // St. Raphael Resort, CyprusM. Lopes, P. Gomes, H. Martins, C. Borrego // Costs and Exernalities of Road Transport in Portugal
Extended City
BASE LAND UNITS
COSTS- LOCAL INFRASTUCTURE- MOBILITY- EXTERNALITIES
BENEFITS=
QUALITY OF LIFE
REAL ESTATEMARKET
COSTS/BENEFITS
WHAT TO DO?
HOW TO DO IT?
Project Design
8/3/2019 Costs and Ex Tern Ali Ties of Road Transport in Portugal
6/15
Urban Transport 2010 // 5-7 May 2010 // St. Raphael Resort, CyprusM. Lopes, P. Gomes, H. Martins, C. Borrego // Costs and Exernalities of Road Transport in Portugal
Definitions are consensual:
- internal costs are borne by the user causing them;
- external ones are borne by others than those who cause them;
- integrated (or social) ones are the sum of the previous two.
But their application isnt, for several reasons:
- Reference unit: an individual, a system;
- Different understandings of what is covered by cost internalization mechanisms
- Research background
Internal and external costs of road transport:Definitions
8/3/2019 Costs and Ex Tern Ali Ties of Road Transport in Portugal
7/15
Urban Transport 2010 // 5-7 May 2010 // St. Raphael Resort, CyprusM. Lopes, P. Gomes, H. Martins, C. Borrego // Costs and Exernalities of Road Transport in Portugal
Internal and external costs of road transport:Objectives
- To identify the most relevant transport modes in the study areas and to characterizerespective vehicle fleets;
- To determine internal costs associated to each transport mode;
- To determine external costs associated to each transport mode;
- To calculate integrated costs per vehicle-km and user-km per transport mode.
8/3/2019 Costs and Ex Tern Ali Ties of Road Transport in Portugal
8/15
Urban Transport 2010 // 5-7 May 2010 // St. Raphael Resort, CyprusM. Lopes, P. Gomes, H. Martins, C. Borrego // Costs and Exernalities of Road Transport in Portugal
Internal and external costs of road transport:Methodological issues
Ultimate goal: to calculate costs of mobility patterns associable to different urban settlementpatterns which can be compared to the remaining costs and benefits, so that planning
scenarios may be built.
Consequently, costs to calculate should be:
- average, as the purpose is to compare situations and not to estimate additional costsof an additional vehicle in the system;
- per vehicle-km and per user-km, taking into account average mileages and lifetimes.
Other assumptions:
- Systemic approach: excludes internalization and financing mechanisms;
- Infrastructure costs are contemplated in another task: excludes all costs (internal andexternal) related to it;
- 2005 as reference year; 2009 prices (updated via CPI);
- Secondary data was privileged, sometimes combining sources; primary data was also
retrieved. Diversity of sources and methods. Bottom-up and top-down approaches.
8/3/2019 Costs and Ex Tern Ali Ties of Road Transport in Portugal
9/15
Urban Transport 2010 // 5-7 May 2010 // St. Raphael Resort, CyprusM. Lopes, P. Gomes, H. Martins, C. Borrego // Costs and Exernalities of Road Transport in Portugal
Internal and external costs of road transport:Transport modes and cost components
Transport modes:-Passenger cars-Light duty vehicles-Buses and coaches
-Heavy duty vehicles-Mopeds-Motorcycles
Cost components:- Internal: investment, inspection, insurance, energy, maintenance;-External: accidents, air pollution, climate change, noise.
8/3/2019 Costs and Ex Tern Ali Ties of Road Transport in Portugal
10/15
Urban Transport 2010 // 5-7 May 2010 // St. Raphael Resort, CyprusM. Lopes, P. Gomes, H. Martins, C. Borrego // Costs and Exernalities of Road Transport in Portugal
Internal and external costs of road transport:Vehicle fleet characteristics
1,123.73846.14512,3157.040Motorcycles
1,124.62057.03312,3330.538Mopeds
5,185.6511.378.47216,1157.586HDV
17,165.6421.102.77816,812.558Buses/coaches
0,7516.544250.00015,1788.018LDV
2,2811.187200.00017,94.795.147Passenger cars
Occupancy rate(passengers/vehicle) or
load factor (tons/vehicle)
Average annual mileageAverage mileage
throughout lifetime
(km)
Avg.lifetime
(years)
Nb. of
vehicles
Transport mode
8/3/2019 Costs and Ex Tern Ali Ties of Road Transport in Portugal
11/15
Urban Transport 2010 // 5-7 May 2010 // St. Raphael Resort, CyprusM. Lopes, P. Gomes, H. Martins, C. Borrego // Costs and Exernalities of Road Transport in Portugal
Internal and external costs of road transport:Internal costs
0,077
0,057
0,084
0,227
0,178
0,064
0,000
0,050
0,100
0,150
0,200
0,250
Passengercars
Buses andcoaches
Mopeds Motorcycles LDV HDV
Internalcosts(/pkmo
r
/tkm)
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Passeng
ercars
Buse
sandco
ache
s
Moped
s
Motorcycle
sLD
VHD
V
Maintenance
Energy
Insurance
Inspection
Investment
8/3/2019 Costs and Ex Tern Ali Ties of Road Transport in Portugal
12/15
Urban Transport 2010 // 5-7 May 2010 // St. Raphael Resort, CyprusM. Lopes, P. Gomes, H. Martins, C. Borrego // Costs and Exernalities of Road Transport in Portugal
Internal and external costs of road transport:External costs
0,027 0,022
0,162
0,491
0,173
0,051
0,000
0,100
0,200
0,300
0,400
0,500
0,600
Passengercars
Buses andcoaches
Mopeds Motorcycles LDV HDV
Externalcosts(/pkmo
r/tkm)
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Passenge
rcars
Buse
sand
coa
ches
Mopeds
Motorc
ycles
LDV
HDV
Climate change
Air pollution
NoiseAccidents
8/3/2019 Costs and Ex Tern Ali Ties of Road Transport in Portugal
13/15
Urban Transport 2010 // 5-7 May 2010 // St. Raphael Resort, CyprusM. Lopes, P. Gomes, H. Martins, C. Borrego // Costs and Exernalities of Road Transport in Portugal
Internal and external costs of road transport:Integrated costs
0,103
0,054
0,247
0,717
0,350
0,115
0,000
0,100
0,200
0,300
0,400
0,500
0,600
0,700
0,800
Passengercars
Buses andcoaches
Mopeds Motorcycles LDV HDV
Integratedcosts(/pkmo
r/tkm)
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Passeng
ercars
Busesa
ndcoache
s
Moped
s
Motorcycle
sLD
VHD
V
External costs
Internal costs
8/3/2019 Costs and Ex Tern Ali Ties of Road Transport in Portugal
14/15
Urban Transport 2010 // 5-7 May 2010 // St. Raphael Resort, CyprusM. Lopes, P. Gomes, H. Martins, C. Borrego // Costs and Exernalities of Road Transport in Portugal
Conclusions
- In internal costs, energy costs predominate in heavy modes, while investment ones are moreimportant for the remaining;
- In external ones, accidents are extremely significant for two-wheelers; for the remainingmodes, costs deriving from fuel consumption are the most relevant ones.
- In integrated costs, two-wheelers are dominated by external costs, especially accident ones:
- In passenger transport, two-wheelers high external costs make them the mostexpensive of all modes; collective transport is cheaper than individual/private
transport.
- In freight transport, modes should be articulated according to their vocation and costdifferentials: heavy modes are less costly, per ton-km, than their light counterparts.
- Relevant issues: load factors and occupancy rates; fleet renewal (consumption,
technology); accident rates.- Prevailing dynamics tend to reinforce themselves use of passenger cars vs use ofpublic transport: would an effort to increase buses occupancy rates actually lower their costsper passenger-km?
8/3/2019 Costs and Ex Tern Ali Ties of Road Transport in Portugal
15/15
Urban Transport 2010 // 5-7 May 2010 // St. Raphael Resort, CyprusM. Lopes, P. Gomes, H. Martins, C. Borrego // Costs and Exernalities of Road Transport in Portugal
Thank you for listening.
Pedro S. [email protected]